Hegels Hegel's Philosophie Des Philosophy of Subjektiven Subjective Geistes Spirit

Hegels Hegel's
Philosophie des Philosophy of
subjektiven Subjective
Geistes Spirit
BAND 2 VOLUME 2
Hegels
Philosophie des
subjektiven Geistes
HERAUSGEGEBEN UND ÜBERSETZT
MIT EINER EINLEITUNG
UND ERLÄUTERUNGEN
von
M. J. Petry
Professor der Geschichte der Philosophie an der
Erasmus Universität in Rotterdam
BAND 2
ANTHROPOLOGIE
D. Reidel Publishing Company

DORDRECHT: HOLLAND I BOSTON: U.S.A.
Hegel's
Philosophy of
Subjective Spirit
EDITED AND TRANSLATED
WITH AN INTRODUCTION
AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
by
M. J. Petry
Professor of the History of Philosophy,
Erasmus University, Rotterdam
VOLUME 2
ANTHROPOLOGY
D. Reidel Publishing Company

DORDRECHT: HOLLAND I BOSTON: U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831.

Hegel's Philosophie des subjektiven Geistes.
Added t.p.: Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit.

English and German.
Bibliography, v. 3; p.
Includes indexes.
Contents: Bd. 1. Einleitungen. Bd. 2. Anthropologie. Bd. 3. Phenomenologie
und Psychologie.
1. Mind and Body. i. Petry, Michael John. H. Title. iii. Title: Philosophie
des subjektiven Geistes. iv. Title: Philosophy of Subjective Spirit.
B2918.E5P4 1977 128~2 77-26298
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1151-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1149-5
001: 10.1007/978-94-010-1149-5
PUBLISHED BY D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY,

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
COPYRIGHT © 1978 BY D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
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copyright owner.
TYPE SET IN ENG LAND BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS LTD., BECCLES
HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY OF SUBJECTIVE SPIRIT
Volume One
INTRODUCTIONS
Volume Two
ANTHROPOLOGY
Volume Three
PHENOMENOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

INHALTS-ANZEIGE (BAND ZWEI)
A. Anthropologie. Die Seele § 388 2

a. Die natürliche Seele § 391 24
~) Natürliche Qualitäten § 392 26
1) Die natürliche Seele 26
2) Die Racenverschiedenheit § 393 44
3) Das individuelle Subject § 395 82
i) Das Naturell 84
ii) Das Temperament 86
iii) Der Charakter 90
ß) Natürliche Veränderungen § 396 94
1) Der Verlauf der Lebensalter 94
i) Das Kind 102
ii) Das erwachsene Alter 116
iii) Der Greis 122
2) Das Geschlechtsverhältniss § 397 124
3) Das Erwachen und der Schlaf § 398 126
y) Empfindung § 399 146
1) Die Sinne § 401 158
i) Das Gesicht und das Gehör 168
ii) Der Geruch und der Geschmack 170
iii) Das Gefühl 172
2) Das Empfinden 174
3) Die Verleiblichung 182
b. Die fühlende Seele § 403 214
~) Die fühlende Seele in ihrer Unmittelbarkeit § 405 220
1) Die formelle Subjectivität 232
i) Das Träumen 232
ii) Das Kind im Mutterleibe 234
iii) Das Individuum und sein Genius 238
2) Der magnetische Somnambulismus § 406 242
i) Die Erscheinungen 258
(1) Die Metall- und Wasserfühler 258
(2) Die Katalepsie und das Schlafwandeln 264
(3) Die Vision 268
ii) Der Inhalt 274
(l) Die Besinnung 274
(2) Das Schauen 276
CONTENTS (VOLUME TWO)
A. Anthropology. The soul § 388 3

a. The natural soul § 391 25
1X) Natural qualities § 392 27
1) Natural soul 27
2) Racial variety § 393 45
3) The individual subject § 395 83
i) Nature 85
ii) Temperament 87
iii) Character 91
ß) Natural changes § 396 95
1) The stages of life 95
i) Child 103
ii) Adult 117
iii) Elderly 123
2) Sex-relationship § 397 125
3) Waking and sleeping § 398 127
y) Sensation § 399 147
1) The senses § 40 1 159
i) Sight and hearing 169
ii) Smell and taste 171
iii) Feeling 173
2) Sentience 175
3) Embodiment 183
b. The feeling soul § 403 215
1X) The feeling soul in its immediacy § 405 221
1) Formal subjectivity 233
i) Dreaming 233
ii) The child in its mother's womb 235
iii) The individual and its genius 239
2) Magnetic somnambulism § 406 243
i) Appearance 259
(1) Metal- and water-divining 259
(2) Catalepsy and sleep-walking 265
(3) Vision 269
ii) Content 275
( 1) Recollecting 275
(2) Envisioning 277
(3) Das innerliche Schauen 286
(4) Das äusserliche Schauen 288
(5) Die unmittelbare Mitempfindung 290
iii) Die Erweckung 292
(1) Die Krankheit 292
(2) Arten und Weisen 296
(3) Wirkungen 302
(4) Der Magnetiseur 312
(5) Die Heilung 318
ß) Selbstgefühl § 407 322
1) Besondere Gefühle 322
2) Die Verrücktheit § 408 326
i) Der Blödsinn, die Zerstreutheit, die Faselei 354
ii) Die Narrheit 360
iii) Der Wahnsinn 366
iv) Die Heilung 372
y) Die Gewohnheit § 409 386
1) Die unmittelbare Empfindung 392
2) Die Befriedigung 392
3) Die Geschicklichkeit 394
c. Die wirkliche Seele § 411 408
IX) Die unfreiwillige Verleiblichung 412
ß) Die freiwillige Verleiblichung 412
1) Die Haltung 414
2) Die Gebehrde 416
3) Die Physiognomie 418
y) Das Ich § 412 424
ANMERKUNGEN 431
REGISTER ZUM TEXT 635
REGISTER ZU DEN ANMERKUNGEN 659

(3) Inner vision 287
(4) External vision 289
(5) Immediate sympathy 291
iii) Inducing 293
(I) Disease 293
(2) Methods and means 297
(3) Effects 303
(4) The magnetizer 313
(5) Healing 319
ß) Self-awareness § 407 323
I) Particular feelings 323
2) Derangement § 408 327
i) Imbecility, absent-mindedness, desipience 355
ii) FoHy 361
iii) Insanity 367
iv) Healing 373
y) Habit § 409 387
1) Immediate sensation 393
2) Satisfaction 393
3) SkiH 395
c. The actual soul § 411 409
1X) Involuntary embodiment 413
ß) Voluntary embodiment 413
1) Deportment 415
2) Gesture 417
3) Physiognomy 419
y) The ego § 412 425
NOTES 431
INDEX TO THE TEXT 635
INDEX TO THE NOTES 659
To Helga
Die Philosophie des Geistes
The Philosophy of Spirit

2 • Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
A.
~ n t br 0 " 0 {0 g i c.
~ i test t ( t.
§. 388.
~er ~tI(t ift "fIS Me m3a6r~tit ber matur 9 tttJor btn.
~ut}erbem, bat} in ber ,3bee tl&er~aupt bili 9tefultQt bie
~ebeutung bel' m3Q~r()eit unb uielmebr be~ ~rflen gegen
b4~ Sl3orbergel)enbe [)elt, bQt bM ru!erben ober Uebtrge~en
im ~tgrijf Me &tflimmtere ~ebeutung be~ fr eie n U r~
t~ eHe. SOer geworbene ~eifl bQt bQber ben einn, bQP
~ie matur an ibr fel&ft a(e ba6 Unwabre fiel) aufbe&t, unb
ber ~eifl fo ficb a(tS biefe niel)t mebr in (ti&licber Clln&tln;
~elt Qujusficb,fe\Jenbt, fonbmi in ibrer (oncretion
unb ~otQ[jtdt ein fa el) t leUgemeinbeit uorau6fe~t, in IVcl,
d)n er e e eie, nod) nld)t ~eift ift·
§. 389.
~ic eeele 1ft nid)t nur ftlr {id) immaterlea, fonbern
I>ie a"gemeine ,3mmQteriQlitdt btr mQtur, beren elnfad)t5
'bttU~ feben. eie 1ft ble eu b fh n &, fo bit a&folutr
Wrunb(age aUer ~efonbtrung unb Sl3ereinbdun9 bte ~tt/
fite, fo bQj er In i~r aUen etojf ftiner ~eflimmung ~at,
47 unb fit bit burd)bringenbe, tbentlfd)e .3beQlitdt berreiben
bleibt. leber in biefer tlod) obftracttn ~eflimmutlg ifl fit
nur ber e c6 [a f be6 ~cifle'; - ber pa ffi u mus bel
~riflotdctl, lVel~cr ber ml69 n ~ ft U nQ~ llUef 1ft.
~'t \jragt um bit .3mmattrl"litAt bef etde r"nll
nur bann nocb ein ,3l1tmfft ~Qbtn, wenn bit ID?Qurtt
AI. ein ~ß a bre. tlnerfdttl, unb bn QSdjl altl dn i' t t1 g
+ AnbcmicihJ "orgtjltUt roirb. eosar bcm 'Pbl>{ifer fit
Aber in neunn Selten btt ID?aterie uuter ben ~&nben
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 3
Anthropology
TIte Soul +
§ 388
Spirit has come into being as the truth of nature.

Apart front this result's having the significance of
truth within the Idea in general, and, ntoreover, being
the prius in respect of what precedes it, within the
Notion, the beconting or transition has the ntore 5
deterntinate significance of a free judgentent. +
Spirit's coming into being means therefore that
nature of its own accord sublates itself as being
inadequate to truth, and consequently that spirit no
longer presupposes itself as this self-externality of 10
corporeal singulari ty, bu t in the concretion and
totality ofits simple universality. In this it is soul, not
~~~ +
§ 38 9
Not only is the soul for itself immaterial, it is the
universal immateriality ofnature, thesimple ideal 15
nature of the life of nature. It is the substance, that
is to say, the absolute basis ofall the particulariz-
ing and singularizing of spirit, so that spirit has
within it all the ntaterial of its deterntination, and it
rentains the pervading identical ideality of this 20
deterntination. In this still abstract determination
i t is however only the sleep of spiri t; - the passive
nous of Aristotle, which is the possibility of all
things. +
The question of the immateriality of the soul 25
can still be ofinterest only ifa distinction is drawn
in which matter is presented as true and spirit as a
thing. Even in the hands ofthe physicists however,
ntatter has beconte subtler in more recent times,
4 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
bllnner gemorbtn; pe pnb Guf im p 0 nb erG &leetoffe

a(' !BArme, ~td)t u. f. f. gefommen, I»oiu fie lei"t caud)
9tGum unb geit l'ed)l1en f6nl1ten. ~iefe 3mponbera&tUen
\»e(d)e bit bel' mzAtel'ie eigentbdmlid)e ilgtnfd)Aft bet'
ed)mttt, in gmifrem eint" aud) ble WAb'greit mJiberl
l'Anb 5u teiften »utoren, bca&en jebod) nod) (onft ein finn.
U4e. ~cafe,n, ein ~ufufid)fe9n; hr 2ehn.mAtnte
ca'er, bit mAn Gud) bcarunter gq6blt finben rcann, feble
nieflt nur bie ed)mere, fonbrrn AUd) jtbt. Anbue i>Afe,n,
.0rnAefI fie fid) noefl ium \m At er I eil rn rcdJne" litj,.
,3h ber ~~Gt ift in bel' ,3blt be. ~c&en. fd)on An fl efI
~A. 'Xujnfid)fe,n btt mACUr Aufgebo&en unb ber ~"
griff, bie eu&ftAni btf ~c&en. 1ft AI. 0u&jettl,itAt, j"
tod) nur fo bAp bie ct,ifttn& ober O&j"tititAt noc:b iUI
glcld) An jenetS ~u9tl'fid)fein terfAUen 1ft. ~&rr im ~'iftt
.1. bem ~egrlfft, befren ct,ifteni nid)l bie unmitte(()Au
(linae(nbeit, fonbern bie A()folutt 9leg4ti,itAt, bitWreibeiC
fit, fo bAp bl. O&j"t ober bie 9tcAUtAt bei ~egriffCIJ
~er Sl)egriff fcl&ft 'ft, ijt bA' ~ujntld)f"n, meld)es bit
f)runb&tfllmmung btr mzAterie Au.mcacf)t, gAn& 5ur fu&,
jeat,en ,3bcAUtAt bel ~egriffc., IUf 'XUgcmeh.beit "'1"
fllld)ttgt. ~,r QJcijl ffl ~tt eJiflirenbe tlBA~r~cle bcr
Gcaterie, ~Ij bic g)lAtnie fel6jl fetnc S4~rbclt ~At.
'Int bAmit iufAmmcn~Angcnbc Wrcage tjl ~Ie ncacfJ
btt' QJemelnfd)Aft bcr eule unb bef .st6rpeu.
:Dlcft QScmtinfeflAft ,,"r 01. lactum Angenommen, unb
48 r"
,. 'canbelte fid) aUtin blrum, "Ic fic 5U &e9 l' , i f, n 'I
Wall' ~i, gm6~nlid), ~utmort fAnn Angefe~en mcrbfn
~AIi fI' ci,. u n &, 9 rc' 0."
fit c6 u @4dmnlj ffl1. ~enn
tn bcr t~at, ",nn ()eibe alf d f0 I u t fl IU n,
01, e ,,,enrinAn~er .orAu'gefete .erben, finb fit elnan,
bcr c6cn fo unburd)bringlidl, nl. jcbe imntcrfe gegtll eine
nnbere unburd)bring(fd) unb nur tn tbrem gcgcliieitigen
m"ttfel)n, ibren Iporcn, ~tfinblid) angenommen !virb;
\l)ie benn (fpiEur ben Ojöttern i~ren ~ufentb(dt in ben
!J.'oren "ngemieftn, (\~er c"nfequcnt i~nen feine QStmdnl
fd)"ft mit ber 5lßdt aufgebtirbet bat. - tgtlr glefd)&ebeul
tenb mit bitiel'?! ntluort fann bie nid)t Angefe~en merben,
mdcf)e (tUe 'P()ilofopl)en gegeben ~ca~en, fcitbem bier,. ~erl
for they ha ve hi tu pon imponderable ma terials such

as heat, light etc., to which they have found no
difficulty in adding space and time. Although
these imponderables have lost not only gravity,
the property peculiar to Inatter, but also to a certain 5
extent the capacity of offering resistance, t h e y s t i 11
have a sensuous determinate being, a self-exter-
nality. Vital matter however, which mayaIso be
found included among them, lacks not only
gravity but every other determinate being which 10
might justify its being regarded as material. The +
fact is that in the Idea oflife the self-externality
of nature is already implicitly sublated, but
although the Notion, which is the substance of
life, also has being there as subjectivity, the exis- 15
tence or objectivity is at the saIne tiIne still forfeit
to the self-externality. In spiri t however, since the
Notion exists not as immediate singularity but as
absolute negativity or freedom, its object or
reality being itself the Notion, self-externality, 20
which constitutes the basic deterInination of Inat-
ter, is cOInpletely subtilized into the subjective
ideality ofthe Notion, into universality. Spirit is the
existent truth of Inatter, the truth that Inatter itself
has no truth. 25
A cognate question is that of the communion of
sou I an d b 0 dy. I t was ass urne d t hat the union was a
fact and that the only problem was the way in
which it was to be comprehended. To deern this an
incomprehensi b le mys tery migh tb e regarded as the 30
ordinary ans wer here, for ifboth are presupposed
as absolutely independent of each other, they are
as mutua11y impenetra ble as any two ma tters, and
it is to be presumed that each occurs only in the
non- being i. e. the pores of the other. When 35 +
Epicurus assigned to the gods their residence in
the pores, he was therefore consistent in sparing
theIn any cOInInunion with the world. - There is +
however no squaring this answer with that given
by every philosoph er since this relationship has 40
~A(tnip Dur Wrage ~efommen ijl. ~UtArtU, ~del

ha n ct; e, ce",n 06 Cl, 2 e i& n i~, ~@en fAmmtUct; @ou
Als biefe ~tGtebung angegeben, unb bWClr in bem einn"
bftp bie (fnblid,feit btr eee(e unb bie ro?Clterie nur ibeeUe
~ellimmungen gegen einClnber ~nb unb feine 9BClbr~eit
~Clben, fo bRP <Sott bei jenen 'J)r,tlofop§en, nict;t &loU,
wie oft ber WaU ijl, ein Clnbm~ ~ort fllr jene Un&el
greifUct;feit, fonbern \!ielmc§r alt< Me aUdn wCl~r~afte
3 ben ti U t berfelben gefnGt wirb. ~iefe 3 ben ti t h
tjl jebod) &Rlb bU Cl&jtract, wie Me epinobijtifct;e, hlb
wie bie 2ei&ni~ifct;e ro?ol1Rbe ber ~ollaben, bW4r ClUd)
fct;Clffenb, aber nur a(~ urt~eilenb, fo bdj e~ &u eil
nem Unterfct;iebe ber eede unb belS 2eibUct;en, ~ClterfeUen
fommt, bie 3bentitAt aber nur AllS (0 pul a bes. Urtbeil'
fit, nid)t Gur Cfntl\1ict!ung unb bem e,,{temc belS R&fol
luten ed)htffe~ fortgebt.
Saaf... mit _AMI in bcr CItnldtung aur ~ofo"ic 'oe'.

8cijltf ftmerftiet, pa"', mie ble 9latur fdkr ~re .aa;nthIJ-
fett ua'o tBmfnadung, '~re gateri4lUät al' d1I 11maf)re', _
ia i~r \l\o~nellbea etgritft nid>t hii;ee au~ebt, unb btburdJ
~llr 311U1lCltcriCllitat gtl4llgtn'o ill 'oen @rij't ü6erge~t. ~~G16
1ft in 'Dem obe.~tn'oen $4r4grOl!~en brr uudttelkte 8etfl, bie
Seele cd. Ili"t bio; fir ~ ialutcridl, fonbcnt GIJ Die aIIjJe~
49 1IIeine _atenalität 'oer ~atur lm~ AuglddJ Clle eubflana, al~
tiinl)dt ~ l>enfrnt unb 'oef Se,,". btitimmt worhn. 'l)ltfe
tiin_eit IICl"t fct;on 'oie ®run'oaufd)anung ~t~ DnentaUtmu8 au8.
!Dllf ~il1t, bO~ in bfr ~er~fd)(n 9hligioll 01" bllf Ibfolute be.
tral1td murbe, ~atte ebenf0 ft~r Ne ~ebtutun9 fine" (SJeij'tigen
",ie bie einet! ~~"nfd)en. ~imn1icr 1'l1l Spino&a jene <Yin~tft
alt 'oie obfolutc ®run'olaRc t'on WUtm gtfl1~t. ~ic IlUd) 'Dcr ~ij't
~d> In ~d) &llrücfAit~et1, ~dJ auf bit ä1t~trfte epi~e fdner Sub.
jecti\)itiit fkUen mag, fo i~ cr bod) Qn f Icf) In ienn (fin~eit. lYr
fann aber bti 'oerfelbtn ni€!,t j'te~en bleiben; &um abfoluten ~iir.
iid)ft\1n, au 'Ort i~m \)oUfommen gemäjen gorm gelangt tr nur
baburd}, 'ooj er Ruf immonente mtife bcn in ber Subj'tAna nod)
einfo'dJm Unttrfd>itt' &1t einem \\'irfUcf)en Untcrfd)ltbt en""iddt
been a matter of enquiry. Descartes, Malebranche,

Spinoza, Liebnitz have all proffered God as con-
stituting the connection, and so implied that the
finitude ofthe soul and matter are merely mutual
determinations of an ideal nature and devoid of 5
truth. These philosophers conceive of God there-
fore, not as is often the case merely as another
word for this incomprehensi bility, bu t ra ther as
the only true identity of soul and body. The
identity is however either too abstract, as in the 10
ca se ofSpinoza, or merely divisive, as in the case
of Leibnitz, whose monad of monads, although it is
certainly creative, gives rise to a difference
between the soul and that which is corporeal or
material. In the latter case the identity merely 15
resembles the copula of the judgement, and fails
to progress into the development and system of the
absolute syllogism. +
Addition. The manner in which nature itself sublates its

externality and individuation, the lack of truth in its ma- 20
teriality, that within it which is inadequate to the Notion,
and by thus achieving immateriality passes over into spirit,
has been indicated in the introduction to the Philosophy
of Spirit. In the preceding Paragraph therefore, the +
soul or spirit in its immediacy has been determined not 25
merely as immaterial for itself, but as the universal im-
materiality of nature, and at the same time as the substance
of the unity of thought and being. This unity constitutes the
basic intuition even of orientalism. There was as much a
spiritual as a physical significance to the light regarded as 30
absolute in the Persian religion. Spinoza, by taking this +
unity to be the absolute basis of all, has grasped it more
determinately. Spirit is implicit in this unity regardless of the +
extent to which it withdraws into itself and places itself at
the extreme point of its subjectivity. It cannot remain with 35
this unity however: that which in substance is still a simple
difference, is developed by spirit into actuality, led back into
unb biefen aur ~in~it Aurücffü~rt; nur baburtt, tntrel6t tr !1d1

bem 3utonbe bt~ ~Iofe~, in lt'dcfJem er ~~ 01. eeele &e~n.
bet; benn In biefer i~ ber Unterfd1ltb nödJ in 'oIe \jorm 'on UnI
untcrfdJiebtnl)dt, fotgU" ber ~u6tlottgfdt etngt~iiUt. ~et IDloll'
gel 'ocr \S~lno8iftifdJen '~Uofol'~ie be~e~t bCl~ e&en borfn, ba,
in btrfelb(n 'oIe Sub~ana nl~t au ibm _onenten (in~tftung
fortfd)rritet, - ba~ !Jlannigfa(tfgc nur ouf dujcrli~c mlrift aur
Subfhlna ~inaufommt. l)iefdbc (fin~tft bt' @tbonfen. unb ld
~n. en~lt ber JouI: 'oe. 9lnafogora' ; bier" ~or., ,~ aber
ltod) weniger ale bie Sl'inoalflifd1c \Su&{ton& a1l eigcner (fntwill,
{wg gdommen. ~er 'ant~i.lllUf gc~t iibcr~ou~t ni~t au rinn
@(feberung unb e~~tmatittrung ü&tr. in., er In ber Worm ber
mo~uu1lQ erfcfJeint, 1ft cr ein taumdnbee S!ebcn, cln &acd)anall,
fd1te 9lnfd)auen, 'oae bie dnadnen Q)efta!ttn bte Unl'OtTfum. nid)t
gcg{(cbert t,eTau'tfdcn lä6t, {onban biefd&tn Immn wltber In
'00' ,,"gemme Mienft, In'~ ~,~abent unb Unse~ture treibt.
~ennod) &ilbtt biffc 9lnfc(lauung für febe gefunbc ~ruft cinm
natürli~11 .ue9ange~unft. ~onbere in 'ocr ~ugtnb fü~ltn "'tr
une btn'd) dn, 9lUt. um un~ t,er ",Ie une fdbtl' &eftdellbee 2dwn
mit ber sonata !latur 'OerbfÜbRt ob in e~m",t~ie, uab ~abcn
50 f.,"'it eint (fml'fin'oung 'Olln 'ofr iOdtfede, '001\ bct' (ftn~rit bd
~\t$t~ unb 'ort Watur, '001\ 'on 3mmatcrialttAt 'oet S!e~tcrrn.
fBfm\ ",il' nnll aber !10m @) t f ü ~ ( entferntn, un'o 8U1' 9h 1
fluion fortgtlJen, wirb une 'oet'@tgtnfaß 'on &de nnb ~cr IDla<
tme, mtbtc. fuijtcti"en ~If} Unb bel" ~d6Ucl)fdt beffel6en an einem
fffltn Q)egtnfaee u!tb 'oit gtgenfdtige ~tAtc9\lns b~ ~i~ un~
ba 6fde 8" dner ~in~ltfung eelbfij'tolt'oiga auf einanbet. ~ie
9tlri~ftUd1t l)~~~ologird1t unb ~f~~oIQgif<f7t ~etrQd)tun9 \'Oei~ bit
6tant,dt btefce (\)tgenfQ~e~ nldJt AU ilbetn>inben. ~d \\\trb 'oem
~ a(!l ~mt i)utd)Qlt~ (lin~d)tlt I tilaten - blefem lbsrunbc aller
mo\"fteUungtn, - bie ~.Rattfte of. bGfI tBide, 3ufammmgeftbre
in o(ljo(uter Sd?roffl)eit gegtnObtr9t~tUt, unb 'oie ~tanhtJorhtt19
Der !Jrosc, wit DM; miefe mir jentnt a'bftr41ct <!inen ~fdnigt f~\I,
1tQtüt1i<t,m~dfe ~ir unmögltlf} tdlArt.
l>tt ~mmaterillität 'oer duen Seite 'olefe~ @egeltfate~ I ndm.
lid) 'm 'Sctfe gibt man Idct,t AU j bte an'om SeHt 'otffd'btn aber,
unity, and it is only by carrying this out in an immanent

mann er that spirit attains to absolute being-for-self, to the
form which is completely adequate to it. Through this alone
it rouses itself from the somnolent state in which it finds it-
self as soul, since in this state difference is still shrouded in 5
the form of lack of difference and hence of unconsciousness.
The philosophy of Spinoza is then deficient, precisely be-
cause within it substance fails to progress to its immanent
development, multiplicity only accruing to it in an extern al
mann er. The vovs of Anaxagoras contains the same unity 10
of thought and being, but it has even less development of its
own than the Spinozistic substance. Organization and sys- +
tematization remain entirely alien to pantheism. Where it
appears in the form of presentation it is a life tumultuous, an
intuiting which is bacchanalian, for instead of allowing the 15
single shapes of the universe to emerge in order, it is per-
petually plunging them back into the universal, veering into
the sublime and the monstrous. This intuition is however a
natural point of departure for every healthy mind. In youth
in particular, through a life which animates us and all about 20
us, we feel brotherhood and sympathy for the whole of na-
ture, and we have therefore asensation of the world-soul,
of the unity of spirit and nature, of the immateriality of wh at
is natural.
Once we leave feeling behind however, and pass on to 25
reflection, we find no way of reconciling the opposition of soul
and matter, of my subjective ego and its corporeity, and the
reciprocal relation between body and soul becomes an inter-
action between independent entities. The ordinary physio-
logical and psychological approach is unable to overcome 30
the rigidity of this opposition. The ego, this abyss of all
presentations, as what is thoroughly simple, as singleness, is
set in absolutely stark opposition to matter i.e. to the many,
to what is composite. It is only natural therefore, that the
question of how this many is united with this abstract unit, 35
should be declared unanswerable.
One has no difficulty in admitting that the one side of this
opposition, the soul, is immaterial; from the stand point of
Mt !RatttieDt, Walt unf auf belll E5tanb,unft btf «tJml-

ttMtn ~nfent alt dn Wrfke, al8 rin Solcf)d flt~, bdt ~i
"0'
ekaf' edten latfm, .te bie 3mmaterfalftQt ber Seere; 10 ba'
f. *
mr ball Ddtntdkn ~ffd6e et~1t nrie ~CIU ;)llUIlGterleUr. &111
fdJtd6e., Me fit 9fricr, fu*'ntfdI uftb «&rollte ""11tH. ~itre
em~tu"8e~ift ~enfd)te atlcf) in ber \7ormQligen .rta'~"fif.
e. bkfd6t ,"be~ ben ~ett"fQ~ brt IDleltmeUm unb 3m-
.....meileR einm unü&e~btblt~e1t ~telt, fo ~", 1k bflts
feie. ~'" Clnbertrftite ~ell'U't[offl' lBtlfc ~um, tDwbtr aUf,
~ti pe bit eede AU dmm ~lnße, f\71gli~ ab ~ae 8t"lf PA
~~klt, aM gltidJ",oN foglrilt IIIdJ finnlt~n ~m,ä(trdffcn
0eftimmten mad7te. ~if~ tf)at fene gda,'mu bIn'tfJ i~te Wtoac
na«, beln Si. bet ~efe, - 'Oabutcf7 fe~te fie biere in bett Bh um,
- cbenfe bllrd} t~re ~age n(l~ baR Cf1ttflc~1t l1nb ~cfJtvilt~en
ber €tde, ~ ~bllf~ t\'urbe Weft in ~ 3eh gefet., - uab
hittme bt1fdt l'ft ~rQge nadJ ben ClfgellfdJllfttll 'Ocr \Seele; -
~CIIJl bGbci _ toie Seele 4116 rin mU~CllteEl, Wtftte I 01" brt
51 Mfllübfenbe ~unrt bitfer ~eftimmungell ~drQd)td. VlII~ l'et~·tf~
~(lt 'Oie Seele al8 rilt ~ing bdrad)tet, Inbem tr bleftlbt, "'ie
aUe~ UrbrlBe, Aur Donabf macf1k; bie gona~r ift fin ebenfo
9lu~m'Oee, .,tr ~ins, unb bft Sanae Untnfd)ir'o a\\'tfcf)fn 'Der
~Ie unb 'Oem Uaterldlm beftr~t nacr, ~ribni~ nur barin, bCl~
bit eftle rint et\\\ae "arm, eltttvicfeltne DonaDe i~, al~ bit
ü&tige 11lakrif; - eine morfleUung, burtf1 ~ltf)e ba~ rolaterltlk
&\t\nr tf~o&t!1t, bie Stek aber Ille~r au rinem 9aterldlelt l)erlln.
ttrgrfe~t oIe batlon unterf~leben ",ht.
