CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Communication and the need to constantly be in touch with one another are
very vital and cannot be over stressed. Communication is a purposeful activity of
exchanging information across space and time using various technical or natural
means, whichever is available or preferred. Communication requires a sender, a
message, a medium and a recipient. Due to the present technological development,
especially in the field of communication and Wireless network, a lot of applications
appeared for the facility of our daily life needs. Such applications include using the
electronic screens for Wireless advertisements as a substitute of using normal papers
fixed on advertisement board, which is an inefficient cultural habit in addition to be
against a clean environment.

As engineers we are focused to think of alternative solutions to let information

be noticed by others. Furthermore, using such methods spread information all over
places such as universities, libraries, banks, supermarkets and the like. The main
purpose is to provide the people with suitable information necessary and important in
their lives. For example, in the university, it allows the students know about the data
and time of their examination, or any other information they need as students.

Over a long period of time people have always tried to pass information across
to the public using different means which include sign boards, stop signs, static
billboards and notice painted on wood panels or walls as a means of passing
information. These methods (traditional signage) used become boring, monotonous in
nature, hard to stand out from the crowd and causes confusion and ambiguity in
locating desired areas. Technology today has advanced to such an extent that there has
become the need for electronic display systems capable of displaying messages,
graphics, logos and moving animation to satisfy all purposes, whether it be for
business or domestic use that are sure to capture the attention of any audience. Most
of these electronic display systems were using wired connections. The Bluetooth
technology used in this project is aimed at eliminating wired connections.

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 This study was therefore aimed at improving upon what has earlier been done
by different investigators in respect to the design and implementation of message
display boards by introducing the Bluetooth HC-05 which allows a message to be sent
wirelessly free of charge.

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to design a wireless automatic display Board
which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display and
conventional notice boards. It is proposed to design to receive message in display
toolkit which can be used from an authorized mobile phone.

1.3 METHODOLOGY

The whole process can be described from the transmitter and receiver section.
The BLUETOOTH module receives a message from the authorized mobile phone and
the message is extracted by the microcontroller from the BLUETOOTH module and
is displayed on the LCD display board. Serial to parallel communication is used for
the entire process from Bluetooth module to Microcontroller and from microcontroller
to the LCD display.

The power supply given to the microcontroller is designed by using step down
transformer which is connected to diodes, capacitors, resistor and voltage regulator
arranged as per circuit diagram.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF WORK

Electronic displays are one of the widely used ones ranging from primary
schools to major organizations to convey messages at large. A lot of paper is being
used and which is later wasted by the organizations. This in turn leads to a lot of
deforestation thus leading to global warming. So in order to prevent such global
warming and make the displaying work easy for people using the present technologies
available, this wireless LCD controlled via Bluetooth is very much important. This
system finds its applications in various fields. Some of them are:

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 Educational Institutions and Organizations: Currently we rely on putting up
papers on notice boards to inform people of events. This method can be discarded
by using wireless notice boards to display information in real time.
 Crime Prevention: Display boards put up on roads will display tips on public
security, accident prevention, information on criminals on the run. The board will
help flash messages such as vehicle thefts as and when they occur.
 Managing Traffic: In metropolitan cities we frequently come across traffic jams.
One way to avoid this would be informing people beforehand to take alternate
routes. A wireless notice board serves well for this purpose.
 Advertisement: In shopping malls we get to hear the offers on various products
from time to time. Instead we continuously display the information regarding the
products and related offers on electronic display boards.
 Railway Station: Instead of announcing the delay in arrival of trains we can
display the information.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS

Chapter-1: Basic overview on the project.

Chapter-2: Literature review and methodology.

Chapter-3: Block Diagram description of the system.

Chapter-4: Hardware description of the components used.

Chapter-5: About the Bluetooth technology.

Chapter-6: How the system is constructed and working.

Chapter-7: Results & Discussion.

Chapter-8: Conclusion & future scope.

