Python for Non-programmers

A Gentle Introduction 1

Yann Tambouret
Scientific Computing and Visualization
Information Services & Technology
Boston University
111 Cummington St.
[email protected]

Winter 2013

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 Introduction

This Tutorial
This is for non-programmers.
The first half is very gentle.
The second half is more in depth.

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 Introduction

This Tutorial
This is for non-programmers.
The first half is very gentle.
The second half is more in depth.
If you have any programming experience, feel free to
entertain yourself at codingbat.com/python

Yann - [email protected] (SCV) Python Winter 2013 2 / 56

 Introduction

This Tutorial
This is for non-programmers.
The first half is very gentle.
The second half is more in depth.
If you have any programming experience, feel free to
entertain yourself at codingbat.com/python
Get ready to type... this is definitely interactive.

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 Introduction

Python Overview
Python is named after the BBC show
”Monty Python’s Flying Circus”

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 Introduction

Python Overview
Python is named after the BBC show
”Monty Python’s Flying Circus”
We will focus on Python 2 today.

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 Introduction

Python Overview
Python is named after the BBC show
”Monty Python’s Flying Circus”
We will focus on Python 2 today.
How to get Python on Katana and on Windows or
Mac

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 Introduction

Python Overview
Python is named after the BBC show
”Monty Python’s Flying Circus”
We will focus on Python 2 today.
How to get Python on Katana and on Windows or
Mac
This tutorial borrows largely from a tutorial by the
Boston Python Group

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 Introduction

Python is Interpreted
Python can be run interactively.

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 Introduction

Python is Interpreted
Python can be run interactively.
Code ⇒ execution is almost instant;
No explicit compilation step required.
This allows for a faster development process

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 Introduction

Python is Interpreted
Python can be run interactively.
Code ⇒ execution is almost instant;
No explicit compilation step required.
This allows for a faster development process
The final product is usually more resource intensive,
and as a side effect slower then comparable
C/Fortran code.

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 Introduction

Python is Interactive
Practice running python, type python in the terminal,
hit Enter:
1 % python
2 Python 2.7 ( # 1 , Feb 28 2010 , 00:02:06)
3 Type " help " , " copyright " , " credits " or " license " for more information .
4 >>>

The >>> is a prompt asking for the next python line

of code.
Sometimes you’ll see ... as a prompt too.
To exit, type exit() and Enter
Try it!

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 Python as a Calculator

Numbers 1
Start python (type python, then Enter), and try typing
the following Addition:
1 2 + 2
2 1.5 + 2.25

Subtraction:
1 4 - 2
2 100 - .5
3 0 - 2

Multiplication:
1 2 * 3

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 Python as a Calculator

Numbers 1 - Output
1 >>> 2 + 2
2 4
3 >>> 1.5 + 2.25
4 3.75
5 >>> 4 - 2
6 2
7 >>> 100 - .5
8 99.5
9 >>> 0 - 2
10 -2
11 >>> 2 * 3
12 6

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 Python as a Calculator

Numbers 2
Division:
1 4 / 2
2 1 / 2
3 1.0 / 2
4 3/4 + 1/4
5 3.0/4 + 1.0/4
6 3.0/4.0 + 1.0/4.0

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 Python as a Calculator

Numbers 2 - Output
1 >>> 4/2
2 2
3 >>> 1/2
4 0
5 >>> 1.0/2
6 0.5
7 >>> 3/4 + 1/4
8 0
9 >>> 3.0/4 + 1.0/4
10 1.0
11 >>> 3.0/4.0 + 1.0/4.0
12 1.0

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 Python as a Calculator

type()
type() is a function that tells you what data type
Python thinks something is. Try:
1 type (1)
2 type (1.0)

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 Python as a Calculator

type()
type() is a function that tells you what data type
Python thinks something is. Try:
1 type (1)
2 type (1.0)

results in:
1 >>> type (1)
2 < type ’ int ’ >
3 >>> type (1.0)
4 < type ’ float ’ >

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 Python as a Calculator

type()
type() is a function that tells you what data type
Python thinks something is. Try:
1 type (1)
2 type (1.0)

results in:
1 >>> type (1)
2 < type ’ int ’ >
3 >>> type (1.0)
4 < type ’ float ’ >

type() is a function, it takes one argument and it

returns info about the argument’s type. We will talk
more about functions in a bit, and create our own.
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 Python as a Calculator

Tip
Press the up arrow a few times in the terminal.
The Python Interpreter saves a history of what you
type.
Pressing up allows you to access previous lines.
Hit return and you re-run a command.