Uckt biefe ganse b[o_ rtflectinnbe ertrQd,tung",ooft crl}fM
lIne fdton bie fpeclIlatttle ~ogif, fnbtm pe aeiOt, ba; aUr feilt
auf Ne Seele Qnge",anbten ~ttimmungen, - ~(e ~tn9, <iln'
fatt,~eit, Unt~dlbarfdt, tiine - in i~m abfh'actrn lutfllffung
nid;t ein m(l~rtG ffnt, fonbefn in i~r ~egentl}fil umftt,logclI.
l>1~ '~iltlfo~~ie be" ~ifte" abn ff~t bieren efl~d~ brr Un,
~d~rt,tft fold)er merfhmbeGfQtegorien baburcfJ fort, bQ; ~e bat'
t~lIt, wie lluttf) 'oie 3beaUtöt beG @elftt& aUe fefte eeftlmmuII9fn
fn bemfelben Qufse~oben finb.
ma" nlln bit anbere Seite bt~ frQgtkf)fn QJegenfQ~tI, nö.
simply reflective thinking however, we find that the material

being of the other side remains fixed in such a mann er, that
we allow it the same validity as the immateriality of the soul,
and therefore attribute the same being to both the material
and the immaterial, regarding them as equally substantial 5
and absolute. This manner of treatment even used to pre-
dominate in metaphysics. To the extent that such meta- +
physics persisted in regarding the opposition between the
material and the immaterial as insuperable however, it
inadvertently sublated it, since it treated the soul as a thing, 10
and consequently as something which, although of course
quite abstract, was at the same time determined in accord-
ance with sensuous relationships. It came to do this through +
enquiring after the seat of the soul and so positing it in space,
through questioning its beginning and disappearance and so 15
positing it in time, and thirdly, through raising the question
of its properties and so treating it as a fixed quiescence, the
connecting point of these determinations. Even Leibnitz
treated the soul as a thing, since he took it, like everything
else, to be a monad. The monad is like a thing in that it is a 20
quiescence, and according to Leibnitz the whole difference
between the soul and material being consists merely in the
soul's being a somewhat clearer and more developed monad
than the rest of matter. Material being is certainly elevated
by me ans of this presentation, but the soul, rather than being 25
distinguished from a material being, tends to be degraded
~~ +
This manner of interpretation is entirely confined to mere
reftection, and we are already raised above it by means of
speculative logic, which demonstrates that in their abstract 30
conception, all the determinations applied to the soul,-
such as thing, simplicity, indivisibility, unit, pass over into
their opposite, and are therefore devoid of truth. This proof
of the lack of verity in these categories of the understanding
is borne out by the philosophy ofspirit, which demonstrates 35
that all fixed determinations are sublated within spirit, by
me ans ofits ideality. +
It has already been observed with regard to matter, the
°
lid) bie galerie betrifft, f ~ht, ~ie fdJon btmerft, bft 'tU-
ßel'lid}ftit , ~mfnAelung, mfd~cft al~ 'ofe fe~e ~tjtimmllng btt,
fetben angeft~tn, bfe ~fn~eit 'ofefel5 miden bCl~tr UUf fCtt ein
oMfldd}Ud)e~ ~anb, für eine 3ufammenfeeung, bemnad) aUe8
IDlilteritUe für trennbar nfldtt. Wlkr'tling8 mu; augegd!f11 ttlet<
bell, '0"" ttlii~renb beim @d~e bit tonertte ~tn~eft baG Weftnt<
lid)e, Wb ba8 mttle rin Sd}efn f~, bri ber 9RalfTie bRG Umgc<
fe~t1e ~att finbd; - (f~a8 I ttlo\)on fd10n 'oie alte !llna~'~~f
dne.~nuftS atigtc, inbem ~e ftagte, ob '008 ifne obn- '008 mitte
brim @ei~e 'o~ ~tfle fe". :l)a, aber ble leu;erlfct,feit lIn'o ~(d.
~eit kr !Raterle \)on ~tr matur nid,t ftben~unbrn tt'ttbclI f&1t 11 c,
i~ efllt mOfQII8ft~UIl9, 'oie ~ir auf IInfmm 6ti1n'o~llIIftt, Mif
~m ehtn'o~unft 'ocr fvccllla!i\)C1t ~~flofov~ie, ~Itr längfl o(~ eilte
nicfJtige !In 9ti\den ~abell. ~ie 9lQtut'\'~ilof~ie ltl,rt 11Il~, lt'ie
52 __ Rotur ~re leujnfi"t ftufett~fe ou~&t, - ttlie bfe 9a~
tme fel)on bUTeI) 'oie es d) ttl Cf e 'oie eelbftflAnbigkit b~ «ifnaelnelt,
mietm "'ibalegt, - uub ~ie biefe burel) 'oie I5cfJtvere unb nOd}
_~r burel) boe uittrenn&ote, clnfo. ~ i eI) t &egonnene 9Bfoerle~
gung butcfJ 'oae t~lerff. ~e&eft, bUTeI) ba~ <flllJfinbenbe \)oUen,
~t nrirb I bG blefe~ un8 bfe QgegelttVort ber ~inen <Stde in
CIIIea ~ften i~t'tf ~bUeI)frit, romit '0418 ~ufge~obmre"n 'oe8
Wu;errinonber ber geaterie offen60rt. 3nbem fo ctUe~ IDlaterieUe
htcfJ ben in 'oer 9latuf ~hfmbm an ~ fiel> ~ fet>en'oen @eilt Qufge~
,.n mrb, un'o biere ~uff>ehng in 'oa Subfiana 'oer See Ie fid}
"oUenbet, tritt 'oie Seele QI~ 'oie 3bealttit a ({ e8 !JtaterieUell, al~
Cl1 l e 3mmaterfolität ~or, f ° 'ca, 1Ue8, ttla~ gaterle ~ei~t, -
fo rt~r f~ ber ~orfkUlln9 Sdflfijtänbigkft ~orf~iegdt, - 01.
ein gtgtn 'Dm QSeijt Unftl&ftftänbiget trfunnt ~ir'o.
!>a 8tgtnfae \)on Seele un'o .Rö."er mu, freili<f1 gema<f1t
1Mbm. Sottlie 'oie unbeflimmte oUgemeine Seele fiel) be~immt,
tiel) iitbi'Oibllaliftrt, - fo~ie 'oer @eijt eben 'oaburd} ~et\)u,t~
~n ~Ir'o, - unb 'ooau fd}reitet er not~~en'oig fort, -- fo jteUt
er tiel) auf bcn Stanb~unft 'oe~ @egenfaee8 feiner felbft un'o fei~
.1Itt 'nberen, - Cl'fd>eint i~m fein 'n'om~ 018 ein 9tcalee, ale
rin f~m un'o fia, fel&tr @(eu~trlf~e8, ale ein IDlaterieUee. ~uf
biefem Stan'o~unfte fjt bie ~age nael) ber IDlöglicfJfeit 'oer @e~
other side of the opposition in question, that externality,

singularization, plurality are regarded as its fixed determina-
tion, and that the unity of this plural being is therefore said
to be a merely superficial bond, a composition, everything
material therefore being regarded as divisible. It has to be 5
admitted of course, that whereas in spirit the concrete unity
is essential and that which is plural is show, in matter the
opposite is the case. The old metaphysics showed some
awareness of this in that it asked whether the one or the many
constitutes the prius in the case of spirit. From our stand- 10 +
point, which is that of speculative philosophy, the presup-
position that nature is unable to overcome the externality
and plurality of matter is at this juncture long since super-
seded as a nullity. We learn from the philosophy of nature
how nature sublates its externality by stages, how already 15
through gravity matter refutes the independence of the singu-
lar, of the plural, and how this refutation, initiated through
gravity, and to an even greater extent through the indivisible
simplicity of light, is perfected through the sentient being of
animallife, since this reveals the omnipresence of the single 20
soul in all points ofits corporeity, and so reveals the sublated-
ness of the extrinsicality of matter. In that everything ma- +
terial is thus sublated through the spirit implicit and opera-
tive in nature, and this sublation perfects itself in the sub-
stance of the soul, the soul comes forth as the ideality of all 25
that is material, as constituting all immateriality. Conse-
quently, all that is given the name of matter, regardless of
the extent to which it simulates independence to presenta-
tive thinking, is known to be not independent of spirit.
The opposition between soul and body certainly has to be 30
formulated. Just as the indeterminate universal soul deter-
mines and so individualizes itself, just as spirit thereby makes
the necessary advance into consciousness, so spirit assurnes
the standpoint of the opposition between itse1f and its other,
its other appearing to it as areal being, as external and se1f- 35
external i.e. as a material being. At this standpoint the ques-
tion of the possibility of the communion of the soul and the
-fdJGft ber S«le unb b~ .tÖ~ tine gan3 natiirlld)e. ehlt

etde unb .töfl)er, ~ie ba~ M'fh\nbige t8f~u;tfet)n be~aulltet,
ei1tG1lber abfolut entgtgengefeet, fo ift fdne @entfinfd)aft A~ifd)tn
!kiben möglid). !lun auedannte- aber bie alte !lleta~~\)ftf biefe
fJcmdnfd)aft al~ eine unleugbare X~atfad,e; e~ fragte ftd) ba~er,
mie ber !Biberfllrud), biJß abfolut <5etbftfldnbige I ~rftd)fe\,enbe
boi) in <iin~eit mit einanber fe\)en I ge(öft ~er'oen fönne. ~'ei
fOld)er SteUung ber ~age ~Qr bie ~eant~ortung berfelben un~
mlglfd). ~6er eben biefe SteUung mu; ale eine unftattt,4ftt er-
fannt ~nben ; benn in ~a~T~dt 'Oed)ilt ftd) 'oa~ ~manaterieUe
awa DaterieUen nid)t \~ie ~onbett~ au eefonbnem, fonbem
53 tl'le ba~ über bie ~efonter~ft übersmfcnbe tl'a~~aft "Ugemeine
~~ au bem ~efonbern 'OerT)ilt; bae 9ateridle in fdnfT ~efon.
bmr.tg ~at fdne iBa~r~eit I feine CScl6flflänbigfeft gesen 'Dd 3m.
m4terieUe. ~enfT Stant~unft ber XTtnnung ift folglid) nid)t a(~
ein leeter I abfolut ~a~rer AU betrad)ten. 9.lielme~r fann ble Xnn.
Rung beG BaterieUen unt ~mmaterieUen nur ou~ ber @runb(ogc
bcr urfllTÜnglid)en ~in~it ~ei'DfT edlärt \\\tr'Den. ~n ben ~~I,
lofo\>~ien be~ !Dee,ortt~ I !llalfbrand)e unb Splno~a tl'irb 'De~~alb
auf eine fold)e <iin~eit 'tee !Denfen3 unb bee e:e~n0, bt~ @ei~e~
unb bn gRaterie Aurücfgegangelt unb {liefe (iin~it in @ott ge-
feet. !llalebrand)e fagte: "Wir fe~en IUe~ in @ott". 1)iefen be-
trad)tete er al& bit mermittlung, ale ba& poftti\le 9..l?eblulR atl'i~
fd)en bem !Denfenben unb 'Dem mld)tbenfenben, unb a\\lCir al& bCl'
immanente, burd)ge~enbe iBefen, in tl'eld)em beibe Seiten auf·
ge~oben ~nb, - folglId) nid)t a(~ tin !Dritte~ gegen a~1 (Ir-
treme, bie felber eine ®irflid)feit ~atten; benn fon~ entftünbe ~ie'
ber ble ~age I tl'ie iene& !Dritte mit biefen beiben <lrtremcn AU'
fammen follUtle. ~nbem abn 'oie <iin~c:it b(~ IDlaterieUell unb
3mmotmeUen \)l\It ben genannten ~~Ilofo,,~en In @ott, ber ~.
fentUdJ al& @eift &U fatTen ift, gtfe,t ~irb, ~abtn Nefdben au
fTfennen geben ~oUen I ba~ iene <ilnf1eit nid)t al& ein 9leutrale&,
in tl'eld)~ a~ei <idrcme \lOft glei~ "ebtutung unb <5dbflftA..-
+ bigfelt &ufammengingen, betrad)tet ~trbel\ barf I ba ba& !Relte-
lieUe burd)au~ Rur ben einn einee 'legati\len gegen ben @dft
unb gegen fid) felber t,at, ober - tl'ie ~Iato unb anbere alte
Volume Two: Anthropology . 15
body arises quite naturally. Ir, as the understanding con-

sciousness asserts, body and soul are in absolute opposition
to one another, no communion between them is possible.
Now the old metaphysics acknowledged this communion to
be an undeniable fact, and was therefore faced with the 5
problem of resolving the contradiction presented by the
unity of two beings, each absolutely independent and each a
being-for-self. Posed in this manner the problem was in-
soluble. It is however precisely the manner of posing it that
has to be recognized as inadmissible, for the truth is that the 10
immaterial relates itself to the material not as one particular
to another, but in the same manner as the true universal, in
its inclusion of particularity, relates itself to the particular.
Material being, in its particularization, has, with regard to
immaterial being, neither truth nor independence. The 15
stand point of this division is not, therefore, to be regarded as
finally and absolutely true. The separation of the material
and the immaterial is, rather, only to be explained on the
basis of the original unity of both. This is why, in the philo-
sophies of Descartes, Malebranche and Spinoza, there is a 20
return to such a unity of thought and being, spirit and matter,
and why it is posited in God. When he said that, "We see all
in God", Malebranche considered God to be the mediation,
the positive medium between the thinking and the non-
thinking being, and wh at is more, as the immanent, permeat- 25
ing essence in which both sides are sublated. He did not,
therefore, regard God as a third being, opposed to two
extremes with an actuality of their own. Had he done so,
there would have been a recurrence of the problem of how
this third term comes together with the two extremes. By 30
positing the unity of the material and im material as being in
God, who is to be grasped essentially as spirit, these philoso-
phers have, however, attempted to indicate that since the
significance of all material being is merely that of a negative
with regard to spirit and itself, to express it as did Plato and 35
flcfJ Clufbn'idttn, - caIt bGt ,,"nbm feiner fer.ftM NI

~~Ul)j'o"lJcn
ad4net \Mben nna;, ble !iatut bet (ieijld boe.. ClI. Nt
,oflttoe, GI. ba. e~Clttoe au nfatnm i~, "'" Mfdh ...
ba. gegm a,n uafe.oblge aCltnidle frd ....bufcfJge~t, 8ft
bieJ fein "nber" Akrsrdft, bClffdk nl4t af' da '"~~ !Reed"
* gdtm lA't, fonM'n ibeClfiflrt unb &U dnean lfmalttelkn l)etO'fett
* Griesheim Ms. SS. 70-72; vgl. Kehler Ms. SS. 53-54: Der Materialismus ist
auch Philosophie aber er hat dieß äußerliche Nebeneinander, aber diese
Einheit, daß das Materielle keine Wahrheit habe, dieser spekulative Begriff,
der allerdings mehr oder weniger getrübt, mehr oder weniger auf der
Oberfläche ist, ist bei Descartes, Malebranche, Leibnitz, Spinoza und auch
beim Berkeley Materialismus, da heißt es z.B. wir sehen alle Dinge in Gott.
Descartes hat andere Verhältnisse aufgestellt, es sind nämlich Dinge, aber
diese ausgedehnt nennt er causa occasionalis, die äußerlichen Dinge wirken
nicht auf die Seele auf den Geist, und was eigentlich Empfindung hervor-
bringt ist Gott, indem unter Gott verstanden wird, diese allgemeine Einheit
in der die Materie als ideell gesetzt ist, wie es in Gott, im Denken ist. So ist
auch bei Spinoza dieß ein Wahres, die Identität des Ausgedehnten und des
Denkens, dem Ausgedehnten ist bei ihm auch keine Realität zugeschrieben.
Leibnitz hat der Schwierigkeit so abgeholfen, daß er Hypothesen (71)
gemacht hat, diese bestehen nämlich darin eine Grundlage zu machen, so
oder so, für diesen bestimmten Zweck. So hat Leibnitz die Atome als Monaden
bezeichnet und zwar als vorstellend und daß so eine Monade sich nun in
sich reflektirt Alles, jeden Punkt, die Seele hat es nur mit sich zu thun, da ist
keine Einwirkung auf Anderes, sondern es bleibt alles innerhalb seiner selbst
eingeschlossen, Gott nun ist die Harmonie, die sogenannte preestablirte
Harmonie, die Harmonie dieser Evolutionen. Jeder Punkt des Körpers ist
für sich, jedes bleibt in sich eingeschlossen, Gott bewirkt die Harmonie, daß
indem die Vorstellung in mir entwickelt, sich dieß auch im Andern entwick-
elt. Auch hier ist beseitigt diese Einwirkung von Seele auf Körper, von
Körper auf Seele, so daß es nur die Identität und nur Evolutionen innerhalb
ihrer selbst, nicht in einem Fremden sind.
Wir haben hier also das Verhältniß erwähnt unter dem man sich vor-
zustellen pflegt, wie sich Körper, Materie zum Geist verhält, wir haben
erwähnt daß dieß von Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz u.s.w. aus spekulativem
Grundbestimmt ist und daß dieß nur so sein kann daß das Geistige das Herr-
schende ist, in welchem das Materielle durch uns nur ist als ein Aufge-
hobenes, als ein Ideelles. Die Vorstellung, wir haben alle Dinge in Gott, die
äußeren Dinge sind nur gelegentlich, Gott vermittelt alles, ist dasselbe als
das was oben gesetzt ist. Bei solchen Vorstellungen ist die mangelhafte
Methode auszusetzen und besonders daß die Materie und die Seele als
beständig und Gott als die Mitte genommen werden, aber Gott ist in der
That das Wesen und die beiden Extreme sind nur Formen die nicht das
Selbständige sind. Wir haben also ein solches Verhältniß, eine solche Frage
Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 17
other ancient philosophers, that it has to be regarded as the

'other of itself', this unity is not to be regarded as a neutral +
being in which two equally significant and independent
extremes coalesce. They have attempted to indicate more-
over, that the nature ofspirit is to be recognized as that which 5
is positive, speculative, since it freely permeates the material
being which is not independent of it, envelops this, its other,
idealizes it instead of allowing it true reality, and degrades it
into being mediated. *
* Criesheim Ms. pp. 70-72; cf. Kehler Ms. pp. 53-54: Materialism too is
philosophy, concerned though it is with external collaterality. This unity
however, which is that of material being's possessing no truth, this specula-
tive Notion, more or less dimmed and superficial though it is, is the material-
ism of Descartes, Malebranche, Leibnitz, Spinoza, as also of Berkeley. Here it is +
formulated, for instance, as our seeing all things in God. Descartes has ad-
duced other relationships. Although, for hirn, things are, he calls their being
extended causa occasionalis, external things having no effect on the soul, on
spirit. It is God that brings forth sensation proper, since God is understood
to be this universal unity in which matter is posited as being of an ideal
nature, as it is in God, in thought. For Spinoza also, the identity of what is +
extended and of thought is a true being, and as with Descartes, no reality is
ascribed to what is extended. Leibnitz removed the difficulty by formulating +
hypotheses, (71) the specific purpose of which consists in establishing some
sort of basis. He took atoms to be monads, presentative monads moreover,
such a monad being intro-reftective in all, at every point. The soul is con-
cerned only with itself, there being no effect upon another, all remaining
enclosed within itself, and God being the harmony, what is called the pre-
established harmony, the harmony of these evolutions. The body's every
point is for itself, each remaining enclosed within itself. It is God that effects
the harmony of the presentation's developing itself within another as it de-
velops itself within me. Here also this effect of soul upon body, of body upon
soul, is avoided, all that is being identity and the evolutions, not within
anything alien however, but within self. +
Mention has been made here of what is usually presented as being the
relationship through which body or matter relates itself to spirit. It has been
observed, that Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz etc. determine it on a speculative
basis, which can only be so in that what is spiritual is that which is in control,
and within which material being, through us, has being only as a sublated-
ness, as being of an ideal nature. The presentation of our having all things in
God, of external things being only occasional, of God's mediating all, is the
same as thatjust assessed. The defective method employed in such presenta- +
tions has to be exposed, especially that of matter and soul being regarded as
subsistent and God as the middle. God is in fact the essence however, the two
extremes being merely non-subsistent forms, and we have therefore avoided
18 . Regels Philcsophie des Subjektiven Geistes
!Dkfer f~(UICltf»cn tlufClfrll11Q bct . . .f.. "on QJdft

un~ Batcrie ftc~t ber !RatniClli'lIue gcgcdht, ll'tlcf>tr bat
54 ~ el' etn 9ttfultat be. gAierie"", 'oClrftellt I ~ie Cllnfa'"
~cit beI ~mfc'" GU'. .lfCl~en Gblettd. (i. gibt n'"''
Ul8migenbcrtf ,aI. bft 'n btn matmafiftif.n S"rifWn gemA'"
tm "'anbn'fttungcn ber mancfJerlet k~tn'ffe unb tBmln.
bURge. , bur" ""I. ein fol"cf 9tefuUGt .ft bat ~enfen ~trl
\)orpa~t "erben foU. ~.i ift 8dnal~ überfc~n, '00;, \1)ie
bk UrfadJe in ber mirfung, bat Bittet im "oUfü~rten 3\l)ecfe
fhf1 .bt, - fo rJ)a'jen'gt, btffcn tRefultat ~a' ~enfen fe']n
foU, in bicfe. "ie(me~r aufge~oben fft, unb ba; ber @ftft alt
fol~ ai~t burcf) tin 'aberte ~mor8ebracf)t mirb, fonbern ~"
felber auf feinem Injicf)fet)n aum ßiirtlcf)fe']o, auf feine. eegriff'
aur ~feit bringt, unb l)a'jenige, »on wel.,. er gefe,t fet)n
foll, .. einem »on t~81 @efe,ten tna~t. . ~mnocf) mu; man in
_ DGtcdcdteaauf bat &eset~erun8'»oUe Sm&eo anerfennm,
ihr bell, a\llderlet lBeften alf gIeter, fUbftantieU unb \1)a~r Cln.
ac~ rJ)uCllifmll' ~il1au'augc~en, biefe ,3emi;ung beI ur-
* n,dngll4 Citneu aufau~ben.
nach dem Zusammenhang des Leibs und der Seele beseitigt, das Leibliche
hat keine Wahrheit für den Geist, sein Betragen aber ist dieß daß er einen
Idealismus voraussetzt und er ist nicht zu verstehen ohne daß man sich
dieses Idealismus be (72) mächtigt hat.
* KehleT Ms. SS. 18-19; vgl. GTiesheim Ms. SS. 27-28: Der Geist ist wesentlich
dies, vermittelst der Natur, vielmehr aber vermittelst des Aufhebens der
einseitigen Form, durch die die Idee als Natur ist, (Griesheim; Kehler: die
Natur als Idee) zu sich selbst zu kommen, zu sein. Dies sein Werden ist das
Hervorgehen des Geistes aus der Natur, hier erscheint es als Product, als
Resultat, oder dies Uebergehen ist seine Nothwendigkeit, es ist als ein
solches gesetzt, das nothwendig fortgeht bis zu dieser Gestalt. Bei diesem
Punkt stehen wir; aber dieser Standpunkt ist für sich einseitig überhaupt,
wenn er nur so ge- (19) nommen wird, ist er sogar ganz falsch, und es kann
sich der Mißverstand dabei anknüpfen, daß er als Product angesehen würde,
wie es oft geschehen ist, daß man das Materielle, Sinnliche, Natürliche als
das behauptet, was nur real, wahrhaft sei, und den Geist ansieht als eine
gewisse Combination von natürli·· en Verhältnissen, Arrangement von
natürlichen Theilen, Thätigkeiten, Kräften, so daß wenn, diese sich ver-
feinern bis auf einen gewissen Grad, so entstehe das Geistige. Die!; ist Vor-
stellung der Ansicht, die man Materialismus heißt, wenn man das Geistige
als bloßes Resultat von Combinationen, Art von Verfeinerung natürlicher
Volume Two: AnthTopology . 19
This speculative conception of the opposition of spirit and

matter is opposed by materialism, which represents thinking
as a result of material being, i.e. derives the simplicity of
thinking from that which is multiple. There is nothing less
satisfactory than the expositions of divers relationships and 5
combinations, encountered in materialistic writings, which
are supposed to produce such a result as thought. They com-
pletely overlook that thought sublates that of which it is
supposed to be the result,just as cause sublates itselfin effect,
and the means in the completed end, and that thought as 10
such is not brought forth through an other, but brings itself
forth from its implicitness into being-for-self, from its Notion
into actuality, and itselfposits that by which it is supposed to
be posited. One must acknowledge however, that materialism
makes a spirited attempt to supersede the dualism which 15
recognizes two worlds as being equally substantial and true,
to sublate this disseverance of what is originally one. *
any such relationship, any such enquiry into the connection between body
and soul. What is corporeal has no truth for spirit; its significance is however
that spirit presupposes an idealism, and that spirit is ununderstandable unless
this idealism (72) is mastered. -f
* KehleT Ms. pp. 18-19; cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 27-28: Spirit is essentially that
which has being through coming to itself by means of nature, or rather by
means of the sublation of the onesided form through which the Idea is as
nature. (Griesheim i'Vfs. p. 27 line 21. KehleT, "nature is as Idea".) This be-
coming is spirit's proceeding forth from nature, and, at this juncture it
appears as a product, a result, this transition being its necessity in that it is
posited as that which necessarily progresses into this shape. We stop at this
point; for itself it is a generally onesided standpoint however, and if it is
taken only (19) in this way it is moreover wholly false, and can give rise to
the mistake of regarding spirit as a product. It has often been asserted for
example, that it is only what is material, sensuous, natural, that is real and
true. Spirit has been regarded as a certain combination of natural relation-
ships, a certain arrangement of natural parts, activities, forces, it being
thought that what is spiritual arises on ce they have refined themselves to a
certain degree. This is what is called materialism, the presenting of what is
spiritual as being a mere resuIt of combinations, a kind of refinement of
§. 390.
~ie eeele äff Duerff
a. in i~ra unmittel&aren maturhjlimmt§eit, -
bie nur fe\] cnbe, n at t\ rl i cf} t eeetc;
b. tritt fie 4(' in bi\) i bu eI ( in b4tS ~erbMtnij DU bies
fem i~rem unmittelbaren et\]n unb fit in beffen sr,el
* ftimmt~eitcn a&,lract f t\r ff cf) - f tl b(e nb e eee(e;
c. ift baffcl&e 4(11 i~re 2ei&licf}ftit in fit dnse&ifbet, uu&
fit barl n a(tS mir rli cf) c ecc(e.
s.,... ~r in biejem ~GrllßrG~~en Gltgege&ene, bie nut
f.nbe, nGtidtcf)e Seele umfaffenbe er fl t $ ~ eU bet Int~ro\lo'
loP aetfiUt fdnetfeitf ~iebenun IR bte i ., fcf} 1\ i tt e. - 3n
bcm n~n .fcf)nitt ~Q&en ~ft ef aUIIAcf}fl mit ber ROcf} gana
altJclndnen, unmittelbaren Su&flana bef ~eiflef, mit bem eiafGe
. . ~(flnn, bem &(o~en Sid)-in, ncf)' regen bn See(e au t~un.
31\ biefem trfltn gtijtigcn ~ebtn ift llOd) fein Unttrfcf)icb gefrot,
55 ~btt "on 3nbi"ibua(itdt gegen tmst.rin~eit , nocr, "Oll Serie
Kräfte, natürlichen Thätigkeiten. Die Nothwendigkeit des Geistes, aus der

Natur hervorzugehen, ist nur eine Seite seines Verhältnisses zur Natur,
vielmehr ist das zweite Moment wesentlich zu betrachten. Das Sein des
Geistes ist seine Vermittlung, die ausgeht von dem natürlichen, aber das ist
die Hauptbestimmung, die aufzunehmen ist, daß dieses Uebergehen der
Natur zum Geist ihr Uebergehen ist zu ihrer Wahrheit, so daß, wenn die
Natur als das Erste erscheint, das Resultat vielmehr das wahrhafte und
ursprüngliche ist; dieses Resultat selbst ist die Wahrheit der Natur, die
Widerlegung jenes ersten Verhältnisses; die Vermittlung, wodurch der
Geist ist, ist eine solche, daß sie sich selbst aufhebt, wodurch sie sich nur als
ein Schein beweist, und die wahrhafte Stellung verwandelt sich in die
umgekehrte, daß der Geist das Ursprüngliche, wahrhafte ist, das Erste,
absolute Prius, und die Natur nur das Gesetzte .. Jene Unmittelbarkeit, daß
die Natur das Erste ist, ist nun eine falsche. Unmittelbarkeit, nur der Schein,
der Geist ist, den Schein selbst zu setzen, hervorzubringen, aber ihn auch
aufzuheben; der Uebergang ist ein Uebergang aus der Nothwendigkeit in
die Freiheit, die Freiheit ist, aus der Nothwendigkeit sich hervorzubringen,
aber nicht, daß das Nothwendige das Primitive bliebe, sondern das nur zum
Schein der Freiheit gegenüber stehe, mit dem sie nur spielt, nur aus diesem
Schein und vermittelst desselben für sich selbst zu sein.
* 1827: träumende und sich eingew öhnende Seele.
§ 39°
Initially, the soul is:

a. natural soul, i.e. immediate, a natural determinate-
ness which merely is;
b. feeling soul, entering as an individuality into
relationship with its immediate being,* within the 5
determinatenesses of which it is abstract1y f 0 r
itself;
c. actual soul, having this immediate being formed
within it as its corporeity.
Addition. This Paragraph outlines the first part of anthro- 10

pology, which comprises the mere being of the natural soul,
and falls in its turn into three sections. In the first section we
are concerned initially with what is still the entirely uni-
versal, immediate substance of spirit, with the simple pulsa-
tion, the mere inner stirring of the soul. In this primary 15
spiritual life there is still no positing of difference, no indi-
viduality as opposed to what is natural. This simple life has
natural forces, natural activities. The necessity of spirit's proceeding forth +

from nature is only one aspect of its relationship to it, and it is rather the
second moment that is to be considered essential. Spirit's being is its media-
tion, which sets out from what is natural. The main determination to be
grasped is however that this transition of nature into spirit is the transition of
nature into its truth. Consequently, although nature appears to be what is
primary, it is rather the result which is what is true and original. This result
is itself the truth of nature, the refutation of the first relationship. The media-
tion whereby spirit has being is such as to sublate itself, to prove itself only a
show. The true position therefore turns out to be the opposite one, that of
spirit's being what is original, true, the absolute prius, and of nature's only
being what is posited. This immediacy of nature's being primary is now a
false immediacy, simply show. Spirit itself is the positing, the bringing forth
of the show, but also the sublating of it. The transition is a transition from
necessity, not, however, so that the necessary being of what is primitive
remains, but so that it merely stands over against freedom as a show. Free-
dom merely plays with this show, and only in order that from out of and by
means ofit, it may be itself. +
* 1827: dreaming and self-accustoming soul.
gegen b'" 9lQtürli~e. ~f~ tinfacf1e ~tbfn ~at fefne li11'U,ation

an ber 9latur un~ am @ei~~; eö fdbjl Ill~ fol., i jl nur, ~at
nod) fein ~Qfel1ll, fein btitimmte~ 6e~n, feint eefonberung, feine
mirf{i~feit. !Bie aber in bcr 20gtf bae ee~n aum ~afe,>n über.
ge~en mu;, fo ge~t audJ 'Oie S~de not~\tItnbfg au~ i~rer Unbt,
ftimmt~eit Aur &flimlAt~it fort. 1)lefe 0cjlbauatl)cU f)4t, "fe
fd)on fnl~r bemedt I Auniid)fl bie WOflll bu ~atür(f~fdt. ~ie
~atuneftimmt~it Oet Stele i~ aber ale !totalität, ale DbUb
beI 0egrifff au foffea. ~a' Ci r jl e ffnb b~r ~icr bft 9afta
allgemeinen qualitaU»en ~tjHmmun8en ocr Eede. ~a~tn
ge~ören namentlidJ bie e~nfo ~~~nfdJen \\)ie geiftigen 9l Cl ce n,
»Cf fd) h btn ~ eit en 'cd IDlenf~tngef~le~t~, fo roie bie UnI
tuf~tebe ber 9lationalgdfler.