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 CHAPTER-2

WIRELESS LCD
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Bluetooth based electronic board is an LCD display connected to a
microcontroller. In this system, user sends the message from the android application
device, and then the message is received and retrieved by the Bluetooth device at the
display unit. The Bluetooth access password will only be known to the user. It is then
sent to the microcontroller that further displays the notice sent from the user on to the
electronic notice board which is equipped with a 16X2 LCD display. It uses a
microcontroller Arduino Uno.

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what
to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so
you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing. All Arduino boards are completely open-
source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to
their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.

2.2 PROBLEMS FACED IN WIRED LCD SYSTEMS

 Users location limited by need to use cable and/or connect to a port.

 Generally, less convenient as you have to be cabled in, but transfer speeds often
faster.

 Lots of cables and ports needed which can be a headache.

 Wired networks are not convenient for public use, but sometimes acceptable for a
traditional office.

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 When the data needs to be changed continuously, it is difficult to rewrite the data.

 Can be difficult and expensive to set up.

2.3 METHODOLOGY

 Client: Authorized user (Paired user)

 Server: Arduino UNO

 HC05 Bluetooth module used for pairing.

 The Bluetooth module(HC05) is connected to Tx & Rx and Vcc and gnd pins of
the Arduino UNO microcontroller. LCD display is also given to the pins of
Arduino UNO. Power supply is given to Arduino which supplies the required
power to LCD and HC05 module.

 To display a message, first user will have to enter it in an android application

which will be displayed directly on a LCD display. This happens with the
combination of software and hardware. The notice is entered in a software device
and displayed on a hardware device. The interface between software and hardware
will be Arduino UNO & HC05 module. The message to be displayed is sent
through Bluetooth from an authorized transmitter. The microcontroller receives
the message and displays the desired information.

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 CHAPTER-3

WIRELESS LCD VIA BLUETOOTH

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Initially power supply is given to Arduino UNO board which divides the supply to
both HC-05 Bluetooth module and the LCD display unit.

LCD display unit and the HC-05 Bluetooth are connected to respective ports of
microcontroller board.

The message is sent from a mobile unit which is connected via HC-05 module and
Arduino UNO sends the message to display the message on LCD.

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Wireless LCD display via Bluetooth

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3.2 DESCRIPTION

Power Supply:

This section is meant for supplying Power to all sections mentioned above. It
basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 9V ac followed by
diodes. Here diodes are used to rectify ac to dc. After rectification the obtained
rippled dc is filtered using a capacitor filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to
regulate the obtained dc voltage.

Microcontroller:

This section forms the control unit of the whole project. This section basically
consists of a Microcontroller board like Arduino UNO with its associated circuitry
like Crystal with capacitors, reset circuitry, pull up resistors (if needed) and so on.
The Microcontroller forms the heart of the project because it controls the devices
being interfaced and communicates with the devices according to program being
written. Here in our project the microcontroller board used is Arduino UNO board.

Arduino UNO:

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on

the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14
Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB
cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloader
that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer.

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

It is the display unit. This section is basically meant to show up the message
given from any device consisting of Bluetooth feature to the Bluetooth module.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically

modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals.
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to
produce images in color or monochrome. In our project we are using a 16x2 LCD
display.

Bluetooth Technology:

A Bluetooth technology is a high speed low powered wireless technology link

that is designed to connect phones or other portable equipment together. It is a
specification (IEEE 802.15.1) for the use of low power radio communications to link
phones, computers and other network devices over short distance without wires.
Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30
feet (10 meters). It is achieved by embedded low cost transceivers into the devices. It
supports on the frequency band of 2.45GHz and can support up to 721KBps along
with three voice channels. This frequency band has been set aside by international
agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM). rd-
compatible with 1.0 devices. Bluetooth can connect up to “eight
devices” simultaneously and each device offers a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE
802 standard with the connections being made point to point or multipoint.

