1

Subject: Chemistry

Class: XI

Chapter: The s-Block

Elements

1. The s-block elements of the periodic table are those in which the last
electron enters the outermost s-orbital

2. Elements of group1 are called alkali metals and elements of group 2 are
called alkaline earth metal

3. Group1 elements: Alkali metals

(i) Group 1 elements are called alkali metals because they form hydroxides
on reaction with water which are strongly alkaline in nature

1
(ii) The general electronic for alkali metals is [noble gas] ns

Electronic configuration of alkali metals:

Element Symbol Atomic Number Electronic

configuration
1
Lithium Li 3
[He]2s
1
Sodium Na 11
[Ne]3s
1
Potassium K 19
[Ar]4s
1
Rubidium Rb 37
[Kr]5s

Caesium Cs 55 1
 [Xe]6s
1
Francium Fr 87
[Rn]7s

(iii)Trends in properties of alkali metals:

1. Atomic and ionic radii: Alkali metals have the largest atomic and ionic radii
in their respective periods of the periodic table. On moving down the group,
the atomic and ionic radii increase

Explanation: As we move in a period, the atomic radius and ionic radius

tend to decrease due to increase in the effective nuclear charge. Therefore
alkali metals have largest atomic and ionic radii in their respective group.
On moving down the group there is increase in the number of shells .Thus
there is an increase in distance between nucleus and outermost electrons
which eventually increases atomic and ionic radii

2. Ionisation enthalpies: Alkali metals have the lowest ionization enthalpy in

each period. Within the group, the ionization enthalpies of alkali metals
decrease down the group
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Explanation:Atoms of alkali metals are largest in their respective periods and

therefore, the valence electrons are loosely held by the nucleus. By losing
the valence electron, they acquire stable noble gas configuration. This
accounts for their ease to lose electrons and hence they, have low ionization
enthalpies

3) The second ionization enthalpies of alkali metals are very high.

Explanation: When an electron is removed from the alkali metals, they

form monovalent cations which have very stable electronic configurations
(same as that of noble gases).Therefore it becomes difficult to remove the
second electron from the stable noble gas configurations and hence their
second ionization enthalpy values (IE2) are very high

4. Melting and boiling points: Alkali metals are soft and have low melting
and boiling points

Explanation: Alkali metals have only one valence electron per metal atom
and therefore, the energy binding the atoms in the crystal lattice of the metal
is low. Thus, the metallic bonds in these metals are not very strong and
consequently, their melting and boiling points decrease on moving down
from Li to Cs

5. Density: Densities of alkali metals are quite low as compared to other

metals. The densities increase on moving down the group. But K is
lighter than Na

Explanation: The densities of metallic elements depend upon the type of packing
of atoms in metallic state and also on their size. The alkali metals have close
packing of metal atoms in their lattice and because of the large size of their
atoms, they have low densities. On moving down the group from Li to Cs, there
is increase in atomic size as well as atomic mass. But the increase in atomic
mass is more and compensates the increase in atomic size. As a result, the
densities (mass/volume) of alkali metals gradually increase from Li to Cs. K is
lighter than Na due to increase in atomic size of K

6. Electropositive or metallic character: All the alkali metals are strongly

electropositive or metallic in character

Explanation: The electropositive character of an element is expressed in

terms of the tendency of its atom to release electrons:
 M ¾¾¾®M+ + e-

As alkali metals have low ionization enthalpies, their atoms readily lose their
valence electron. These elements are, therefore, said to have strong
electropositive or metallic character. Since, the ionization energies decrease
down the group, the electron releasing tendency or electropositive
character is expected to increase down the group

7. Oxidation states: All the alkali metals predominantly exhibit an oxidation

state of +1 in their compounds
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Explanation: Alkali metals have only one electron in their valence shell and
therefore can lose the single valence electron readily to acquire the stable
configuration of a noble gas. Since the second ionization energies are very
high, they cannot form divalent ions. Thus, alkali metals are univalent and
form ionic compounds

8. Characteristic flame colouration: All the alkali metals and their salts impart
characteristic flame colouration

Explanation: Alkali metals have very low ionization enthalpies. The energy
from the flame of Bunsen burner is sufficient to excite the electrons of alkali
metals to higher energy levels. Excited state is quite unstable and therefore
when these excited electrons come back to their original energy levels, they
emit extra energy, which falls in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum and thus appear coloured. Characteristic flame colouration by
different alkali metals can be explained on the basis of difference in amount of
energy absorbed for excitation of the valence electron