~'efe au;minanberlitgenbtn a{{semeineR 0efonberungen
ober mtrfd)ieben~eittn roerben bann - unb bie, bil'ott ben Ues
bergang aum aroeiten I&f~nUt - in bie <itRf1ttt bn Sfde
4UfÜcfgenommen, ober - roa& baifelbe tfl - aur marinaeluns
fortgefüf)rt. mir ba~ ~~t in rine unenblicfJe IDlenge "on Sta s
nen aerf~ringt, fo aerf~ringt au~ bie allgemeine 9laturfeele in
eine unmbIidJe IDlense \)on inbi»ibueaelt Seden; nur mit bem
Unterfd)ieb" ba" rod~renb ba~ ~id)t ben Sd)rin eintt, »on ben
Sternen unab~änsisen eefle~en~ ~at, 'Oie allgemeine 9laturfeele
bIo, in ben einaelnen <Seelen ~ur ®irflid)fdt fommt. :;)nbem nun
bie Im erflen ~bfdJnitt betrad}teten au;erdnClnberfaUen'Oen aage~
meinen Qualitäten, \"ie oben sejagt, in bie <iln~dt bn ein~dl
nen Seele be! IDlenfd)en aurudgeltommen roerben, befommtn fie,
fl\ltt ber \Jom ber Itu;alid)feit, bie @ejlClIt notürlicfJer me r 4n •
buungen ~ in i~nen &t~amnben in~i'oioueUm Subj«t8.
~iefe e&enfaU' augleid) gdftigen unb ~~~~f~en ~4nbmutgen
treten iII &Iouf 'On ~ eben e 0 ( tc r ~e~or. .oier f>ört ba Ua-
terf.b GUf, da lill~crlfd}n au fe~n. Bur 't' ir fIt~ en e c,
f Oß buu R8, 6U" TC elle Il <Bes en fa, e be~ ~n~\)I'Ouumt
56 gegen ~~ felber roirb ber Unterfcf1ieb aber im @ efdJ I ed} t t ,
\'er~Altnt;. mon l)ter ClU& tritt bie Sede übe~a1t~t in ben
~enfo. gegm t~re nawrlidJtn Qualitäten, segen i~r aUge"
mctnd S~ß, ~dd)e~ eben baburd) AU bem "nberen 'Ocr Seele,
its explication in nature and spirit. As such and in itself it

merely is, having as yet no determinate, determined or
particular being, no actuality. In logic, being must pass over
into determinate being however. Similarly, the soul ne ces-
sarily progresses out ofits indeterminateness into determinate- 5
ness. As has already been noticed above, the initial form of +
this determinateness is that of naturality. The natural
determinateness of the soul is to be grasped as a totality
however, as being a likeness of the Notion. At this juncture
it is therefore the wholly universal qualitative determinations 10
of the soul which constitute what is primary. Since they are as
physical as they are spiritual, this is the place for the racial
varieties of mankind and the spiritual differences between
nations.
The transition to the second section consists of these 15
sundered universal particularizations or varieties being taken
back into the unity of the soul, or, and it is the same thing,
being led on into singularization. Just as light disperses into
an infinite multitude of stars, so the universal soul of nature
disperses into an infinite multitude of individual souls, the 20
only difference being that whereas light appears to have a
subsistence independent of the stars, it is only in individual
souls that the universal soul of nature attains actuality. The +
universa1 qualities considered in section one fall apart, but
as has been noticed above, in that they are taken back into 25
the unity of the individual human soul, they relinquish the
form of externality and are shaped by the natural changes of
the individual subject which persists within them. These
changes, which are at the same time both physical and spiri-
tual, occur in the course of the various stages oJ Lift. Here 30
difference ceases to be external. I t is however in the sex-
relationship that difference be comes actuaL and particuLar,
expressing the real nature of the individual's opposition to itself.
From this juncture onwards the soul enters into general
opposition to its natural qualities, its universal being. It is 35
precisely on this account that the latter is reduced to the
8U dner Mojaa edte, au dnem "oriberge~nben 3u~anbt, nAm-

Her, 1- 3uftanbe bet SdJlaft ~nter9efett ""rb.
eso ent-
fldJt bot • a t Ir li ct, e <i r \\Hl dJ en, bat e5idJaufße~en oer Seele.
-6ier in oer Int~ro~oloeie lJGben ",ir aber nod) nid)t oie baD
~ ~\Wjtf~n au $l}eil "'erbenbc <irfüßung, fonoerlt bd
!BadJfet)n nur infofern au betradJten, eilt baffelbe rin nGt6tli,
cfJtr 3u~ano ijt.
r
lu' blefaat mer~Altni; bet ~ e9en a, et ober ber re d,
In lhfonberung fe~rt Dun im britten IbfdJnitt bfe Seele
aur ii~it mit fidJ baburCO audief, baJ fle t~re.. Inbeten aDIt
bie 8efdgfdt rinet 3ujtanbe. nimmt, unb "treibe in t~rer ~
lttit nfStt. So 1ft bie Seete \Ion ber b(o~ allgemeinen ab
ur anfiltfe"enben C!inaell1~eit aur fihfid)fe"enben
b)trfltcf}en Winaeln~eit, unb eben bamit aur Cim~finbnn8
fortgcfcfJtitten. 3unäd)jt ~aben "'ir ef ba&ei n~ mit ber Wot IR
bet Claq!finben. au tl)un. 6 a ~ bie Seele ~finbet, ift ertl
im I '" eUn ~i( ber 9lntl)rovo(ogie au beftimmen. ~en Ue;
bUßanS au biefern X~ei(e matf1t bie .u'beqnung ber . .fini
ung in ~ felber Aur a~nenben Seele•
••
" ,e _ t\ • 11 r I i ~ e e ee( f.
§. 391.
~ie allgemeine eule muD nicf)t cd' mJeltruh
tldcf1fam ah~ etu E5ubject fi~irt merben, benn fie iff nur bit
allgemeine E5 u b ff an &, meld)e i~re mirflid)e lBabrbett nur
* al_ '! i n&e( n ~ ei t, E5u&jecti\litAt, bat. E50 beigt fie fiel)
et_ einadne Aber unmittelbAr nur Cd6 re" en be E5eelc, mell
4e mAturbelUmmt~citen an i~r bAt. ~iefe ~I\ben, fo iU
57 flgen, bin te r ibrer ~beAlitAt fr eie '!Jiffeni, b. i. fie finb
f4r bas 0emujtfel}n m"turgegenjtAnbe, iU benen aber bit
eec(e als fold}e fid) nid}t Als &U Aujerlid)en "er~Alt. eie
* 1827: Als sich besondernd tritt sie, vorher nur innere Idee, in das Daseyn.
In diesen Bestimmungen zeigt sie sich als seyende ...
contrary of the soul, to a mere aspect to a transitory condition

i.e. that of sleep. This gives rise to natural awakening, to the
opening out of the soul. Here in anthropology however, it is
not yet that which fiUs waking consciousness which has to be
considered, but only being awake, in so far as this is a natural 5
condition.
In the third section the soul now returns out of this rela-
tionship of opposition or of particulari<:ing of a real nature, into
unity with itself. It does this in that in also taking from its
other the fixity of a condition, it dissolves it into its own 10
ideality. It is thus that the soul has progressed from simply
universal and merely implicit singularity into the being-for-self
of actual singularity, and by precisely this, to sensation. In this
connection we have to deal initially only with the form of
sensing. What the soul senses is to be first determined in the 15
second part of anthropology. It is the internal extension of
sensation into the divining soul which constitutes the transition
to this part.
a.
The natural soul
The universal soul, as world soul, must not as it

were be fixed as a subject, since i t simply constitutes 20
that universal substance which has its actual truth
only as singularity, subjectivity.* As such it displays
itself as being singular, but in its immediacy it is the
me re being of soul, involving natural determinate-
nesses. These have, so to speak, free existence prior 25
to its ideality i.e. they are natural general objects for
consciousness, although the soul as such does not treat
* 1827: Formerly only internat Idea, it enters into determinate being in that it is
self-particutari<:ing. In these determinations it displays itself as being ...
tat 4n ibr fel&jl biere 0ejtimmungeR AllS nA t .\rl

,iehne~r
Uet. Q.uAlitAtcn.
Bai-'. DAn fann, gegeniikr bem 9llafrofo~mu~ t'Ct ge,

rammten !fatur , bie Sede al~ ben 9Jlifrofo~mu~ beoeid)ncn, in
welcfJen jena ~cfJ aUfammenbtängt unb babutel) ftfn lu~minal1'
btrfet)n au~&t. ~iefd&cn t\eftimmungen, 'oie in bet au~mll
9latuf al~ ftti entlaffene Sp~ären, ale eine mci~e fdb~ftanbiß(r
QJeftaltell trf.inen~ ~n'o bal)er in ber Seele au bloßen tLla(j.
tAten ~era~ef~t. ~iefe fte~t in ber gltte awifel)en bet ~illtfr
I~r liegmben !latur efnetfeit~, un'o 'oer au~ bem Waturgei~ jid,
l)eraue4fkiten'oen mdt 'oer ~licfJen Meft anbererfeire. mle
'oie einfa. . eetttmmungen 'oe~ SedenlebtnG in t'em aageme:nelt
9latutle&m ~r auJerdnan'oer geriffrne~ Qlegcnbll'o ~aben, fo ent'
faltet tidJ 1)a~ienige, t»1l~ im dnadnen DenfdJen 'oie ~Otm eine~
Su&i«tl~en, dnte &efonbmn Xdebd ~cu, unb bet»uptloG, 01.
ein Set)n, in U,m ift, im StAate au dnem S.fteme unterfdJie<
'oener e~n ber \Jtei~eft, - au dnn, \Ion ber ftlbftbet»ujtcn
* mrnfcfJlidJen mernunft gefcfJaffenen &elt.
•) 11 Cl t , r t i cf) t Q. u Cl ( i tat e tt.
§. 392.
!)er ~eitt lebt 1) tn feiner eub(tAn51 ber ttAtt1rlicf)en
eede, b4f aOgemeine planetarifcf}e feben mit, ben Unter,
fd)teb ber .Ilim4te, ben m3ed)fe( ber .3a~ref&citen, ber t41
sefieiten, u. bSI. - ein m4tutlc&cn, b4f in i~m ,um t~cil
.ar iU trll&cn 0timmunscn fommt.
* Criesheim Ms. S. 77; vgl. KehleT Ms. S. 58: Es ist eine alte Vorstellung daß
der'Mensch der Mikrokosmos sei gegen die unentwickelte Welt als Makrokos-
mos, so daß dieselben Bestimmungen die in der Natur als Gestaltungen
entwickelt sind, als Momente, als einfach qualitative Bestimmtheiten sich an
ihm finden; gleichsam wie wir in einem Spiegel eine Landschaft sehen, so
sind die Bestimmungen des Weltlebens auch im Geist, aber als einfache
Bestimmtheiten. Aber sofern sie unmittelbar natürliche Bestimmtheiten sind,
gehören sie zum Bewußtlosen des Geistes, die er noch nicht empfindet, wir
sind dieß ohne ein Bewußtsein davon zu haben wozu uns erst die Reflexion
führt.
them as being externaI. They are, rather, determina-

tions which pertain to it as natural qualities. +
Addition. As opposed to the macrocosm of the entirety of

nature, the soul may be regarded as the microcosm in which
nature concentrates itself and so sublates its juxtaposition. 5
In the soul, those determinations appearing in external
nature as spheres freely let forth, as aseries of independent
shapes, are therefore reduced to mere qualities. The soul +
holds the middle between nature, which lies behind it on the
one hand, and the world of ethical freedom wh ich extricates 10
itself from natural spirit on the other. As the simple deter-
minations of the life of the soul have their disrupted counter-
part in the universal life of nature, so that which in the
individual human being has the form of being subjective, of
being a particular impulse, and which as a being is in hirn 15
unconsciously, unfolds itself in the state into a system of
various spheres of freedom, into a world created by self-
conscious human reason. *
a) Natural qualities
I) In its substance, which is the natural soul, spirit

lives with the universal planetary life, difference of 20
climates, the change of the seasons, the various tirnes
of day etc. This natural life is only partly realized
within it, as vague moods.
* Criesheim Ms. p. 77; cf. KehLer Ms. p. 58: There is an ancient presentation
of man's being the microcosm opposed to the undeveloped world, the
macrocosm, ofthe same determinations as are developed in nature as forma-
tions or moments occurring in hirn as simple qualitative determinatenesses;
just as we see alandscape in a mirror, so the determinations of the life of the
world, though as simple determinatenesses, have a further being in spirit.
In so far as they are immediate natural determinations however, they pertain
to the unconsciousness of spirit, spirit as yet having no sensation of them.
Although we are what they are, we are not conscious ofit, it being reflection
which first makes us so.
" ifl in neUfrn Seiten "iel bom f Of m i f cf} Cft,

rn er i f ef) en, te II ur i f ef) en ~e&en bes IDlenfef)ell bie
!Rebe gmorben. ~"s t~itr le&t ",efentlief) in biefer
e,m"At~ie; beffen f"ecififef)fr ~barQftcr fo ",ie fein,
kfcnbe~n tnmicflungen ~Angen &ei llielen ganl, immer
..e~r ober ",eniger, bamit iuf"mmen. 0eim mlenfd)en
58 _""en btr.lef4cn Sur4nunen~Aß.e um fo me~r an ~"
beutung, je gtbilbtttr er tUlb je "lebr bQmtt fdn gdn~er
Stlllalib auf freie gtillige (Mrunblagc gelleUt ift. ~ie
51!3tftgeid)icf)te bangt nid)t mit 9te\'oluliontt\ hn e'onnel1l
fl)lleme &ufammen, fo "'tnig dis Me ~ef)tctiale ber <rin,
&dnen mit bell euUungtn bon 'P((meten. - ll)er Uni
terfd,ieb ber -'tHmate ent()alt elne feilere unb gewaltigere
58eftimmtbeit. :Xber ben ~Ilbres~titen, tagc6&eiten, entl
fpred)en nur fd)wad)tre etimmungen, bie in .itranfbeitsl
eUllallbell, "'05" "ud) 5llerrtlcftbeit geb6l't, in ber ~tprefl
fion be6 fclbtlbewuütcn eebens, fid) \'ornebmHd) nur ~erl
\'ol'tbun f6nnen. - Unter bem :Xberg(Qubcn bel' SU6\fer
unb ben ~el'irrungen bes id)",ad)en ~el'llanbes fjnben
fid) bei Sl36Iferll, bit ",eniger in bel' geifiigen Wrtil)tit
fortgefd)ritten unb bnl'ul1l nod) mebr in bel' <flnigfeit
mit ber matur leben, "uef) ti 1\ i 9 e ",irflid)e Sufammen,
bange unb bal'aur fief) grtlnbenbe wunberbnr fd)einenbe
+ S!3orau6fd)ungtn \lon Sullanben unb ben bnran tief)
fmlpfenben <freigniffen. ~(ber mit bel' tieftr fid) erfaffenl
bell Wreil)ett bee @eil1elS ~erid)",iuben aud) bieie ",entgeu
unb geringen ~ifpo~tionell, bie fid) Auf (las ~~itle~en
mit ber matur grtluben. ~tllS ~~ier \\)ie Ne 'Pflauac
* 6leibt bagegen bar unter gebunben.
* Notizen /820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider 154a): Der

Geist wirft ewig alle Bedingungen ab. Sonnenleben, Erdenleben terres-
trisches Leben - heilig und Höher, Divination; Schlachten der Opfer.
Epidemien, Krankheiten - Hippokrates anders geheilt als wir. Letzte
Willensdetermination.
p.avnxYJ, Plato a furore; Cicero De Divinatione I.
d) Sympathisches Mitleben mit der Natur. Dem Natürlichen das als absolutes
Wesen. Nicht ein subjectives Wissen, Anschauen in sich; sondern in einem
In recent times a good deal has been said of the

cosmic, sidereal and telluric life of man. +
Animal life is essentially attuned to these factors,
the specific character of the animal as weIl as its
particular developments being to a great extent 5
entirely, and always more or less involved with
them. In the ca se of man, the significance of this +
involvement lessens as his degree of civilization
increases and his whole condition is therefore given
more of a freely spiritual basis. World history is as 10
little involved with revolutions in the solar system
as are the fates of individuals with the positions of
planets. - Difference of climates exercises a more
determinate and vigorous influence. The seasons
and the times of day only evoke weaker moods 15
however, which generally come into evidence
through diseased conditions, including derange-
ment, in which there is adepression of self-con-
scious life. - Among the popular superstitions and
aberrations of the enfeebled understanding rife 20
among peoples more closely attuned to nature in
that they are less advanced in spiritual freedom,
there are certain instances of actual connections
and of apparently miraculous predictions of the
resulting situations and related events. But even 25
these rare and trifling dispositions, based as they
are upon participation in the life of nature, dis-
appear as the freedom of spirit reaches a pro-
founder comprehension of itself. The animal how-
ever, like the plant, remains subject to these in- 30
volvements. *
* Notes 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 154a): Spirit is

perpetually casting off all conditions. Life of the Sun, the Earth, terrestrial
life - holy and higher, divination; sacrificial killings. Epidemics, diseases-
Hippocrates did not heal as we do. Final determination of the will. +
/LaVTtX'rJ, Plato a furore; Cicero De Divinatione I. +
d) Living in sympathy with nature. To what is natural as absolute essence.
Saf.'. .& bem \)orl)crge~nben $QrQgrQ~~tn unb QII~

bcm 3ufa~ au bemfd6en et~Ut, ba; ba& allgtmtine ~aturlebell
0114 bat ~6en ber Seele i~, ba; biere f~nq,ot~tifcfj jene~ aU-
gaadac Mtn mitlc&t. intnn IRQn nun a6er 'oie; IDHtleben ber
Seele mit btm ganat" UniM'fum aum ~ö"~tn ~gen~anbe ber
Siffmf",* \)om @ei~ mo.n ",'U, fo i~ 'oie, ein »oUfommner
3rrt~UI1I. ~enn 'oie ~ätigftit be~ @dft~ &e~e~t getobe k»e'
fentliet, bcarin, tief) ü&er boG ~efQngenfet>n in bem bloßen 9laturs
Wett au eqcMl, ~ in feiner Selbftfldnbfsfdt au e1foffm, 'oie
.It fdRcnl ~n au untemerfm, biefdbe ouG btm ~srlffe
au erf~n. 3m @riffe i~ ba~er b~ oUstmeine Watur{eben
nur dn sona unter8torbnete~ !noment, 'oie f~mtrcfJen unb teUu'
59 rifd}en 9d~e ",erben ~on i~m be~mfa,t, ~e t~nnm in Ülm
tM' eine unbebeutenbe Stimmullg l)tl'l'''l'brinsen.
l)d allgemeine 9laturlebtll ift nun erftfn0 ~a0 \lebtn be0
Sonnenf,,~em~ übel'~auvt, un'o a\l)titcne ~a0 ~eben 'ter <!rbe inI
",da,em jene~ ~eben eine int-h,ibueUm ~orm er~dlt.

~a0 'oie ~ea(e~ung 'oft' Seele aum SOnnrnfl)jtcm betrifft,
fo fann bemerft \l)erben bop bit ~~ro(ooie tie Sd)idjlil( Nj
I
IDlenfd}tngef~ed,l~ lInb bel' <!inaelnen mit ben ~i9UfQtiolttn 1111'0

SteUungen bel' ~{"neten in mel'binbung je,t j O\'ie nllln benn in
neumr ßeit bie ~dt ilber~"u\)t nf~ eilten (Spiegel De~ @eiftt~
in oem Sinne bdrad}tet ~\lt, '1>", man Ol\~ oer ~dt bm @eift
äusseren Daseyn. Astrologie und Divination, Wahrsagen, Voraussagen des

Zukünftigen.
Erkennbarkeit des subjectiven Zustandes.
Ritters Siderismus.
Astralgesiter.
a) Pantheismus und Naturdienst bewußtwerden. - Der Dienst als Denken,
und Andacht inneres ein identisch Gedachtes. b) Im Pantheismus ein
Anderes eigentlich, - Leben überhaupt, aber Divination bestimmte Bezie-
hung auf menschliche Begenbenheiten. Die eigene Natürlichkeit; (in Volks
und sittlichen Göttern), aber im Naturdaseyn. Pantheismus Form des
Göttlichen das Natürliche als positive Form; nicht als negative geistige.
Durch den Dienst eben damit vergeistigt. Alles rauscht von Leben; aber
warum können wir nicht die Natur anbeten, was endliche Subjectivität,
Geistigkeit.
Zur Philosophie der Religion (I)
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 3 I
Addition. It is apparent from § 391 and its Addition, that

the universallife of nature also constitutes the life of the soul,
which participates sympathetically in this unversallife. It is
however a complete mistake to attempt to treat the soul's
participation in the life ofthe whole universe as the supreme 5
object of the science of spirit. Spirit is essentially active
precisely in that it raises itself above involvement in the
mere life of nature, and in so doing grasps itself in its self-
dependence, submitting the world to its thought by creating
it out of the Nation. In spirit therefore, the universallife of 10
nature is only a quite subordinate moment. Spirit dominates
the cosmic and telluric powers, which are able to elicit from
it only an insignificant mood.
Initially therefore, the universallife of nature is the life of
the solar system in general; secondly, it is the life of the 15
Earth, within which it maintains a more individual form.
It may be noted, with regard to the relation of the soul to
the solar system, that astrology connects the destinies of
humanity and of individuals with the configurations and
positions of the planets. This is similar to the modern 20
attempt to explain spirit by me ans of the world by regarding
Not a subjective knowledge, intuiting in itself, but in an external determinate

being. Astrology and divination,fortune-telling,foretelling the future.
Cogni<;ability of the subjective condition.
Ritter's Siderism. +
Astral spirits.
a) Becoming conscious, pantheism and serving nature. - The serving as
thought, and inner devotion, identity of what is thought. b) In pantheism
actually an other, -lift in general, although divination a specific relation
to human events. Own naturality; (in people's and ethical gods), although
in the determinate being ofnature. Pantheism a form ofwhat is divine, what
is natural as positive form; not as negatively spiritual. Spiritualized precisely
by means of serving. The murmuring of life in all; but why can we not wor-
ship nature, what finite subjectivity, spirituality. +
On the Philosophy of Religion (I) +
nflären fönne).* mer ~nf)alt ber ~~rologie i~ al~ \lberglaube au

\)erkUerfen; ee liegt ie'ood) 'oer lJBiffenjd)aft ob, ben beftimmten @runb
biefet menoerfung an~ugebelt. l>iefer @run'o anu, nid1t ~lo~
banin gefett kUerben, ila~ 'oie ~'Qneten »on une fern un'o .ttÖI';
~er fet>en, fonbern beflimmtet barein , ba, ba~ \>Ianetarif~e ~e'
ben nej 6onnenft>fteme nur ein ~ebtll ber f8 e IU egun g, - mit
anbeten 1JB0tten - ein ~eben tft, in Iueld)em ~aum lInb 3tit
ba~ ~eßimmen'oe au~mQd)en; (bmn !Raum un'o 3dt iin'o bie
rolomente bet ~ekUegung). mie @efe,e ber ~e\\legllng 'ocr !Ula.
nden iinb aUtin burd) ben ~cgriff bee !R(mme~ unb 'oer 3fit
beßimmt; in ben ~laneten f)at baf)er 'oie abit'lut freie ~e\\)egun9
if)re m3iTftid)feit. ~bct fd)on in '['em pl)\,~falifd) :'snbiui'oueUen
ift jene abfttade ~e\~eg\lng eh»ae t>lIrd)au~ Untergeor'ondee j ba~
~nbi\)ibueUe überf)aupt mad)t iid) felber feinen !Raum un'o feine
.deit; feine merän'oerung tft 'ourd) feine (onmle 9lalllr beftianmt.
!l)et animalifd)e Jtöt~er gelangt au nod) gtö;mt 6dbft~änbi9fdt
al& bQ~ bloB "f)~iifallfd) ~nbi'Oi'oueUe; er ~at einen 'Oon 'oer ~e$
k\)tgung 'oer ~Ianeten gana unQ~n9tgen merlauf feintt {fnl,
kUidlung, ein nid)t 'Oon if)nen bej}immte& 9Jlaap 'ocr ~ebenebauer;
feine @efunbf)eit, roie ber @ung feiner .tranft,eit, f)ängl lti~t
~n ben ~Ianeten ab; 'oie perio'oifd)en 5ieber, a. ~., f)aben i~r
eigene~ ~ftimanlee IDlaa~; ~i 'oenfelbm ift nid)1 'oie 3tH ill~ 3eit,
60 fambmt 'on animalifd}e .or9ant~mu~ 'oa~ ~trtimmenbf. m~rren'o~
für bfa @eift aber f)a6en bie abfh'acten ~eftimmungen 'Oon fflaum
ullb .;Jett, - ~Qt 'oer freie IDled)antemuEl feine ~ebe1ltung tlnt>
frine ga~t; 'Die ~eftimnllmgen '(let! fdb~beroll~ten .@eifte~ ~n'o
unen'olt~ gebiegener, (onmter aI~ 'oie a6~racten ~e~immungen
'oee ~~ben. unb bt~ ~ad)einQnber. ~et @ei~, Ql~ \lerföf\'ert,
fft akUaf an einem beftimmten .ort unb in einer beftimmten 3eit;
btnnodJ aber übet staum unb 3cit cl1)Qben. IUer'tlingß i~ ba~
~tben \)ee gcttfdJen be'oingt 'our~ dn beflimmte~ rolQQ~ bel' &nt-
* Notizen 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' ·~d. 7, 1972: Schneider 154 a):

Astrologie - ihre Stellung ein Abbild - Zeiten der Astrologie von den
alten Chaldäern.
Etwas allgemeineres auf Einzelne gezogen - in neuern Zeit Macht des
Zufalls.
Volume T wo: Anthropology 33
the world in general as the mirror of spirit. * The content of +

astrology is to be rejected as superstition. It is however
incumbent upon science to indicate the precise reason for this
rejection; the basis of it is not merely that the planets are
bodies and distant from uso It is, more precisely, that the 5
planetary life of the solar system is simply a life of motion, -
in other words, a life in which the determining factor consists
of space and time, the moments of motion. The laws of
planetary motion are determined solely through the Notion
of space and time, and it is therefore in the planets that 10
absolutely free motion has its actuality. This abstract motion
is however already fairly completely subordinate in physically
individual being. Individual being in general constitutes its
own space and time, since it changes in accordance with its
concrete nature. The animal body attains even greater in- 15 +
dependence than being which is merely physically individual;
a course of its development is completely independent of
planetary motion, since the planets do not determine the
length of its life. What is more, its health, like the course of
its illness, is not dependent upon the planets; periodic fevers 20
have their own specific duration for example. In these cases +
it is not time as time but the animal organism which consti-
tutes the determining factor. For spirit moreover, there is no
significance or power in the abstract determinations of space
and time constituting the free mechanism, since the deter- 25
minations of self-conscious spirit are infinitely more compact
and concrete than the abstract determinations of collaterality
and succession. Spirit, in that it is embodied, is certainly in a
determinate place and a determinate time; but it is never-
theless raised above space and time. The life of man is of 30
course determined by the specific extent of the distance
* Notes 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider I 54a): Astrology

- its position that of a shadowing forth - periods of Astrology [rom the
ancient Chaldeans.
Something more universal brought to bear upon the singular - in more
recent times the power of chance. +
fmtuns bn <irbt 'Don M Sonne; in grö,mr &ntferuung 'Don

~erSonne rannte n denf. ~enfg leben, ~ie in geringerer; wei~
tn jebo'" tei"'t 'oer ffn~u, ber Stellung ber (fr'De auf ben
9mf'" ni"'t.
* 11Ier, bie rigentlfd) terreftrif"'en Q!erJ,äftniffe, - bie in rittern
~e fi'" 'Dotlm'oenbe ~ewe9un9 ber ~r'De um 'Die Sonne, -
bit t4gltcf1c "ewegung 'oer lfr'oe um .ffdJ felbft, - 'Die ~ldgung
bn <it'oare auf bie ~a~n 'Der ~\\\egung UIII 'Die Sonne, - aUe
~iefe AUf 3nbi\)fbuafitdt ber tlrbe ge~örenben ~eftimmungen finb
81l)Qf nid1t o~ne Qin1I~ auf bm IDlenfdJen, für ben @rifi al8
fofer,en abn uR~beutmb. SdJon 'oie .tfrd)e ~at ba~er 'Dm @lau.
Mt an eine, 'Don jenen terrefirifd)en unb 'Don 'oen fo8mifd)en mer.