HC05 Bluetooth Module:

This section in the block diagram is used to receive the text or message from
the mobile unit or any device in a remote area and send it to Arduino board so that the
message is displayed on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. The HC-05 Bluetooth
Module can be used in a Master or Slave configuration, making it a great solution for
wireless communication. This serial port Bluetooth module is fully
qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with
complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04‐External

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single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive
Frequency Hopping Feature).

Mobile Unit:

This section in our project is a remote source which is used to pair with the
Bluetooth module i.e., HC-05 and send the message that we want to be displayed on
the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Generally, a mobile phone is used as this remote
device, but any other device with Bluetooth terminal can be used. In our project we
are using Android Mobile Phone to send the input message to be displayed on the
LCD display.

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 CHAPTER-4

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER (Arduino UNO)

4.1.1 Introduction:

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on

the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.

The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with
the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It
can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo.

The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative

Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also
available.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were
the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is
the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a

bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno
also differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

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 Fig 4.1.1 Arduino UNO Board

4.1.2 History:

The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII)
in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a
cost of $100, a considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragan
created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under
the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for work on
the Processing language.

The project goal was to create simple, low-cost tools for creating digital
projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit
board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and
library functions to easily program the microcontroller.

In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David
Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But
instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed
it Arduino. Early Arduino boards used the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip and
an ATmega168. The Uno differed from all preceding boards by featuring the
ATmega328P microcontroller and an ATmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

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4.1.3 Technical Specifications:

The following are the technical specifications of Arduino UNO:

TABLE 4.1.1: Technical specifications of Arduino Uno

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended Input 7-12V

Voltage

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

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4.1.4 Pin Description of Arduino UNO:

The following table depicts the operation of each pin in Arduino Uno:

TABLE 4.1.2: Pin description of Arduino Uno

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
GND external power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on the
board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-5V

Input/output Digital Pins 0 – Can be used as input or output pins.

Pins 13

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 Used for SPI communication.

(MOSI), 12
(MISO) and 13
(SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

TWI A4 (SDA), A5 Used for TWI communication.

(SCA)

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

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 Fig 4.1.2 Pin Mapping in Arduino UNO

4.1.5 Software:

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required to program

the Arduino Uno board.

4.1.6 Programming Arduino:

Once Arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with
computer using USB cable. Now open the Arduino IDE and choose the correct board
by selecting Tools>Boards>Arduino/Genuino Uno, and choose the correct Port by
selecting Tools>Port. Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino programming
language based on Wiring.

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4.2 HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE:

4.2.1 Introduction:

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth
module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps
Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR
Bluecore 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with
AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as small as
12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development cycle.

Fig 4.2.1 HC-05 Bluetooth module

4.2.2 Specifications:

 Hardware Features:

 Typical -80dBm sensitivity

 Up to +4dBm RF transmit power

 Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O

 PIO control

 UART interface with programmable baud rate

 With integrated antenna

 With edge connector

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 Software Features:

 Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1, Parity: No parity, Data control:
has.
 Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
 Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected.
 Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected;
 PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master
and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while
disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.
 Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.
 Auto-pairing PINCODE:”0000” as default
 Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of
connection.

4.2.3 Pin Configuration:

The following table depicts the pin configuration of HC-05 Bluetooth module:

TABLE 4.2.1: Pin configuration of HC-05 module

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Enable / Key This pin is used to toggle between

Data Mode (set low) and AT
command mode (set high). By default
it is in Data mode

2 Vcc Powers the module. Connect to +5V

Supply voltage

3 Ground Ground pin of module, connect to

system ground.

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4 TX – Transmits Serial Data. Everything
Transmitter received via Bluetooth will be given
out by this pin as serial data.

5 RX – Receiver Receive Serial Data. Every serial data

given to this pin will be broadcasted
via Bluetooth

6 State The state pin is connected to on board

LED, it can be used as a feedback to
check if Bluetooth is working
properly.