9. Photoelectric effect: Phenomenon of ejection of electrons when

electromagnetic radiation of suitable frequency strikes metal surface is
called photoelectric effect. Alkali metals exhibit photoelectric effect

Explanation: Alkali metals have low ionization enthalpies and therefore, the
electrons are easily ejected when exposed to light. Among alkali metals,
caesium has lowest ionization enthalpy and hence it shows photoelectric
effect to the maximum extent

10. Hydration of alkali metal ions: Alkali metal ions are highly hydrated.

Explanation: Smaller the size of the ion, the greater is the degree of hydration.
+ +
Thus, Li ion gets much more hydrated than Na ion which is more hydrated
+ +
than K ion and so on. Therefore, the extent of hydration decreases from Li to
+ + +
Cs . As a result of larger hydration of Li ion than Na ion, the effective size of
+ +
hydrated Li ion is more than that of hydrated Na ion.

Hydrated ionic radii decrease in the order: Li+ > Na+ > K +
> Rb
+
> Cs
+

+
Due to extensive hydration, Li ion has lowest mobility in water.
11. Reducing Nature: Alkali metals are strong reducing agents. This is due
to their greater ease to lose electrons

Explanation: Lithium is the strongest reducing agent. Tendency to act as

reducing agent depends on energy requirement involved in three
processes i.e. sublimation, ionization and hydration.
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Lithium being small in size has high ionization enthalpy. On the other hand
because of small size it is extensively hydrated and has very high hydration
enthalpy. This high hydration enthalpy compensates the high energy needed
to remove electron (in second step). Thus Li has greater tendency to lose
electrons in solution than other alkali metals. Thus Li is the strongest
reducing agent.

12. Solutions in liquid ammonia: Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia

giving deep blue solutions which are conducting in nature

Explanation: In solution the alkali metal atom readily loses the valence
electron. Both the cation and the electron combine with ammonia to form
ammoniated cation and ammoniated electron. The blue colour of the
solution is due to the ammoniated electron which absorbs energy in the
visible region of light and thus imparts blue colour to the solution

13. Basic strength of hydroxides: Hydroxides of alkali metals are

strongly basic and basic strength increases down the group

Explanation: The Metal—OH bond in the hydroxides of alkali metals is very

+ —
weak and it can easily ionize to form M and OH ions. This accounts for
their basic character. Since the ionization energy decreases down the group,
the bond between metal and oxygen becomes weak. Therefore, the basic
strength of the hydroxides increases accordingly.

(iv) Important Compounds of alkali metals:

Name of Name of process & Related chemical equations

compound Brief about the process

Sodium
Solvay Process:
Carbonate

(Washing When CO2 gas is

Soda),
 passed through a brine
Na2CO3·10H2O
solution saturated with

ammonia, sodium

bicarbonate is formed.

Sodium bicarbonate on

heating forms sodium

carbonate

Sodium Evaporation of sea -

Chloride, NaCl water: Evaporation of

sea water gives crude

salt which contains

impurities of CaSO4 ,

Na2SO4 etc. To obtain

pure sodium chloride,
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the crude salt is

dissolved in minimum

amount of water and

filtered to remove

insoluble impurities.

The solution is then

saturated with HCl

gas.

Crystals of pure
sodium

chloride separate out.

Electrolysis of NaCl in
Sodium
Castner- Kellner cell:
Hydroxide
A brine solution is
(Caustic Soda),
electrolysed using a
NaOH
mercury cathode and a

carbon anode. Na
metal

discharged at the

cathode combines with

mercury to form

sodium amalgam.

Chlorine gas is evolved

at the anode. Sodium

amalgam on treatment

with water forms

 sodium hydroxide

Sodium NaHCO3 is made by

Hydrogencarbo
n saturating a solution of

ate (Baking sodium carbonate with

Soda), NaHCO3 carbon dioxide

4. Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth metals

(i) Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals because their oxides
and hydroxides are alkaline in nature and these metal oxides are found in
the earths crust

(ii) The general electronic configuration for alkaline earth metals is [noble
2
gas] ns

Electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals:

Element Symbol Atomic Number Electronic

configuration

Beryllium Be 4 [He]2s2

Magnesium Mg 12 [Ne]3s2

Calcium Ca 20 [Ar]4s2

Strontium Sr 38 [Kr]5s2

Barium Ba 56 [Xe]6s2
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Radium Ra 88 [Rn]
7s

(iii) Trends in properties of alkaline metals and their comparison with

alkali metals:

1. Atomic and ionic radii: Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals
increases down the group and are smaller than the corresponding
members of the alkali metals

Explanation: Alkaline earth metals have a higher nuclear charge and

therefore, the electrons are attracted more towards the nucleus. As a
result, their atomic and ionic radii are smaller than those of alkali metals.
Atomic and ionic radii increase on moving down the group, due to screening
effect and increases in the number of the shells.

