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Technical Report 3 Title: Geometric Design of Highways Outline: Design Requirements of Highways

This technical report discusses the geometric design requirements of highways. It outlines minimum radius of curvature, superelevation, and design volume. For minimum radius, it provides the formula that considers design speed, superelevation, and side friction. It describes three methods for attaining superelevation by revolving the pavement around the centerline, inner edge, or outer edge. For design volume, it discusses using the 30th highest peak hour volume and defines directional design hourly volume and design hourly volume. The conclusion restates the purpose of these design considerations is to optimize safety, efficiency and cost while minimizing environmental damage.

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Jesille C. Villanueva
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48 views5 pages

Technical Report 3 Title: Geometric Design of Highways Outline: Design Requirements of Highways

This technical report discusses the geometric design requirements of highways. It outlines minimum radius of curvature, superelevation, and design volume. For minimum radius, it provides the formula that considers design speed, superelevation, and side friction. It describes three methods for attaining superelevation by revolving the pavement around the centerline, inner edge, or outer edge. For design volume, it discusses using the 30th highest peak hour volume and defines directional design hourly volume and design hourly volume. The conclusion restates the purpose of these design considerations is to optimize safety, efficiency and cost while minimizing environmental damage.

Uploaded by

Jesille C. Villanueva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Villanueva, Jesille C.

Score:_____________
CE 418 – CE 4201 Date: March 6, 2019

TECHNICAL REPORT 3

TITLE: GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

OUTLINE:

I. Design Requirements of Highways


1. Minimum Radius of Curvature
a. Formula
2. Superelevation
a. Methods
 Pavement revolved about the centerline
 Pavement revolved about the inner edge of the pavement
 Pavement revolved about the outside edge
3. Design volume
a. Design Hourly Volume
b.Directional Design Hour Volume

BODY:

I. Design Requirements of Highways


1. Minimum Radius of Curvature
Smooth flowing curves are often desired when designing highway. However
the cost of providing such curves may be too prohibitive. Existing structures or
terrain may prevent the designer from providing gentle curves. It is therefore
necessary to determine the minimum radius of curvature that may be required
for any given desired speed; hence, it is a limiting value of curvature for a given
design speed. See Figure 1.

`
Figure 1. Vehicle negotiating a curve and forces acting on it.

a. Formula
𝑣2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
127(𝑒 + 𝑓)
Element of the formula:
 Design Speed, v
 Superelevation, e
 Side friction, f – The table below provides the value of f for
different design speeds. Values may be interpolated depending on
the design speed used.

Design Speed,
48 64 80 96 104 112 120 128
kph
Side friction,
0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11
f

Table 1

2. Superelevation
Superelevation or also called banking is necessary to counteract the
centrifugal force that is acting on the vehicle. The value of maximum
superelevation e may range from 6 percent to 12 percent.

In order to counteract the effects of centrifugal force and to reduce the


tendency of the vehicle overturn or skid, the outer edge of the pavement is raised
with respect to the inner edge, thus providing a transverse slope throughout the
length of the horizontal curve (See figure 2). This transverse inclination to the
pavement surface is known as superelevation.

Figure 1. Superelevation

a. Methods of Attaining Superelevation


 Pavement revolved about the centerline – most popular, one half
of the change in elevation is made at each edge; less distortion at
the edges
Figure 2. Traveled way revolved about centerline

 Pavement revolved about the inner edge of the pavement – one


half of the change in elevation is made by raising the actual
centerline profile with respect to the inside-edge profile and the
other half by raising the outside edge profile equal amount with
respect to the actual centerline profile.

Figure 3. Traveled wat revolved about the inside edge

 Pavement revolved about the outside edge of the pavement –


this method is similar to method b except that the elevation change
is accomplished below the outside-edge profile instead of above
the inside-profile.

Figure 4. Traveled way revolved about the outside edge

3. Design volume
In designing roads, the 30th highest peak hour volume has been found to be
the most reasonable hourly volume that provides the best result.
Normally, highways do not have balanced flow in both directions during
peak hours. One direction is usually heavier than the other. It is therefore
necessary to consider the direction of heavier flow for design. The directional
distribution D, is defined as the percentage of the heavier volume over the total
highway volume. It is relevant only when designing or analyzing highways with 2
or more lanes in one direction.

For two-lane, three-lane or two-way highways, the directional distribution is


not considered due to the following reasons.
 For 2-lane, 2-way highways, the heavier movement will tend to use the
other direction for overtaking.
 For 3-lane, 2-way highways, the heavier movement and will tend to
occupy the extra third lane.

a. Directional Design Hour Volume (DDHV) – for multilane highways

𝐷𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝐾 × 𝐷
wherein,
AADT – average annual traffic
K – proportion of daily traffic occurring during peak hour
D – proportion of peak hour traffic travelling in the peak direction

b. Design Hourly Volume (DHV) – for 2-lane, 3-lane and 2-way


highways
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝐾
wherein,
AADT – average annual traffic
K – proportion of daily traffic occurring during peak hour

CONCLUSION:

The design requirements discussed above are minimum radius of curvature,


superelevation and design volumes. These considerations will determine the highway design.
These are concerned with the setting of the physical elements of the roadway according to
standards and constraints. The basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency
and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. The purpose of each is as follows:

 Radius of Curvature
It is a limiting value of curvature for a given design speed. It is addressed in order
to increase road safety and comfort in the design of horizontal curves.
 Superelevation
Banking of road reduces the effect of centrifugal force on the running wheels.
If superelevation is not provided with the entire centripetal force is produced by the
friction between the vehicle's tires and the roadway, thus results in reducing the speed of
a vehicle.
 Design Volume
The traffic volume is the average density of traffic that will run on a road in an
hour of every day. With the help of these volumes, service flow rate and other
calculations that will help determine how the road should be constructed.
REFERENCES:
Sigua, Ricardo G. (2008).Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering. The University of the
Philippines Press. Diliman, Quezon City.

Chapter 3: Elements of Design Transition Design Controls. Retrieved from


https://slideplayer.com/slide/3431250/

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