7 LED Indicates the status of Module

 Blink once in 2 secs: Module has

entered Command Mode
 Repeated Blinking: Waiting for
connection in Data Mode
 Blink twice in 1 sec: Connection
successful in Data Mode

8 Button Used to control the Key/Enable pin to

toggle between Data and command
Mode

Fig 4.2.2: Pin description of HC-05

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4.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
4.3.1 Introduction:
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is widely used in various electronics
applications. It is commonly used in various systems to show different status and
parameters.

We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators,

television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of display to display the
time. An LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid crystal to produce a
visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly used
in DIYs and circuits. The 16×2 translates a display 16 characters per line in 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in a 5×7-pixel matrix.

Fig 4.3.1 16x2 LCD Display

4.3.2 Principle of LCD:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) has liquid crystal material sandwiched between
two sheets of glass. Without any voltage applied between transparent electrodes,
liquid crystal molecules are aligned in parallel with the glass surface. When voltage is
applied, they change their direction and they turn vertical to the glass surface. They
vary in optical characteristics, depending on their orientation. Therefore, the quantity
of light transmission can be controlled by combining the motion of liquid crystal
molecules and the direction of polarization of two polarizing plates attached to the

18
both outer sides of the glass sheets. LCDs utilize these characteristics to display
images.

Fig 4.3.2 Working principle of LCD

4.3.3 Pin description of LCD:

The following table depicts the pins available on a LCD display:
TABLE 4.3.1: Pin description of LCD

Pin No. Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

Contrast adjustment; the best way is to use a

variable resistor such as a potentiometer. The output
Vo /
3 of the potentiometer is connected to this pin. Rotate
VEE
the potentiometer knob forward and backwards to
adjust the LCD contrast.

RS
Selects command register when low, and data register
4 (Register
when high
Select )

Low to write to the register; High to read from the Read/wri

5
register te

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 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is
given; Extra voltage push is required to execute the
instruction and EN(enable) signal is used for this
6 purpose. Usually, we make it en=0 and when we want to Enable
execute the instruction we make it high en=1 for some
milliseconds. After this we again make it ground that is,
en=0.

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Fig 4.3.3 16x2 LCD Pin configuration

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4.3.4 Commonly used LCD 16x2 commands:
TABLE 4.3.2: Commonly used LCD 16x2 commands

Code Execution
Command to LCD
(HEX) Time

0x01 Clear the display screen 1.64ms

Shift the cursor right (e.g. data gets written in an incrementing

0x06 40 us
order, left to right)

0x0C Display on, cursor off 40 us

0x0E Display on, cursor blinking 40 us

0x80 Force the cursor to the beginning of the 1st line 40 us

0xC0 Force the cursor to the beginning of the 2nd line 40 us

0x10 Shift cursor position to the left 40 us

0x14 Shift cursor position to the right 40 us

0x18 Shift entire display to the left 40 us

0x1C Shift entire display to the right 40 us

0x38 2 lines, 5x8 matrix, 8-bit mode 40 us

0x28 2 lines, 5x8 matrix,4-bit mode 40 us

0x30 1 line, 8-bit mode 40us

0x20 1 line, 4-bit mode 40us

Now, while printing a character on LCD16x2, we need to send the ASCII code
of that character to LCD16x2. Suppose, we want to print a character ‘H’ on the LCD,
then we should send 0x48 (ASCII code of ‘H’) data to the LCD16x2. The LCD16x2
has its own controller, which does the printing job on the LCD16x2.

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4.4 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little

loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why
mains electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage; step-down transformers reduce voltage.

Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high
mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an
alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two
lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Fig 4.4.1 Transformer

Voltage Transformer:

Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT), are a

parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present
negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and
phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.

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 Fig 4.4.2 Voltage Transformer

4.5 IC LM7805

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing

fixed voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value. 7805 IC, a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators
used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit
(IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5
volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.