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 Python as a Calculator

Variables 1
Python variables can be made of any data type.
Giving a name to some value is called assignment.
Variable names cannot have spaces, and they need
to start with a letter.
Try typing:
1 type (4)
2 x = 4
3 x
4 type ( x )
5 2 * x

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 Python as a Calculator

Variables 1 - output
and we get:
1 >>> type (4)
2 < type ’ int ’ >
3 >>> x = 4
4 >>> x
5 4
6 >>> type ( x )
7 < type ’ int ’ >
8 >>> 2 * x
9 8

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 Python as a Calculator

Note on Output
Just typing a value and the interpreter spits it back out
at you. If you assign 4 to a variable, nothing is printed.
1 >>> 4
2 4
3 >>> x = 4

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 Python as a Calculator

Variables 2
Reassignment is possible:
1 >>> x = 4
2 >>> x
3 4
4 >>> x = 5
5 >>> x
6 5

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 Python as a Calculator

Variables 2
Reassignment is possible:
1 >>> x = 4
2 >>> x
3 4
4 >>> x = 5
5 >>> x
6 5

And order of operations is as you might expect:

1 >>> x = 3
2 >>> y = 4
3 >>> 2 * x - 1 * y
4 2
5 >>> (2* x ) - (1* y )
6 2

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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 1
Strings are surrounded by quotes:
1 " Hello "
2 " Python , I ’m your #1 fan ! "

And you can still use type() to check things out:

1 type ( " Hello " )
2 type (1)
3 type ( " 1 " )

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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 1 - Output
1 >>> " Hello "
2 ’ Hello ’
3 >>> " Python , I ’m your #1 fan ! "
4 " Python , I ’m your #1 fan ! "
5 >>> type ( " Hello " )
6 < type ’ str ’ >
7 >>> type (1)
8 < type ’ int ’ >
9 >>> type ( " 1 " )
10 < type ’ str ’ >

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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 2
Strings can be combined (concatenated):
1 " Hello " + " World "

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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 2
Strings can be combined (concatenated):
1 " Hello " + " World "

And you can formally print strings with the print

command:
1 print " Hello " + " World "

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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 2 - Output
1 >>> " Hello " + " World "
2 ’ HelloWorld ’
3 >>> print " Hello " + " World "
4 HelloWorld

The effect is the same, but there’s a subtle difference of

missing quotes.
print will become important soon, when we start writing
scripts...

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 Python as a Calculator

A Note about Errors

What happens when you type:
1 z
2 " Hello " + 1

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 Python as a Calculator

A Note about Errors - Output

1 >>> z
2 Traceback ( most recent call last ):
3 File " < console > " , line 1 , in < module >
4 NameError : name ’z ’ is not defined
5 >>> " Hello " + 1
6 Traceback ( most recent call last ):
7 File " < console > " , line 1 , in < module >
8 TypeError : cannot concatenate ’ str ’ and ’ int ’ objects

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 Python as a Calculator

A Note about Errors - Output

1 >>> z
2 Traceback ( most recent call last ):
3 File " < console > " , line 1 , in < module >
4 NameError : name ’z ’ is not defined
5 >>> " Hello " + 1
6 Traceback ( most recent call last ):
7 File " < console > " , line 1 , in < module >
8 TypeError : cannot concatenate ’ str ’ and ’ int ’ objects

A traceback occurs:
TypeError is the error that occurs
cannot concatenate ’str’ and ’int’ objects is the
‘helpful’ message
and every thing from Traceback to the error tells
you where it happened
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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 3
Single or Double quotes are OK:
1 print ’ Hello ’
2 print " Hello "

But be careful to escape extra quotes:

1 print ’I ’m a happy camper ’
2 print " I ’m a happy camper "
3 print ’I \ ’ m a happy camper ’

And you can multiply strings by an integer:

1 h = " Happy "
2 b = " Birthday "
3 print ( h + b ) * 10

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 Python as a Calculator

Strings 3 - Output
1 >>> print ’ Hello ’
2 Hello
3 >>> print " Hello "
4 Hello
5 >>> print ’I ’m a happy camper ’
6 File " < console >" , line 1
7 print ’I ’m a happy camper ’
8 ^
9 SyntaxError : invalid syntax
10 >>> print ’I \ ’ m a happy camper ’
11 I ’m a happy camper
12 >>> print " I ’m a happy camper "
13 I ’m a happy camper
14 >>> h = " Happy "
15 >>> b = " Birthday "
16 >>> print ( h + b ) * 10
17 HappyBirthdayHappyBirthdayHappyBirthdayHappyBirthdayH
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 Python is a Scripting Language

From interactive prompt to...