_attniffen ü&er ben menfd)lidJen @eift auegmbte IDlQd)t mit 9led)t
ale a&ergldubffd) unb unfittlid) t\e~orfen. ~er IDlenfd) foU fid)
cde frei 'Don bcn ~Qtuf\)er~altniffen anfel)en; in jenem !l&erglau~
kn beml",tet er tief) Qbn al8 ~Qtumefm. IDlQn mu, bemnad)
cmd) bd ltnterne~men ~erjmfgen für nid)tlg erftdren, ~d)e 'oie
cr.o.n in ben (f'Do(utionen ber &rbe mit ben ~od)en ber menfd)~
lidJtn @efd)id)te in 3ufQnune1dJQng au bringm, - ben Urf.,rung
bn 9leligionen unb i~m ~i(ber im afhonomif"'en unb bann aud)
iaa l'~"fifalifd)en @ebid ~u entbecfm fid) &ernü~t ~a&en, un'o ba~
ki auf ben grunb. tlnb bobmtofen (finfaU gerat~en finb, &u mei~
11m: fo "oie bQ8 lequinoctillm (!u~ bem Stiere in ben !Bibber
1)OfgefÜdt fe", t,a&e Quf ben !l.,i~'t'ienft 'OQ8 ru,riftent~lII", al~
61 t 'Oie Q3m~rung beo ~ammeG, folgen müffen. - 2B1l~ Ilbtr ~n
* Notizen 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' Bd. 7, r972: Schneider r54a): Period-
isches Leben in Menschen - Maaß der Zeiten. Maaß des menschlichen
Lebens Zusammenhang mit dem Leben der Erde. Pflanzen, Bäume.
Periode der Weiber, der Krankheiten.
Maaß verkümmert durch die Macht des subjectiven - nur frey am
Himmel.
t Kehler Ms. SS. 60-6r; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. 80-8r: Von einer Menge
anderer Feste wissen wir, daß sie heidnisch waren, auf Veränderungen der
Natur sich bezogen, aufgenommen, mit veränderter Bedeutung .... Dupuis
hat nach dieser Seite die verschiedenen Religionen untersucht, die Feste,
Gottheiten, Gebräuche, mit Naturepochen zusammengestellt; die Verrück-
ung der Nachtgleichen; daß die Sonne im Frühlingsanfang, früher im
Stier ausging, um weiter im Widder, nur diesen Uebertritt hat. (6r) Daraus
hat (Dupuis) witziger Weise erklären wollen, daß die Grundlage sei von dem
between the Earth and the Sun, for he would be as unable

to live at a greater distance from the Sun as he would be at a
lesser. This, however, constitutes the sum-total of his being
influenced by the position ofthe Earth. +
*Terrestrial relationships properly so called - the an- 5
nually accomplished motion of the Earth about the Sun,
the Earth's diurnal motion about itself, the inclination ofthe
terrestrial axis to the path of the motion about the Sun, - all
these determinations, belonging as they do to the indi-
viduality of the Earth, are certainly also not without in- 10
fluence on man. They are however of no significance to
spirit as such. The Church has therefore certainly been
justified in rejecting as superstitious and unethical the belief
in apower exercised over the human spirit by these terrestrial
and cosmic relationships. Man should regard hirnself as free 15 +
of these relationships with nature; on account of his super-
stitition however, he sees hirns elf as essentially belonging to
it. Consequently, no validity must be accorded to the views
of those who attempt to establish a connection between the
evolutions of the Earth and the epochs of human history, 20
who have searched the field of astronomy and then even
physical being in the attempt to trace the origin of religions
and religious imagery, and who, on account of this, have
come to entertain the unfounded and baseless view that since
the equinoctium has proceeded from Taurus into Aries, 25
Apis worship has had its necessary sequence in the Christian
adoration of the Lamb. t - At this juncture mention can be +
* Ndtes [820-[822 ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider I 54a) : Periodic

life in people - measure of times. Measure of human life's connection with
the life ofthe Earth. Plants, trees.
Women's periods, those ofdiseases.
Measure curtailed by the power of what is subjective - free only in the
heavens.
t Kehler Ms. pp. 60-61; cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 80-81: We know that a number
of other festivals which were heathen and related to natural changes, were
taken up and given another significance. Dupuis has investigated the various +
religions in the light of this, and related festivals, deities, customs to natural
epochs. At the beginning of spring the sun formerly rose in Taurus, but
through the precession of the equinoxes it has subsequently shifted into
rising in Aries. (61) Curiously enough (Dupuis) has attempted to expound
\lon ben tmejlrifd1en mer~dltniffell auf ben Ilmf.n tl'irflid)

au~geübten (iinpufj anbehmgt, fo fann biefer ~iCt' nur n4~ fril
llelt .ßllu~tmomenten aUf S~rad)e fommen, ba bl1~ ~efon\lere
bauon in bie 9laturgefd)id)te 'oe" IDlenfd1en ullb 'ocr <ir'oe 9d,~rt.
~er ~roce~ ber ~e\l)t~ung tCf ~rbe er~ält in ben ~a~re" ~ unb
Xageeaeiten eine ~~~~fQlifd)e ~ebelltung. ~iefe med)fel berü~.
Tell QUerbing~ ben IDlenfd}en; ber blofje 9laturgeift, bie Seele,
burd1lebt bie Stimmung ber ~Q~rt~. fo \l)i( ter XQgeß~titen mit.
ma~renb aber 'oie $pan~en gall3 an ben ®ecf1fel 'on ~Q~re$aeitell
gebunben fin'o, unb felbft 'oie X~im l'urd) benfcl&en be\l)ujtloa
N~errfd1t, burd) i~n aur ~esattung, einige aur ~Qnberung in.
ftinftmäfjig getrieben \uerben; bringt jener med)fd hl tier Seele
b~ !Renfcf1en feine (imgungen I}c~or, benen Cf \l)iUtnlo~ un.
* terworftn \l)are. Xlie !)i~~o~li~n be~ ~inttr~ tft bie Xli~llofi'
Kultus, den die Aegypter dem Apis erwiesen haben. Später sei sie in den
Widder getreten, damit hänge zusammen, daß eine andere Religion gekom-
men sei, die des Lammes ... Solche Zusammenstellungen mehrere, aber die
Mächte des Sonnensystems sind Abstraktionen des Raumes und der Zeit,
die Mächte des Sonnensystems sind Schattenrnächte, keine Mächte für den
Geist; der organische Körper macht seine Zeit sich wesentlich sich selbst, Ort
sich selbst; der animalische Körper hat seinen Verlauf der Entwicklung,
verschiedene Lebensdauer, aber dies ist sein eigenes Maaß, nicht ein Gegen-
bild von jener Bewegung des Systems des Himmels.
* KehleT Ms. S. 80; vgl. CTiesheim Ms. SS. 110-1 I I: Diese Veränderungen
sind also die Stimmungen, die zum Theil hervorgebracht werden durch
Jahreszeiten, Tageszeiten, es sind unmittelbare Sympathien, bewußtlose
Sympathien des endlichen Seins mit solchem Naturleben. Thiere und Pflan-
zen sind mehr daran gebunden als der Mensch; die Fische steigen die
Flüsse hinauf, um zu leichen, die Thiere haben so Brunftzeiten, die Vögel
ziehen, es gehört hierzu beinahe Alles, was man den Instinct der Thiere
nennt, ein höchst unbestimmter Ausdruck. Man findet zu gewissen Zeiten in
der Leber aller Haasen Eingeweidewürmer, die zu anderen Zeiten nicht
vorhanden sind. In der menschlichen Seele als Naturseele ist auch eine solche
Sympathie vorhanden, die Stimmungen in den verschiedenen Jahreszeiten
sind im Ganzen verschieden, doch sind die gebildeten Menschen weniger an
dergleichen Bestimmungen gebunden, als die im Naturleben befangenen
Völker. Der alte, sehr geistreiche Prinz de Ligne, welcher große Güter in den
Niederlanden besaß, wurde zur Theilnahme an einer Rebellion aufge-
fordert, und erwiderte: "Im Winter rebellire ich nicht." Im Sommer ist
mehr das Herausströmen des Menschen, er ist geneigt zu Reisen und Wan-
derungen, reiche Leute reisen in die Bäder, das Volk wallfahrtet, und
made only of the main moments of the actual influence

exercised by terrestrial relationships upon man, for that
which is particular in this influence belongs to the natural
history of man and the Earth. The process of the Earth's
motion assumes a physical significance in the seasons and the 5
times of day. These changes certainly affect man, since the
merely natural spirit, the soul, lives through the mood ofboth
the seasons and the times of day. Plants are completely
bound to the change of the seasons, and even animals are
unconsciously domina ted by it in that it incites their mating 10
instinct and in some cases their migration. The human soul is
however never involuntarily subject to the stimulations
brought about by these changes. * The disposition of winter
this as the basis of the cult dedicated by the Egyptians to Apis. The subse-
quent shift into Aries he connects with the advent of another religion, that of
the Lamb. Various connections of this kind have been indicated. The forces
of the solar system are the abstractions of space and time however, they are
shadow-forces and not forces of the spirit. In essence, the organic body
creates its time for itself, as it does its place. The animal body has its course
of development, various spans of life, but this is a measure of its own, not a
counterpart ofthe motion ofthe celestial system.
* KehleT Ms. p. 80; cf. Criesheim Ms. pp. 110-1 I I: These changes are there-
fore the general moods brought forth in part by the seasons and times of
day, finite being's unconscious sympathies with this life of nature. Animals
and plants are more closely bound to this life than man is; fish move up the
rivers in order to spawn, animals have rutting-seasons, birds migrate. What
is called animal instinct is very vaguely defined, but nearly everything that
is ascribed to it belongs here. At certain times, intestinal worms, which are
absent at other times, are to be found in the livers of all hares. Such sym- +
pathy is also present in the natural aspect of the human soul. The general
feelings in the various seasons of the year are broadly different, although
cultured persons are less bound to such determinations than peoples involved
in the life of nature. The old Prince de Ligne, a very shrewd person who
owned large estates in the Netherlands, when he was urged to take part in a
rebellion, replied that he, "did not rebel during the winter." People stream +
forth more during the summer, which is the time for journeys and hikes, the
time when the wealthy visit the spas and the people go on pilgrimages.
tion 'De~ ~n~d)3uTÜdge~en~, oee 5id)fanlmdn0, 'Dc~ ijllmiiienle<

ben~, 'De~ mere~ren~ ber $eltllten. ~ Sommer bagegen * man
~u meifen befon'Derß aufgeIegt, fü~(t man fid) ~inQuegcriffen in'e
ijTrie, 'Dröngt ~a, 'Dilß gemeine molf an ~aUfar,rt~n. !!lod, n~Dcr
iene~ innigere ijamilienleben, nod) 'oitfe 2BaUflll)rten unb meifen
~aben etroQ~ bl09 ~n~inftilrtige0. tlic d}riftlia,en ~e~~ "11'0 mit
~em 2Bed)fd Der ~a~re~3dten in 3ujammenl)ang gebrod]t; ba~
ijeft ber @eburt (!l)rifti \t\il't in DtriClligen 3dt gefeiert, tu \ud.
d)er 'Die <Sonne 1Ion 9leut'm r,er'OL'r3uge~cn f\~ci"t j Ne ~ufnfte,
r,ung ~9ri~i ift in 'cen ~nfan9 beG ~rii{,lil1gö, in Die ~leriokle
bee ~f\t)ad)enß Nr ~Clhtr gefe~t. ~btr biete !BerblnDllng b(~
fieligiöfcn mit bem ~atürlid)en 1ft glddlfaUe feine 'Durd) ~lIftinrt,
fon'Dern eint mit merou~tie\?n gemacl)te. -- 2Ba~ bie IDlonbncr>
QnDerungen betrifft, fo t,abm 'Diefe fogar auf 'oie .,l)lJftfd,e 9llltllr
bce IDlellfd]en nm einm b~fd)rlinften (!in~up. ~d mJabnftnni,
gen l)at ftd) fold)Cf (iin~u~ g~&eigt; abn in bieien l)mjd]t oud)
'oie 9laturgeroalt, nid)t 'ocr freie ®eijt.- - :l)ic :tQ~e~~eiten faner
fül)ren aUerbing6 ein, eigme :ti0Vofiti~ln rer eeel~ mn ~d). ~it
62 genf.n filtl> bee cmoTgen~ anber~ gefHmmt a(3 bt~ Wbenbe.
~. gO\'9m~ l)errfd)t (frnfl, f~ bn @ei~ nod) me~r in ~Den1
tttAt antt ficfJ unb mit ber 9tdtllf. Xler Xa9 gel)ört 'otm @egen.
fate, ber flrbeit alt. "ben'D~ (~ 'Dfe me~eri\ln u!tb !p~ntafie
»otf)mflf1enb. Um IDHttrrnad)t ge9t ber @efft au~ 'Den ,3erftTeuun.
ßf1t be~ Xage~ in ftct" i~ mit ~1f1 einfam, neigt nd) &u t\etrad).
U.
tungm. jldd) ~tternad)t flerben bie meifien IDlenflf1enj Ne menflf1<
!ldtut mag ba ni~t nod) einen netten Xag anfangen. Xlie
Xagetadten fte~en aud) in einer geroiffen ~eaie~ultg aum ~tfent.
ttd}en ~eben ber mülfer. !I>ie molfeuerfammlunRen ber, me~r al~
obgleich man die Wallfahrten der Unregelmäßigkeit wegen verboten hat,

sind die Leute doch dazu geneigt. - Mit dem Monde leben die Menschen
auch so zusammen, obgleich es sehr bestritten wird, besonders hat man dies
bei den Verschlimmerungen von Krankheiten gemerkt, gerade hier ist es,
wo solche Sympathien sich mächtig zeigen, wogegen sie im gesunden Men-
schen schwach sind. Es gibt Individualitäten, die einen solchen Mitverlauf
anzeigen.
Vgl. 'Regel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972, Schneider 154a: Verrükte, Mond;-
Pinel? läugnet dieses. Oder Reil?
is that of withdrawing inwards, coming to oneself, of family

life, of reverence for the Penates. In summer however one is +
particularly disposed to travel, one feels oneself drawn out
into the open air, ordinary people long to go on pilgrimages.
Yet neither the greater intimacy of this family life nor these 5
pilgrimages and journeyings are in any way simply instinc-
tive. The Christian feasts are linked with the change of the
seasons. The festival ofthe birth ofChrist is celebrated at that
time of the year when the Sun seems to go forth again.
Christ's resurrection is placed at the beginning of spring, the 10
period of nature's awakening. This connection between
religion and nature is consciously contrived however, it is not
instinctive. As regards the phases of the Moon, these have +
only a limited influence even upon the physical nature of
man. Such influence has shown itselfin lunatics, but in these 15
cases it is the power of nature and not free spirit that is
dominant. - A characteristic disposition of the soul is of +
course brought about by the times of day, for people's
morning and evening moods are not the same. In the morn-
ing, when spirit is more at one with itself and with nature, 20
seriousness predominates. The day is the time of opposition,
of work. Reflection and phantasy prevail in the evening.
About midnight spirit retires into itself from the distractions
of the day, and being alone with itself, has the inclination to
be contemplative. Most people die after midnight, human 25
nature being unable to start another day. There is also a
certain relation between the times of day and the public
affairs of peoples. The ancients, more drawn to nature than
Although the irregularities have led to pilgrimages being forbidden, people

still have the urge to take part in them. - People also live thus in relation to
the moon, and although this is very much a matter for debate, the connection
here with the worsening of diseases has been noticed. It is precisely in di:
seases that such sympathies display their power; they are weak in a healthy
person. Such a corresponding course is also apparent in certain individuals.
Cf. 'Hegel Studien' vol. 7, 1972, Schneider I54a: Deranged, moon;
Pinel? denies this. Or Reil ? +
tW, 3Uf 9latur ~ingtaogelten Wlten WUfben be~ IDlorgen~ abge,

~alten; 'oie englifcflen ~arlanlent~l)er~anblungen werben bIlgegcn,
bem in ~cf) geft~rten G:~arafter 'ocr <!nglän'oer gemä~, Q{kn~
* begonnen unb ~uweilen bi~ in 'oie tiefe 9la~t fortgefeet. !lic
angegebenen, burd) 'oie Xageeaeiten ~er»orgebrad}ten Stimmungen
wnttn aber 'ourd} ba~ .tUma mo'oificirt; in ~n~en ~än'oern, 3um
t\elfl'itl, fü~lt man ft~ um IDlittag me~r aUf ~u~e ale aur x~a,
tigfdt aufgelegt. _. ~ilcfftd)tlid) be6 (!in~uffe~ ber meteoroIogi,
fd)tn merönberungen fann ~oIgenbe6 ~terft werben. ~d $~an'
8ft unb ~ieren tritt ba~ IDlitem.,finben jener @:rf~dn\lngen beutUlf)
l)a»or. So em.,fin'[len 'oie X~iere @ewitter un'o @:rbbebtn l)or~er,
b. ~., ~e fü~len meränberungen ber itmof.,~äre, bit no~ ni~t
für un~ aur Wrfd)einung gefl)mmen [tnb. So em"finben au~
!Ylcnf~n an ~un'oen ~cttc",eränberungen I l)on '\)el~en ba-'
tlarcmeter nod) ni~t~ angt; 'oie f"'wad)e SteUe, \lleId)e 'oie Wunbe
bilbd, läjt eine 9fö~ere IDlerflicf)feit 'Der 9laturgcwalt au. Wae
fo für ben .organlemu~ befijmmenb i~, ~at aud1 für fd)malf)e
~i~er ~e'eeutung unb wirb aIß Wirfung e~funben. ~a, ganat
mölftr, bie @ried)cn IInb mömer, Inalf)ten i~re @!ntfd)lüffe 'Oon
9latumfcl)tinungen abl)ängig I 'oie U,nen mit mdeoroIogif~en mer,
dnbentngen aufammen all ~ängen fd)iencn. Sie fragten befannt,
UclJ nid)t b(o~ bie $ric~ef, fonbern au~ bit <finge\llclbe unb 'oile
~ffen ber X~iere um milt~ in etllllt~iln9eIe9en~riten. Wm Xagc
* Kehler Ms. SS. 80-81; vgl. Griesheim Ais. S. I I I: Von den Tageszeiten
wissen wir, (81) daß sie verschiedene Stimmungen mit sich führen, von
gewissen Geschäften stellt man sich vor, daß sie morgens nicht verrichtet
werden können; z.B. mit dem Comödiengehen; es fällt niemand des Morgens
ein. - Der Geist ist des Morgens eingehüllt, ruhig, nüchtern, im substan-
ziellen Leben, der Tag gehört der Arbeit, der Abend der Einbildungskraft,
der Thätigkeit des Lebendigen, die Mitternacht gehört der Einsamkeit des
Lebendigen. Die meisten Menschen sterben nach Mitternacht, die Natur
kann keinen Tag mehr machen. Die römischen und griechischen Volksver-
sammlungen waren des Morgens, in China sind die Festlichkeiten, selbst
Feuerwerke des Morgens. Die englischen Parlamentssitzungen verziehen
sich meist bis auf den Abend, oft spät in die Nacht; ein Umstand, Unter-
schied, der in der verschiedenen Disposition, verschiedenen Bildung der
Reflexion seinen Grund hat.
we are, held their public assemblies in the morning. The

English however, in accordance with their introversive
character, begin their parliamentary proceedings in the
evening, and sometimes continue them deep into the night. * +
These moods brought about by the times of day are however 5
modified by the climate. At noon in hot countries for
example, one feels disposed more to rest than to activity. -
The following observations may be made in respect of the
influence of meteorological changes. Plants and animals
give distinct evidence of sympathy with these phenomena. 10
Animals for example, in that they feel atmospheric changes
as yet unapparent to us, sense the approach of thunder and
earthquake. It is in their wounds that people are aware of
changes in the weather not indicated by the barometer, the
weakness occasioned by the wound being more susceptible 15
to the agency of nature. Thus, that by which the organism is +
determined is also of significance for weak spirits, and is
experienced as an effect. Whole peoples, the Greeks and
Romans for example, even based their decisions upon na-
tural phenomena which seemed to them to have a connection 20
with meteorological changes. It is weIl known that they
sought advice on matters of state by consulting not only the
priests but also the entrails of animals and their manner of
* Kehler Ms. pp. 80-81; cf. Griesheim Ms. p. I I I: We know that the times of
day (81) give rise to various moods. There are certain activities which one
does not regard as being suitable for the morning; for instance, it never
occurs to anyone to go to a comedy at that time of the day. In the morning
the spirit is involved, calmly and temperately, within the substantiality of
life. The day is the time for work, the evening for imagination, the activity
of living being, midnight however is the time of its solitude. Most people die
after midnight, nature being unable to make another day. The morning was
the time for the public assemblies ofthe Romans and Greeks, as it is in China
for festivities, even fireworks. The English Parliamentary sittings usually +
continue on into the evening and often deep into the night; this is a situation,
a variation, which has its basis in the variegated disposition and cultivation
of reflection.
63 btr <;,,14ef)t ki ~(atU, S. ~., "'" cf pd) um 'Oie llrdf)ttt ~ficl

cf}cnl4nbt, \)ieBrid1t g\lna (furo~Cl'e, um Wb~e~mng 'et~ oritn,
tIlUf4m ~otlfmulS ~nbelte, quAlte s.pauranlaG l!ftt 901l8tlt
~d1
!Jlotgtlt l11li gute ßrid)tlt bn .o'fnt~itre. !Die; fdJrint In \\~ai'
gem !Bfbnfl'ruef) mit lItr ~ifti9hlt ber ~nfd'tll in Jtllnft, m~~
ltgiOft 1IIb !lBitfenr.ft au fte~e~, fann abu fe~f ",o~1 aulS bnn
StClIl"'Unft bef sritef)ffdJen Qtciflce nflärt IDtrben. ~tn 9leutftn
iil d9tlt~tl",~, in WUtm, md '*
.tlu9~rit tmtef bitfen lInb
bkfelt Umjlanbm ollS röt~lid1 trr"nm ta_t, ~cf) aue ~cr, rt",~
AU tl\tfcr,(~n; bie ~ri\)Qtlelltt fo,\)o~1 lDfe bit \J1irften fllfftn n,r(
Cbtfef)mWe aue tid) ftlM; ber fubjedine mJiRt rd)ndM (\ti IIUG
alle GlfÜnbe btr Ueberlegung ab, nnb bePimmt ~d) aUf X~Qt.
~te liteR ~ingt9m, 1Dt1d)t nod) Rtcf)t AU tiefer IDlacf)t l'tr 6ub,
iettftitAt, au biefn Stödt ber QJe",ifi~it i~rtr fdb~ gdomlRfn
mareR, Ue;tn ttef) in i~ren Ingdegell~dtell burd) .oraftf, hrcf)
~ Citfd)tinnngtn kftimttten, in benen ~e dne mnge~ific,
mng unb t\e"'a~r~eitung i~m morfäee llnb 9.lb~d}ten fud}ten.
til"e nUll wfonbtre bell \JaB bn Sd}lad}t betrifft, f" fommt e8
bGbri nbf1t bIo' aUf Ne ~tt(fcf)t 8t~nnttng, fOllbern \lud) auf rit
eti11lmung btr IDlunterfdt, ouf b(l8 Qhfit~1 ~~~Md1tr .troft an.
l1>kfe !!)fe,ofition ",or aM bei ben Wl~tlt \Ion noo, \\)fit gt~e:
rn IBidJtiSfdt Gle Wi bcn 9lcumn I bei \\le(~en ~it ~itri\)lin
bt~ .pteft' unb boIS ~ftnt bcf 8c(b~entl bit -6au~trl1d1e fin~,
wä~renb umgefe~rt bei ~en me~r ROd) in bn Qtn~rit mit bcr
~atur l~enkn 'Uten bie Xa\'ferfeit btr Wln~t(nrn, btr immer
dt\)af ~~\1fifcf}c-' &u fdner nutBe ~a&enbt !Yhtt~ ba. 9Jld~e 31tt
(lntf~nn9 bn ed7lad)t beitrug. IDfc Stimmung ~ef mlutf)te
~n8t nun ...t onbcrcn '~\}fif4m 3)I~,o~do"cn, 8- ~flrid,
...It ber ~"'OfttiOR btr ~egenb, btr I("'of''''t, btr 3(l~
Adt , br~ JUimo'-, a8fGmlllC1l. !Die r"..
~at"'tlf~ etilnllUftgftl
bd &qftlten ~&mt '_lien GM &et ben Xl)Imn \10 ~qt nol1 I
me~r mft ber ~..tur fR (lfR~dt lebat, fidJthrn 4ur QlfdJeimlftg,

ate kt. Denf", ""' tiefem "ruube ging bcr ~dbt,m bri
64 ben 8ritcf)en nUf bonn aUf Sd1(a"', ~nn n an ben $~iertn
gtfabe !1>1t,oßtionen AU ~Ilben glaubte, ",chi)t einen Sd}lu~ auf
gute ~It~o'tionen ber mlellfd)cn AU erlaubrll fd}ienm. es" ~fert
eating. On the day of the battle of Plataeae for example,

when the freedom of Greece and perhaps of all Europe, the
repulse of oriental despotism was at stake, Pausanias spent
the whole morning attempting to obtain propitious signs
from animal sacrifices. This attitude appears to stand in 5 +
complete contradiction to the spirituality of the Greeks in
art, religion and science, but it can be quite satisfactorily
related to their spiritual standpoint. It is a general charac-
teristic ofmodern man to make up his own mi nd with regard
to what prudence dictates as being advisable in any given 10
circumstances. Private persons as weIl as rulers make their
own decisions. With us it is therefore the subjective will
which eliminates every other basis of consideration and
brings about the deed. The ancients however had not yet
reached this power of subjectivity, the strength of this self- 15
certainty. They allowed themselves to be determined in their
affairs by the oraeIe, by external phenomena, through which
they attempted to ascertain and verify their resolutions and
aims. Now particularly in the case of a battle, it is not only
ethical conviction, but also the level of morale, the feeling of 20
physical strength that matters. This disposition was however
of much greater importance to the ancients than it is to the
moderns, for whom the discipline of the army and the skill of
the commander are the main factors. In the case of the
ancients however, living as they still did in eIoser unity with 25
nature, that which played the greatest part in deciding a
battle was the bravery of the individual, pluck, which always
derives from something physical. Now stoutheartedness is
connected with other physical dispositions, with the vicinity,
the atmosphere, the time of year, the eIimate for example. 30
Since animals still live in eIoser unity with nature, it is in
them rather than man that the sympathetic moods of ani-
mated life become most evident. It was for this reason that
the Greek commander only went into battle when he feit
justified in coneIuding, from the sound dispositions he had 35
divined in animals, that he might expect something similar
M bt feinan betü~mten 9bicfaug fo nug ~cf1 bent~mtnbe Jeno~

,~on tAgUd}, unb btftimmt nad} bem (irgtbnij btt .o~fer~ feint
mUitärif4en 9)laaJrtgtln. ~a~ luffud}tn eintf 'sufammenI,aug6
A"'f'~ bem 9latjrIid}tn unb (8rifägtn "'ur'oe aber ,",Oll btn Ilten
All \Vdt getrieben. 3~r lberglollbe fa~ in btll (ifngt"'eibm ber
~ere lIe~r I alf bann au ft~en tft. :1)a~ 3d} gab feine~'
flh'oigfcit 'O<Ibti auf, unt~rf ~d} ben Umfb\nbtn unb ~,
.....n btr .tujerlicqfelt, mad}tt biere au ~fHllmungen btf @Jeifte~.
§. 393.
$t)"s AUgemeine planetarifd)e 2e&tn belS 9l4turgciftts
2) befonbert ~cf) in bie ,on,reten Unterfcf)iebe bel' Cfrbe unb
ACl'fAUt in bit .-b e ion b er n m"
tut' gei fte 1', bie im @ans
icn bic m"tur bel' geogl'apbifd)en ~e(tt()et(c aU6bl'üden, unb
bie 9t" c: e n \) er f cf) i e b c n ~ eit auemeut)en.
~er ~egenf4" ber terreftdfcf)en 'J'olilrft4t, bur4)

tl'eld)en b,ul ~"nb gegen ffiorben lufllmmengebrAngter ill
unb bilIS Ue&ergcwid)t gegen bat m?m ~at, gegen bie
füblicf)e ~emiipbArc aber getrennt in Suipf~ungen allS-
einAnber lAuft, bringt in ben Unterfd)itb bel' ~e(ttbtUc
bugltid) eine \mobi~cation, bit ~ l' ni\' a n U6 CSl)iL\lo~.
U. ~bl.) tn 2fnfebung bft' 'PtlAn&en "nb 'l~im aurget
,eisC bat
Saf.'. mü~"tlid} btr 9tQcen'nf~n~ft btr DeAl

f4en mu; au,",ö~atl kJnnft ~n, '0<1' bk &1" ~ijlorif.
Wraar, ob aUe mmfd}lld}en ."ten
"on (ffn,m $GOrt ober "on
*,rtrtn autgegongen f~, 1UI' tn bcr $~Uofo"," Q4f m"t.
oaee~t. gall ~at biefn WrGSc die BI"tigfcft hlgelegt, .,1(
lIOJl but" 'Oie Illna~me dnn -'1IU8 "OD -"~en $oatell
~ 9 _ Uebede9en~ft btr dnen !lmfdJm8attuns über bic
anbete erftdull AU fillMn glau'te, ja AU klMfen ~offk, bil
Denfd}en ft\1en, i~rtll geiftlgen ~m RGd}, ~on 9lGtut fo
65 tlerfd}teben ba, einige \l'ie
I ~~im be~mf"t ~\)frt>t11 bürften. ~ue
ba Ibftommung fann aber Mn @runb für bie ~ered}tigung ober
~id}tbmd}ti9ung ber IDlenfd>en ~ur ijrei~eit unb ~ur ~mfd>aft
of his men. Xenophon for example, circumspect as he was,

offered daily sacrifice during his famous retreat, and regu-
lated his military measures in accordance with the resulting
divinations. The search for a connection between the natural +
and the spiritual was however taken too far by the ancients. 5
Their superstition led them to see more in the entrails of
animals than is there. This gave rise to the ego's surrendering
its independence and submitting to the circumstances and
determinations of externality, which it took to be determina-
tions ofspirit. 10 +
§ 393
The universal planetary life of the natural

spirit 2) particularizes itself into the concrete dif-
ferences ofthe Earth and separates into the particu-
lar natural spirits. On the whole, these express the
nature of the geographical continents, and consti- 15
tute racial variety.