Fig 4.5.1 IC LM7805

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4.6 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped

diode and made up of a special type of semiconductors. When the light emits in the
forward biased, then it is called as a light emitting diode.

Fig 4.6.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

4.7 POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and
the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as

volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be
used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used
to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in
the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.

Fig 4.7.1 Potentiometer

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4.8 RESISTOR
A Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an
electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the
current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR

Fig 4.8.1 Resistor

4.9 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical

energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While
some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in
a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The
capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator.

Fig 4.9.1 Capacitor

25
 CHAPTER-5

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
5.1 INTRODUCTION

A Bluetooth technology is a high speed low powered wireless technology link

that is designed to connect phones or other portable equipment together. It is a
specification (IEEE 802.15.1) for the use of low power radio communications to link
phones, computers and other network devices over short distance without wires.
Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30
feet (10 meters).

It is achieved by embedded low cost transceivers into the devices. It supports

on the frequency band of 2.45GHz and can support up to 721KBps along with three
voice channels. This frequency band has been set aside by international agreement for
the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM). rd-compatible with 1.0
devices.

Bluetooth can connect up to “eight devices” simultaneously and each device

offers a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802 standard with the connections being
made point to point or multipoint.

5.2 HISTORY
Bluetooth wireless technology was named after a Danish Viking and King,
Harald Blatand; his last name means “Bluetooth” in English. He is credited with
uniting Denmark and Norway, just as Bluetooth wireless technology is credited with
uniting two disparate devices.

The Bluetooth technology emerged from the task undertaken by Ericsson

Mobile Communications in 1994 to find alternative to the use of cables for
communication between mobile phones and other devices. In 1998, the companies
Ericsson, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba formed the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
which published the 1st version in 1999.

26
5.3 HOW BLUETOOTH WORKS
Bluetooth Network consists of a Personal Area Network or a piconet which contains a
minimum of 2 to maximum of 8 Bluetooth peer devices- Usually a single master and
up to 7 slaves. A master is the device which initiates communication with other
devices. The master device governs the communications link and traffic between itself
and the slave devices associated with it. A slave device is the device that responds to
the master device. Slave devices are required to synchronize them transmit/receive
timing with that of the masters. In addition, transmissions by slave devices are
governed by the master device (i.e., the master device dictates when a slave device
may transmit). Specifically, a slave may only begin its transmissions in a time slot
immediately following the time slot in which it was addressed by the master, or in a
time slot explicitly reserved for use by the slave device.

Fig 5.3.1 Working of Bluetooth

The frequency hopping sequence is defined by the Bluetooth device address
(BD_ADDR) of the master device. The master device first sends a radio signal
asking for response from the particular slave devices within the range of addresses.
The slaves respond and synchronize their hop frequency as well as clock with that of
the master device.

Scatter nets are created when a device becomes an active member of more than one
piconet. Essentially, the adjoining device shares its time slots among the different
piconets.

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5.4 BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS

 Core Specifications: It defines the Bluetooth protocol stack and the requirements
for testing and qualification of Bluetooth-based products.
 The profiles specification: It defines usage models that provide detailed
information about how to use the Bluetooth protocol for various types of
applications.
The core specification consists of 5 layers:

 Radio: Radio specifies the requirements for radio transmission – including

frequency, modulation, and power characteristics – for a Bluetooth transceiver.
 Baseband Layer: It defines physical and logical channels and link types (voice or
data); specifies various packet formats, transmit and receive timing, channel
control, and the mechanism for frequency hopping (hop selection) and device
addressing. It specifies point to point or point to multipoint links. The length of a
packet can range from 68 bits (shortened access code) to a maximum of 3071 bits.
 LMP- Link Manager Protocol (LMP): defines the procedures for link set up and
ongoing link management.
 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): is responsible for
adapting upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer.
 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): – allows a Bluetooth device to query other
Bluetooth devices for device information, services provided, and the
characteristics of those services.
The 1st three layers comprise the Bluetooth module whereas the last two layers make
up the host. The interfacing between these two logical groups is called Host
Controller Interface.