The Python prompt is great for quick tasks:
math, short bits of code, and testing.
For bigger projects, it’s easier to store code in a file.
One such example can be found in examples\nobel.py

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Script Practice: Nobel Laureates

1 Exit python: exit() then hit Enter
The >>> is now replaced by % ;
This is the Unix Prompt.
2 Go to examples directory with this command:
% cd examples
3 Run the script by typing: % python nobel.py
4 Open ’nobel.py’ (command: % gedit nobel.py & )
and answer these questions:

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Script Practice: Nobel Laureates

1 Exit python: exit() then hit Enter
The >>> is now replaced by % ;
This is the Unix Prompt.
2 Go to examples directory with this command:
% cd examples
3 Run the script by typing: % python nobel.py
4 Open ’nobel.py’ (command: % gedit nobel.py & )
and answer these questions:
1 How do you comment code in Python?
2 How do you print a newline?
3 How do you print a multi-line string so that
whitespace is preserved?
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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 1
A Boolean type is a type with two values: True/False.
Try typing the following:
1 True
2 type ( True )
3 False
4 type ( False )

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 Python is a Scripting Language

1 >>> True
2 True
3 >>> type ( True )
4 < type ’ bool ’ >
5 >>> False
6 False
7 >>> type ( False )
8 < type ’ bool ’ >

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 2a
You can also compare values, to see if they’re equal:
1 0 == 0
2 0 == 1

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 2b
You can also compare values, to see if they’re equal:
1 >>> 0 == 0
2 True
3 >>> 0 == 1
4 False

== (equal equal) is for equality test

= (equal) is for assignment
Be careful! This can lead to bugs!

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 3
You can do other comparisons: != means not equal
1 " a " != " a "
2 " a " != " A "

Others are just like math class:

1 1 > 0
2 2 >= 3
3 -1 < 0
4 .5 <= 1

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 3 - Output
1 >>> " a " != " a "
2 False
3 >>> " a " != " A "
4 True
5 >>> 1 > 0
6 True
7 >>> 2 >= 3
8 False
9 >>> -1 < 0
10 True
11 >>> .5 <= 1
12 True

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 4
You can see if something is in something else:
1 " H " in " Hello "
2 " X " in " Hello "

or not:
1 " a " not in " abcde "
2 " Perl " not in " Python Tutorial "

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Booleans 4 - Output
1 >>> " H " in " Hello "
2 True
3 >>> " X " in " Hello "
4 False
5 >>> " a " not in " abcde "
6 False
7 >>> " Perl " not in " Python Tutorial "
8 True

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 1
You can use Booleans to decide if some code should be
executed:
1 if 6 > 5:
2 print " Six is greater than five ! "

This is a multi-line piece of code:

1 if 6 > 5:
2 Enter
3 4 spaces
4 print "Six is greater than five!"
5 Enter
6 Enter again...
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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 2
The ”...” is a special prompt; Python realizes this is a
code block.
Final enter is to signify the end of code block.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 2
The ”...” is a special prompt; Python realizes this is a
code block.
Final enter is to signify the end of code block.
1 >>> if 6 > 5:
2 ... print " Six is greater than five ! "
3 ...
4 Six is greater than five !

What’s going on here?

if looks for a Boolean, and if it is true,
the code block is executed.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 2
The ”...” is a special prompt; Python realizes this is a
code block.
Final enter is to signify the end of code block.
1 >>> if 6 > 5:
2 ... print " Six is greater than five ! "
3 ...
4 Six is greater than five !

What’s going on here?

if looks for a Boolean, and if it is true,
the code block is executed.
6 > 5 is True
so the next line is executed.
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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 3
Now what will happened?
1 if 0 > 2:
2 print " Zero is greater than two ! "
3 if " banana " in " bananarama " :
4 print " I miss the 80 s . "

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 3 - Output

1 >>> if 0 > 2:
2 ... print " Zero is greater than two ! "
3 ...
4 >>> if " banana " in " bananarama " :
5 ... print " I miss the 80 s "
6 ...
7 I miss the 80 s

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Indentation, what’s up with that?

If you’ve programmed in other languages, this
indentation thing might seem weird.
Python prides itself as an easy-to-read language,
and indentation makes it easy to read code blocks.
So Python requires indentation over if/end-if,
begin-block/end-block organization.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Indentation - example
1 # this looks like other languages ,
2 # but I use a comment to organize
3 if 1 == 1:
4 print " Everything is going to be OK ! "
5 if 10 < 0:
6 print " or is it ? "
7 # end if
8 print " Inside first code block ! "
9 # end if

Don’t use #end if, just keep it in your mind if it gets

confusing...

