01-09-2018

ME412
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

Displacement and Angular Velocity Measurement

Dr. B.L. Salvi

Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
College of Technology and Engineering
Udaipur – 313 001

Unit – 3

Measurement:

• Displacement measurement
– Transducers: LVDT, Resistance strain gauge

• Angular velocity measurement:

– photocell, stroboscope

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 2
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

1
 01-09-2018

DISPLACEMENT
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 3
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Displacement Measurement
Displacement
• The displacement is defined as the distance between initial
point and final point of any body

• Reference point is required

Δx

0 A

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 4
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

2
 01-09-2018

Displacement Measurement
Measurement of linear displacement
• Resistive potentiometer
• Variable inductive transducer
• Linear variable differential transducer (LVDT)
• Capacitive transducer
• Piezoelectric transducer
• Hall effect transducer
• Ionization transducer
• Digital transducer
• Acoustic transducer
• Strain gauge

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 5
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Displacement Measurement
Measurement of linear displacement

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 6
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

3
 01-09-2018

Displacement Measurement
Measurement of linear displacement
• Linear variable differential transducer (LVDT)

• LVDT consists of –
– Ferromagnetic core

– Excitation coil

– Pickup coils

– Teflon linings

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 7
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Displacement Measurement
Measurement of linear displacement

Displacement transducers

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 8
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

4
 01-09-2018

Displacement Measurement
Resistance strain gauge: Wheatstone Bridge
• The Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances

• The change in resistance in one of the elements is measured

in terms of change in voltage

• The bridge output is given by -

Fig. Wheatstone bridge with one

variable element and AC excitation

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 9
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Displacement Measurement
Resistance strain gauge
• Works on the principle of
Wheatstone bridge

• The change in resistance in one

of the elements is measured in
terms of change in voltage

• The range of voltage difference

is calibrated for the desired
elongation in the system

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 10
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

5
 01-09-2018

Displacement Measurement
Calibration of Resistance strain gauge

(Glen Research Centre, NASA)

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 11
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Displacement Measurement
Resistance strain gauge
• Example: Strain gauge and
displacement

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 12
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

6
 01-09-2018

ANGULAR VELOCITY
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 13
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Angular Velocity
• Speed of the rotating shaft is measured in terms of angular velocity

• The angular velocity is measured in rad/s or rotation per minute

(rpm)

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 14
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

7
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Tachometers
• A tachometer is a sensor/system, which converts the angular
velocity of a rotating shaft to an Electrical output, generally a
voltage.
• Tachometers are typically used to measure the angular velocity,
generally in RPM, of rotating machines such as electric motors,
generator, turbine, pump, IC engine, etc.
• The tachometers may be classified as
– contact type
– non-contact type

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 15
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Angular velocity measurement transducers
• Contact type: tachometer shaft has contact with rotating shaft

• Non-contact type
o Magnetic sensor

o Hall effect sensors

o Photocell sensor Photocell

o IR sensor

IR sensor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 16
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

8
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Angular velocity measurement systems

Contact type RPM measurement systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 17
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Angular Velocity measurement systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 18
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

9
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Angular velocity measurement systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 19
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Contact type Tachometer
• A commonly found form of contact type tachometer is the DC,
permanent magnet generator, in which the output voltage linearly
follows the shaft velocity.

• Shaft velocity is read by a calibrated DC voltmeter.

• The response time of the DC generator tachometer is basically set

by the mechanical natural frequency of the analogue voltmeter.

• In the case of a digital voltmeter, the response time is limited by the

low-pass filtering at the input analogue-to-digital converter.

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 20
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

10
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Non-contact type Tachometer:
• A commonly found form of non-contact type tachometers
avoid the expense of the dc generator and use either optical
or magnetic means to generate a train of pulses.
Hall Effect Sensor
• Use of magnetic effects for signal generation

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 21
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Hall Effect Sensor
• Hall effect sensor is placed near by a rotating Toothed wheel mounted on
the rotating shaft

• The signals repetition rate is proportional to the shaft speed

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 22
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

11
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Arrangements of Hall Effect Sensors

(Salvi, 2016)
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 23
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Signals of Hall Effect Sensors displayed in CRO
• Counting of valleys

(Salvi, 2016)
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 24
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

12
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Optical Tachometers
• This tachometer use the optical means to generate a train of
pulses, whose repetition rate is proportional to the shaft
speed.

• A light beam is bounced off one or more reflecting strips

cemented to the rotating shaft.

• Every time the shaft comes around, the light beam is reflected
onto a photosensor, producing a train of pulses which is
shaped by a comparator and one shot multivibrator.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 25
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Optical Tachometers
• The average value of this
conditioned pulse train is
seen to be proportional to
the shaft’s RPMs. A low-
pass filter averages the
pulse train and an op-amp
is used to correct for dc
offset and set the output
calibration,
Fig. A photo-electronic
tachometer system
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 26
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

13
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Photocell Sensor

• Working principle

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 27
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Angular Velocity Measurement

Infra Red (IR) Sensor

• Infrared waves emitter

• IR waves receiver

IR sensor

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 28
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

14
 01-09-2018

Angular Velocity Measurement

Stroboscope
• Principle of dynamic vision of human eye

• If a moving object is being incident with strong flashes of light

of fixed frequency and if the object occupies the same
position at the time of each flash, the object will appear
stationary and rate of rotation of the object is equal to the
flashing rate.

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 29
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

Questionnaires
1. A transducer is a signal generating device used in instrumentation and
measurement system. (T/F)
2. An LVDT can be used to measure the linear displacement. (T/F)
3. An IR sensor consists of magnets and coils. (T/F)
4. The angular speed of a rotating shaft can be measured by using strain gauge. (T/F)
5. A photocell sensor is a non-contact type angular velocity measurement sensor.
(T/F)
6. The performance of hall effect sensor may be affected by light. (T/F)
7. The strain gauge based linear distance measurement systems are based on the
principle of Wheatstone Bridge. (T/F)
8. A tachometer is a device to measure the acceleration of a rotating shaft. (T/F)

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans T T F F T T T F
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
01-09-2018 17:10 30
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

15
 01-09-2018

THANKS
(…for patiently listening and learning.)

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

01-09-2018 17:10 31
CTAE, Udaipur-313001

16