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 CHAPTER-6
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

6.1 POWER SUPPLY

(i). Construction:
Here step down transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier for rectification.
Then the capacitor is connected across Diode bridge rectifier circuit to give smooth
DC output. Then a LM7805 IC is connected to convert the voltage to 5V output.

Fig 6.1.1 Circuit for construction of Power Supply

The following table depicts the parts required for construction of a power supply:
TABLE 6.1.1: Parts required for construction of Power Supply

PART VALUE DESCRIPTION

T1 220V (or 110V) to 12V Transformer

DB1 - Diode Bridge Rectifier

C1 470 µF (20V and

Capacitor
upwards)

C2 1 µF (10V and upwards) Capacitor

U1 7805 Voltage Regulator

29
(ii). Working:
The datasheet says that it needs between 7V and 25V to work correctly. So
need to add a few components that convert 220V (or 110V) AC to a DC voltage that
stays between 7V and 25. The transformer transforms the voltage down to around
12V. Then this AC voltage is fed into a bridge rectifier to rectify it. Then the
capacitor on the output is used to keep the voltage above the necessary 7V at all
times. This capacitor value can be 1000 µF, and output of capacitor is 25V. Then this
voltage is passed through IC7805 and at output we get 5V.

The voltage regulator IC 7805 is actually a member of the 78xx series of

voltage regulator ICs. It is a fixed linear voltage regulator. The xx present in 78xx
represents the value of the fixed output voltage that the particular IC provides. For
7805 IC, it is +5V DC regulated power supply. This regulator IC also adds a provision
for a heat sink. The input voltage to this voltage regulator can be up to 35V, and this
IC can give a constant 5V for any value of input less than or equal to 35V which is the
threshold limit.

6.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM

6.2.1 Interfacing LCD to Arduino UNO & Potentiometer:

LCD modules form a very important part in many Arduino based embedded
system designs. So the knowledge on interfacing LCD module to Arduino is very
essential in designing embedded systems. JHD162A is a 16×2 LCD module based on
the HD44780 driver from Hitachi. The JHD162A has 16 pins and can be operated in
4-bit mode (using only 4 data lines) or 8-bit mode (using all 8 data lines).

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TABLE 6.2.1: LCD to Arduino UNO

LCD PINS ARDUINO PINS

Pin-1 Gnd
Pin-2 5V
Pin-4 Digital Pin-7
Pin-5 Gnd
Pin-6 Digital Pin-6
Pin-11 Digital Pin-5
Pin-12 Digital pin-4
Pin-13 Digital Pin-3
Pin-14 Digital Pin-2
Pin-15 Gnd
Pin-16 5V

TABLE 6.2.2: LCD to Potentiometer

LCD Potentiometer
Pin-1 Fixed end-1
Pin-2 Fixed end-3
Pin-3 Variable end-2

6.2.2 Interfacing Bluetooth (HC-05) to Arduino UNO:

HC-05 is a Bluetooth device used for wireless communication with Bluetooth
enabled devices (like smartphone). It communicates with microcontrollers using serial
communication (USART). Default settings of HC-05 Bluetooth module can be
changed using certain AT commands. As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3 V level for
RX/TX and microcontroller can detect 3.3 V level, so, there is no need to shift TX
voltage level of HC-05 module. But we need to shift the transmit voltage level from
microcontroller to RX of HC-05 module.

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TABLE 6.2.3: Interfacing HC-05 to Arduino UNO

HC-05 ARDUINO UNO

VCC 5V

Gnd Gnd

Tx Rx (Pin-0)

Rx Tx (Pin-1)

Fig 6.2.1: Circuit Diagram for the system

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6.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE

• The whole process can be described from the transmitter and receiver section.

