Scribd
Upload
85 views16 pages

EMlect 10

1) There are three main types of magnetic materials - diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic - which differ in their magnetic susceptibility χM. Diamagnetic χM is small and negative, paramagnetic χM is small and positive, and ferromagnetic χM is large and variable. 2) Diamagnetism results from the orbital motion of paired electrons in an atom being disrupted by an external magnetic field, causing the magnetic dipole moment to be oriented opposite to the field. Paramagnetism is due to the alignment of atomic or molecular magnetic dipole moments with an external field. 3) The magnetic properties of materials are described by the magnetization

Uploaded by

AjitBabban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
85 views16 pages

EMlect 10

1) There are three main types of magnetic materials - diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic - which differ in their magnetic susceptibility χM. Diamagnetic χM is small and negative, paramagnetic χM is small and positive, and ferromagnetic χM is large and variable. 2) Diamagnetism results from the orbital motion of paired electrons in an atom being disrupted by an external magnetic field, causing the magnetic dipole moment to be oriented opposite to the field. Paramagnetism is due to the alignment of atomic or molecular magnetic dipole moments with an external field. 3) The magnetic properties of materials are described by the magnetization

Uploaded by

AjitBabban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Electromagnetism - Lecture 10

Magnetic Materials

• Magnetization Vector M
• Magnetic Field Vectors B and H
• Magnetic Susceptibility & Relative Permeability
• Diamagnetism
• Paramagnetism
• Effects of Magnetic Materials

1
Introduction to Magnetic Materials
There are three main types of magnetic materials with different
magnetic susceptibilities, χM :
• Diamagnetic - magnetization is opposite to external B
χM is small and negative.
• Paramagnetic - magnetization is parallel to external B
χM is small and positive.
• Ferromagnetic - magnetization is very large and non-linear.
χM is large and variable.
Can form permanent magnets in absence of external B
⇒ In this lecture Diamagnetism & Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism will be discussed in Lecture 12

2
Magnetization Vector
The magnetic dipole moment of an atom can be expressed as an
integral over the electron orbits in the Bohr model:
Z
m= IAẑ
atom

The current and magnetic moment of the i-th electron are:


evi e
I= mi = IAẑ = Li
2πri 2me

The magnetic dipole density is the magnetization vector M:


dm e
M= = NA < Li >atom
dτ 2me

This orbital angular momentum average is also valid in quantum


mechanics

3
Notes:

Diagrams:

4
Magnetization Currents
The magnetization vector M has units of A/m
The magnetization can be thought of as being produced by a
magnetization current density JM :
I Z
M.dl = JM .dS JM = ∇ × M
L A

For a rod uniformly magnetized along its length the magnetization


can be represented by a surface magnetization current flowing
round the rod:
JS = M × n̂

The distributions JM and JS represent the effect of the atomic


magnetization with equivalent macroscopic current distributions

5
Magnetic Field Vectors
Ampère’s Law is modified to include magnetization effects:
I Z
B.dl = µ0 (JC + JM ).dS ∇ × B = µ0 (JC + JM )
L A

where JC are conduction currents (if any)

Using ∇ × M = JM this can be rewritten as:


B
∇×(B − µ0 M) = µ0 JC ∇ × H = JC H= −M
µ0
B is known as the magnetic flux density in Tesla
H is known as the magnetic field strength in A/m
Ampère’s Law in terms of H is:
I Z
H.dl = JC .dS ∇ × H = JC
L A

6
Notes:

Diagrams:

7
Relative Permeability
The magnetization vector is proportional to the external magnetic
field strength H:
M = χM H
where χM is the magnetic susceptibility of the material
Note - some books use χB = µ0 M/B instead of χM = M/H

The linear relationship between B, H and M:


B = µ0 (H + M)
can be expressed in terms of a relative permeability µr
B = µ r µ0 H µr = 1 + χM

General advice - wherever µ0 appears in electromagnetism,


it should be replaced by µr µ0 for magnetic materials

8
Diamagnetism
For atoms or molecules with even numbers of electrons the orbital
angular momentum states +Lz and −Lz are paired and there is
no net magnetic moment in the absence of an external field

An external magnetic field Bz changes the angular velocities:


eBz
ω 0 = ω ∓ ∆ω ∆ω =
2me
where ∆ω is known as the Larmor precession frequency
Can think of as effect of magnetic force, or as example of induction

For an electron pair in an external Bz , the electron with +Lz has


ω 0 = ω − ∆ω, and the electron with −Lz has ω 0 = ω + ∆ω
For both electrons magnetic dipole moment changes in −z direction!

9
Diamagnetic Magnetization
Change in orbital angular momentum of electron pair due to
Larmor precession frequency:
∆Lz = −2me r 2 ∆ω = −eBz r 2
and the induced magnetic moment of the pair:
e e2
m=− ∆Lz ẑ = − Bz r 2 ẑ
2me 2me
Averaging over all electron orbits introduces a geometric factor 1/3:
NA e 2 Z < r 2 > B
M = N A αM B = −
6me
where the atomic magnetic susceptibility is small and negative:
e2 Z < r 2 >
αM =− ≈ −5 × 10−29 Z
6me

10
Notes:

Diagrams:

11
Notes:

Diagrams:

12
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic materials have atoms or molecules with a net
magnetic moment which tends to align with an external field
• Atoms with odd numbers of electrons have the magnetic
moment of the unpaired electron:
e
m= L
2me
• Ions and some ionic molecules have magnetic moments
associated with the valence electrons
• Metals have a magnetization associated with the spins of the
conduction electrons near the Fermi surface:
3Ne µ2B
M= B F = kTF ≈ 10eV
2kTF
where µB = eh̄/2me is the Bohr magneton

13
Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Materials
The alignment of the magnetic dipoles with the external field is
disrupted by thermal motion:

N (θ)dθ ∝ e−U/kT sin θdθ U = −m.B = −mB cos θ

Expanding the exponent under the assumption that U  kT :


NA |m|2
M= B
3kT
Paramagnetic susceptibility χM is small and positive.
It decreases with increasing temperature:
2
 
|m|
χM = N A − αM
3kT
where the second term is the atomic susceptibility from the
diamagnetism of the paired electrons.

14
Energy Storage in Magnetic Materials
The inductance of a solenoid increases if the solenoid is filled with a
paramagnetic material:

L = µr µ0 n2 πa2 l = µr L0

Hence the energy stored in the solenoid increases:


1 2
U= LI = µr U0
2

The energy density of the magnetic field becomes:


dUM 1 B2 1
= = B.H
dτ 2 µr µ0 2

These are HUGE effects for ferromagnetic materials

15
Notes:

Diagrams:

16

You might also like