INTRODUCTION

In Mathematics a line integral is an integral

where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. The terms path
integral, curve integral and curvilinear integral are also used, contour integral as
well, although that is generally reserved for line integrals in the complex plane.

The function to be integrated may be a scalar

field or a vector field. The value of the line integral is the sum of values of the
field at all points on the curve, weighted by some scalar function on the curve
(commonly arc length or for a vector field, the scalar product of the vector field
with a differential vector in the curve).This weighting distinguishes the line
integral from simpler integrals defined on intervals. Many simple formulas in
Physics (For example=F.S) have natural continuous analogs in terms of line
integrals(W=∫F.ds).The line integral finds the work done on an object moving
through an electric or gravitational field.

In qualitative terms, a line integral in vector

calculus can be thought of as a measure of the total effect of a given tensor field
along a given curve. For example, the line integral over a scalar field (rank 0
tensor) can be interpreted as the area under the field carved out by a particular
curve. This can be visualized as the surface created by Z=f(x,y) and a curve C in the
XY- plane. The line integral of f would be the area of the “curtain” created when
the points of the surface that are directly over C are carved out.

As we know that line integral is a part of vector

calculus, various terms related to vector field such as curl, gradient,del operator
are introduced for evaluating the line integral.

Del operator -
The Del operator is defined by = + ĵ+
Gradient -
The del operator to the differential function f(x,y,z) produces

f= + ĵ+

Is called the gradient field. Hence gradient is the dot product of del operator and
f.

Curl -
If (x,y,z)is a vector field i.e.

(x,y,z)=u(x,y,z) +v(x,y,z) ĵ+w(x,y,z)

Then curl is denoted by curl and defined as

Curl = ĵ+

= - ĵ+

Curl of a vector field is the cross product of Del operator and the vector field
which is a vector quantity.

There are various applications of line integrals in mathematics and physics. They
can be used for a variety of purposes in many branches of science.

Line integrals are introduced to study such things as fluid flow and then obtain a
result called GREEN’S THEOREM that enables line integrals to be computed in
terms of ordinary double integrals. Line integrals are used to deal with problems
in Physics involving force, fluid flow, electricity and magnetism.
 Finding line integral
Definition -
Line integral of a scalar field –

If f(x, y, z) is defined on the smooth curve C with parameters

equal to x=x(t),y=y(t),z=z(t), then the line integral of f over C is given by

, , ∆

Provided that the limit exists if C is a closed curve, we indicate the line integral of f
around C by

Since the curve C is smooth, the component function x(t),

y(t), z(t) will be continuously differentiable, then we have

ds = dt
So the line integral can be written in terms of t

= dt ]

For some scalar field f: U the line integral along a

piecewise smooth curve C is defined as

Where r is a parameterization of x=x(t) ,y= y(t) and z=z (t)

If f(x,y) is a function of two variables and C is a curve in the

plane , then

= dt ]

The definition of line integral can be extended to curves that

are piece wise smooth in the sense that they are the union of a finite number of
smooth curves with only end points in common.

In particular, if C is comprised of a number of smooth sub

arcs ………. Then the line integral of the curve will be the sum of the in
integrals of the corresponding sub arcs of the curve.

Line integral with respect to x,y and z-

If is replaced by for definition of line integral
, we obtain a definition for the line integral . Since
x= x (t) is differentiable, dx =x’ (t) dt and the line integral of f w.r.t. x will be

= ] x’ (t) dt

Similarly if g and h are continues on C, then

] y’ (t)] dt

= ] z’ (t)] dt

By combing the line integrals w.r.t to the co-ordinate variables x, y,

and z, a line internal obtained of the form is
 =

Line integral of a vector field-

Let + v(x,y,z)ĵ + w(x,y,z) be a vector field ,

and let C be a piecewise smooth orientable curve with parametric representation

(t) = x (t)î +y(t)ĵ + z(t) for a t

dr = dx î + dy ĵ +dz

So the line integral of F along C is

For some vector field f: U the line integral along a

piecewise smooth curve C is defined as

Where r is a parameterization of x=x (t), y= y (t) and z=z (t)

Derivation –
Line integral of scalar field –
For a line integral over a scalar field, the line
integral can be constructed from a Riemann sum using the definition of f , C and a
parameterization r of C. this can be done by partitioning the interval [a,b] into n-
sub intervals [ ] of length t = ,then r( ) denotes some points,

called it a sample point on the curve C. we can use the set of sample points {r( ):
1 } to approximate the curved C by a polygonal path by introducing a
straight line piece between each of the sample points on curve as .The
product of f(r( )) and can be associated with the signed area of a rectangle
with a height and width of f(r( )) and respectively.Taking the limit of the
sum of the terms as the length of the partitions approaches zero gives us

I=
We note that by mean value theorem, the
distance between subsequent points of the curve is

=
Substituting this in the above Riemann sum yields

I=
Which is the Riemanns sum for the line integral?