In the opposition of terrestrial polarity, the

land is more concentrated to the north, where it
preponderates over the sea, while in the southern
hemisphere it divides up and tapers away. This 20
opposition also introduces a modification into
the difference between the continents, which
Treviranus ('Biolog.' pt. 11) hastracedin theflora
and fauna. +
Addition. With regard to the racial variety of humanity, it 25

must be observed at the outset that the purely historical
question as to whether or not all human races have descended
from a single couple or [rom several, is of no concern wh at-
ever to us in philosophy. This question has been regarded as +
important, since it has been thought that by assuming descent 30
from several couples one might explain the spiritual su-
periority of one human species over the other. The hope has
even been entertained that one might prove men to be
naturally so different in respect of their spiritual aptitudes,
that some might be treated as animals. The freedom and 35 +
supremacy of men can however derive ncither justification
nor invalidation from descent. Equalrights for all men are
9tf~ö"ft metben. !Det IDlenfd) ift on ~d) uemünftiQ; botin liegt

~ie IDlöglidJfeit bet @}Iei,~~eit te8 stedJtelS oUer 9llenfd)en, -
bie WidJtfgfeit einet ftonen Unterfd)eitung in beted)tigtt unb tedJt:
lofe genfcfJengattuogen. - ~et Unterfd)iet bet IDlenfdJentoctn
i~ nodJ ein natütlic{Jet, bof ~ei;t, ein aun~dJft bie 9latutfede
* bdtcffenber UnterfdJieb. 1(8 foldJet ~~t berfelH in Bufam.
m~n8 mit ben 8eogtlq)~irdJell UnttrfdJieben bef ~oben., auf
melcfJent ~dJ bie genfdJen au 8toJen gafen fO""". !Diefe
* Kehler Ms. SS. 64-65; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. 87-89: Die Racen sind an
Locale gebunden, und hängen davon ab, daher kann man nicht einen
Schluß machen auf die ursprüngliche Verschiedenheit. Die Frage von der
Racenverschiedenheit hat Bezug auf die Rechte, die man den Menschen
zutheilen sollte; wenn es mehrfache Racen gibt, so ist die eine edler, die
andere muß ihr dienen. Das Verhältnis der Menschen bestimmt sich durch
ihre Vernunft, indem die Menschen vernünftig sind, sind sie Menschen,
darin haben sie ihre Rechte, weitere Verschiedenheit bezieht sich auf unter-
geordnete Verhältnisse; die partikuläre Verschiedenheit macht sich überall
geltend, dieser Vorzug beschränkt sich aber nur auf die besonderen Ver-
hältnisse, nicht auf das, was die Wahrheit, Würde des Menschen ausmacht.
Also eine müßige Frage, ohne inneres Interesse. Die schwarze Farbe durch
das Klima, bietet sich gleich dar; die Nachkommen der Portugiesen sind,
auch durch Vermischung, schwarz, wie die eingeborenen Neger. Keine
Farbe hat einen Vorzug, es ist bloß Gewohnheit; aber man kann vom
objektiven Vorzug der Farbe der kaukasischen Race sprechen gegen die der
Neger. (65) Kaukasier, Georgier u.s.f. stammen von den Turks; die schönsten
Geschlechter finden sich unter diesen Völkern. Die schönste Farbe ist die,
wo das Innere am sichtbarsten ist, die von innen heraus animalisch bestimmt
ist; die Thiere sind behaart, der Haarwuchs gehört dem vegetativen Proceß
an; sind empfindungslos, wachsen fort wie die Pflanzen; wachsen auch
stärker und schwächer, nach der Nahrung, wie Bart und Haar durch
Pomade. Wo das Animalische auch in der äußeren Oberfläche durch die
innere Energie mächtig wird, da verschwindet des Haarwuchses Reichthum;
bei den Frauen ist so der Haarwuchs stärker, wie bei den Männern. Die Haut
nun für sich, die Oberhaut, ist so zu sagen, eine articulirte animalische
Lymphe; ein Durchsichtiges, Durchscheinendes, Farblose, eine weiße
Haut ... ; durch dieses Durchscheinende kündigt sich bei der Fleischfarbe
die Lebendigkeit des inneren Organismus an; das rothe Blut der Arterien
macht sich sichtbar auf der Haut, oder theilt der Oberhaut seine eigen-
thümliche Erscheinung mit; dadurch kann das Geistige, Affection, Gemüth,
sich um so leichter erkennbar machen. Dieser Umstand, daß das Innere,
das Animalische und geistige Innere, sich mehr sichtbar macht, ist der
objective Vorzug der weißen Hautfarbe.
possible in that man is implicitly rational, any rigid distinc-

tion between those of the human species with rights and
those without being nullified by this rationality. - The
difference between the human races is still a natural dif-
ference in that it relates initially to the natural soul. * As such 5
it is connected with the geographical differences between
those environments in which people are gathered together in
* KehleT Ms. pp. 64-65: cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 87-89: The races are connected
with and dependent upon localities, so that no conclusion can be reached
with regard to there being an original difference between them. The question
of racial variety bears upon the rights one ought to accord to people; when
there are various races, one will be nobler and the other has to serve it. The
relationship between people determines itselfin accordance with their reason.
People are what they are in that they are rational, and it is on account ofthis
that they have their rights, further variety being relevant to subordinate
relationships. Particular variety makes itself evident everywhere, but such
superiority confines itself solely to particular relationships, not to what
constitutes the truth and dignity of man. Enquiry into it is therefore of no
import or intrinsic interest. Blackness is the immediate outcome of the cli-
mate, the descendants ofthe Portuguese being as black as the native Negroes,
although also on account of mixing. No colour has any superiority, it being +
simply a matter of being used to it, although one can speak of the objective
superiority of the colour of the Caucasian race as against that of the Negro.
(65) Caucasians, Georgians etc. are descended from the Turks, and it is
among these peoples that the finest species are to be found. The finest colour
is that in which what is internal is most visible, the colour which is determined
outwards, in an animal manner, from within. Animals are covered with hair,
the growth ofwhich pertains to the vegetative process. Hair is without sensa-
tion, grows forth as plants do, and more vigorously or weakly in accordance
with nutrition, pomade influencing the growth of the beard and the hair.
Where animal being, through internal energy, also becomes powerful on the
outer surface, hair ceases to grow with exuberance, which is why the growth
ofhair in women is more vigorous than it is in men. Now the skin itself, that +
is to say, the epidermis, may be regarded as an articulated animallymph, a
transparency, a translucency, a colourlessness, a white skin ... In what is
flesh-coloured, the liveliness of the inner organism gives evidence of itself
through this translucency; the red blood of the arteries makes itself visible
in the skin or imparts its own appearance to the epidermis, so that spirituality,
affection or disposition are so much the more easily recognizable. It is this
condition, that of wh at is internal, of animal being and spiritual inwardness
making itself more visible, which constitutes the objective superiority of the
whiteness ofthe skin. +
UntetfdJiebe bee ~ob~ flnb ~aeienige, tl)ae tl)ir bie iDdtt~tUe

nennen. 3n biefen @Iieberungen bee irbinbit)ibUUlllf ~enfdJt
eh\)d Wot~~n'oigee, 'oeffen nä~ere Wueeinan'oerfe~uns in bie
@eogr~~te ge~ört. - ~ie -6au~tunterfdJei'oung 'oet ir'oe i~ 'oIe
in bie alt e unb in Ne neu e Ißelt. 3unadJ~ ~aie~t fidJ blefet
Unterfd>leb auf bae frü~ere ober f~ete tl)dtgefd>icfJtltd>e ~cmnt'
~l)eft.R 'ocr irbt~rile. l>iefe ~ebeutuns I~ une ~ glricf1gUltig.
liö folUllt UDf ~iet auf 'oie ben unterfcfJri'oenben i~araftet ber
meltt~" GUf.,u~enbe ~~t ClD. 3n blefer 9blcfficf1t au;
gefagt ~, HJ ImuUIl ein iAngnee Infe~n, 01. 'oie I1Ite
+ ~elt, f>at unb In feiner ~iflorifd)en ~tlbung gegtn blefe aunlll,
lle~t. Wmerlfa fldlt nur ben allgemeinen Unterfd>ieb bef Worben
unb bet eAben mit einer gana fcf1malen !Ritte bdber Cirtreme
bar. ~e ei. . .fdJen ~ölfer blefet .It~eüe ge~en unter;
bie Illte !Belt geftl1ltet fidJ in 'ocanfe~n neu. !I)lefe nun unter'
fd)eibet fidJ \)on Imertfa bllburd), '00; fie fid) GI. rin in &e1fImaUt
Unterfd>iebe .ufrinanberQe~enbet 'oorfteUt, In brri mdttl)eile aer-
fäUt, "on tl)Cld)en 'ocr eine, n&tnUdJ-" fr if a, iDa (hnaen genOlll
men, alt rine ber gebiegenen Ciin~eit Ilnge'örenbe !Waffe, oIe
ein .sen 'oie .lüpe abgefcf1(ofl'ene' -6~8e rrfd)eint, - 'oer
ankre, I f hn, bell @tgenfa,e be. -6ocf1laabef unb grojjer, uon
kette. Strömen &etl)äffcrter !t~ä(cr anf)riMfaat, - tl)ä~rtnb 'Du
66 butte, 4hu4ul, ba ~Ief eng unb !t~1l1 nh6t, me In tlfien, al'
Qtf;e .o&lften Oe. mtlttt,eile aneinanbef gefftgt finb, fonbem tief>
kPhbig burtf1bttngeft, bie (iln'eit ienet unterfdJlebtlofen (Jin~ett
Ifrifa" unb btt uR"tnnlttdten @esenfatJet lfirn' offenbart. l)iefe
brei Ißdtt~dle finb burdJ l)a" IDlittdmeu, um tl)tfdJrt ~e ~et~
UIIlleQC1t, htcf1t gttrmnt, fonbmt ~et&unMn. 9l0t'Ollfrlfo, &t~ aUlA
(lnbe 'on ean'o",üfk I 8e~öft, feinem (U}afaftet ttllel) , fd)on AU
QufO~Q; 'oie eewo~nef 'oi~fee ~eile~ \)on Ifrifll ~nb noel) feine
dgnUlldJen Ifrifatttl', 'oll" ~d~t, 9leget, fonbern mit btn (iufO-
~aem "emxutbt. So t~ du4) Bana ~~r\letafien, fdnelll <il}IlfOfttf
.tGd), alt (luro~a sd)ötig; bie elsentlidJ ofiatlfdJe 9lace, 'oie mon'
golif4t , tl)o~nt in -6lnteta~en.
'lad}_ tI){r fO 'oie Ulltetfef>febe 'on' mdtt~eüe 111" nld}t
allfällIge, fonbtrn not~tI)tn'oise au ~ifen t)erfllcf)t ~aben, \\)OUen
VolU71/8 T wo: Anthropology . 49
great masses. It is these differences of environment that we

call continents. There is a necessity governing these divisions
ofthe individuality ofthe Earth, the more detailed exposition
ofwhich is the concern ofgeography.- Basically, the Earth
is divided between the Old World and the New, the deciding 5
factor in this distinction being the earlier or later period at
which the regions become known in world history. At this
juncture this is of no significance to us however, concerned
as we are with the determinateness constituting the dis-
tinctive character of the continents. It must be observed in 10
this connection that America has a newer appearance than
the Old World, and is less advanced in respect of its being
formed historically. It merely exhibits the general difference
between northern and southern extremities, linked by a very
narrow middle. As the Old World establishes itself there 15
anew, the indigenous peoples ofthe continent are dying out.
This Old World is distinguished from America in that it
exhibits deployment into the determinate differences of three
continents. Taken as a whole, one of these, Africa, appears as a
mass, a compact unity as it were, as an area of high moun- 20
tains inaccessible from the coast. The other, Asia, exhibits +
the opposition of highlands and of vast plains wate red by
broad rivers. In the third however, in Europe, mountain and
valley are not juxtaposed as two great halves of the continent
as they are in Asia. There is, instead, a continuous com- 25
penetration of the one by the other, so that the continent
reveals the unity of both the undifferentiated unity of Africa
and the unmediated opposition of Asia. The Mediterranean,
around which these three continents are situated, does not
divide, it unites them. North Africa, to the fringe ofthe sandy 30
desert, is still European in character. The inhabitants of this
part of Africa are not N egroes, true Africans, but are akin to
Europeans. In character, the whole of Western Asia also
belongs to Europe; the Mongolian, the truly Asiatic race,
inhabits the Far East. 35 +
After having attempted to exhibit the differences of the
continents as being necessary and not contingent, we shall
wfr bit mit ienen Uhtnf~ltbttl aUfuunrqöngtnbtn sta«n\)ftl

fct,k~cn beG 9Jtenf~ngrf~ledJte in ~~,>~fd)er unb gdftißet'
8eafctultg - , n . ~fe ~~,>liologfe unterfd1dbd in rtfleter
...... bk raratif., bie ätl)io4>ifd>t unb bie mongolifcf)e st(lee;
SIIfmt ~ 104 ble -JaHf. unb bit amerifanifd1t ~d« fei~t,
... *" 1I1tf}t ein aggngGt unenblid} ~nf~.bener ~Clttt(U
IGdtAtal ... cble f4)itf untnfd}itbtne !Race &ilben. met ~~~tifd)e
Ultlrf4ft- aller biefet' sta«n adgt fltft nnn l!OraGgId) in ber eil'
btma ~ ~bd' unb be' @efid}te. ~'e etlbutlg bte S~J'
wie qt _ bunf1 dne ~ort&ont. un~ eilte \lrrtfcafe ~inie au
~en, "on welcf)en bit n1tm "Il httren ~T9ange nocr,
bcr lDuqd ~ Rafe, bie kttm \)011 ettrddR na" ber oberm
..... 8'~ 1)UfdJ ben "on biefen htbCtl ~initn 9cbllbctflt
BtaM Ilhttlf.ibri tid} bft tf)iet'lr. Jto~f 'om mmf~lfd)en;
W Mt ~ltUft • bitfer 8,*' a..ttft f"t. fiine a.re I ~i
Hfttuna ber 9taMll!erf~e"ten _tiQe I \)on ~ItUllrnbacf>
...acftte 8tftftuwng betrljft bae grijm ober gmngete .f)eroofl
tmm ber ""cfcttftt.. lud} oft !B&tbitng unb 'oft !Breite on
* Sttm" ~i bqHmmehb.
* KehLer Ms. S. 66; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. 90: ... man hat gewisse Linien sich
gezogen vorgestellt, auf deren Winkel man besonders die Aufmerksamkeit
richten muß. Camper hat besondere Beobachtungen gemacht. Linie von der
Stirn an die Oberlippe, Nasenwurzel, von da an die Höhlung des Ohrs;
dieser Winkel ist bei den Thieren sehr spitz; bei den Menschen zum Theil
die Öffnung des rechten Winkels; die schönsten Profile schreibt man den
griechischen Naturen zu, bei dieser hat man gefunden, daß diese Linie fast
einen rechten Winkel ausmacht. Nach diesem Winkel hat man auch den
Unterschied der Racen bemerklich gemacht. Bei den Negern tritt diese
untere Partie mehr hervor, wodurch der Winkel mehr von der Neigung des
rechten abweicht. Blumenbach hat allerdings bemerklich gemacht, daß
dieser Winkel nicht erschöpfen kann, daß noch viele Umstände in Betrach-
tung gezogen werden müssen. Er hat vornehmlich vorgeschlagen, die
Schädel nebeneinander zu stellen, so daß vornehmlich die Backenknochen
in eine horizontale Linie miteinander zu stehen kommen; nun sieht er sie
von oben herunter, wo sich ... die Form des Schädels zeigt, wie der Kiefer
hervorsteht gegen die Stirn, und wie die Backenknochen hervor oder
zurücktreten. Bei den Negern hervorstehender Mund, die Vorderzähne
ragen mehr vorwärts; die Wangenknochen ragen auch hervor; bei der
kaukasischen Race sind sie schmäler und treten zurück. An Goethes Brust-
bildern treten die Jochbeine auffallend zurück gegen andere Physiogno-
mIen ...
proceed to determine the physical and spiritual aspects of

the racial varieties of mankind connected with these dif-
ferences. With regard to physical differences, physiology
distinguishes between the Caucasian, the Ethiopian and the
Mongolian races. The Malaysian and the American races 5
take their place here, although rather than being clearly
distinguished, they consist of an aggregate of endlessly varied
particularities. Now the physical difference of all these races
is evident mainly in the formation of the skull and the face.
The formation of the skull is to be determined by two lines, a 10
horizontal one passing from the extern al acoustic ducts to
the root of the nose, and a vertical one passing from the
frontal bone to the upper jaw-bone. The animal head is
distinguished from the human through the angle formed by
these two lines, which in the case of animals is extremely 15
acute. The greater or lesser prominence of the cheekbones is,
as Blumenbach has noticed, yet another important deter-
mination in establishing racial varieties. The arching and
the breadth of the brow are also of significance in this re-
spect.* 20
* KehLer Ms. p. 66; cf. Criesheim Ms. p. 90: Certain imaginary lines have been
drawn, the angles of which have been regarded as demanding particular
attention. Camper has made specific observations. In the case of the line
from the brow to the upper lip or the root of the nose, and from there to
the aural cavity, the angle is very sharp in animals. In humans it partly
opens out into a right-angle, and the finest profiles are taken to be the Creek,
in which the line has been found to be almost a right-angle. It is also in
accordance with this angle that difference between races has been brought
into evidence. In Negroes this lower part is more protrusive, so that the line
deviates more from the right-angle. Blumenbach has pointed out however, +
that this angle is not all there is to it, and that many further factors have to be
taken into consideration. His main suggestion has been that the skulls should
be placed next to one another so that the cheek bones in particular form a
horizontalline. By looking down upon them, he can then see ... from the
form ofthe skull where thejaw protrudes in respect ofthe brow, and to what
extent the cheek bones are protrusive or not. In Negroes the mouth protrudes,
the front teeth projecting more to the fore; the zygomata also stand out,
whereas in the Caucasian ra ce they are narrower and recede. In Coethe's +
half-length sketches the jugal bones recede noticeably as compared with
other physiognomies. +
67 tBet btt '41 tI fa fir cf) tn

gtacc ffl nun imn !BInkt faft ob«
Salta da rccr,tn. &fonbcrt gilt blC; »on bcr itaffdtiflf1cn, gtorgf<
fdJttt ab ddafllf~n ~~t>~ognomlt. ~r SIf,aMf 1ft &cl biefer
rRdU ~en fugelid)t, bfe Stirn fanft 9~"t, bit ~acfenfnod1tn ßn~
autücfg~tängt / bic moroeraä~nc in beflltn .tiefem \)tl1'ent-iculär,
'Oft.ßGutfattt ffl !»CI;, mit r.,t~tll !Bangen, 'Oie .paart ~Ilb 'ang
Il~ "'tief).
!1>at (figtnt~ümlicf)t ber m., n 90 Ii rcf) en 9lact Atl9t ~d} in
btm .pc~otfk~m 'On ~adenfll0d)en, in ben cnggcfd)liettn I nid}r
runben augen / in 'Oer aufammenge'Orütften 9laft, in ber gel&tn
~arbe 'On .f)aut / in ben futam / ~orren / fd)~Qfatn .paartn.
~ic ~h 9n ~a&en fdJmälere <5~bd al~ 'Oie ID'longolen unb
Jtaufafln I t~ 5timm ~n'O gelt'ölbt, aber ~lIlfief)t I i~rc .l'iefer
Ta9m f1ct\'ot' / t~re 3A~ne fle~en fd)ief, (~ft untm .l'innlabt 1ft
fe~r ~et\'ortreten'O, i~re ,ßautfat6e me~r ober lt'eniger f<fJn)atß,
i~re ,ß1l4rt ftnb lt'oUig un'O fd)\\)Qf&.
+ ~t tRalaUfd)e IDlb 'Oie amerifanifd1e 9lIlCt ftnb In i~rtr
v~flfcf)tn eflbung \\'tniget af8 'Oie e&cn gefd)tlbtrten 9lacen fd)arf
Quegtaricf)Rtt; bie ~Qut brr ma(aUflf1cn 1ft braun, 'Oft 'On amerf.
fanffcf)en ful'ftrfatbig.
3n ge (fUg er ~eaie~un9 unterfd)riben ~ct; bie Qngtgtknm
~Q(en auf fOlgmbt ®eife.
~fe 9ft 9t t finb ale tine 41lf i~m untntneffirtm un'o in,
tmffdofen Un&efangenr,tft nid)t ~lI1Ietretenbe .tfnbetftarioa au
fafen. eic lWI'otn \'etfltUft unb (Qlftn "cf) M1'llufen, o~l1e aUr
9ttfluion bariibn, 0{) blt~ red)t fft ober nkf)t. ~~rt !Jldtgfott
~Gt t~ .ttinbn~afte!. ~Ile .p6f1rre I ll'dcf)e! nt na~bm,
~almt fft nfcf)t feft; batTdbe gef)t t~lttIt aUf ptd1tfg 'Out" btll'
.t~'f. $fe ftkrttQ9tlt bi~ -6ö~ere 4uf 'oe. nftea ~~tn ettfn,
mtt«)tn bieftll bQburd) an i~rtm ~tfrd) I un~ ~nfelt bfeftat
WttffcfJ, 'Wrttl tf i~nMt tticflt ge~otfm I}«t. ~n mt,fgcm 3ttftallbe
941\3 911tmütt,ig unb ~atmtoe, &cge~m tft in 'on ,~~Ii~ entftrl
68 *
:,tnben ~ufrtgu1tg 'Oie fürd}tniicf)1lm ~QU(amfdten. ~i( ~a~iQMt
AUf 8I'oulIg ~Cll nid}t abauf.,redJtn; fit ~a6cn nicfJt RUf ~iet
ab " bat if)riftmt~WIt mit 'oer 9TÖptat ~nfbatfeit angenoms.
IDen, ub 11ft 9l1ifJruns »on Ü)m bUTcf) bttTelk nadJ lllRQer Qlei,
Now in the Caucasian race this angle is almost entirely a

right angle, particularly in the case of the Italian, Georgian
and Circassian physiognomy. In this race, the top of the +
skull is rounded, the brow gently arched, the cheekbones re-
ce ding, the front teeth in both jaws perpendicular. The co- 5
lour of the skin is white, with red cheeks, the hair is long and
soft.
That which is characteristic of the Mongolian race is evi-
dent in the prominence of the cheekbones, in the narrow,
non-rounded, slit eyes, in the flattened nose, in the yellow 10
colour of the skin, in the short, wiry black hair.
Negroes have narrower skulls than Mongols and Cau-
casians, their brows are arched but rounded; their jaws
protrude, their teeth are set at an angle, their lower jaw-bone
is very protruberant, the colour of their skin is more or less 15
black, their hair is woolly and black.
The Malaysian and the American races are less sharply
distinguished in their physical formation than the races just
described. The skin of the Malaysian is brown, that of the +
American copper-coloured. 20 +
Spiritually, these races are distinguished in the following
manner.
Negroes, uninterested and lacking in interest, in astate of
undisturbed naivety, are to be regarded as a nation of
children. They are sold and allow themselves to be sold 25
without any reflection as to the rights or wrongs of it. There
is something childish about their religion. They fail to hold
fast to their more sublime sentiments, this sublimity being,
with them, merely a passing thought, which they make into
their fetish by transferring to the first likely stone. If it fails 30
to help them, this fetish is then abandoned. Completely +
good-natured and inoffensive when calm, they commit the
most frightful atrocities when suddenly aroused. They cannot +
be said to be ineducable, for not only have they occasionally +
received Christianity with the greatest thankfulness and 35
spoken movingly of the freedom they have gained from it
~ erlagteIl ~ eeflU'o4cn, fonbml -4) ta (;oiti

eba etut -'I ,,~ ~im Sc6übd. . . dnt1I. m~
nma ~ aUf.ttuItur aefectt fit nfd)t. 3D if)rer .pebnGtf) ~d)t
bCf mtf~ !l)cf,Oti.IIU'; ba fo_en ~e tti4t aum ~
lief !tlcrfhIi4fdt bet Denr4en, - bei i~ i~t 8citl QClna fcfJ(UJII$
wacmb, Welt in fi" terfunfm I IIIClcfJt feinm Wottf..tt uRb ent$.
~. fo bCf (O.cten, uRtnfcr,ieb.lo(en gaffe bet afrl$
tcndfcf)ea ~allbet.
~ Bongoln belßC8en ~~n ticfJ GUtb.iefer fiabifd)m UnI
~; in i~nm otfmktt ticfJ "" bd ~rGfteriftifcfJe ,eine
~,IU fdnem ~ .rultGtr fotnmeRbe ~e9licfJfeit, ntddJe.
fit ttcit, fi4 Me uns~eute -oaafd)recfenfd)l»Arme ü~er CItIbert
9lGtionen _aubreiten , unb bie belnn bod) ~iebet ber gebanfcn,>
Iofen ~ uRb b1lll\)ftn 9lqc ~icfJt, "'elcfJe jenem .perl
.otbmfJcn ~rCUlQegaRQen "'Gt. Ciknfo adgen bie IDlongolen Olt
ti4 ben fd)ndbenben @eSen(0i bet Cit~nen unb Ung~urelt
einetfeit. unb be. fleinlid)ften ~ebanti.mu' aRberetfdtt. 3~rt
9leUgion ent~dlt f"on bie tBortteUung eine. IUsemeinen, bd
"on f~nen 01. 80tt \'ete~rt ~itil. Iber biefer (Bott 'Dirb no~
uicf1t al' dn un~d)t6arer ertrllgen; er ift in menfd)licfJet @ejlalt
"or~ben, ober gibt n~ ",enigftent butcfJ biefen ober jenen IDlen~
fdJen tuRb. 60 ~i ben Xibetanern, "'0 oft ein .linb aum ges
8en~ttigen QJott ge~ö~lt, uRb, ~nn fol~er 80tt fiitbt, \'on
bm D6n4en ein anbmr @ott unter Den DenfcfJen gefucfJt "'kb,
alle. biefe (Bötter aber nQ~ einanber bie tieffte mete~fUng gmfe$
~Il. 1)a' mefent{j~e btefn 9teliSiOll erth'ecft n", ... au ben
3nbiern, bei benen gleid)faU. ein !lenfcfJ, ber ~tcmdne, a(' @ott
angeft~ell, unb 00. Std)auriicfait~en be' lllenfcfPid)en <8eifle' in
frine unbt~mlllte IUgemein~cit für bat 8öttl~, fir Die uRInitI
tcl&are 3't'enritiit mit 80tt gel,alten ~irb. 3n 'rer anatijd)cn flQ(t.
69 hgimtt Glfo ber @}tijt aUmin9~ r~on au eliNcf)(n, ßd) \,on 'oer
9latirlf_ au trennen. 1)iefe ~rennung ifl aber 1I0d) hint
fcfJcltfe, nocfJ n{~t bie abfo(ute. 1)er @dft erfajt ficfJ nocfJ nid)t
tn feiner abfoluten gr~cit, \l)eij ~d) nod) nicfJt al' bat für.
ti~$f~nbc (OnmU'"gmldnt, ~at fi~ feinen &griff nocfJ ni~t
In bet Worm be. @ebattfen~ aum @esenflan'oe gtma~t. 1)~1
after prolonged spiritual servitude, but in Haiti they have

even formed astate on Ohristian principles. They show no +
inner tendency to culture however. In their homeland the
most shocking despotism prevails; there, they have no feeling +
for the personality of man, their spirit is quite dormant, 5
remains sunk within itself, makes no progress, and so cor-
responds to the compact and undiJIerentiated mass of the Mri-
can terrain.
The MongoIs, on the contrary, rise above this childish
naivety. What reveals itselfwithin them as their characteristic 10
trait is a restless mobility, which achieves no definitive result,
and which drives them into spreading over other nations like
vast locust-swarms, before falling back into the vacant in-
difference and dull lethargy which preceded the outburst.
Thus, also, the Mongois exhibit the trenchant contrast 15
between the sublime and the gigantic on the one hand and
the pettiest pedantry on the other. Their religion already +
contains the presentation of a universal which they venerate
as God. This god is however not yet borne with as being
invisible, for he is present in human form, or at least an- 20
nounces himself in so me person or another. In the case of the
Tibetans for example, a child is often chosen to be the god
present, and when such a god dies the monks search among
the people for another. Yet all these gods, one after the other,
command the deepest reverence. What is essential in this 25 +
religion extends to the Indians, for among these too a man,
the Brahmin, is considered to be god, and the human spirit's
withdrawing into its indeterminate universality is regarded
as the divine, as immediate identity with God. Already in
the Asiatic race therefore, there is most certainly the be- 30
ginning of the awakening of spirit, of its separating itself
from naturality. This is not yet a clear-cut separation how-
ever, not yet absolute. Spirit does not yet apprehend itself +
in its absolute freedom, does not yet know itself as the being-
for-self of the concrete universal, has not yet treated its 35
Notion, in the form of thought, as a general object. Oon-
~ ulfHrt er nocfJ in ber i~m ~ibetf,red)enbtn Sot'lll btr un-

lIlittdkmt ~tit. @)ott ~irb a~ar gegen~QnbUd), Gbtr ni"t
ta bcr Wona bet Clbfolut freien @ebClnfen~, fonbtrn in ber tfne~
...tttdHt uiftiuRben tnbU~n .ijlc~. ~amit ~Anst bit ~itr
~lIIIICIlbe Qkre~rung btr Q.lerflorbentn aufammm. 3n biefer
"eßt rint ~ebung über bit 9lGdirlid)frit; benn in ~en Q)erftorl
kntn 1ft bie 9latürlid)ftit untergegangen; bie Cirinnerung an 'oiel
fdkn ~(t nur ba~ in i~nen trf"ienene IUgemdne f~, un'o tri
~t ~d) foanit übet bie tiinadnf}eit ber (irfd)einung. ~Cl,.a,
gemeine ~irb akr immer nur, einerfeit~ (l(~ ein gana ab~ad
llIgemeinet fe~e~Qlttn, anbertrfeft~ in einer burd)au~ aufAUisen
unmittelbaun Wriftcna angefd)aut. l'd ben 3nbitfll aum l'tif,icl
t\)in ber aUgemtint @ott al~ in bcr ganaen 9latur, in ben W(ür,
fen, kgen, fo ~it in ben ~mfcf)en gegen~drtig bctrad)tet.
