Le Chatelier’s Principle
AP Chemistry
Le Chatelier’s Principle
If a stress is applied to a system at
equilibrium, the system will change
to relieve that stress and re –
establish equilibrium
It is like the “undo” button on your
computer!
Factors that Affect Equilibrium
• Concentration
• Temperature
• Pressure
– For gaseous systems only!
• The presence of a catalyst
Concentration Changes
• Add more reactant è Shift to products
• Remove reactants è Shift to reactants
•Add more product è Shift to reactants
•Remove products è Shift to products
Reaction Quotient
• The reaction quotient for an equilibrium
system is the same as the equilibrium
expression, but the concentrations are NOT
at equilibrium!
N2O4(g) ó 2NO2(g)
Q = [NO2]2
[N2O4]
Changes in Concentration
Changes in concentration are best understood
in terms of what would happen to “Q” if the
concentrations were changed.
N2O4(g) ó 2NO2(g) •Q = Keq at equilibrium
•If Q< K then there are too
many reactants, the reaction
Q = [NO2]2
will shift in the forward
[N2O4] direction (the products)
•If Q>K then there are too
many products, the reaction
will shift to the reactants.
Temperature Changes
Exothermic Reactions
• Consider heat as a product in
exothermic reactions. A + B = AB + Heat
–Add heat è
Shift to reactants
–Remove heat è
Shift to products
Temperature Changes
Endothermic Reactions
• Consider heat as a reactant in
endothermic reactions. A + B + heat = AB
–Add heat è
Shift to products
–Remove heat è
Shift to reactants
Pressure Changes
• Only affects equilibrium
systems with unequal moles
of gaseous reactants and
products.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) = 2NH3(g)
• Increase Pressure
–Stress of pressure is
reduced by reducing the
number of gas molecules in
the container . . . . . .
N2(g) + 3H2(g) = 2NH3(g)
•There are 4 molecules of
reactants vs. 2 molecules
of products.
–Thus, the reaction shifts to
the product ammonia.
PCl5(g) = PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
• Decrease Pressure
–Stress of decreased pressure is
reduced by increasing the
number of gas molecules in the
container.
PCl5(g) = PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
• There are two product gas
molecules vs. one reactant gas
molecule.
• Thus, the reaction shifts to the
products.
Presence of a Catalyst
• A Catalyst lowers the activation energy and
increases the reaction rate.
• It will lower the forward and reverse
reaction rates,
• Therefore, a catalyst has NO EFFECT on a
system at equilibrium!
• It just gets you to equilibrium faster!
Presence of an Inert Substance
• An inert substance is a substance that is not-
reactive with any species in the equilibrium
system.
• These will not affect the equilibrium
system.
• If the substance does react with a species at
equilibrium, then there will be a shift!
• Given:
• S8(g) + 12O2(g) ó 8 SO3(g) + 808 kcals
• What will happen when ……
• Oxygen gas is added?
Shifts to prodcuts à
• The reaction vessel is cooled?
Shifts to Products – to replace heat
• The size of the container is increased?
V increases, Pressure decreases, shifts to more particles – to reactants!
• Sulfur trioxide is removed?
Shift to products to replace it!
• A catalyst is added to make it faster? No change!
Given
2NaHCO3(s) ó Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (g) + CO2(g)
• What will happen when . . . . . . .
• Carbon dioxide was removed?
Shift to products – to replace it
• Sodium carbonate was added?
No Change – solids to not affect
equilibrium
• Sodium bicarbonate was removed?
No Change
• Given
Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) ó 5Ca2+(aq) + 3PO43-(aq) + OH- (aq)
• What will happen when. . . . . .
• Calcium ions are added?
Shift to the reactants
• NaOH is added?
Adding OH- , shifts to reactants
• 1 M HCl is added?
H+ + OH- à H2O (removes OH-, shifts to products)
• Na3PO4(aq) is added?
Adds PO43- ions, shifts to reactants
