An Aerodynamic Optimization of Supersonic Flow Over The Nose Section of Missiles IJERTV2IS4248

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

An Aerodynamic Optimization of Supersonic Flow Over The


Nose Section of Missiles.
B.Kaleeswaran 1, S.Ranjith Kumar 2, Jeniwer Bimro.N 3
1. M.Tech (CFD) Research Scholar, UPES-Dehradun
2. Designspecialist, CAD Centre, Chennai
3. M.Tech (ES) Research Scholar, UPES

Abstract
This abstract tells about the aerodynamic study over when compared to the existing spherical nose cone
2D supersonic nose cone models of missiles. First a model. Also the results obtained were plotted and
Spherical nose cone model was tested with a Mach contour graphs were drawn to visualize the results.
speed of 3 and then with the same Mach speed another
Spherical model with a parabolic nose cavity was 2. Nose cone Shapes.
tested. Both the models were designed in GAMBIT and
analysed in FLUENT. Various temperature, pressure, Missile’s/Rocket’s nose cone usually is of following
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velocity contour and pressure plots were taken and shapes/types;
studied as results. From the results it was proven that 1. Spherical.
the new curvature model shows good thermal 2. Cylindrical.
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resistance to high temperature than the existing 3. Ogive shape.


spherical model. This study would be useful in the 4. Wedge shaped.
design of nose section of the missiles. 5. Hemispherical shape.
Keywords: Supersonic, Missiles, Gambit, Fluent, The spherical nose cone shape is mostly used widely in
Mach Speed. missile design. Some examples are Patriot missiles,
SCUD missiles, and AGNI missiles.
1. Introduction.
3. Design Specifications.
A Missile produces thrust by the combustion of the
solid/liquid propellants it carries. The main purpose of Design 1: Sphere cone.
missiles is to carry deadly payloads and to strike the Design 2: Sphere cone with a curvature at the nose
enemy positions. The payload that the missile carries is (nose cavity)
usually positioned in the nose area. Increase in the A 2D model was designed as the rocket/missile nose
temperature of the nose area can cause the missile to cones possess the symmetric shape.
endorse itself to many thermal unequilibrium
conditions. This may leads to explosion or some Design1:
chemical changes in the payload mixture. The above The spherical model (2D) is of 1 unit length was
case suites well if the case is a supersonic one. Thus, in designed in GAMBIT (it doesn’t have any units, only
this paper two models one existing and one proposed FLUENT has). The spherical curve is of radius of
models were analysed in supersonic condition of Mach 0.268 unit .A pressure farfield of 1.5 along X axisand
number 3.The designs were tested in 0 angle of attack 1.3 along Y axis were drawn to capture the shock
(suitable for cruise condition).The main purpose of this formation.
paper is to show that the parabolic nose cavity model of
the missiles shows less temperature effects (resistances)

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

is on study of Re-entry capsules at supersonic and


hypersonic speeds. The US FIREII and OREX
capsules were analysed. The primary design is that if
the model is spherical shape it will increase the
aerodynamic drag (good during the atmospheric Re-
entry) and a short body. A turbulence model of KE
was chosen in it. This paper shows the Mach number
value before and after shock formulations.
A study of hypersonic capsule into Titan’s
atmosphere by Karthik Sundarraj et.al [2] .This paper
Figure: 3.1.Grid contour of the 2D spherical focuses on the curvature model of the nose during
nose. entry into Titan’s atmosphere at about Mach 19.
A study on flow analysis over aero disc at Mach 6
Design2: was carried out by Mehta et.al [3].Aero spike disc
The Curvature model (2D) is of 1 unit in length and greatly reduces aerodynamic drag on the blunt body.
was designed in GAMBIT. The spherical curve is of Shock polar is obtained using the vector plots. A
0.268 unit radius. The nose curvature is of 0.1 unit of complete study on the reattachment shock, separation
radius. A farfield of same dimension of design1 was layer, and drag reduction was done. High speed flow
designed. past a blunt body creates bow shock. Spikes can be
used to reduce aerodynamic drag. Bow shock creates
high pressure region which inturn causes high wave
drag. A region of recirculation can reduces
aerodynamic drag to a great much. After the spike
region, the shock again reattaches. Shock polar graph
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was plotted based on L/D ratio to detect drag
reduction. Schlieren shadow graph was also used to
study the same effect in IITK.
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5. Boundary Conditions.
Figure: 3.2.Grid contour of 2D spherical nose
with a cavity. The boundary condition of the design model
includes;
Both the models were designed, grid generated and S.no Boundary names Edges taken
meshed in GAMBIT. An interval size of good quality
mesh of 0.01 was assigned to edges. Similarly, a 1. Pressure Farfield All edges except
mesh interval size of 0.01 was assigned to faces too. sphere.