2. Ionisation enthalpies: Alkaline earth metals have low ionization enthalpies

due to their large size

Explanation: Although IE1 values of alkaline earth metals are higher than
those of alkali metals, the IE2 values of alkaline earth metals are much
smaller than those of alkali metals

In case of alkali metals (for e.g. Na) the second electron is to be removed
from a cation which has already acquired a noble gas configuration.
However in the alkaline earth metals (for e.g. Mg), the second electron is to
+ 2 2 6 1
be removed from a monovalent cation, i.e. Mg : (1s 2s p 3s ) which still
has one electron in the outermost shell. Thus, the second electron in Mg can
be removed easily.

3. Melting and boiling points: Alkaline earth metals have higher melting
and boiling points than the corresponding alkali metals

Explanation: Atoms of alkaline earth metals have smaller size as compared

to alkali metals. Due to two valence electrons in alkaline earth metals,
metallic bond is stronger than alkali metals. Hence alkaline earth metals have
higher melting and boiling points than corresponding alkali metals

4. Electropositive or metallic character: The electropositive character

increases down the group i.e., from Be to Ba but alkaline earth metals
are not as strongly electropositive as the alkali metals

Explanation: Because of the low ionization enthalpies of alkaline earth

metals, they are strongly electropositive in nature. However, these are not as
strongly electropositive as the alkali metals of group 1 because of
comparatively higher ionization energies

5. Oxidation states: All the alkaline earth metal exhibits an oxidation state of
+2 in their compounds

Explanation: Alkaline earth metals exhibit oxidation state of +2 as they can

lose two electrons and form bivalent ions. Following are the reason for the
easy removal of two electrons
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(i) Divalent cations have stable noble gas configuration

(ii)In solution, the +2 ions of alkaline earth metals are extensively hydrated
2+ +
and the high hydration energies of E ions make then more stable than E
2+
ions. It is observed that the amount of energy released when E ion is
+
dissolved in water is much more that that for E ions. This large amount of
extra energy released in the hydration of +2 ions is more and compensates the
2+
second ionization enthalpy required for the formation of such E ions

(iii)In the solid state, the divalent cations form stronger lattices than
monovalent cations and therefore, a lot of energy called lattice enthalpy is
2+
released. It is the greater lattice enthalpy of E ion which compensates for
the high second ionization enthalpy and is responsible for its greater stability
+
as compared to E ion

6. Hydration enthalpy: Hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions

decreases down the group and are larger than those of the
corresponding alkali metals ions

Explanation: This is due to smaller size of alkaline earth metal ions as

compared to corresponding alkali metal ions of the same period. Due to
smaller size, the alkaline earth metal ions are strongly attracted by polar
water molecules and hence have larger hydration enthalpies. The
hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions decrease with increase in
ionic size down the group.

2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba

7. Basic strength of hydroxides: Hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are

less basic than alkali metals of the corresponding period.

Explanation: Lesser basic strength of hydroxides of alkaline earth metal

hydroxides is due to the their high ionization enthalpies, small ionic size and
dipositive charge on the ions

As a result, the Metal—O bond in these hydroxides is relatively stronger than

that of corresponding alkali metals and therefore, does not break easily.
Therefore, they are less basic than corresponding alkali metals.
(iii) Important Compounds of alkaline earth metals:

Name of Name of process & Brief Related chemical equations

compound about the process

It is prepared by heating
Calcium Oxide
limestone (CaCO3) in a
or Quick
Lime,
rotary kiln at 1070-1270 K.
CaO
The carbon dioxide is

removed as soon as it is

produced to enable the

reaction to proceed to

completion
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Calcium It is prepared by adding

Hydroxide water to quicklime, CaO

(Slaked lime),

Ca(OH)2

It is prepared by passing
Calcium
carbon dioxide through
Carbonate,
slaked lime. Excess of
CaCO3
carbon dioxide should be

avoided since this leads to

the formation of water

soluble calcium

hydrogencarbonate

It is prepared by the

addition of sodium

carbonate to calcium

chloride.