• The BLUETOOTH module receives a message from the authorized mobile phone
and the message is extracted by the microcontroller from the BLUETOOTH
module and is displayed on the LCD display board.

• Serial to parallel communication is used for the entire process from Bluetooth
module to Microcontroller and from microcontroller to the LCD display.

6.4 PROCEDURE

1. Download Android app called Bluetooth Terminal by Juan Sebastian Ochoa

Zambrano from Play Store. Install it on your Smartphone.

2. Open Arduino IDE. Select COM port from your computer’s Device Manager. Set
baud rate to 9600. Compile and upload the code to Arduino board.

3. Connect the 5V power supply to the Arduino board. The LED in HC-05 Bluetooth
module will blink continuously. This means Bluetooth module is working fine.
Adjust the preset by varying VR1 till you get clear text on LCD1.

4. Pair HC-05 module with your Smartphone's Bluetooth using 1234 as password.
After getting paired, the LED on HC-05 module will blink intermittently instead of
blinking continuously.

5. Open Bluetooth Terminal and pair it with HC-05 module. You will see ‘Connected’
on the app.

6. Type a message and press Send. The message will get displayed on LCD1.

33
6.5 FLOW CHART:

34
6.6 ARDUINO CODE

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6,5,4,3,2); /// REGISTER SELECT PIN,ENABLE PIN,D7

PIN,D6 PIN, D5 PIN, D4 PIN, D3, PIN, D2

char str;

void setup() {

lcd.begin(16,2);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

while(Serial.available())

str = Serial.read();

if(str=='#')

lcd.clear(); //LCD display is cleared

delay(5);

else if(str=='*')

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); //Cursor goes to second line

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else if(str=='%')

while(str!='!')

str=Serial.read();

lcd.scrollDisplayLeft(); //LCD scrolls left

delay(1000);

else

lcd.print(str);

delay(100);

36
 CHAPTER-7

RESULT & DISCUSSION

After downloading the Bluetooth terminal application, pairing the device with mobile
unit. When we give input in mobile unit, then that input message is received by
Bluetooth module(HC-05) and is sent to Arduino which displays the required given
message on the 16x2 LCD display.

Fig 7.1 Output LCD display without any message

Fig 7.2 Output LCD display with message

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 CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 CONCLUSION

As the technology is advancing every day the display board systems are
moving from Normal hand writing display to digital display. Further to Wireless
display units. This paper develops a photo type laboratory model wireless LCD
system with BLUETOOTH connected to it, which displays the desired message of the
user through an Bluetooth terminal in a most populated or crowded places. This
proposed system has many upcoming applications in educational institutions and
organizations, crime prevention, traffic management, railways, advertisements etc.
Been user friendly, long range and faster means of conveying information are major
bolsters for this application. By using this proposed methodology, we can enhance the
security system and also make awareness of the emergency situations and avoid many
dangers.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Electronic Notice Board is one of the application where Bluetooth can be used
effectively. It can also be used in Malls and Highways for Advertisement purpose. A
moving display with variable speed can also be used in place of static display.

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REFERENCES
• https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/wireless-lcd-display-bluetooth

• File:///C:/Users/Computers%20Zone/Downloads/43711487161174%20(1).pdf

• http://www.circuitstoday.com/interfacing-lcd-to-arduino

• file:///C:/Users/Computers%20Zone/Downloads/wireless-e-notice-board-using-
bluetooth-technology-IJERTCONV6IS07092.pdf

• https://www.electronicwings.com/arduino/hc-05-bluetooth-module-interfacing-
with-arduino-uno

• http://www.circuitstoday.com/interfacing-lcd-to-arduino

• http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4371-1487161174.pdf

• https://www.ijert.org/research/wireless-e-notice-board-using-bluetooth-
technology-IJERTCONV6IS07092.pdf

• http://www.123seminarsonly.com/EC/Digital-Notice-Board.html

• http://www.irdindia.in/journal_ijacte/pdf/vol2_iss3/1.pdf

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