I=
Line integral of vector field –
The line integral of a vector field can be derived in a
manner very similar to the case of a scalar field. But this time with the inclusion of
a dot product. Again using the above definitions of F,C and its parameterization r
(t),we construct the integral from a Riemann sum .we partition the interval [a,b]
(which is the range of the values of the parameter t ) into n intervals of length
.Letting be the kth point on the curve. Instead of calculating up the
distances between subsequent points, we need to calculate their displacement
vectors .As before evaluating F at all points on the curve and taking the dot
product with each displacement vector gives us the infinitesimal contribution of
each partition of F on C .Letting the size of the partitions go to 0 gives us

I=

By the mean value theorem, we see that he

displacement vector between adjacent points on the curve is

Substituting this in the above Riemann sum yields

I=

Is the Riemann sum for the integral.

Physical interpretation of .
If represents a force acting on a particle moving along
the curve C, then the line integral . Represent the work done by the force.
Theorem -1
Properties of line integrals –
Let f be a given scalar function defined on a piecewise
smooth, orientable curve C. Then for any constant k ,

Constant multiple rule –

Sum rule-

Where and are scalar functions defined on C

Opposite direction rule –

Where –c denotes the curve C traversed in the opposite direction

Subdivision Rule –

Where C is the union of smooth orientable sub arcs, C = ……….. with

only end points in common. The line integral dose not depends on the
parameterization used for C with the counter clock-wise direction.
 METHODOLOGY
Theorem -2
(Fundamental theorem for line integrals)
Let, C be a piece wise smooth curve that is
parameterized by the vector function for a t , and let be a vector
field that is continuous on C .If f is a scalar function such that then ,

= f(Q)-f(P)

Where Q = are the end points of C.

Proof – we can prove this theorem for the case where f(x,y,z) is a fuction of three
variables such that f(x,y,z).Suppose ={x(t),y(t),z(t)} and let G be the
composite function G(t)=f[x(t),y(t),z(t)].Then according to the chain rule

and we have

d =

=∫[ ]

=G(b)-G(a)

=f[x(b),y(b),z(b)]-f[x(a),y(a),z(a)]
 =f [R(b)]-f[R(a)] =f(Q) -f(P)

*A key requirement for evaluating the line integral d by the fundamental

theorem of line integrals is that be the gradient of some scalar function f
i.e.

Connected and simple connected regions –

Connected-
If a region has the property that any two points
in it can be joined by a piecewise smooth curve entirely within the region, then
the region is called connected.

Simple connected –
If a plane region has the property that any
closed curve in it can be continuously shrunk to a point without leaving the
region, then the region is simple connected.

Conservative vector fields-

A vector field is said to be conservative in a vision D

if = for some scalar function f in D .The function f is called a scalar potential
of in D. i.e. = , for (x,y) on D.
 For a field to be conservative on any set D in the
plane has these properties.

I. Any two points P and Q in D can be joined by a piece wise smooth curve
entirely within D (Connected region).
II. Every closed curved in D encloses only points that are also in D (simple
connected region).

Theorem -3
(Cross partial test for conservative vector field in the plane)

Consider the vector field (x,y) = u(x,y) + v(x,y)ĵ

,where u and v have continuous first partials in the open ,simple connected region
D in the plane. Then (x,y) is conservative in D if and only if

Theorem -4
(The curl criterion for a conservative vector field in )

Suppose the vector field and curl are both

continuous in the simple connected region D of .Then is conservative in D if
and only if curl = 0.

* It has been noticed that a vector field ={u(x,y,) , v(x,y)} in can be regarded
as the vector field G ={u(x,y,0),v(x,y,0) ,0} in

Since, curl =

=0 + 0 +( - )
We have curl =0 iff =

* If is a conservative field then curl =0 ( = ).Conversely, if curl = 0, then

is conservative field and f is called scalar potential of vector function .