2. Wall Curved edge.

Table: 5.1.Boundary Conditions.


The mesh file was saved and then exported as 2D
Figure: 3.3.Cell, node, faces counts in nose mesh.
cavity model.
6. Initial Conditions.
4. Literature survey:
The mesh files were read using FLUENT [4]
A literature survey of many papers were analysed and commercial software. The grid check of the model
some abstracts from it are presented here; was done.
A study on Re-entry capsule at Mach 3 by Siva A density based solver was chosen. Energy
Prasad et.al [1] is taken into consideration. The paper equation was taken into consideration. An Inviscid

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

flow condition was chosen. Thus, the problem was 7. Equations Used.
solved under Ideal gas condition in materials
dialogue box with cp value 0f 1.006 J/kg-K with a The models were solved in inviscid conditions. So,
viscosity of 1.789*10^-05 Kg/m-s and with a thermal the Continuity, Momentum, Energy equations in
conductivity value of 0.0204 W/m-K.In the boundary inviscid Conditions were written as follows;
conditions set farfield as pressure farfieldwith Mach
number of 3 and gauge pressure of 1 atm (101325 1. Energy Equation.
Pa).Set wall conditions to sphere curve.
Similarly, initialize the condition in the initialization 𝐷 𝑈𝑃 𝑉𝑃
tab with the exact specifications to pressure farfieldas 𝑒 + 𝑉 2 /2 = 𝜌𝑞 − 𝜕 −𝜕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Mach 3, Isothermal static temperature 300K, gauge 𝑊𝑃
pressure 1 atm.Solve the residuals with convergence −𝜕 + 𝜌𝑓𝑉 … … . (𝟕. 𝟏)
𝜕𝑍
value of 10^-6 and courant number (determines the
stability of the flow analysis) of 0.1 with second
order upwind criteria. Iterate the solution to interval 2. Momentum Equation.
iteration counts of about 1000 initially. After it gets
converged, increase it to about 10,000. Along X axis;
The grid arrangement of the computational domain 𝜌𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝
consists of 2D quadrilateral cells. This 2D structured = − + 𝜌𝑓 … … … … … … … … (𝟕. 𝟐)
mesh supports stretching and high rate of skew 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥
factor. This arrangement can align with the flow
Along Y axis;
easily and can provide better accurate results.
𝜌𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑝
= − + 𝜌𝑓𝑦 … … … … … … … (𝟕. 𝟑)
6.1. Reynolds number effect. 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦
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In this Supersonic case Velocity is high and hence Along Z axis;
Reynolds number associated with the flow is also 𝜌𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑝
= − + 𝜌𝑓𝑧 … … … … … . . (𝟕. 𝟒)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑧
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high. When the Reynolds number is large, the viscous


force associated with the flow can be neglected. This,
is because the viscous forces are small when
compared to the inertial forces. A region of shock 3. Continuity Equation.
front occurs and region can be considered to be in
viscid. That’s the reason for choosing the inviscid 𝐷𝜌
+ 𝜌𝛻. 𝑉 = 0 … … … … … … … . … . (𝟕. 𝟓)
solver model. 𝐷𝑡
Short summary of above details;
These equations were solved with upto 20,000 run
S.no Condition names(steps) iterations to meet the convergence criteria.