V(~en thUt aIro, ~ie in ,~~Md)er fo aud) in sti~gtf ~eaie~ung,
ba~ !Ylomeat bc' @e gen fa ~ e" ben untotnnittelten ~tgenfa"
ba~ \)ermittlung~lofe 3ufommenfoUen bet entsegengefe,ten ~eftißll
Mungen bor. l)er ~Ift trennt tief} ~ier einerftit~ \)on 'oer ~otur,
lInb fäUt anbertrfeit8 bod) t\)ie'oer in bie 9latürlid)fdt aUfÜtf, ba
er nod) nid)t in tidJ ftlber, fonbcm nur in bem 91atürlid)en aUf
!foM t,
!Birfllcf)fcit gelangt. 3n biefer 3bentitiit be~ @djte" adt bn
bit ~a~re ~df}eit nid)t möglief}. 1)er !Ylenfcf) fonn
~ier ROd) nid)t aum ~,tfe\)n feiner $erfönlid)frit fomnun,
~ilt in feiner 3nbi\)(buCllftdt llod) gor feineIl mert~ unb feine ~c#
ud}nßU118, - ,"ber bei ben 3nblem, llod) bei ben «l,inefcn;
~e fqcn i~u .ttnbcr o~ne aUe' eebmfen al1~, ober bringen
~efclbtn gerilbcau um.
70 fIrft in bn' fGu!llfifcfJcn 9t,UdollU11t bet' @eijt ,Uf Gbj'olu:
tea ~ mit fIdJ fek, - erfi ~ier tritt bct @dft in \X)UfoDlm1
*
.. f1cscnfat 8911 ~at1itlicf)fcit, nfajt er ffcf) in feinet ab,
rfluten Se~i8ftit, cntRitt er fIdJ ~.. ,pmabct l uub .oin~
i6crf_nfcn ~on Ciinem CbtmI &UIIl aD~, sdllllSt im St~
"~""""" AUt (JJl~idlun8 feimt reift, UlIb bringt babUfcfJ bie
IBdtacr.tc ~Ot. ~ie Bo.ltn ~ben, llie fd)ou caHf)nt,
.. ttraa ~ - bie Md) "ujcn jtürmenbe ~ti9fctt dntT
r"
Uekrf","ml1lUJl8, ~ie i!d) fcfJmU, \»le fie atrammen l{t, ~ie,
sequently, spirit still exists in the form of immediate singu-

larity, by which it is contradicted. God certainly becomes
generally objective, but in the form of an immediately
existing finite spirit, not in that o[ absolutely free thought.
The worship of the dead, which occurs here, is connected 5
with this. Since naturality has passed away in the dead,
there is in this a rising above naturality. To recollect the
dead is to hold fast only to the universal which appeared
within them, and such recollection therefore raises itself
above the singularity of appearance. While in one respect the 10
universal is always held fast merely as wholly abstract how-
ever, in the other, it is intuited in an entirely contingent,
immediate existence. Among the Indians for example, the
universal God is considered to be present throughout na-
ture, in the rivers and mountains as weH as in man. It is 15
therefore in a spiritual as weH as a physical respect that Asia
constitutes the moment of opposition, the unmediated opposi-
tion, the coincidence, without mediation, of opposed deter-
minations. In one respect, spirit at this juncture separates
itself from nature, while in another it falls back again into 20
naturality, for it has not yet attained actuality in itself, but
only in that which is natural. True freedom is not possible
within this identity of spirit with nature. Here, man can as
yet attain to no consciousness of his personality; neither
among the Indians nor among the Chinese has he any worth 25
or entitlement on account of his individuality. These people
will expose their children as a matter of course, or not hesi-
tate to destroy them. +
It is in the Caucasian race that spirit first reaches absolute
unity with itself, It is here that it first enters into complete 30
opposition to naturality, apprehends itself in its absolute
independence, disengages from the dispersive vacillation
between one extreme and the other, achieves self-determina-
tion, self-development, and so brings forth world history.
As has already been noticed, the character of the Mongois 35
is merely that of an activity outwards, pouring forth like a
flood, flowing away again as quickly as it spreads, creating
bcJ ....bft, WoJ acrflkmb lIidt, nicrJl' erkut, leinen Woftl

fcfJdtt btf IDtftecf.tc ~omiagt. :!)lrfcr Iommt erft but4J
'* fplcaaf. 9llte 81& 6tanbe.
3n bnfelm". mr der .~et edtca, 'oie QJorbercafiaten'
ub bie (fuu,uin &Il1l1ltnf4ftbcn; mit ~14elll Untetf4itbt iett
bcr u.rr. l'oa D.~oaaebGllml unb W)rijkn auflUlllltenfäUt.
~ !Rca~omebani' .. u' fit bQ~ &omtrte $rindl> ~tf 3u~
bell, -4 tfn»rittnme aur Rpdn~it, ü&mttunben. -6ier ~irb
. . 1li4t .~r, -'e bei ben ,pintaaflaten, $ auf unmittel&ar
~. . . !Ddfe ~nb &etriUl}tet, fonbcm Al' '* ü&et alle
lJidfJtit btr tBelt a~batt (fine uncnbüdJe !Rad)t QUf9efa't.
~r D~o.b,ud'mu' i~ bQ~er im clamtlid)ften Sinne beI mot'~
tel btc 9ltliefon ber tit'~a&en~eit. 91lft biefer 9ldigion ~~t bcr
~et btr morberafiaun, &efoubm ber Wrakr, in ~öWgtm
flidang. ~ieJ mou iP, in feinem Wuffd)mu11Qe AU bem "wn
.ttc, 8.' .1Ie' tiabU., sestll GIle' (ile~ Qlei4gültis, mit
frine. Mal "'ft mit feinen @}lü4tgitcrn frdQebilJ; n~ je,t
~lIt fein, XA\'ferfdt unb ftilw Dtro~atigftit uaafrn Inerfta.
IUII,. tief Per an ~elJl a&fh'lId iUatn feftl>eUenbe ~rifl ~
~.rGfillkll .rinat tf ukf)t aur ~un9, aur I'efonberuU8
bcf IIUgtmtbUlt, folg(id) Ili~t &11 "neuter ~ilbune. :1)uTcf; b{~
fca . $ i~ &\'oar ~itr {\llt~ iß ,pin.tetQ~en f)enf~nbe .tafleuf
'»li'. ~milfJtet, jebe' 3nbi~ibllUm UMt' 'oe. ul)aIReb4nifd)etl
$ottaaflaten frei; eisentlfcf1eT l)e'~oti.mtt' fiabet Imter benfdben
71 ni4t {tatt. ~4f 4tolitifd)e ~eNIl fonant iebodJ ~ftr 1104 ni4t
au einem ßCgliebert.n t)rganiemu', aUf Unterfel}efbung in befon~
bm Staatfge",alten. Uni' "a' 'oie 3n'oiufbuen betrifft, f0 ~a(,
te. bitfe(&ea fiel} A~ar einerfeit~ in einer gro;nrtigen <n~a&m~elt
über fu&jectt.,e, enblidJe 3nwde, fäiraen fld) o6er IlnbeTerfeit~ Qud)
~iebtr mit uqca6gdtem ~ritbe in bie tBerfolßung fol~er 3meck,
'oie &ej ifJnm balllt ItUeG ~U9emeinen tntl!t~nn, ~eU ef ~iet' n04J
nfdJt au dnef inuallncnten ~efonbaunQ bft trugemdntn foaImt.
So entfld>t ~ier, ne~en ben ff~d&en~elt ~tfbtnungen, bie aro;t.
9tild)fud)t unb .rglitt
~'e CI uro ., än bQgegen ~ilben au i~rem ~neq, tmb Gl)Q~
rafter b4~ ,olteret lUgemeine , ben ftd) fel&ft &qlbamenben QJe.
only havoc, building nothing, constituting no advance in

world history. It is the Caucasian race which first brings
about this progress.
We have however to distinguish between two aspects of
this race, the inhabitants 01 Western Asia and the Europeans, a 5
difference which now coincides with that between Moham-
medans and Christians.
In Mohammedanism, the limited principle of the Jews is
overcome in that it is extended into universality. Among the +
inh<ibitants of the Far East God is regarded as existing in an 10
immediate and sensuous manner, but among the Moham-
medans he is apprehended as the one infinite power elevated
over an the plurality of the world. Mohammedanism is
therefore, in the strictest sense of the word, the religion of
sublimity. The character of the western Asiatics and es- 15
pecially that of the Arabs, stands in perfect accord with this
religion. In its rising to the one God, this people is indifferent
to an that is finite, to an misery, being as prodigal of its life
as it is of its belongings. Still today its valour and its liberality
deserve our recognition. However, in holding fast to abstract 20
oneness, the spirit of the western Asiatics fails to advance the
universal into the determination, the particularization, of
concrete formation. This spirit certainly does away with the
caste-system which dominates everything in the Far East, so
that among the Mohammedans of anterior Asia each indi- 25
vidual is free, there being no real despotism among them.
In that it is not differentiated into specific governmental
powers however, their politicallife is not yet an articulated
organism. With regard to the individuals moreover, al-
though on the one hand there is no denying the magnificent 30
sublimity of their remaining aloof [rom subjective and finite
purposes, one has to recognize that they also indulge in the
pursuit of them with unbridled impulsiveness. It is on ac-
count of this that their purposes lack all universality, for at
this juncture there is as yet no immanent particularization of 35
the universal. Consequently, the most elevated sentiments
occur here in conjunction with excessive vindictiveness and
guile.
It is, however, the concrete universal, self-determining
thought, which constitutes the principle and character of 40
bilnkn. ~n ct,ritKi. GJott ijt nid)t b(ofj M unterf"tebtlefe

Wne, fon'Dem ber !Dreieinige, ber ben llnterfef}feb in tief} ent'
~aUenbe, ber menfcf}ge\1)otbene, ber nd) felbft offenkmbe Glott.
3n biefer fdtgtlfen motfleUung ~at ber GJegenfat bct lUgmd,
nen unb b~ ~efollbmn, - be~ GJebanfenf 1mb bcf ~Gf~n'
- bte ~flt SeflArfe, unb tft g(el"~o~( aUf If"it aud.
~rt. eo bleibt ba' ~efonbere ~ter ntd)t fo ru_ta fla feiller
UnmtüelbGrfeit be(affen, \l'te im !Jl~olllebaaffmu' j 'fdlllr'f fft
batrelk bufcf} ben @ebanfen beftbnmt, wte umgrfe~rt bo. IUer l
meine _cf} 'ier aUf ~efonberung ent\1)fcfdt. !Da. $rincq, be.

tUfo~tfd)tn @eltte. ift baf)tr bte fe~\l)ujte fBmtunft, bfe 8"
n., bG' ßutrallen ~t, ba; 9ltef}tf geeen fu rine um'ikrlDiulUfle
Ecf}fGnk fftJn faRn, unb bie ba~er IOff ant.t, um ~ felHr
barin 9'gt1l\1)dttig &u \1)erben. ~r euro~tf. "ft f"t 'Oie
mett tid) gegenüber, mad)t nd) l'on t~r frei, ~ellt aM bieren
GJegenfa, \l)ieber auf, nimmt fein anbere', ba' !Jlannlgfoltfge,
fla n~, ta fdlt iinf~~t auriicf. .pier fJmf4Jt iafJcJ btefer
llneabli4c lBiffm~Gn8, ber ben .abft'en !Racen frem'D ift. !DfIJ
~er (ntmffirt bie !Belt, Cf .uI fit ",tunen, ticf1 ba' il)1I
8~~ Ium Ilfteienm, in lien ~efonberllJ\Qtn btr
Sett 'Die @ottuq, M' (Jefe. , bd ,"gemeln" bcn @e'DanfeR,
72 'Dit tnnm &münftiaftit ncf1 aUf Wnfcf}auung bringen. - Clbenfo
\l)(e ia ~eofttif" ftrtlIt »er euro,Atfd)t @eift Gud) fIn ~of,
tif. . nt4 ber i"tf.n i~m unb bct . . . .elt ~cnorau&rtn'
gcnbca (linf)rit. Clr 1Uttm»i1'ft 'Oie • •~lt frinm S.eden
.tt einer flangte, \1)t(cf1t i&m 'Oie ~rrfcf1Gft ber !Belt geticfJert
f)at. !Dd 3nbi'otbuua ge~t ~tn la feinen befonbemt ~anblun
bt iuro~ .'t
gea "" ftt1n GOgandaen @runbfA.en GUe; unb btr etQat fleUt
ober \l)enigtr ~te ber mJiDfür etne' !Dff,öten
maoannene <lntfGltung unb mertDtrftt~ung ber \Jt'ei~ett burd)
..uinftlgc 3ltftltutionm bar.
3n &trcff aber enbUd) 'Der urr"rünglid)en Im er ifan et ~a$
kn "'lt &u lIe..erfen, bG, bieftlben ein »erfd)winbenbe' fd)~G~e.
tlerd)ltef}t tlab. 3tt MGncf1ett xt,eilen amerifll'~ fanb fid) awar aur
Seit bft' (fntbecfung beffelllen eine aiemli~e ~il'Dung; btefe war
jeb'" .tt 'Der euto.atf.n .Iultur nicf1t au 'Oergleid)en, lIn'D i~
Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 6 I
Europeans. The Christian God is not simply the One which is

devoid of difference, it is the Triunity, that which holds
difference within itself, God become man, revealing hirnself.
In this religious presentation, the opposition ofuniversal and
particular, of thought and determinate being, is heightened 5
to its extreme and yet led back into unity. Consequently, that
which is particular is not left in its immediacy in so un-
disturbed astate as it is in Mohammedanism. It is deter-
mined here by thought, just as, conversely, the universal
develops itself into particularization. It is therefore self- 10
conscious reason which constitutes the principle of the
European spirit. This reason carries with it the conviction
that not hing can present it with an insuperable barrier, and
therefore deals with everything in order to be co me present to
itself within it. The European spirit opposes the world to it- 15
self, and while freeing itself from it, sublates this opposition
by taking back into the simplicity of its own self the mani-
foldness of this its other. This accounts for the dominance of
the European's infinite thirst for knowledge, which is alien
to other races. The world interests the European, he wants 20
to get to know it, to possess the other with which he is con-
fronted, to bring into intuition the inner rationality of the
particularities of the world, of the genus, the law, the uni-
versal, of thought. In wh at is practical, as in what is theoreti-
cal, the European spirit strives to bring forth unity between 25
itself and the extern al world. It subdues the external world
to its purposes with an energy which has ensured far it the
mastery of the world. Here, the individual enters upon his
particular activities on the basis offirmly universal principles.
In Europe, moreover, the state exhibits an unfolding and 30
actualization of freedom, by means of rational institutions,
which is more or less free from the licence of despotie rule.
Finally, we have however to observe with regard to the
original Americans, that they constitute a vanishing and
feeble species. It is true that a fair degree of organization was 35 +
to be found in several parts of America at the time of its
discovery. It was not however to be compared with European +
alt bcR UrrituDo~1lml ~d)ntllftben. Wujnbem gf6t ef bort

~ ~cflc. BUbe., j.". bie ~efd)erA'8 unb bie ti8ffmo'8.
~e e~ ""n finb faft galti aU8gcflo"m. 9JHt "rant$
lICln unb ."'~ Wannt gCllad)t, flcr~en biefe _m au8.
~ ~ finb e8 bie .trcolen, roer. fi" \)on E~ClIlien
.....~.8i8 gemad)t ~abm; bie eigentlt.n 3nbia .aren bcaau
unfi~f9 gemcfen. ~ ~Cl1'agua" lHftn bfcfelhn roIe galti U1\I
miinbiße .tfnba, unb rourben roie fol. auel) "on ben 3efuftm
~elt. ~tc tlmaifaner fiRb bCl~ offellbClr nid)t im EtaRbe,
fid) gegen bie tiuro.,äer au ~~au"teR. ~fefe roaben auf bem
* \)on i~ne. bort aoberten ~oben dne neue .tulm ~8fnnen.
* Criesheim Ms. SS. 84-86; vgl. KehLeT Ms. SS. 62-63: Im Ganzen zeigt sich
die amerika nische Race als ein schwächeres Geschlecht, das durch die
Europäer erst hohe Bildung erreicht hat. Pferde und Eisen haben in Amerika
gefehlt. Mehr oder weniger ist die amerikanische Race mannigfaltig versch-
ieden, die Sprachen sind dieß auf's höchste, zeigen sich auf kleine Völker-
schaften beschränkt und nach diesen Völkerschaften finden wieder ganz
verschiedene Sprachen statt. Amerika zeigt sich mehr als ein Ablagerungs-
platz der europäischen Nationen worüber die Einheimischen mehr oder
weniger zu Grunde gehen. Die westindischen Bewohner kann man als zu
Grunde gegangen betrachten. Die Ureinwohner existiren entweder gar nicht
mehr oder als vermischt mit den Eingewanderten, ebenso ist es in Nordame-
rika, das durch die Engländer und andern Völker als Kolonien in Besitz
genommen ist. Die Ureinwohner sind von den Eingewanderten gleichsam
vernichtet und existiren nur noch zerstreut in kleinen Völkerschaften und
wo sie so noch eigenes Bestehen haben, sind sie sehr wenig zahlreich.
Die Europäer, besonders die Engländer stehen mit ihnen in Verbindung
wegen des Handels, aber diese ungeheuren bewaldeten Flächen bewohnt
eine sehr geringe Anzahl Menschen, sie sind etwas Unbedeutendes. Was
im nördlichen Amerika etablirt ist sind Europäer, im südlichen Amerika
sind die eigentlichen Amerikaner oder Indianer allerdings zahlreicher,
bestehend aus mehreren Millionen und es finden sich gegen den Südpol zu
zwar Nationen von robustem Körper und besonderer Thätigkeit, aber was
man von ihnen hat kennenlernen ist im Ganzen z.B. in Brasilien, dumpfe,
stumpfsinnige und unthätige Menschen. Man hat in unserer Zeit Brasilianer
nach (85) Europa gebracht aber sie haben sich dumpfsinnig und ungebildet
gezeigt, (Kehler: wie die Exemplare beweisen, die der Prinz von Neuwied und
Spix und Martius mitgebracht haben) ihre lange Verbindung mit Spanien
und Portugal hat sie sehr wenig vorwärts gebracht. Die interessante Reise-
beschreibung eines Engländers der 10 bis 12 Jahre in Brasilien lebte, Güte
daselbst hatte und eine sehr specielle Kenntniß des Landes besitzt giebt an,
daß es eine ganze Menge Neger giebt die Aerzte, Künstler, Geistliche und
Handwerker sind und sich geschickt zeigen, sich europäische Kentnisse
culture, and it has disappeared together with the original

inhabitants. Wh at is more, there are over there the most
fatuous savages, the Pescherois for ex am pIe, and the Eskimos. +
The Caribs of earlier times are almost entirely extinct. These
savages die out when brought into contact with brandy and 5
guns. In South America it is the Creoles who have made +
themselves independent of Spain. The Indians themselves
could never have done this: in Paraguay they resembied +
irresponsible children, and were also treated as such by the
Jesuits. It is clear therefore that the Americans are unable to 10
hold their own against the Europeans, who will initiate a new
American culture in the land they have conquered from the
natives.*
* Criesheim Ms. pp. 84-86; cf. Kehler Ms. pp. 62-63: On the whole, the Ameri-
can ra ce is quite evidently a weaker species, which has attained to a higher
culture only through the Europeans. It exhibits a more or less multifarious
variety, especially in respect of language, for although its languages are
confined to small tribes, these tribes in their turn also possess completely
different tongues. America displays itself as a dumping ground for the na- +
tions of Europe, as a result of which the natives are being more or less
destroyed. The inhabitants of the West Indies may be regarded as already
destroyed, for the original population either no longer exists at all, or only as
mixed with the immigrants. It is the same in North America, which the
English and other peoples have taken over and colonized. The original
inhabitants have been as good as annihilated by the immigrants, and only
continue to exist in small tribes. Where they pursue their own way of life,
their numbers are very sm all ; Europeans, and especially the English, have
entered into contact with them for trading purposes, but very few people
in habit the vast forested areas, and they are of little significance. In North
America it is the Europeans who are established. In South America however,
the true Americans or Indians are more numerous. There are several mil-
lions of them, and toward the south pole there are moreover nations which
are active and physically robust. On the whole however, what one has been +
able to discover of South American Indians, especially in Brazil, indicates
that they are dull, stupid and indolent. Brazilians have recently been (85)
brought to Europe, but they have shown themselves to be dull-witted and ill-
bred, (Kehler: witness the examples brought back by the Prince of Neuwied
and Spix and Martius) their long connection with Spain and Portugal having +
hardly brought them on at all. An Englishman who lived for ten or twelve
years in Brazil, where he owned estates and of which he has a very good
knowledge, in an interesting account he has given of his res iden ce there, says
that there are quite a number of Negro physicians, artists, clergymen and
craftsmen, that Negroes show themselves to be capable ofacquiring European
§. 394.
~ifrer Untfrfef>ieb gebt in bit ~Arti,u(AritAtfn (,in4uf,
bit m4n 20 C41g f i ft ernennen '41111, unb bie fief> in ber
Aujerlid)fll 2e&ens4rt, satfd,Aftigung, forperlid)er saUbull9
unb ~ifpofition, A&er nod) me~r in innmr ~enben~ unl\
~ffA~igung belS intelligenten unb fittlicf)en (~ar4fter6 btt
tJ6lfer icig.n.
73 eo mett bic ~efd)id)te btr lJ6lfer 5uralcfreicf)t, Aef9t

Jt h6
S.,....
Sl>e~artlid)e biefes ~l}PU6 ber &efonbern mationcn.
~it im 3uf~. all1lt 'Ql'ClsrQ4)~ 393 8cfd}il'Dntm
9tClccn"crfd}iebcnl)citen ~nb bie mcfcntUd}en, - bic burd} ben "e,
griff" &e1timmten Unterfd,iebe De8 CllIgmefnen 9lCltlifgeijlet. ed
biefer friner ClUgemeinen Unterfd)efbung bleibt GM ber 9lQtufgeiji
nid}t fie~n; bie 9lQtüdid}feit bee @ei~t8 ~at nid)t bie 9)lac{,t,
~dJ ale ben reinen Wbbrnlf ber eejtimmungen be8 ~egriffe au
be~Clul'ten; ~e ge~t au \l)eitmr eefonberung jener aUgemdnen
anzueignen, aber von Indianern hört man so nichts und einer der Geistlicher
geworden, ist in der Jugend schon gestorben, es sind wenig Beispiele anzu-
führen wo sie sich geschickt gezeigt haben. Im Inneren von Brasilien haben
sich in Paraguai vornehmlich Jesuiten angesiedelt und daselbst ein Reich
gestiftet, sie führen eine väterliche Regierung über die Indianer und nach
allem zu urtheilen ist dieß das Beste was man ihnen gewäh ren kann. Diese
Mönche machen die Väter aus, so daß die Einwohner verpflichtet sind für
sie zu arbeiten, Baumwolle zu pflanzen, das Land zu bauen u.s.w. Die
Produkte dieser Arbeit werden in Magazine geliefert und von da ausgegeben
was zur Subsistenz der Einwohner nothwendig ist. Es scheint dieß die
angemessenste Weise zu sein, denn alle Beschreibungen können nicht genug
davon sprechen daß die Indianer nicht zu einer Vorsorge, auch nur für den
folgenden Tag zu bewegen sind, sondern durchaus nur für den Augenblick
leben wie die Thiere. Alles was Thätigkeit, Ordnung, Vorsorge für die
Zukunft u.s.w. betrifft, thun sie nur indem es ihnen aufgetragen ist; der Tag
ist eingetheilt zum Gottesdienst und zur bestimmten Arbeit und es fand sich
sogar nöthig des Nachts um 12 Uhr die Glocken zu läuten um sie zur
Erfüllung der ehelichen Pflichten anzuleiten. Die Völker die in spanischen
Ländern die Unabhängigkeit erringen sind Nachkommen von Europäern,
Kreolen, von einem Europäer und einer indischen Frau, oder von einem
Indier und einer europäischen Frau. Für sich selbst sind die Amerikaner für
eine (86) geistig schwache Nation anzusehen, die mehr oder weniger das
Schicksal gehabt hat, sich nicht zu europäischer Kultur erheben zu können,
sondern sie nicht aushalten und vertragen kann und so weichen mußte.
§ 394
This difference expresses i tself in particularities
i.e. in spirits which may be said to be localized and
which are apparent in the extern al way of life,
occu pation, bodil y build and dis posi tion ofpeoples,
but to even greater extent internally, in the pro- 5
pensity and capacity of their intellectual and
ethical character. +
The history of peoples, as far back as it may be

traced, exhibits the persistence of this type in +
particular nations. 10
Addition. The racial varieties delineated in the Addition to

the previous Paragraph are the essential ones, - the dif-
ferences of the universal natural spirit determined by the
Notion. Natural spirit does not remain in this its universal
differentiation however. The naturality of spirit is unable to 15
maintain itself as the pure copy of the determinations of the
Notion, progresses into the further particularization of these
skills. One does not hear this of the Indians however. One became a clergy- +
man, but he died young, and there are very few examples of their having +
shown an aptitude for anything. In the interior of Brazil, in Paraguay, the
settlers have been mainly Jesuits, and have founded a country. They rule
the Indians in a paternal manner, which by all accounts is the best way of
doing so. These monks are the fathers, and the inhabitants are duty bound to
work for them, to plant cotton, cultivate the land etc. The products of this
labour are stored in magazines, from which whatever is necessary for the sub-
sistence of the inhabitants is distributed. This is evidently the most appropriate
way of doing things, for all accounts emphasize time and again that the Indians
are not to be motivated into taking care even for the following day, but live
entirely for the moment, like animals. I t is only when they are enjoined to,
that they will do anything involving activity, orderliness, care for the future
etc. The day is divided between divine worship and specific jobs, and it has
even been found necessary to ring the bells at about twelve o'clock at night
in order to induce the fulfilment ofmatrimonial duties. The peoples who are +
assuming independence in the Spanish territories are the descendants of the
Europeans, the Creoles, those born of a European and an Indian wife or of an
Indian and a European wife. The Americans themselves are to be regarded
as a (86) spiritually weak nation, which has more or less had the fate ofbeing
unable to rise to European culture, and on account ofits having been unable
to hold out against and bear it, ofhaving had to give way to it.
Untnf"iebe fort, unb »erfaUt fo in bie 9}lonnigfoltigfeit bn ~oca1f

ober 9l«tionalgtt{ter. ~ie au~fü~tli"e <il)aro!tnifüf biefn <&ri1hr
gc~ött tt,dl~ fn bie 9laturgefd}id}te be~ 9.llcnfd}en, t~eil~ in 'oie
~~Uofo,,~{e On !Beltgefd}i"tt. ~ie trflft'f miffenfd}oft f~ilbnt
kie bur" bie 9latur m~binate ~\)ofition be~ 9latiollald}Qroftm,
'oie S~i"e 'Bilbung, bie ~kn~Q\'t, 'oie '8efcfJAftigung, fo~ie
'oie bqonbefen stid)tungcn on 3nteUigma unb beG !StutnG 'oer
9lotionen•. ~ie ~~i(ofo\)~ie bn <&ef"idJte bagegen 'at iU i~rem
8egcnftcmbe 'oie ~eltgtf.dJtUcfJc '8ebeutung bn IJölfn, - baG
l)d;t I - \mn \l)ir 'oie !Bdtgef"'''" im umfaffcnbften Sinne
'off morteG n4men, - 'oie ,3dJflc (htn)icflu1ltl, au \l)tl.r bie
utf'\)rüngU. ~~ontion beG 9lationolcf}araftm gelanat, - 'oie
getfH9fte Worm, au \l)eld}er bn in ben !latiollCII ~o~nenbe 9lQf
tutgeift fid) m,e6t. .pier in 'ocr ~~flofo\)f}if.n .t~ro\)ologtt
Snnen ll)lf une auf baG ~etclU 1""t einlafl'en, beft'en eetrad)-
tung bm ebmgenllltnten kiben !Sifl'enf"aftttt obltest. iJit~.
ben ~ier ben 9lat{onal"ara!ter nut in fofern au ktra"ten, a1~
berfelbe ben .leim entl}Qlt, aue \1)tld}cm bie <&efcf1id}k 'on 9latto~
um fidJ entltlicfelt.
3u»ötttrfl fann bemerft \l)erOen, ba~ bet 9lntionalunterfd}{eb
ein eben fo fefter Unterfd}ieb i{t, \l)fe 'oie tRaceR'D«fd}icbm~dt M
~eltfd}en, - 'oa~ aum 'Beif~id bfe .tabet fill nod) je.t überaU
eben fo adgtn, \l)ie fie fit Oen älteftm ,aaten RefcfJilbn't tM'onr.
l>ie Ununäubnlid}feit 'oe~ Jtlima'~, 'on gonaen eqd}atfC1l~dt 'oe'
74 iGllbcG, in \MI• • eine !latton '~ren .Ieibenben m3o~llfi, I,at,
trägt AUf 1lIl'Hf4n~.rli~it bc~ "~t4fte~ ~nfdkn bei. (fine
BifW, bie WIl"ktf.ft beG !Jleerc. obn bo~ (fntfmJ*f,.n ~Ollt
getre, - oUt biefe UIßfhinbe Snnen auf ben 9l4ttonal~GlGIter
* (lfntru' ~ &fonbnt 1ft ,WIW ber 3uf-tdJane 11ft bm
* Kehler Ms. SS. 66-67; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. 9I : Europa (67) hat in sich auch
viele Unterschiede; das Naturell ist etwas so bestimmt Verschiedenes, das
durchaus an den Boden sich gebunden zeigt. Die alten Gallier, wie sie
Cäsar schildert, und die neueren Franzosen, trotz der Veränderung, fast
dieselbe Natur. Die Araber sind noch immer dieselben; volle Freiheit,
Unabhängigkeit, Mangel an Cultur, Großmuth, Gastfreiheit, räuberisch,
listig. Ihre Religion hat keine Veränderung in die Art und Weise ihres
Naturells gebracht.
universal differences, and so falls apart into the multiplicity
of local or national spirits. The detailed characterization of
these belongs partly to the natural history of man and partly
to the philosophy of world history . The first of these sciences
is concerned with the disposition ofnational character as it is 5
naturally determined, and deals with the bodily build, the
manner of living and occupation of nations, as weIl as with
their particular intellectual and volitional propensities. It is
however the world-historical significance of peoples that
constitutes the subject matter of the philosophy of history. 10
This significance, when we take the word 'world-history' in
its widest sense, will be the highest development attained by
the original disposition of the national character, the most
spiritual form achieved by the natural spirit residing within
the nations. Here in philosophical anthropology we cannot 15
enter into the detail to be dealt with by the two sciences just
mentioned. At this juncture we have to take national charac-
ter into consideration only in so far as it contains the germ
out ofwhich the history ofthe nations develops. +
It can be noticed in the first instance that national dif- 20
ference is as unchangeable as the racial variety of men. The
Arabs of today for example, still answer completely to the
earliest descriptions of them. The changelessness of the +
climate and the general state of the countryside in which a
nation has its permanent habitat, contributes to the settled- 25
ness of its character. A desert, the proximity or remoteness of
the sea, are all circumstances which can influence national
character. * Access to the sea is, in this respect, particularly
* KehLer Ms. pp. 66-67; cf. Griesheim Ms. p. 91. In Europe (67) there are also
many differences; the distinct variety of natural disposition in the continent
displays itself everywhere as bound to the soil. Despite the change that has
taken place, the nature ofthe ancient Gauls as described by Caesar and ofthe
French of more recent times, is almost the same. The Arabs are the same as +
they have always been; completely free, independent, lacking in culture,
generous, hospitable, rapacious, cunning. Their religion has wrought no
change in their nature and manner oflife.