It is obtained when
Calcium gypsum,

Sulphate CaSO4·2H2O, is heated to

(Plaster of 393 K

Paris),

CaSO4·½ H2O
5. Diagonal relationship: It is observed that some elements of second period
show similarities with the elements of third period present diagonally to each
other though belonging to different groups. This is called diagonal
relationship

Cause of diagonal relationship: Reason is the similarity in properties such

as electronegativity, ionization enthalpy size, charge/radius ratio, etc.
between the diagonal elements. On moving from left to right across a
period, for example, the electronegativity increases and while moving down
group electronegativity decreases. Therefore, on moving diagonally, the
two opposing tendencies almost cancel out and the electronegativity values
remain almost same as we move diagonally. Thus, the diagonal pairs have
many similar properties.

Following pairs exhibit diagonal similarity:

(i) Lithium — Magnesium

(ii) Beryllium — Aluminium

(iii) Boron — Silicon

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6. Some important reasons:

(1) Lithium carbonate decomposes at a lower temperature whereas

sodium carbonate decomposes at a higher temperature

Explanation: Lithium carbonate decomposes at a lower temperature whereas

sodium carbonate decomposes at a higher temperature because lithium
carbonate is unstable to heat. Lithium ion is smaller in size than sodium ion and
thus polarizes the carbonate ion to a greater extent than sodium ion leading to
the formation of more stable lithium oxide and carbon dioxide.

(2) Potassium carbonate cannot be prepared by Solvay process

Explanation: Unlike NaHCO3, the intermediate KHCO3 formed during

reaction in Solvay process, is highly soluble in water and thus cannot be
taken out from solution to obtain K2CO3.Hence, K2CO3 cannot be prepared
by Solvay process.

(3) Alkali and alkaline earth metals cannot be obtained by chemical reduction
methods

Explanation: Alkali and alkaline earth metals are themselves very strong
reducing agents and therefore cannot be reduced by chemical reduction
methods

(5) An aqueous solution of carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali metals

is alkaline

Explanation: The aqueous solution of carbonates and bicarbonates of

alkali metals is alkaline due to the hydrolysis of these salts which produces
hydroxide ions.
 H CO +
- -
HCO + HO OH
3 2 23

Bicarbonate
s

-
-
H HCO +
CO + O OH
3 2 3

Carbonates

(5) LiCl is more covalent than KCl

Explanation: According to Fajans rule smaller the size of cation and larger
the size of anion greater is the covalent character of ionic bond. Li is small in
+ +
size than K, thus Li has a high charge density. Thus polarizing power of Li
+
is higher than K , hence LiCl is more covalent than KCl.

(6) BaO is soluble but BaSO4 is insoluble in water

2- 2-
Explanation: Size of O ion is smaller than SO4 . Since a bigger anions
stabilizes bigger cation more than a smaller cation stabilizes a bigger anion,
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lattice enthalpy of BaO is smaller than BaSO 4. BaO is soluble as

hydration energy is more than lattice energy but BaSO 4 (as hydration
energy is less than lattice energy) is insoluble in water.

(7) Solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water

decrease down the group

Explanation: The size of anions being much larger compared to cations, the
lattice enthalpy will remain almost constant within a particular group. Since
the hydration enthalpies decrease down the group, solubility will decrease
as found for alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates.

(8) Alkali metals are not found in nature

Explanation: Alkali metals are highly reactive because of low ionization

enthalpy value and therefore are not found in nature. They are present
in combined state only in form of halides, oxides etc.

(9) Sodium is less reactive than potassium

Explanation: Ionization Energy of potassium is less than sodium because of

large size or less effective nuclear charge. Thus, potassium is more reactive
than sodium

(10) NaOH is a stronger base than LiOH

Explanation: The M-OH bond in hydroxides of alkali metal is very weak and
+ -
can easily ionize to form M ions and OH ions. This accounts for the basic
character. Since ionization energy decreases down the group bond
between metal and oxygen becomes weak. Therefore basic strength of
hydroxides increases accordingly. Thus NaOH is a stronger base than LiOH

(11) Alkali metals are kept in paraffin or kerosene

Explanation: Alkali metals react explosively with water forming metal
hydroxides along with hydrogen. Hydrogen gas released immediately
catches fire .Thus alkali metals are highly sensitive towards air and water
and hence are kept therefore in kerosene or paraffin oil

(12) Except for Be and Mg, the alkaline earth metal salts impart
characteristic colours to the flame

Explanation: Beryllium and magnesium atoms are comparatively smaller and

their ionization energies are very high. Hence, the energy of the flame is not
sufficient to excite their electrons to higher energy levels. These elements,
therefore, do not give any colour in Bunsen flame