1. Density based solver 8. Physical Interpretation.

2 Energy equation In this section various obtained contour plots of the


results were shown and the aerodynamic variations
3 In viscid flow model were discussed,
1. Pressure contours.
4 Ideal gas flow 2. Velocity contours
3. Temperature contours.
4. XY plots.
Table: 6.1.Conditions applied.

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

8.1. Pressure Contours. the nose section and region of mild high pressure in
the nose region. This may leads to high temperature
effects in the present existing model of the nose cone
model of the missiles.

8.2. Velocity Contours.

Figure 8.1.Pressure contour over a nose


cavity

The pressure contour over the nose curvature spherical


model was shown in the above figure. From the
diagram it is clear that region of high pressure is
created before the nose section and not in the nose
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section. Thus, by ideal gas law pressure is directly Figure: 8.3.Velocity contour over a Spherical
proportional to temperature. From this as pressure in nose.
the nose section reduces temperature in that region
also reduces. This is a good factor for storing the
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From the velocity contour over the spherical nose, it


chemical payloads in it. Because as less pressure in is clear that a high Mach region occurs before the
that region doesn’t causes any chemical changes in its nose section. But, near to the nose there occurs a
proportion. region of low Mach flow.

Figure: 8.2.Pressure contour over a spherical


nose.
Figure: 8.4.velocity contour over a nose
The pressure contour of the spherical nose depicts cavity.
that a region of high pressure is present just before

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

Thus, the Mach flow near to the nose cavity of the


spherical model was very low subsonic. A bow shock
region was detected. But, if the model would have
been a slope wedge an oblique shock region would
have been detected.

8.3. Temperature contours.

Figure: 8.6.Temperature contour over the


nose cavity.

The full body contour plot shown above proves that


that a region of less temperature exists before the
cavity. A temperature region of less than 530 K for
Mach 3 speed was found near the cavity region.

Figure: 8.5.Temperature contour over the 9. XY plots.


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spherical nose.

From the above contour plot, a region of high XY plots of the contour plots are shown here. These
plots were for only the aerodynamic gradients over
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temperature is created during a supersonic flow of


Mach 3.This, may sometimes causes the missiles to area of interest (the nose region) and not for the
disintegrate or its payload characteristics may change farfield region.
in its chemical composition.
The contour shows that the temperature may go even
upto 830 K which causes serious disasters. Thus, to 9.1. XY Plots of Nose Cavity model.
reduce this factor a region of small parabolic
curvature was made in the spherical model (design
2)to reduce the temperature effects. The ideal gas
equation suits well to these models.

PV= nRT…………………………
(8.1)Thus, pressure α temperature and inversely
proportional to the volume of the fluid flow.
Where, R is a universal gas constant and is having a
value of 8.314 KJ/kg mole.K

A programming code was done based on the ideal gas


equation and its relation with the shock formation.
The simple code was written in C ++.The code was
shown at the chapter 11.
Figure: 9.1.XY plot of pressure contour.

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

From the XY pressure plot it is shown that;


1. A low pressure region of about 3*10^6 Pa exists in
the nose cavity region.
2. A region of high pressure starts just after the nose
cavity and the holds a value of about 4.75 *10^6 Pa
and it reduces upto 0.05*10^6 Pa at the aft body of
the nose section.

Figure: 8.6.Temperature contour over the


nose cavity.

The full body contour plot shown above proves that


that a region of less temperature exists before the
cavity. A temperature region of less than 530 k for
Mach 3 speed was found near the cavity region.
Figure: 9.2.XY plot of the velocity contour
(Mach number) 9. XY plots.
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A region of subsonic Mach in the cavity region and at XY plots of the contour plots are shown here. These
the aft body section of the nose the fluctuating plots were for only the aerodynamic gradients over
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velocity gradients occurs. From the graph it is clear area of interest (the nose region) and not for the
that a low subsonic region occurs due to recirculation farfield region.
in the nose cavity region. This reduces pressure at the
stagnation point. 9.1. XY Plots of Nose Cavity model.
to reduce the temperature effects. The ideal gas
equation suits well to these models.