Definition of independence of path-

The line integral d is independent of path
in a region D if for any two points P and Q in D, the line integral along every
piecewise smooth curve in D from P to Q has the same value.

Theorem -5
Equivalent condition for the path independence-
I. is conservative on D ; i.e. = for some function f defined on D .
II. . d = 0 for every piecewise smooth closed curve C in D.
III. d is independent of path within D .

Proof-

To prove this theorem, it is enough to prove that (I) implies (II) , (II) implies
(III) and (III) implies (I).Then if anyone is true , all are true.
(I) implies (II) -
Assume that F is conservative and let C be a
closed curve in D . Then any point P on C can serve as both the initial and the
terminal point of the curve and according to the fundamental theorem of line
integrals, we have

. d =f (P) – f(P) = 0 ,
Where f is a scalar potential for A
(II) implies (III) –
Let be two curves in D with the
same initial point P and terminal point Q .Then the curve C formed by followed
by - (the reverse of ) is a closed curve beginning and ending at P .According
to condition (II) , the line integral around this closed curve must be 0 .So we
have

0= = .d + .d

And it follows that

.d =- .d = .d

Since and are chosen as any two curves in D with

the same end points, it follows that is independent of path in D.

(III) implies (I) –

For this, we assume that is independent of

path in D and construct a scalar function f such that = in order to show that
must be conservative.

We have now come across several ways for evaluating a given line integral
.we can

1. Parameterize C and use the parameterization to convert the line integral

into an “ordinary” integral in t over an integral a t b.
2. Check to see whether is conservative .If it is, find a scalar potential
function f and then use the fundamental theorem of line integral.
3. If is conservative ,find a convenient path with the same end points as C
and use the fact that
.d = .d
Since the line integral is independent of path.

Theorem- 6
GREEN’S THEOREM-

Green’s theorem is named after the English

mathematician GEORGE GREEN.

Green’s theorem relates a line integral around a

closed curve to a double integral over the region contained the curve .it is I is one
of the most important and elegant theorem in calculus.
Definition of Jordan curve-
A Jordan curve is a closed curve with no self intersection.

Statement of Green’s theorem-

Let D be a simple connected region that is bounded
by the positively oriented piece wise smooth Jordan curve C. Then if the vector
field

(x,y) =M(x,y) +N(x,y)

Is continuously differentiable on D , we have

COMPLEX LINE INTEGRAL-

In complex analysis, the line integral is in defined in

terms of multiplication and addition of complex numbers .suppose U is an open
subset of the complex planes C, f; U is a function, parameterized by

Where .

The line integral

May be defined by sub dividing the interval (a,b) into a=

and considering the expression

The integral is then the limit of this Riemann sum as the lengths of the subdivision
intervals approach 0.

If the parameterization is continuously differentiable the line integral can be

evaluated as an integral of a function of a real variable
When L is a closed curve that is its initial and final point’s co-inside, the notation

Is often used for the line integral of f along L .A closed curve line integral is
sometimes referred to as a cyclic integral in engineering applications.

The line integral w.r.t the conjugate complex differential defined to be

The line integrals of complex function can be

evaluated using a number of techniques. The integral may be split into real and
imaginary parts reducing the problem to that of evaluating two real valued line
integrals, the Cauchy integral formula may be used in other circumstances. I f the
line integral is a closed curve in a region where the function is analytic and
containing no singularities, then the value of the integral is simply 0, this is a
consequence of the Cauchy integral theorem.
 APPLICATIONS OF LINE INTEGRAL
Some Applications of the Line integral:

The line integrals are used, in particular, for computations of

1. Mass of a wire;

2. Center of mass and moments of inertia of a wire;

3. Work done by a force on an object moving in a vector field;

4. Magnetic field around a conductor (Ampere's Law);

5. Voltage generated in a loop (Faraday's Law of magnetic induction).

6. Finding the area of a closed region D.

Consider these applications in more details.