. . . , b)"'S· ~ bell "1 ...

8tbkSn& bl"t cam Q)eftabe
.....,. ob ouf bie(c IDdfc ~ aem, - biefaa frden
....." - üst~CIl 3wmt bct dßelltlfcf)cn Ifrifll ~icit
~ . . bu IiuSchracll uRGUfscfdJloft'cI, ~lt friKel Wtei~'
tri,., ertdgt ofJ. ~Ha bfc allee_ne Sd@Cfri. ~fe
. . bcf IhM ftq fcb04 fAr fldJ lIlda ben fIdfl nfcf)t frri
. . .n. ~ klIctfcn ble ~, bfe fi~ bcm fett frlil)ffter
3dt hi f~ncl ktltf)enbm atmot ber ~cfJfffun9 be~ \)on ba
"'tur fiT fic sdfaetel!Jlmef fda"ifcfJ Ulltcmoffen ~obtn, uab
f. butdJ ben ~tifmue »oa biefs ~ten freien <flement, -
''In bief,. not6t1i4cn ~afet1n ber Oseatdaf)tit, - gef~iebm,
kitte .ltaft "ma~n, fldJ "on ber bfe ~rit töbten'oeR lIet-
WdJmmg bef etan~bu,cilun8m •• kftelea, "'elcfJe in . .
"I~rau; flatt ibtbet, uab bic einer G1I~ eleenem "ntriebe
~~ !Im "fdJijffnbm !latioa unertr6glfdJ f"Jl l»itbe.
!Da. In aM bm ~ea llntnfdJieb ber 9latiollal9~
~.n .tbc
ft« Ntrlft, fo ift berfefbc ~ ber afrifanlfcflca gmf~nrllce tm
me'oeutellb, uab tritt ftf6ft ki bcr riseutltdJ otw
tiflJat 9l4" »felll'enleer, GI. Wbat ~ J)mK, in ~cf,
dien btf f)dfl erfl auf fdner ..,~ ~ aUt eldf4l1
tlteu _ ber eeronbml1l8 ge(aagt. lDir 'NUea beJ~(& ~ier
1IUf fII. bca fa fi4J »erfeftfekncn *aftn bu mo~fdjen Ji4.
tioam rl'ttdJen, unb unter bmfelben audJ biqeaieen miffn, ~eWJe
JcrJ ..,*dtUcfJ brdJ Ü}tt .c(teef"4~ tRolle '0011 eUtan'oer
1Uttnf~, - nAlilidJ 'oie 8riecfJm, "e fUaaer ulb bW Q)«I
IIt41lCn, - nidJt in ir,rtr se9Cftfdtfeeft ~{~un8 dJarGfttr{fiua;
'ciej 8tf.~ __ ll'ir b« '~Uof'''~ic btr GfefdtidJte AU ü6cr~
I"fi'en. t)a8~tn finnen ~itr ~ie llllterfcfJtcbc a~beu ll'CrDelt,
75 ll)(1cfJe fuf1 inncrf)41b 'on srWdJifdJen 9llltfon, unb unter ~n lIle~r
oUt \leuig« »on gtrm~nifd)tn ijlemelltell ~rd)'orunilen(Jt d)ri~:
U•• mölfan (iuro~'~ f}eroOl'getfJlln ~4bell.
QBd bit @riedJeIl anbelQnst, (0 unterfd/dben ffd) ~it in
bel' $erio'oe i~m »oUtn ll'dtsefd}id)tlid}m (htmidlung unter il}nen
bcfonbu' ~er~on49tn)en ~Ifer, - 'oU ~acrbimollicr 'eil ~~t:I
knn »nb 'oie Ilu,caer, - Iluf folsmbe Stife ~on eiullnter. ~

~ ben ~act'oämolliem fit 'o~& g@irBlnr, unterf4)ie»tlofe ~Cbell
important. In the interior of Africa proper, cut off as it is

from the free element of the sea in that it is surrounded by
high mountains elose to the coast, the spirit of the natives is
unexpressed, feels no impulse towards freedom, suffers
universal slavery without resistance. Spirit cannot however 5 +
be liberated solely by the proximity of the sea. The Indians
are evidence of this, for since the earliest times, although they
have had natural access to it, they have slavishly observed
the law which forbids them to navigate. Cut offby despotism
from this wide, free element, from universality in this its 10
natural existence, they consequently display no capacity
for liberating themselves from the ossification of social
divisions intrinsic to the caste relationship. This ossification
is fatal to freedom, and would not be tolerated by a nation
given to the free navigation ofthe sea. 15
That which is involved in the determinate difference of
national spirits is of least significance among the human race
of Africa, and even among the truly Asiatic race it is much
less in evidence than it is among Europeans, in whom spirit
first emerges from its abstract universality into the developed 20
fullness of particularization. Here, therefore, we shall make
mention only of the variations in character among the
European nations and of those of their peoples mutually
distinguished primarily on account of their world-historical
role i.e. the Greeks, the Romans and the Germans. We shall 25
not characterize the relation in which they stand to one
another, since this is an undertaking we have to leave to the
philosophy ofhistory. At thisjuncture mention may however +
be made of the differences which have become apparent
within the Greek nation, and among the Christian peoples of 30
Europe wh ich are more or less permeated by Germanie
elements.
Among the Creeks, during the maturity of their world-
historie al development, three particularly prominent peoples,
the Lacedaemonians, the Thebans and the Athenians, dis- 35
tinguish themselves from one another in the following man-
ner. Among the Lacedaemonians, since it is the life of solid
in 'on ~n E5u&paUi ~ofl)mflf1ellb: ba~ef folamm bei i"'en

ba' ~UI1l unb bd w"",m,n\lCt~ltlli~ nid1t &lt il)rcM me4Jte.
- ed btn !tf)c'6Anem hgesen t~ b~ euttJts,agefttte "'nd~
~mor; bei benfeijell ~Qt 0110 Ei"j«ti~e, 'oae QJnaitr,udJe, -
fo t\}eU ble' ii~4Iq)t flJon bca CBmd}en ausei~fo.n l\\erDea
fllR, - ba' Uekr8e~i4t ~tr .oa1llnl\1rifef Der imecfJcn,
$_r, eebirt ben ~em. an. lulfl toer unter bca ~k'
Dem eatflan'oene Wreun'ofcfJGft'bunb tton 3inelillQen, bit auf ~t'
lIeaJ unb Xo'o mit dnQ1lba 'OCrllunbta \Nre.. , ßibt dnen f&\1)ti,
»fit bem in biefs ~olk 'Oor~d)tnben eid}3unid.ie~" in 'oie
3nllCtlfdJfdt btr (illQ)fbabull8. - l)a' att,mitll~fcfJe ~olf GM'
peUt bie (fm~dt biefn f)tgcnfä't bar; in i~1l ift ber <ltift GUf
t'tt ~uff~ Subitdf'OUdt ~ttI1u~getreten, o~ne fflfl in bie
fa:ortonifdJc .oijed1'Oitdt be' ~ttli.n ~k.~ au 'OCrÜtrtR; bie
91. be. eta" u~ ~ 3nbittiouum. l)abea bei bell WtIJc'
1JeJ1l eine fo .0. . .., mminfeullQ gefunben, 111. Guf btII
sriccfJif4en ~.fu" iilIer~Gu.,t m&gUdJ ,"r. !Ble _ ItfJca
»ur,
.ifk' r,
~Uf41 fBeraaWlul&g bt' ~QrtGldf.1l tmb 0.. t~Qnif.1l
'oie (ijAl)cit bed IlÖfbUcfJen ub tlej rÜblidJe1t (ijried)eal4ue
lI~t; fel)t1l lW in jenem etuu QUcfJ bie 1BminisUR(J M
öjdi.1l uQ PeT \Wftlid1en Clritd}en, in fofem ~14to ill 'oaIfe{,
fit.. bot ~bfolutt GI. bit ~e beftimmi ~Ilt, in ~(cfJct fo"'o~l
blll in ba jQnifd)cn ~~fo\)~~ ium ~6rolutcn ßelllo4Jtc 9latiit#
lidJe I 01$ l'eT bll8 ~rincq, M itaUf.n ~~iloro,~it 6i.1»enbe Q/llq
cWftrade @ebanle öU IDlOllentcu ~crQ&gcft.t Unb. ~ 9Rit DitftM
76 8nbeuhlqtn ht eemff bce Cif)atd!tcte bet ~au\)t\)ölftr ~e'
"anbt lIiffat ~it une ~in hanügm; burcfJ eine \1)citm (lnt-
lDfcIlunS bef I.aebeuteten \1)ürben \1)lt In bQ~ <lebtet bet mdts
ßtfcfJf4te, unb ttGIItentliiJ (lucfJ bcr <lefcfJicfJtc btt $~Uor~~ie
* A&erAftlfel.
* CTiesheim Ms. SS. 92-93; KehleT Ms. S. 67: So ist die ionische Philosophie
die Naturphilosophie, das Absolute ist da als das Natürliche als Wasser und
als die materiellen Atome bestimmt. In der italisch pythagoräischen Philo-
sophie war das Innere des Subjekts aufgefaßt, so daß Zahlenformen das
Prinzip wurden in welchem sie die Gedankenbestimmungen faßten. Bei den
Athenern ist dagegen die philosophische Idee in ihrer geistigen Einheit und
Eigenthümlichkeit hervorgetreten, zwischen jenem bloß formellen und
conformity with the ethical substance which predominates,

there is no proper appreciation of property and the family
relationship. Among the Thebans however, it is the contrary
principle, the subjective, the sentimental - in so far as this
is at all attributable to the Greeks - which preponderates. 5
Pindar, the greatest of Greek lyricists, was a Theban. It was
among the Thebans that young men formed the league of
amity, binding themselves to one another through life and
death - a further indication of this people's propensity for
withdrawing into the inner life of sentiment. In the people of 10
Athens however, these contrasts are combined, for in them
spirit has emerged from Theban subjectivity without losing
itself in the objeetivity of Spartan ethieal life. Among the
Athenians the rights of the state and of the individual are as
completely reconciled as it was possible for them to be at the 15
Greek level of culture. By thus mediating between the spirit
of Sparta and that of Thebes, the state of Athens eonstitutes
the unity of northern and southern Greeee. It also evinees
the unifieation of the eastern and western Greeks however,
in so far as it was there that Plato determined the absolute as 20
the Idea; for within the Idea both the natural being treated
as absolute in the Ionie philosophy and the wholly abstract
thought eonstituting the principle ofthe Italie philosophy are
redueed to moments. - At this juneture we have to rest
content with thus indieating the character of the main 25
peoples of Greeee. A further exposition of what has been
touched upon would take us into the domain of world his-
tory, and what is more, into the history of philosophy. * +
* eTiesheim Ms. pp. 92-93; cf. KehLeT Ms. p. 67: The Ionie philosophy is the
philosophy of nature, the absolute within it being what is natural, wh at is
deterrnined as water and as the material atoms. In the Italie Pythagorean
philosophy the inwardness ofthe subjeet was grasped, numerieal forms being
the prineiple by whieh the thought determinations were eomprehended.
Among the Athenians on the eontrary, the philosophie Idea emerged in its
spiritual unity and peeuliarity, mediating between the extreme of mere
. . ao4 . . 8fIjm DI11lIl19faldefdt bet 9latfonGl~f

tat cdlkfat '* W __ "film",. almt "4tG". ~e
~8 bt M Watut blcfer atIeJ " ble ihntt. .
3unI1_, bfe bt ,.. fefk 6~ ~e IIIObtfldn flcfJ
~" .." M f6blUfJat _ ~ tage bct "00. bie'
fen alfmt "'tntm hUct. ~ C!ibca tritt bie Snbi"ibuaf
Utat ukfaacn IR .'m ~t~. ~lcJ gUt Nfonbm
'Oft bell 'taUenen; bt '11m M blbWbuellc ~Cltaftcr nicfJt
abm feta, cdt Cl' . . Jttj allpeiac 3'1te4e {tören frine U.,
~.... eolcr,cr itaafkr t1i ~ ~cilid1eR 9latur
.-atrr, al' ~ -6tudi4aL ~tc Italtc1llf. 3nb"'ibuaUtät ~
M bqtr Glt 'ItCiIi. 3QtofbuGlttöt au f~m ~6d)~en <5""111
",t ....Ubct; nlcfJt feiten pb itQlfmff. Stauen wb DAb,
dJea, bIc in ba 21. uDgllcllicf) ,""11, h& (iiRcm lugeul14
'or ~ scftork1l; fo f~r w. ~re anae 9latur in bat
,. . . ~lj cfngcsanSeR, belfcu l'rucfJ flc 'Ofmid)tde.
- !1ft bitfCl' Unhft"8~ M 3nbi'oibualitAt tAngt QU~ ba'
, . . . . .r'lcl bcr 3talltnCl' aufQIUIC1l j ~f GJct~ erglcjt ftd)
0~1K _Glt bt feine Mlkf)ftit. ~enrelbcn (f)runb ~Qt 'oie
tlnmu*, u,rc. &1\C~IIlC1t" - lud) im ,oIltif.n ~~en bcr 2t«,
liener arist fidJ '00' nämli. mon,mfcfJen M Citnaeln~eit, 'oee
3n'Dl,ibueUen. mie fcfJon "or bcr römif.n .f)mfcfJaft, fo lud)
nad) Men merfd)~inbcn, {kUt fidJ une 3talien ale in eine Denge
fleiner <5taatell acrfallen 'ollr. ~ mttelaltcr fe~en 'IIir bon 'oie
"kIen einaelnen ~fmeinkl!ffen iMall \)on Waetionen fo amiffen,
baj 'oie .palfte ber ~ür9er folcfJcr EttotcR fatl tmlllff in ber
t8crknnung (e~e. '!'Q& oUgcmrine 21tt.creffe k'et Et.at. 'oante
"ot ~em ü6e~icgeRben ~Clrteigrift nid:t Quffommen. ~ie 3nbi.
diesem anderen Extreme der natürlichen Weise und Form. Ebenso findet
diese auch in Europa selbst im Umkreise eines Volkes statt, so ist in Deutsch-
land im Norden mehr die Philosophie des Innerlichen, Fichte ist in der
Lausitz geboren, Kant in Koenigsberg, das Prinzip der subjektiven Reflexion
formeller Innerlichkeit; im südlichen (93) Deutschland dagegen bestand
diese Form der Philosophie nicht. DieB sind solche Züge die man mannig-
faltig aufzeigen kann, Partikularitäten, Verschiedenheiten des Naturells die
aber als Grundbestimmung den Zusammenhang der Nothwendigkeit
enthalten.
The national characters of the Christian peoples of Europe

present us with an even greater variety. The basic deter-
mination in the nature of these peoples is their prevailing
inwardness, their self-assured subjectivity, and this is modi-
fied mainly in accordance with the southern or northern 5
location of the lands they inhabit. In the south it is un-
constrained singularity which comes to the fore, particularly
in the Italians, among whom the individual character wants
to be precisely as it is, its unconstrainedness being un-
disturbed by general purposes. Such a character befits the 10
nature of the female rather than that of the man, and it is
therefore in feminine individuality that the individuality of
the Italians flowers at its finest. It is not uncommon for
Italian women and girls, when unhappy in love, to suffer
sudden death from the pangs of it. Their whole nature be- 15
came so involved in the individual relationship that its dis-
ruption destroyed them. - The forceful gesturing of the +
Italians is also connected with this lack of constraint in their
individuality; their spirit pours itself unreservedly into its
corporeity. This is also the source of their charm of manner. 20
- This predominance of singularity, of that which is indi-
vidual, is also apparent in their political life. Before the
dominance ofRome, as after its demise, we find Italy split up
into a multitude of tiny states. In the middle ages we find
the numerous individual communities there so ubiquitously 25
torn by factions, that half the citizens of these states lived in
almost perpetual banishment. The preponderant partisan-
ship stifled the general interest of the state. The individuals
formality and that of natural mode and form. The same also occurs in
Europe itselfwithin the compass ofa single people. In Germany for example,
the philosophy of the north is more that of inner being, of the principle of
subjective reflection, formal inwardness, Fichte being born in Lausitz and
Kant in Königsberg. In southern (93) Germany, on the contrary, this form
of philosophy has never gained ground. Although numerous tendencies such +
as these may be cited, particularities, variations of natural disposition, they
contain the connectedness of necessity as their basic determination.
77 »hen, bie ~d) au alleiniscR. fBcrtrctcm bct 8eancilUDO~' auf-

m., verfolgten fck »oqugfIDdfc i~r "''OCltintmWc, uab
&1DGr lIÜ1nIttf Clllf ~u,tt *'1faU1fcf)c, grClufGIIe IBdfc. lBcbrr
ta. btcfcn IUdqmflJaften, nod) in ieRCIl tlom 'artcicaf.,f
acmtrmcn !RquWtfell »maocfJtc bat ,olitifcf)c ~ccf)t tid) au ftttrr,
»malafdscr GJcftaltung GUlaubilbm. 9M bat römifcf)c ~
tecfJt 1Durbc ftubirt, unb 'oer ~'1rannd bcr ClfnaclRen wie 'oer
6elen GIf da not~blrfti8er !DClIIm entgegmgctWBt.
ed beR. S, llU ie r n fin'oen mir gldd)faBt bat ~or~crrfd)en
bcr 3n'oi»ihalttit; bteftlbe ~t aber ntcf)t 'oie italienifd)e Unk,
fGngml)dt, fon'oern tft fd10n me~r mit !RqJuton »crfni,ft. !Der
inbi»tbudk ~~4lt, ber ~ier geltenb geMad)t llltrb, "ast
fd)olt
'oie ~ bcr IUgemcin~eit. !Dej~alb f~en ",ir &ci ben S,a,
adern &cfon'ocr' 'oie fif)re 01' "d~e' "'n",. !Dat 3nbNf,
buum »erlangt ~ief Inctfennung, nid)t in feiner unmittckell
flinac~, fonbem IDegen 'oer Uebereinflfaanuns feiner .panb-
butp unb feinet ec.~mcnt mit gen>iffm fttlm (lnmbfAten,
'oie na" bcr fBorfkUuns ber WGttoIl fir ieben .~ft"'lln <lcfq
fC'11\ miffen. ~em aber 'ocr S,onfer fief) in allem fdllcm ~1Ul
ltad) bierm ii&er 'oie ~GUne 'oet ~btoibuum' er~llcll Uab .on
ber So,~ijW 'oe' ~crfianbe' nod) nid)t crfd)üttertm (lrunbfAeclt
tidJtet, fcmmt Cf &U grö;crer ~Grtlid)feit, 0(6 bcr ~Illiener,
Q)Clcf)cr mc~r ben <itngebungen 'oe' lugCRbficr, ge~ord1t , un!>
mc~r in ber cr.,finbung, a{' in feftcn lJotftdlungtn lebt. !Dicfcr
Untetfd)ieb beibcr l8&lfn tritt &cfonbm fit eeaic~un8. GlIf 'oft
9Uligion ~e~or. !Der 3talienn lAtt tbfJ 'out" nligiJfe &benfl
Ud)fdtcn ntd)t fon'oerlid) in feinem I)dtcrell Mcntgellu; flkm.
!Der S,alltcr ~ingcgen ~ot bt'J)er mit fanGtifcf)ca Clifcr a. e*
{taben bcr ~4fen bct Jtat~olfdfllU' ~CR, unb burd) 'oie
3n~llijition 'oie \)on biefcm ~d)ftaben a,&ulDricf)cn ~rbA4)tigtll
3a~r~unbcrte (aRg mit afrifanif~ lhuncnfd)lfet,reit Mfolgt. lud)
in ,olitifcf)cr ee!ie~1III8 untcrfcr,ctbcn ~d) kibt !4ölfer auf dne
~teIl aDgcgdtntn GlJarafter . .;C Sdfe.. 'Die fd)on ~Oll
78 , . . . f4d1lcf) gclI)iblr. ftutlt. ~t 3talfen' i~ ftO~
itlt ei1l . .; ~ hn' . _ nocf) . .er in tinc Benge
'DOn eMGtcn, bie _er, re~r lDCIIlg l1li ehtGnbcr kfihmnma. ~Il
who put themselves forward as the sole champions of the

puhlic good were themselves motivated primarily hy their
private interest, and on occasions certainlypursued it in a
highly tyrannical and cruel manner. Neither in these auto-
cracies nor in these republics torn by party strife, was political 5
law ahle to develop a settled and rational form. Only
Roman civil law was studied, and used as a somewhat
ineffective dam against the tyranny ofindividuals and ofthe
multitude.
This predominance of individuality is also to be found 10
among the Spaniards; in their case however it lacks the un-
constrainedness of the I talians and already has more of an
affinity with refiection. The individual content asserted here
already has the form of universality. Thus we find that the
Spaniards are prompted particularly by the principle of 15
honour. The individual seeks recognition here not in his
immediate singularity, but on account of his actions and
behaviour conforming to certain fixed principles, which
according to the usage of the country are binding upon every
man of honour. Yet since the Spaniard regulates everything 20
he does in accordance with such principles, which are not
subject to the moods of the individual and are as yet un-
challenged by the sophistry of the understanding, he is
capable ofa greater constancy than the Italian, who res ponds
more to the dictates of the moment, and is involved in sensa- 25
tion rather than fixed presentations. This difference between
these peoples is particularly apparent with regard to religion.
The Italian does not allow religious scruples to disturb his
cheerful enjoyment of life to any great extent. The Spaniard
on the other hand has hitherto held fast with fanatical zeal 30
to the letter of Catholic doctrine, and for centuries, by means
of the Inquisition, persecuted with African inhumanity
those suspected of deviating from it. These peoples also differ +
politically in a manner consistent with the character ascribed
to them. The political unity of Italy, already earnesdy 35
desired by Petrarch, is still a dream; the land remains +
divided into a multitude of states which take very litde
e,aea bclgrgen, .,., -* gefagt, bd Uptblf au MIgft

.ßmf1lGft Der bo. linadnc r.mt, ibtb bic dft&dm etutcn,
bfc ~ Ilt bicfem ~nbc kftcmbc., htdte &1t IinClll etaatc
aut'GII1InlßCfcfJIIlOIam, bcft'CI ,"\)fnam GlIa'obtßt n~ eine AU
fJfOfc ~nbI&fdt alt ~ f.·
• •mb nun ltt Mt 3tGIfmm We "~{fcf1frit M Cilll1
,tiUns, - bl bell e,anm
bft WttlfSfrit bif tlorfttllenbfft
~nt IknDlegmb 1ft, adgm ble 8unaofen fO!Do~1 bie Wc1
jHgfdt w kftanbe. 01. bft ~\ttfgtf_ btt !Dtect. ~on jt~«
f)ot 11I11t bell Wtuaofcn ~itt,ttbtft ~rgClVorfm; ,knfo «ftdfdt,
QlJtfdfu4t- !D~ bat <!trthtt au gqGllrn, ~4btn l1t e' M
.. ~ Wdnr,dt M gef'eUrdJGftflcf1rn ~ifbung gt&radJt, UIlb'
. . ~ ficfJ auf d'nc GUtgtaricf)nde !Drift GM' bie tof1e
eclftf.~ W !lAtunncnf'" m,obtn; 'oenn jene .,ilbuftg b~t
ema~ btdlt, bo' m4n 6hr ffd) fd&n ben "nbertn, ntft .,el$
.. fhfI "eil
. . . . Bn tf}un ~t, nid}t _gi't, fottbmt brnftl&m ft4d)ttt
~Il tvo~lllIoUmb beadSt. !Ble bm ClinaelMlt,
ft __ . . ,.lffmIt ~CIt bit ~Clnaorm, - f~ fle etoGN1
mlltllft, .ftftftter ober @fI~tte, - in eUm i~ftn ~ClftblIlJlgm
_ lBafnI bie Gd)ftt1t~\)oUftt "ufmdtfOlllfeit. !Docf1 i~ bftft
8tClCf1tuna ber grimnlg InbereT 4lkrWJlg' mftldttn In bat <!tre1
Mt CIIItgiCtttd, lla jtben ~', - fcl&tt ouf .lofktt bn ."",
f)dt., - AU aefaUm. lucf1 ~btGIe _ e4ft!i~ fittb an' bier
fm etnkft mtflan'om. lBa' okr ble Wmtaofm flr ba' l1cf1aftt
gitftf, GUgmrin 8'l gtfoUett, onfe~ft, i~ !DCI'jenige, ~. fie
esprit mnntlt. ~rtf esprit kfd1rbft 114 in o~acf1licf)m
WClhlftll auf tat (io.inirtn eiltGnbet fern motftdfulf-
fitgtlt~t
sm, ~i1'O GM fit gti~R Dit'ltlft1t, ~te a.~. !}lontttq1dm
u~ ~oftafrt, bunt, boe 3ufammmfafl'tn be' l'Om merflOttbt ~
trmnten su rifter smiafen Sonn be' &münfttgm; beIln 'l)af
79 knüttftigt ~ e6t1l btej 31ifoMenftffnt au ftiftn kl'tftlltlfcr,tn
!!ftHmmung. .~t bkfe Sonn bd mtmAnftigm t~ n~ nicl}t
bff lIt' btgmftrtbm <ltftttnnt.; Nt ticfm, geifh'tid)tlt ~e'oQltrtn,
* ~~ bei ffl.n IDMnnem, !Die ~it BenanRte", ~tlfäUia ~nbttt,
_etbm nicfJt QU~ Qfnml aUgmeinen QJelJettlfeu, au~ t>tm ~tg1'fff
bei ea4Jt tn_flclt, fonbern 1lllf tvie "n.e~ill9ffd1lellbtft. ~if
Volurne T wo: AnthropoloKJ . 77
account of one another. In Spain however, where, as has

been noticed, there is a certain predominance of the universal
over the singular, the separate states into which the country
was formerly divided have already been welded into a single
unit. It has to be admitted however that the provinces still 5
attempt to assert too great an independence.
Now whereas changeableness of sensation predominates
with the Italians and fixity of presentative thought with the
Spaniards, the French display both firmness of understanding
and nimbleness of wit. They have always been accused of 10
frivolity,just as they have ofvanity and ofan excessive desire
to please. It is however precisely on account of their seeking
to please that they have raised their social culture to the
height of refinement, and so elevated themselves in such an
admirable manner above the crude selfishness of man in his 15
natural state. The essence of this culture is that one does not
neglect to consider the other person on account of oneself,
but that one takes hirn into consideration and shows oneself
to be well disposed. The French, be they statesmen, artists or
scholars, concerned with the individual or the public, are 20
most respectfully obliging in everything they do and under-
take. It cannot be denied however, that this deferring to the
opinion of others occasionally deteriorates into seeking to
please at any price, even at the expense of truthfulness. The
desire to please is also the beau ideal of gossipers. It is how- 25
ever wh at they call esprit that the French regard as being the
surest means of pleasing everyone. In superficial dispositions
this is confined to the combining of intrinsically incongruous
presentations, but in persons of wit, Montesquieu and Vol-
taire for example, it becomes an inspired form of rationality 30
in that it brings together that which is separated by the
understanding. It is indeed precisely this bringing together
which constitutes the essential determination of that which
is rational. The rational in this form is not yet that of
Notional cognition however. The profoundly ingenious 35
thoughts we encounter so often in the writings of men such as
those just mentioned are not developed from a single univer-
sal thought, from the Notion of the matter, but are simply
emitted like flash es of lightning. The clarity and precision +
'*
~ Nt tBafttiW ht Wttaaorel fffmliot1 ,~ in M JIIar-
unb "tfldt ~rd 1bibaMf" ab fcfJdftH... .~.
brIhff. ~ ~It ftmtatkl 8leselit 1IlltfM.tftne e,rad)e eht·
~ ber ßdJmll DnItng unb 8inbfgfdt ~tet (MaRlen. Xii'
... fi'" bie wmaor- 8U Duftma ber ~ttf~ uub jurftHf.n
~ gtrl70fotn. "'" au~ IR .."" .,olftlfd)m .oaftblun~
attt . . fbfI Ne 6f)4rft ~ Ikrfhmbet RkfJt ~ntl1. 9Jlittm
111 Sbana bcr r~oluttonanu ~"ft 'cU ~d) I~r ~Rb
in ba Cintfd)febm~t geadgt, mit lltdd)et fie bfe oOmonriltsuna·
btf _en flttUd)m IBdtoftRUIIß 9fSm beft -"SCn tblä ber
~.n .nl)ingn btf WlteR bufcfHJcf"t, - alle ••1IlCftte
bcf •• ~lnbm Rmn "tlitff'" Nm. Ra" ....nber Ot
btmt ertrmfkr eefämmtfJdt ullb beCßCll9eftt~t wnmI'.
f)den. tJerabe, Inbem tic jene . . . . GUf ble e,ttt ber Itn.,
fddtfdt triekn, - jebe' dnfdtlge "oUttr. ,*d" .,. au fri-
. . le.tat .afequmam "erfolsteß, - {inb fit burcf} Ht !DIa.
Idd' ba lltdtaerd)tcf}tltd)en tBmunft &11 einem ,olitifd)en ßlIpanbt
gef6~rt ,"M, in "er.... aUe frIfIrten Ciinftlttgfdten bef
Staat'leben. auf9t~obm nr"nftt.