PV= nRT………………………… (8.1)

Thus, pressure α temperature and inversely


proportional to the volume of the fluid flow.
Where, R is a universal gas constant and is having a
value of 8.314 KJ/kg mole.K

A programming code was done based on the ideal gas


equation and its relation with the shock formation.
The simple code was written in C ++.The code was
shown at the chapter 11.
Figure: 9.1.XY plot of pressure contour.

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

From the XY pressure plot it is shown that;


1. A low pressure region of about 3*10^6 Pa exists in 9.2. XY Plots of the Spherical model.
the nose cavity region.
2. A region of high pressure starts just after the nose
cavity and the holds a value of about 4.75 *10^6 Pa
and it reduces upto 0.05*10^6 Pa at the aft body of
the nose section.

Figure: 9.4.XY plot of the pressure contour.

At the position of 0.5 units a high pressure region


exists, this region exists near to the forebody of the
nose section.Thus,as the position of the nose section
extends the pressure gradient on it reduces
Figure: 9.2.XY plot of the velocity contour
drastically. But, why the pressure gradient varies
(Mach number)
(why it is reducing).The reason is due to separation of
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the flow. Initially a high compressible force of high
A region of subsonic Mach in the cavity region and at velocity flow of Mach 3 strikes at the sharp point of
the aft body section of the nose the fluctuating the nose section. So, high pressure the 0.5 units
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velocity gradients occurs. From the graph it is clear position. This is because no recirculation region
that a low subsonic region occurs due to recirculation appears before the nose. As no recirculation velocity
in the nose cavity region. This reduces pressure at the region occurs, high surface pressure region appears.
stagnation point. As a result of high surface pressure region high
aerodynamic drag occurs.

Figure: 9.3.XY plot of the temperature


contour.
Figure: 9.5.XY plot of the velocity contour.
The XY plot suits well to the temperature contour
plot of the model. A temperature region of 530 k at
the nose cavity at a position of 0.5 units is shown.

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ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

Near to the nose section a velocity gradient value of Where;


4.00*e-01(1.5 Mach) exists. It reaches upto 2.25 V1 = velocity before the shock.
Mach (6.12*e-01) in the forebody section of the nose. V2 = velocity after the shock.

Thus, these results were used to calculate the Mach Mach-Shock relation:
number after the shock too. The famous ideal gas
equations can be used to calculate the aftershock 2 + (ϒ-1)*M12
2
Mach values. This derivation results are discussed in M2 = -------------------……………… (10.3)
section 9. 2ϒ*M12 - (ϒ-1)
Where;
M1= Mach number before shock.
M2= Mach number after shock.
ϒ= CP/CV=1.4(for atmospheric conditions)

10.1. Obtained Results

The obtained results suits well to both models. These


calculations are done to prove the isentropic relation
of the shock formation in the models.

Shock angle equation;


β = sin-1(1/M)
β= sin-1(1/3) = 19o 47’
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Velocity ratio;
Figure: 9.6.XY plot of the temperature (V1) (ϒ+1)*M2Sin2β
contour. ___ = __________________
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(V2) (ϒ-1)*M2Sin2β+2
A region of high temperature occurs near to nose and
as the position of the body changes temperature =(1.4+1)*(3^2)*sin2(19.47)/(1.4-1)*(9)*sin2(19.47) +2
gradient effects reduces. As the stagnation pressure
increases near to the nose section region, wall heat = 2.399710 / 2.399951
flux also increases. This is because of high
aerodynamic drag formation that occurs with this = 0.9998
model.
Mach-shock relation;
10. Ideal gas equations and calculations. 2 + (ϒ-1)*M12
2
M2 = -------------------
The shock angle is given by β is given by the term 2ϒ*[M12 - (ϒ-1)]
β = sin-1(1/M)……………………… (10.1) M22 = 2 + (1.4-1)*(3^2) / 2*1.4[3^2 – (1.4-1)]
The velocity before and after shock formation is M22= 5.6 / 24.08 = 0.225581.
given by velocity ratio [5]
M2 = 0.48.
(V1) (ϒ+1)*M2Sin2β
___ = __________________......................................... (10.2)
(V2) (ϒ-1)*M2Sin2β+2