1. Mass of a Wire:
Suppose that a piece of a wire is described by a curve C in three
dimensions. The mass per unit length of the wire is a

Continuous function (x, y, z). Then the total mass of the wire is
expressed through the line integral of scalar function as

m=

If C is a curve parameterized by the vector function t),y(t),z(t)), then

The mass can be computed by the formula

m= dt

If C is a curve in the xy-plane, then the mass of the wire is given by

 m=

or in parametric form

m= dt

2. Center of Mass and Moments of Inertia of a Wire:

Let a wire is described by a curve C with a continuous density function
(x, y, z). Then coordinates of the center of mass of the wire ( is
given by the formula

The moments of inertia about the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are given by
the formulas
3. Work :

Fig : 1
Work done by a force on an object moving along a curve C is given by
the line integral

W= .d

Where is the vector force field acting on the objected is the unit
tangent vector (Figure 1). The notation means dot

Product of and d .

Note that the force field is not necessarily the cause of moving the
object. It might be some other force acting to overcome

The force field that is actually moving the object. In this case the work
of the force could result in a negative value.

If a vector field is defined in the coordinate form

Then the work done by the force is calculated by the formula

 W=

If the object is moved along a curve C in the xy-plane, then the

following formula is valid:

W= =

Where

If a path C is specified by a parameter t (t often means time), the

formula for calculating work becomes

W=
, , ] dt

Where t goes from α to β.

If a vector field is conservative, then the work on an object moving from

A to B can be found by the formula

W=f(b) – f(a)

Where u (x, y, z) is a scalar potential of the field.

Fig : 2 Fig : 2 (i) Fig : 3

4. Ampere's Law :
The line integral of a magnetic field around a closed path C is equal to
the total current flowing through the area bounded by

the contour C (Figure 2). This is expressed by the formula

.d I

Where μ0

Is the vacuum permeability constant, equal to 1.26 H/m.

5. Faraday's Law :
The electromotive force ε induced around a closed loop C is equal to
the rate of the change of magnetic flux ψ passing through the loop
(Figure 3).

6. Finding the area of a closed region D :

If we use The Green’s Theorem in reverse we see that the area
of the region D can also be computed by evaluating any of the
following line integrals

A=
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES-
1.(Evaluating a line integral of scalar field)
Evaluate the line integral

Where C is the curve with parametric equations x= for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

Solution-Since x’ (t)=2t, y’(t) =- and z’(t)= , we have

=[-4

2.(Evaluating line integral of a vector field)-

Evaluate d , where = ( and C is the curve

defined parametrically by x= for 0≤t≤1

Rewrite using the parameter t:

=[(2 -( î + [2(2t)(t)] ĵ – [(

=3 +4 -

Because (t)=

d =(2t dt) î +(2dt) ĵ +dt

So, . d =(3 )(2t dt)+( 4 )(2dt)+(- )dt

=(6 )
Thus =

3.(Using fundamental theorem to evaluate line integral)-

Evaluate the line integral ,where

-xy-2y)

And C is the path describe by ,

For 0

Here the hypotheses of the fundamental theorem for line integrals are satisfied .
Since, f(x,y)=

Has continuous partial derivatives on the smooth curve C .At the end points of C
,we find

Left end point (t=0) ; R(0) ={0,0}

f (0,0) =

Right end point (t=1) ; R(1) ={1, }

f (1, )=e

Thus , according to the fundamental theorem for line integral, we have

= f (1, ) – f(0,0)

=e -
 4. (Testing for a conservative field)-
a. Determine whether field field is conservative
. if it is , find a scalar potential.

We have u(x,y) =y and v(x,y) = +x

=xy

So,
Thus is not conservative .

b. if =

= (-x )]î – [ ]ĵ+

[ (- x )- ( ]

=(- ) =0

5.(Determing a scalar potential for conservative field) –

If a conservative vector filed , î+( -2)ĵ

Find a scalar potential function f for

To find a scalar potential function f ,we have

=( î+

Thus , =
 -2

Thus f(x,y) =

f (x, y)=

6.(computing the mass of a wire)-

A wire has the shape of curve

X= for 0

If the wire has density =xyz at each point (xyz), what is its mass ?