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 4
More control over choices if and else:
1 sister_age = 15
2 brother_age = 12
3 if sister_age > brother_age :
4 print " sister is older "
5 else :
6 print " brother is older "

else block needs to be correctly indented too.

else gets executed if Boolean is False.
You don’t shouldn’t hit Enter twice between if code
block and else statement.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Compound Conditionals 1
and and allow you to combine tests.
or
and: True only if both are True

or: True if at least one is True

Try these:
1 1 > 0 and 1 < 2
2 1 < 2 and " x " in " abc "
3 " a " in " hello " or " e " in " hello "
4 1 <= 0 or " a " not in " abc "

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Compound Conditionals 1 - Output

1 >>> 1 > 0 and 1 < 2
2 True
3 >>> 1 < 2 and " x " in " abc "
4 False
5 >>> " a " in " hello " or " e " in " hello "
6 True
7 >>> 1 <= 0 or " a " not in " abc "
8 False

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Compound Conditionals 2
Try this:
1 temperature = 32
2 if temperature > 60 and temperature < 75:
3 print " It ’s nice and cozy in here ! "
4 else :
5 print " Too extreme for me . "

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Compound Conditionals 2 - Output

1 >>> temperature = 32
2 >>> if temperature > 60 and temperature < 75:
3 ... print " It ’s nice and cozy in here ! "
4 ... else :
5 ... print " Too extreme for me . "
6 ...
7 Too extreme for me .

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Compound Conditions 3
And try this:
1 hour = 11
2 if hour < 7 or hour > 23:
3 print " Go away ! "
4 print " I ’m sleeping ! "
5 else :
6 print " Welcome to the cheese shop ! "
7 print " Can I interest you in some choice gouda ? "

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Compound Conditions 3 - Output

1 >>> hour = 11
2 >>> if hour < 7 or hour > 23:
3 ... print " Go away ! "
4 ... print " I ’m sleeping ! "
5 ... else :
6 ... print " Welcome to the cheese shop ! "
7 ... print " Can I interest you in some choice gouda ? "
8 ...
9 Welcome to the cheese shop !
10 Can I interest you in some choice gouda ?

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 5
There’s also elif:
1 sister_age = 15
2 brother_age = 12
3 if sister_age > brother_age :
4 print " sister is older "
5 elif sister_age == brother_age :
6 print " sister and brother are the same age "
7 else :
8 print " brother is older "

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Flow Control 5 - Output

1 >>> sister_age = 15
2 >>> brother_age = 12
3 >>> if sister_age > brother_age :
4 ... print " sister is older "
5 ... elif sister_age == brother_age :
6 ... print " sister and brother are the same age "
7 ... else :
8 ... print " brother is older "
9 ...
10 sister is older

else is not required at the end,

just like in the first if example.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions
Remember type()? Functions ...
do some useful work,
let us re-use code without having to retype it,
can take some input, and optionally return a value.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions
Remember type()? Functions ...
do some useful work,
let us re-use code without having to retype it,
can take some input, and optionally return a value.
You call a function by using its name, followed by its
arguments in parenthesis:
1 length = len ( " Mississippi " )

This assigns the number of characters in the string

”Mississippi” to the variable length.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 1
Write the function signature, how it will be called:
1 def, Tells Python you’re defining a function.
2 Then a space, and the function’s name.
3 Then an open parenthesis.
4 Then a comma-separated list of parameters
5 Then a closing parenthesis.
6 And finally a colon, ’:’.
1 def myFunction ():

or
1 def myFunction ( myList , myInteger ):

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 2
Do something (useful):
Underneath the function signature you do some
work.
This code must be indented, just like if/else blocks.
This tells python that it’s part of the function.
You can use variables passed as parameters just
like you used variables before
1 def add (x , y ):
2 result = x + y

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 3
Return something (if you want to).
return tells python to return a result.

1 def add (x , y ):
2 result = x + y
3 return result

or shorter....
1 def add (x , y ):
2 return x + y

In Python you can return anything: strings, booleans ...

even other functions!

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 3
Once return is called, the work in the function ends:
1 def absoluteValue ( number ):
2 if number < 0:
3 return number * -1
4 return number

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 3
Once return is called, the work in the function ends:
1 def absoluteValue ( number ):
2 if number < 0:
3 return number * -1
4 return number

This code have also been written like:

1 def absoluteValue ( number ):
2 if number < 0:
3 return number * -1
4 else :
5 return number

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 4
Use them! Again and again and again....
1 def add (x , y ):
2 return x + y
3
4 result = add (1234 , 5678)
5 print result
6 result = add ( -1.5 , .5)
7 print result

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Functions: Step 4
Use them! Again and again and again....
1 def add (x , y ):
2 return x + y
3
4 result = add (1234 , 5678)
5 print result
6 result = add ( -1.5 , .5)
7 print result

Keep in mind, functions don’t have to return something,

but they usually do.

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 Python is a Scripting Language

End of Part 1

Thanks!
Fill out the survey please!

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 Python is a Scripting Language

Resources
Like this tutorial: https://openhatch.org/wiki/
Boston_Python_Workshop_6/Friday
A good place to practice:
http://codingbat.com/python
Much more detail:
http://docs.python.org/tutorial/

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