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ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

11. C++ Program Code. 11. Acknowledgement.


The above calculations can also be found by using a We would like to express our deep
simple C++ code as follows; acknowledgements to Dr.Ugur Guven, HOD, Dept.
The program code was written to provide the results of CFD, UPES for helping students in preparing
of the following relations; themselves to publish many papers and to do many
1. Velocity ratio. research works in applying the thoughts of CFD in
2. Mach-shock relation. many areas.
3. Shock angle. We would also like to express our thankfulness to
Mr.KarthikSundarraj,Mr.Sourabh Bhat, Mr.Gurunadh
11.1. Program shock calculations. Velidi of Dept. of Aerospace, UPES for providing
technical assistances in the field of CFD. Our sincere
#include<iostream.h> thanks to the group KAMTS for helping us
#include<conio.h> throughout the academic period.
#include<math.h>
void main ( ) 12. Conclusion.
{
clrscr ( ); Mach number of the supersonic regime ranges from
float v1, v2, v3, ang,beta,gamma=1.4, M1,M2,MM2; greater than 1 to 3 (i.e. 1<M<3).Thus, if Mach
cout<<"enter the M1 value before shock "<<endl; number is greater than unity then Reynolds number is
cin>>M1; also greater than unity. In the supersonic region the
fluid is considered to be ideal. Obtained results help
//getting the value of beta= sin-1(1/M1) to get the velocity ratio by comparing pre and post
shock velocities. Similarly, Mach number values
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ang=asin (1/M1); // to get sin-1 before and after shock was also obtained by using
beta=ang*(180/3.14); //to convert sin-1 to degrees ideal gas relations.
Supersonic region is associated with the shock
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cout<<"obtained beta value is "<<beta<<endl; waves, mostly moving downstream. In analyzing


supersonic nose cone models it was found that the
//To get the value of velocity ratio high temperature, pressure regions was found to
appear in front of nose. To reduce this temperature
float ssin =sin (ang); effect a nose cavity model was studied and
float ssin2=pow (ssin, 2); implemented in supersonic cruise type nose cone
v1= (gamma+1)*(m1*m1)*ssin2; section of the missiles. The results obtained were
v2= ((gamma-1)*(m1*m1)*ssin2)+2; analysed and found that the temperature in the
v3=v1/v2; // velocity ratio payload section of the missiles was reduced greatly.
cout<<endl; Existing spherical nose cone model generated a
cout<<"VELOCITY RATIO IS "<<v3<<endl; high pressure and a temperature value of nearly 830
K.But, the cavity model generated a comparable less
// To get the value of M2 temperature of nearly 530 K.This resulted due to the
occurrence of the recirculation region of flow before
MM2=(2+(gamma-1)*(m1*m1))/ the cavity region. This, inturn reduces the surface
(2*gamma*(m1*m1-(gamma-1))); pressure effects and inturn reducing wave and
float M2=sqrt(MM2); aerodynamic drag to a great extent.
cout<<"value of Mach number 2 aftershock is
"<<M2;

getch ( );
}

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ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 4, April - 2013

References.

[1]Flow Simulation over Re-Entry Bodies at Supersonic &


Hypersonic Speeds, by Shiva Prasad et.al

[2]Effect of nose cavity on the heat fluxes to Re-entry


vehicle in titan's atmosphere, by Karthik Sundarraj et.al

[3]Flow field analysis over aero-disc attached to blunt


nosed body at Mach 6, by R.C.Mehta et.al.

[4] Fluent 6.2.16. User guide.

[5]Liepman & Roshko “Elements of Gas Dynamics”.

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