X’ (t) = . the mass is given by

m=

=2

7 .Area enclosed by Ellipse –

Show that the ellipse 1 has area

Solution-The elliptical path E is given parametrically by X=a cos for 0

2
We find

dx = -a sin

The area A of the ellipse will be

A=

8.( Application of Green’s theorem)

Consider the integral

Evaluate it, when

a. C is the circle
b. C is the ellipse =1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank to Honorable’ PRASHANT
KUMAR MOHANTY (H.O.D.) without whom I would not
have completed this project report.
It’s my proud privilege to express deep
gratitude and appreciation to the Honorable faculty
members Pandit Sir, Rishikant Sir and Dr. Kasturi Mam.I
also wish to thank all our college staffs for their useful
suggestion, encouragement and all the support which
helped me accomplish project.
Above all thanks to all my friends and
classmates who encouraged me a lot in this project?
I owe my gratitude to my parents for their
blessings and inspiration.

Place-Cuttack STUDENT NAME

(1602010620060106)
Date-
 DECLARATION
I TAPATI DIBYADARSHINI NAYAK
continuing +3 3rd years at Stewart Science College,
Cuttack, Odisha, hereby declare that project work
entitled “LINE INTEGRAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS” is an
authentic work developed by me at Stewart Science
College, Cuttack under the guidance of Mr. Prashant
Kumar Mohanty and for the fulfillment of the award for
the degree course in Mathematics.

TAPATI DIBYADARSHINI NAYAK

(1602010620060106)
6th Semester B.Sc.
Mathematics (HONS)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify thatTAPATI DIBYADARSHINI NAYAK
bearing University Roll no.- 1602010620060106 of +3 3rd
year degree Science of Stewart Science College, Cuttack
has successfully completed her final semester project
entitled “LINE INTEGRAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS” for
Department of Mathematics, Stewart Science College,
Cuttack, Odisha under the guidance of “Prasant Kumar
Mohanty”. As a part of fulfillment of academic
curriculum, he has worked on this project for a period
from “9th Jan to 28th Feb 2019”.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Date- Date-
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that TAPATI
DIBYADARSHINI NAYAK bearing University Roll no.-
1602010620060106 of +3 3rd year degree Science of
Stewart Science College, CUTTACK has done a project
work on the “LINE INTEGRAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS”
during the academic session of 2018-19 under my
guidance and has completed it successfully.
The project work submitted by her as a part fulfillment of
the B.Sc. degree syllabus in Mathematics encompass the
detailed project work carried out by her and it entirely
belong to her own. I wish her all success in life.

Lecturer in Department of Mathematics

BONAFIED CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled
“LINE INTEGRAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS” is the bonafied
work carried out by TAPATI DIBYADARSHINI NAYAK
bearing Roll no.-1602010620060106,student of +3 3rd
year degree Science of Stewart Science
College,Cuttack,Odisha, during the year 2016-19 ,who
carried out the research under my supervision. Certified
further, that to the best of my knowledge, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree course in Mathematics.

Academic Guide
Date
 ABSTRACT
The objective of the project is to
geometrically view the domain of a vector or scalar
function as a segment of a curve. This project on “LINE
INTEGRAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS” contains:-

 Introduction to the line integral.

 Definition, properties, derivation of the line integral

in 2D and 3D space.

 Procedure to evaluate line integral.

 Theorems of line integral.

 Definitions and conditions on independence of path.

 Conservative vector field.

 Complex line integral.

 Applications of line integral.

 Numerical examples on line integral.

 CONCLUSION
The main subject under this
project is line integrals i.e. the line integral of a vector
function along a path (Such as the work done by a force)
.These integrals are defined and ways to
evaluate them are discussed. From this it is concluded
that several applications of line integrals studied in
various fields such as Mathematics, Physics etc.It is
concluded that there is a connection between vectors
and line integrals. Moreover a brief idea about
connected region, conservative field, path independence
and GREEN’S THEOREM is provided.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Name of the book or Author and Publisher

internet site

Calculus 3rd EDITION M.J.STRAUSS,G.LBRADLEY,K.J

SMITH
PEARSONEDUCATION)

BASIC MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS E.MARSDEN,A.JTROMBA

(SPRINGER INDIAN REPRINT)

WIKIPEDIA
 CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE
INTRODUCTION
FINDING
METHODOLOGY
APPLICATIONS
EXAMPLES
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 A project report
On
Line integral and its applications

Submitted to

,
Department of mathematics Stewart Science College,

Cuttack, odisha

Submitted by
Tapati dibyadarshini nayak
University roll no -1602010620060106

Under the guidance of

Prashant kumar mohanty
Head of the Department of mathematics
Stewart science college, Cuttack, odisha