!Die ClRS' an ber 16nnte DIGit bat fBolf ttr InttUtctutUtn
"'fdJmmns .enntl, Sie edennm bat tBmtbfttec "miStf Ilt
bcr Wot* bn Dsemdtt~tlt, GI. t. bcr ~et linaclnf)tit. ~11f)er
~ U)n !DkfJt" llteit ~&f)cf, a(' _re '~"ofo,,~m. &1 ben
(I.glinbern tritt ble .origlnallt!t ber 'nfön(f~t fhn'f l)mof.
~h .t)ris'nafftAt ilt a'« nid)t akfGttgen Ud llatürltcfJ, fon.
bel'll cntf"rfngt ll1If bem ""tn, auf bm IBflkft. 3)Gf Jw-
~i,ibUUl nrifl ~iCf in jebet '8ra",ung auf ~ _'rn, ~cfJ nur
80 b~ f- ~ibnlttfJfdt ~nb1n'd) 4Uf bd UtClldne kaie•
.,.. ad bicfaa (Im", ~t bie ,olilif. 5re~ hi bm fhe.
Iidml ".m." bfe "alt "oa ~\)iltefm, \)on ,"pcad)ten,
.t
n~t ad alfsaadnen fJebanftn a~.itetm 8l~tm. !DaJ bie
"einen IIIQlifdJen GJemefnm unb ~raff.ften !I)qutirte tn'f
"'CllIltnt ftfJfckn, ~t kaU auf h(onbmn ~glen,
auf allgaadnen, tonfequmt ~u~efüfJrim ~nnabf4ten.
"mingf ifl ~r inglänber auf bie (f~re unb ~e ~ feiner
sonaen .don ftola; aber ftln 9lGtfonalttota ~t "m~(cfJ bat
with which the French express themselves in speech and

writing reveals the keenness of their understanding. Their
language, subject as it is to the strictest of rules, accords with
the assured orderliness and conciseness of their thoughts. It is
on account of this that they have set the tone in political 5
and juristic exposition. Their sharpness of understanding is,
moreover, also apparent in their political activity. In the
midst of the storm of revolutionary passion their under-
standing displayed itself in the resolution with which, in
order to bring into being the new ethical world-order, they 10
forced their way against the powerful alliance of the many
who were still supporting the old - in the manner in which
they have brought about, one after the other and in their
most sharply defined and challenging forms, all the moments
ofthe new politicallife that is to be developed. It is precisely 15
on account of their having driven these moments to the limit
of onesidedness, on account of their having pursued each
lopsided political principle to its ultimate consequences, that
the dialectic of worId-historical reason has led them into a
political state of affairs in which there appears to be a sub- 20
lation of all the multiple onesidedness of previous political
life.
The English might be said to be the people of intellectual
intuition. They recognize the rational less in the form of
universality than in that ofsingularity. Their poets are there- 25
fore much more distinguished than their philosophers. Per- +
sonal originality is most pronounecd among the English.
This originality is not unconstrained and natural however,
but has its source in thought, in volition. The individual here
attempts to rely upon himself in every respect, to relate him- 30
self to the universal only by me ans of his own peculiar dis-
position. It is because ofthis that political freedom among the
English consists mainly of privileges, of rights which are
simply established rather than derived from general prin-
ciples. In sending deputies to ParIiament the various English 35
boroughs and counties always act according to particular
privileges, not general and consistently applied principles. +
The Englishman is certainly proud of the reputation and
liberty of his nation as a whole, but the basis of his national
hu;tf~a aUf Clmblage, 'ba; in (bglab bae 3nbi»Q)U1IIIl

fdae 8ef~t ~cn unb b~. tun. Dtt bkfer
~ ber . _ bem .....dllftl &1IßCtrfehIlftl, der ta 11m
....... uf bd _gellldae Gn fill feier fcMaltaabtn Sdltf,
bIdt6t ...at bk ~nbe 9ldguae bcr· fineIhber aua
~11If--.
!l>er !l)ntfllen gebenfcn bk ~eutf. . ~iet auf.,
tDt1Ieber Ge eq~t, ober ~u .. bat eetk fit Me
. . ~ Ißtr fbab aIe tiefe, jeb", ni"'t fdtca 1I1IIarc
S)aIer ....nt; "ir "olea bk buurfte WGtur bcr ~in. ab
11m .......... 3uf~ kgrdfeaj bqcr gqell .-
la bn . .fcfJaft &u;rrft r,fteMtret au 1Bedc; lUIt MfdeIl
~ ~e. UDfer ~ ift ...,t _.r,

. . Däd _IUtM ia bell 80rDlGfitllue . . ~. . , ....
aIe bn
. . . dIer nbcmt t1Ifo~.a WattoD, .... humt aef4rt. IStr
... l)oquetltdf'e in ber ~t bef ~ ab ~
5)cafcd. 3D btqaa SdDleka, in bkfer cinflcbIerif... It..,
faafdt bet CltifW hfd)Af'tisell "" uni bGIIIt,. ~ "" . .
~, erft btt <lruDbfite, aall Nacn '* I. "beln ßCbeakn,
forefältieft IU befHaunen. ! I ) . te.t d I ba, '* rar
dnHIt
fcun aur ~t fcr,uUen, - .itunter in 8., '" fllntfler fint-
fetlu; DO"lVenbig ift, unentfetfoffcll blrikn, - ab, ki btll
41ufrietetaen iBunf"'e, "fe $0. TtCfJt gut &11 1lGCfJta, ~aH Sar
Ift"tt AU $tGnbe bringen. DGR fann baI)cr aalt Ile"'t bd
81 fraaalfif. e,ri"",ort: le meDleur tue Je bien, auf bfe ~euf
\M'
r.. OmDenben. .lIte, g~aD ~ roll, aa" Ni be~
fdhl bunfJ tinbt (egittaaitt f~n. !I). tüfJ ... fit Ud
<8rInbe auftbtbm laffen, ~irb bit; hgttfadmt oft IUID ~
WoraaoH&nt, W "elcfJtm ber a1lQnndne fltbafe beG ~tt
DI,,* IU fein« _CIJleDtm CintmcfluDg 10", fODbmt eine •
fh'adfoD Md6t, ia bte ba' ~fonbm "on'" fi4 ".dill
dabrlngt. !!>tefer Worma(itmu' ~t fi~ bei bell !!)cutf. . 811"
bcnin geadgt, bGJ tie l""dIen 3a~qunberte 'i~ barit a~
fridca a-fm ,., ptfe ,oIittf~e a• •.., bur4 $rote-
ltmrtpca f4r ~ig fit 114 ~, f_ ...
ftatifIeIt "" l u . . . . ~mab der auf bkfc !Beife bte
fIc aPmr-
pride is the knowledge that in England the individual is

ahle to retain and exercise his particularity. This tenacity of
an individuality which although it certainly has a tendency
towards the universal holds fast to itself in its relation to it, is
associated with the prominence of the English as a trading 5
peopk. +
The Germans usuaHy consider the Germans last, either out
of modesty or hecause one keeps the hest until the end. We
are known as profound and yet not infrequently ohscure
thinkers. We want to comprehend the innermost nature and 10
necessary connection of things, and in science we therefore
set to work in a signaHy systematic manner. On occasions
however this leads us into the formalism of construing in an
external and arbitrary way. Our spirit is generally more
introvert than that of any other European nation. We live 15
mainly in inwardness of disposition and thought. Before
undertaking anything, we concern ourselves, in this quiet
life, in this sequestered solitude of spirit, with preparing for
the contemplated action by carefuHy determining the prin-
ciples it involves. It is on account ofthis that we are somewhat 20
slow in acting, that sometimes, in instances when a quick
decision is necessary, we remain undecided, and that the
honest desire to do something really weH often results in our
accomplishing nothing. The French saying, "le meilleur tue
le bien" can therefore be very weH applied to the Germans. 25 +
The Germans require that everything done should be
legitimized, that reasons should always be given. Since rea-
sons are to be found for everything however, this legitimiz- +
ing often be comes a mere formalism, in which the universal
thought of wh at is right, instead of attaining its immanent 30
development, remains an abstraction penetrated arbitrarily
from without by the particular. The Germans have also
given evidence of this formalism in that they have been con-
tent to preserve certain political rights on and off for cen-
turies, merely by me ans of protestations. Wh at is more, al- 35
though this resulted in the subjects doing very little for them-
r.
fdtt tf't . . . . , ... fit
~ ~f81aa8..... Sn btr
~ bet ~ 1ekQ, . . . . bfe ~. . . .
u..r sn ... ttm Srm ... !lcbfl&tfeit scf,J04m, fIab
der oft .......... bicfer ttm f,,-ddIrn _ ....
I" kblsm pfClt, foUmt ... ßCSm .... U1Ib .tatfer bit
.....cbuR~. . . . . . nur .. ~~m an-
~, cbHt tIr kIa etaat pa .... , ....... U1Ib . ,
hf4*t ~ ~ Itcfmuas .0..
It. Imtc . . ~.
U., eckn"'- aereut der Itr ,01Ulf~ ctdtI, ftft •
talaabtUck ~ nt4t f4r Icknbfg \Mt, fo fIü tIc ""
feit ~ Seit .. dttaR G~i" ltafaIIeaa . . )er
~ cbtct Gd.... StdIas kfcdt unb bcr Ddune Pr..,
bat . . ab bcr ~I . . . MI 1RGnn, . . baa Untcrf.
bct $itdf flanc bfc ~ bcr tar-- ab ~ -fe(.
kR f4ufo1ae .~ faJ ta ... l1li- .......er ~,
n_
~ ds-tfm "crbm; ~ bie ~. . ba dllC U4cr-
-rala flab, bit IR . . . ur an bei &4t bcr
nadJ dlln laugcn ~iflc \ton trClllC1l dat ~ fbabct.
e,...1ct
§. 395.
!Die ecele ift 3) ~um inbhibudten eu&jcct.
,ercin~c(t. !i)icfc eubjecti"itAt fommt aber ~ier nur allS
82 !3ereinac(ung bcr ma tu r &e fU m m t ~ cit in ~ettad)t.
°
eie ift allS bcr ~ b u tS beG "erfd)icbcnen \temperamentf,
~Q(cnttS, O:~arafterf, 'P~lJjiognomic unb anbmr !nifpofit
donen unb 3biofIJncrajiell "0ll WamiUen ober bell jingulA,
rtl1 ~llbi"ibuCll.
Iaf... 1DIr .. scf4m ~hn, ge't bn 9laturgrift Aucrf't

bt bit aIlgt.dnn UnttrfdJfebe ber .enfdJenBathmBen Q~"
dftallbtr, 1fQ foaaaIt in ben morftod!ltrn IU dnem Untnfcf>febe,
.ldJtr ~ Wona bcf thfonberung ~t. !l>1l' !l>rftte ift, ba'bcr
9lClturgtlft IU fdnn mer ein arI un9 fortfdJtdtet I unb 01. inbi'Oi::-
butDe eeele" ftlkr fl4 entgtOtllfe,t. !!)er 'ter enttte~nbe @e-
gtftfat tft IlNt nocfJ lddJt berjmise (legmfa., \\)CI"," allm flDefen
~ e.u;tf~n' 8e~art. ~e (ftnaelqdt ober ~bi\tibuaUtat bn
selves, it often also resulted in their doing next to nothing for

the government. Dwelling in an inwardness of disposition,
the Germans have, it is true, always been ready to profess
their loyalty and integrity. They could, however, not often
be brought to give proof of this their substantial conviction. 5
On the contrary, they have used the general norms of state
law against princes and emperor merely in order to disguise
their disinclination to do anything for the state while not
compromising or prejudicing their excellent opinion of their
own loyalty and integrity. Although for the most part their 10
political awareness, their love of their country, was not very
lively, there is a goodly tradition of their being animated by
an excessive desire for the prestige of an official position,
and of their entertaining the opinion that since the office
and the title make the man, the importance of persons and 15
the respect due to them may nearly always be gauged with
complete certainty by means of their various titles. It is on
account of this that the Germans have lapsed into a ridicu-
lousness which has its parallel in Europe only in the Spa-
niards' mania for a long string of names. 20 +
§ 395
The soul is 3) singularized into the individual suh-

jeet. At this juncture however, this subjectivity
is considered only as the singularization of a
natural determinateness. Its mode of being is the
special temperament, talent, character, physiog- 25
nomy and other dispositions and idiosyncrasies, of
families or singular individuals.
Addition. As we have seen, natural spirit first divides into

the universal differences of the human species. In the spirits
of the various peoples it attains a difference having the form 30
of partieularization. In the third instance, it progresses into its
singularization, and sets itself in opposition to itself as indivi-
dual soul. The opposition which occurs here is however not
that of the essence of consciousness. Here in anthropology,
. . . . . . . . . I1 bet 'n"\'O~oIo8fe 11111' alt 9lGhnieflimmt~t

ta ectnIJt.
311114ft .., mua Der bie btbi'OtbueUe eeele ~mmft ~r$
bei, Mt In berfdhn bie e,~ bce 3uf11ligel kgtnnt, ba
. . bat lOganrine bat .o*,'""blae ift. ~ dnaelnen etdell
1IIdeIf..... tfcI1 "Oll einGüer butd1 eine 1Ilmblfcf)e !)lenge "on
lIfIIIIatn IMtflcl1tionen. !1>iefe UnCllbft4fdt 8c'ort Gkr aUf
r... Irt bef UnmblidJen. !I. *f bqa' bie itgmtl)1bn-
H4fdt btr lYlatfeflen nid1t AU ~ocl) .f"loßtn. mielmc'r muJ
_ fIr dn Ieme, in'f .,laue 8c~bef <8mbe bie '8e""""tuna
aIIImI, "' btr ec'm tief) forafiltis no" btr 3nbil'fbuaUt4t
idtf (dner e~ler au ricf)tm, bitfdk 111 ftubirm unb auGau-
. . . . . . !1>aau 'Clt er gar feine 3dt. !1>ie ligcnt'ümlicl)fett
~.ttnber Mrb im .lftlfe bCf WomUfe gebutbet; a6n 111ft ber
ecr,aIt kginat rill Yen na" GUgemdner Drbnung, natf1 dner,
.... gcmeinfamm Btcgt1; ba IRU; ber 8d~ lum l'6(egelt feint!
• •lIberlidtfeiten, au.. lDitfclt unb lDoUm bef IUgemrinen, par
.ufna~me bn 'OodJonbenen ansandnen etl'oung gtkacl)t ~rbtn.
!1>f4 Umgef'telten ber Stele - IlUf !1>iej f)cija (itaie~un9' ~e
gctilbder ein Denfet, ift, hpo ~mfaer tritt in feintm ~ttcl9tlt
tt\l'Q6 1M \~IR {fieent~imlidlt~, bGI,et 3uföUiget t,t~ot
83 !1>te ligent~ümlicl)hit 'oef 3nbhfouumf f)ot aun a6cr »trfcl)ft.
bene Sdten. B. unterf"t blefelk RCI6J ben &ftjmmungen
bet 9latute(lf, be. tempuamente ob bd Q:~CUQftu~.
Unter belR !latuuH 'Oerfle~t IRan bfe nat11tli({Jen Wtdagtn im
Q}egcnfa.e gegen ~gc, ll!aj bn DtnTIJ burd1 feine dgene
~ttgldt ~a f~. 3u biefea Inla.n ge,ört 'oae XQIent
unb bat .ente. Me Borte bticfal rine beftinunte 9lfcl)tung
aut, llICldJe ~u inbl'Ofbudle 8eift "'ft
9lGtut n~en ~at. !I)'"
8enfe " idocf1 umfoffenber alt bd ~(Cllt: bat Je,tue bringt
nur ba eeronbmn 9lcuef ''''Ofr, "ogegett bGe . .te eint nelle
8attng etf.,.. ~ent unb (lente -fen atef, bG ~e au'
n~ .to;e ..... tm'o, - . . . fle ntcf)t "erfolll1ltll, P4
'Oettiibri(1cf)m, o~ in f~"te DrfgtnalU4t aufartea follen, -
na" allgellldngi1tisen IBdfen anese.t "'erben. Wur b1l1'4
biefe . " n g ~nn jene .1dGgen i't mor~Qllbenfe9n, f~te
the singularity or individuality of the soul comes under con-

sideration only as a natural determinateness.
With regard to the individual soul, it has firstly to be ob-
served that since it is only the universal that is necessary, it is
in this soul that the sphere of contingency is initiated. Indi- 5
vidual souls are distinguished from one another by an endless
multitude of contingent modifications. Since this is however a
spurious kind of infinity, one ought not to overrate the pe-
culiarity of people. The assertion that the teacher has care-
fuHy to adapt to, study and develop the individuality of each 10
of his pupils, must moreover be treated as empty and ill-
considered talk. He has not the time to do so. The peculiarity
of children is tolerated in the family circle, but at school
they are initiated into the general order, into living in con-
formity with a rule which applies to everyone. In school, 15
spirit has to be brought to abandon its irregularities for
knowledge of and desire for the universal, to assimilate the
general culture about it. It is this reshaping of the soul, and
this alone, that constitutes education. The more educated a
person is, the less will his behaviour exhibit anything con- 20
tingent and simply peculiar to hirn. +
There are however various aspects to the peculiarity of the
individual. These are distinguished according to the deter-
mi nations of what is natural, of temperament and of character.
Wh at is natural is understood to consist of natural endow- 25
ments as distinct from whatever the person has become by
means of his own activity. These endowments include talent +
and genius. Both these words express a certain bent which the +
individual spirit has derived from nature. Genius embraces
more than talent however, for whereas talent can only bring 30
forth something new in the particular, genius creates a new
genre. Since both are primarily nothing but endowments +
however, they have to be schooled in accordance with
generaHy accepted procedures if they are not to be wrecked,
run to ruin, or degenerate into spurious originality. It is only 35
by means of this schooling that such endowments give proof
!lcu't U1lb I)mt thIfans. Bor bftfu .ut~iroun8 fun ..an

~cf1 ikt baG ~or. dnet ~tef täufcfJm; frii~e eef~"9
1Irit .«,Ien, awa edflMd, famt ~(tltt au 'oiefn .tunft &U ~Il'
t~ r"nen, unb bmIto4 biefe itd~berei ~fcf1t~ ,U .se
kinp. ~oG.loJe ~ent 1ft 'oo~ ~ nicf1t ~af1er au fcf1a.en,
olt 'oie 'ou\'~ ~ft eigene ~tfgrdt aur (lmntnij f~re' &gri~
geMamene Wemunft, - Cllt 'ooe «bfo(ut freie ~nfen ullb IBoOm.
3n 'on '~Uofo~~ie ~ boe 'lo~ C1enfe nfcf)t nIrit; bo . .
~cf1 'ooft'dk 'on ttrengen 311ef)t bef logifcfJm ~tnfene umemtr,
fett; 1IUf 'ourcf) biere Untemcrfung gdcutgt 'oort bd . . ,U
feiner 'Of0!01lUl1tlteß WrdfIdt. !Bot . . ~ BiUtn ktrifft, fo
'an .. 1lka}t fogen, bGj ef ein'" par Xugenb p; bmt
'ofe ~8enb fit ebNe Ogtateiae., - ClUm Benfd}tft PI 8«1
'oembef, unb nicf)tG .ng6omef, rOll'otm etwa. in bem ~illt~
buum buref) 'otfren eigene X~tigfeft o6mollubrlngen'tte. 1)te UnI
tnfcf1tebe 'off ~Ilturdl' r,aben 'oal)er fit 'oie ~u9enNft,re gat' refne
lBicf)dgfrit; 'oiefdben "Arben nur - \l)nut brir un' fl! auebricffn
'tftrftn - 1It ebter WGturgefcf1id1te 'oe' ~ 8U betrod,ten fa,n.
84 !)Ic .......dgaa . . 'ott SoIcnt. ullb bef . .let 1l1lI
tcrf4d'oea M I.n ctuücr b1mfI 'oie MfdJkbcnal sdttiseR e~1
M, tu .... Je '4 ~m. !!)n tblmf4feb 'on Xe.,e'
uante bG&qJcn ~ fdJIe rol. ~af4uns noef)~. (I, ftt
MrDcr au rllgt-, tH' 11ft unter :le..,ttt~. ~offel6e
kaie~t tief) nt~t Guf 'oft ilttüef)e ~l«tur 'oer 06GaNuag, nodJ Guf
iIlIIer einen "m

bot in 'oer 06Gnbluna tl4tkr ~ ~, lIodJ m'ol~ Gaf
* 3qou ~ 2ebafcf)Gft. ...
. . . \lIirb lftCl1l '00," '00' ~cuneftt ClI. 'oft Pi aIIgcmriae
Irt ... IBeifc kftialmen, "ft 'od 3n~D1 tf)itfg ijt, tufJ
NjcctWrt, il4 f1l 'on lDirflief)frit ~ Wut 'oiefer eeftUanulß
Mt ~or, bGj filr 'oen frei,. 8etft 'oCIf ~eftt
wf4d8 ijt, . . acm frü~r~fll print ~L 3ft 'oer ßrit .ö'
."t fo
fcnr etrouu. »deren '" 'oie IIItmdgfaltigm, allfäUfeat . ,

1dtmt bef eaaqlllCd UD'o ~', ob baJait ~fe ~Cl'
..at'OCrf,,~, - 8ft. fo, \1ft in fol,," Seit bic
hndrtaa ~aftm 'on in dacr 1Iß8CWoderca IJocf1e eatftan•
. , . 2uflfffdc, - 'oie " . . . .ca !ri"ttlanitJen, 'oie 1AdJcrticf)
of their existence, power and scope. Prior to this schooling

the existence of a talent can be misassessed. While a young
person's painting might, for example, appear to give evidence
of his having artistic ability, the hobby may still not result
in his accomplishing anything. Consequently, talent as such 5
is not to be regarded as superior to reason which has come to
recognize its Notion by means ofits own activity. It is indeed
inferior to this absolute freedom of thinking and willing.
Genius alone does not get far in philosophy, where it must
submit itself to the strict discipline of logical thinking; 10
it is only by doing so that it can attain to complete freedom
in this sphere. With regard to the will moreover, it cannot be
said to harbour a genius for virtue, since virtue is not innate
but is something universal, which is to be required of every-
one, and brought forth within the individual by means ofits 15
own activity. The differences in what is natural are therefore
of no significance to the doctrine of virtue, and would have
to be considered only in what one might call a natural history
cl~~ +
The various kinds of talent and genius distinguish them- 20
selves from one another in accordance with the different
spiritual spheres within which they are active. The dif-
ference between the temperaments has however no such ex-
ternal involvement. It is difficult to say what one means by
temperament, for it is involved in neither the ethical nature 25
of action, nor the talent which reveals itself in action, nor,
finally, in passion, which always has a specific content. It is +
therefore best to define it as the completely universal mode
and manner in which the individual is active in objectivizing
itself by comporting itself within actuality. From this deter- 30
mi nation it follows that temperament is not so important to
free spirit as it was formerly thought to be. In aperiod of
superior culture there is a gradual disappearance of various
accidental mannerisms of conduct and action, and hence of
varieties of temperament. In such aperiod there is also a 35
corresponding change in the comedies, the onesided
characters of a less sophisticated epoch, the completely
scatter-brained, the ludicrously absent-minded, the tight-
~, bie fUais fdtaatr btabca. !I)ie.u.

Cldalgca, - '*I
r..- Uataf~m bet ~ tdat ebG. f. UDS
.....t., bel; IIlGft »on bcafdka WCIlis ~8 enaf bit
~m IU lAG'" ~;, ba in bie(m bie daqdn bclrgeJeUtcn
s.erClllCllte flcIJ .~r obet.usn ~ fiabcn. eefGlUltlicfJ
~ 1IIIl, - mnro, ~te lila bie ~ fa • .ßa.~
UJUtrf_, - »in ~CIIICRte - bei cIJ.lerif4e, bat fn-
sufnlrcIJe, bat ~~1e8I1latif"e wb bat .elan"oUfcIJe-
G1IßClIOIIIIIIC .tant f~ricIJt en btefclaa~. ~ ~
wtnfcfJlft bkfn ~1lIIICßk -,t bclnuf, bel; - ~
M DmfcIJ fl«1 in bie SocIJe ,-düe8"*, - ob« cf ~ IICf)r
um feine Clinaeln~it au ~unift. !Dn erftcte Sd tlnbd hf be.
<5onsumff" unb '~(tßllClÜf4m, bcr Icttne ~ bell 1fJo!m.
f4m unb Del4n"olir~en ftaü. ~n eaeuUdf. ,,"gi;t ~ct,
ihr ber ~, unb' 6tNt ~. . .er fo, Mj er MUlÖQe fePaer
fi"
et.
85 .6erflAclJlfcIJe. ~t8{fcIJfdt in einn DClnnIsfGltfsfdt \)Oll Ses
cf)m ~14t; ~08rsen 'on ~~Ie9.atf. ~ k~cmIi" auf
<line rid)ttt. &f ben ~oIerif.n un'o DdCln~lif.n
ohr ffi, .,ie f"on angebeuttt, bat ~Itm Cln 'on Suij«tf»i-
tat 6bcmfegtttb; biefe ki'oen ~te llnterf~n ficfJ iebocIJ
»Olt eincm'on l\)febef 'o4'oU"" ba; fn bcat ~oIerif.n 'oie t}(-
*aU"feit, in 'oelll !RdClltcl)olif"en 'oie Unbtl\)eglicfJfeft ba' Ur.
bergtl\)fcfJt ~at; fo 'ocr; in bief« ~afe~un9 ba. ~o(erifd}e bem
* SangUiaij'd}m, '00' gdandJoUf. bem "'legmatffd}en entf~rid}t.
* Kehler !vIs. S. 69; Griesheim Ms. SS. 94-96: Man kann nicht von einem
Individuum sagen, daß es bestimmt von diesem Temperament sei; aber die
Hauptsache ist, in einem gebildeten vernünftigen Zustand treten diese
Particularitäten zurück. Der Phlegmatiker wird nach allen Seiten erregt,
muß sich um vieles bekümmern, das Substanzielle hat sich in sehr viele
besondere Formen und Verhältnisse getheilt, um die er sich interessieren
muß; er wird durch belebten Weltzustand vielseitig angefaßt und erregt.
Einem sanguinischen Menschen wird die Nothwendigkeit auferlegt, auch
zu beharren in diesem Geschäft, Amt, Pflicht; der Melancholiker wird aus
sich herausgetrieben, das Brüten der Empfindsamkeit in sich duldet der
gebildete Zustand nicht. Der Choleriker muß so Ausbrüche mässigen, seine
Thätigkeit, Wirksamkeit den Gesetzen, Verhältnissen, dem was als Sitte gilt,
angemessen machen. In einer gebildeten Nation schwinden die Besonder-
heiten zu unbedeutenden Eigenthümlichkeiten herunter. Eine Menge von
Eigenthümlichkeiten sind Sache der Angewohnheit, Nachlässigkeit der
Volurne T wo: Anthropology 89
fis ted skinflint, become much rarer. The attempts made to +

define differences of temperament are so unsatisfactory that
it is scarcely possible to apply them to individuals; whereas
the temperaments are presented as being distinct, in the indi-
vidual itself they are more or less united. As is wen known, 5
virtue has been divided into the four cardinal virtues, corres-
ponding to the eholerie, the sanguin, the phlegmatie and the
melancholie - the four temperaments. Kant has a lot to say +
about these. Their principal difference arises from a person's +
either involving himself in the matter in hand or having more 10
to do with his own singularity. The former is the case with
the sanguin and phlegmatic, the latter with the choleric and
melancholie temperaments. Sanguinity forgets itself for the
matter in hand, and largely on account of its superficial
versatility, thrashes around in a variety of things. Phlegma- 15
tism on the contrary concentrates persistently upon a single
object. As has already been indicated, it is concentration
upon subjectivity that is predominant in choler and melan-
choly. These are however also distinguished from one another
in that in the former there is a predominance of versatility 20
and in the latter of the opposite characteristic. In this
respect therefore, choler corresponds to sanguinity and me-
lancholy to phlegmatism. *
* Kehler Ms. p. 69; Criesheim Ms. pp. 94-96: One cannot say that an indi-
vidual is determined by this particular temperament; the main thing is
however, that in a cultured and rational environment these particularities
become less prominent. The phlegmatic person is stimulated on all sides, has
to concern himself with a multitude of things, his substantial being having
divided itself into a great host of particular forms and relationships in which
he has to interest himself; he is gripped and stimulated in many ways by the
lively business ofthe world. Necessity is imposed upon a sanguin person, who
also has to stick to a particular business, job, duty. The melancholy person is
driven into snapping out of himself, sensitivity's inner broodings not being
tolerated by a cultivated milieu. The choleric person has to check his out-
bursts, adapt his activity, his effectiveness, to the laws, the relationships of
prevailing custom. In a cultured nation therefore, particular traits dwindle
into insignificant peculiarities. Many peculiarities are a matter of confirmed +
lBfr ~ka hreftt hIMdt, bGJ M' Untuf"'eb btt ~

rCl*1dt frine lBitf1tfgfdt tn riner Sdt ~ert, '" ~'e an ullb
IBdfc btt ke~me"" ab M' ~ ber 3nbltfoucn ....
\1ft dtJandne Mung ftttaefett 1ft. ~8f9CII ~lelt M' Ci ~ GfCI f,
tef . .t, M' bie .enf~ Immn unterf_t. !l)1mf1 '~lI
. . .tbot 3a~ rrtt &u fehler fetIm ~~t. 3um
. . . . .~ rrttU4 bot WoaadIe M' (fncrgfe, mit ~lcfJft
"" Uenf", o~nc fIIJ im ..... I. laffen, fdne 3\ICck ullb
3ntmifcn ICrf'olgt, ..~ ta den fdlen oOanNIUlßCR bw DeM-
etn"'ae 11ft fi~ felcr ~ .c._ ~aftn fommt bcr
ucnrer, nktt GU' fdaft tt. . . .t ~d, oM' fMU ClU~
riacr ~ IR ~ entge8Cft8Cfqtf. .. feben l'tmf.n fft
bqer bfe ~18 a. a"', baJ Cf ~Gfter arige. !l)er
~o1Ie .enfer, ...,ontrt .aMcn, .,u fle ~ift'en, ~. fle
1ft . . . . . . . 3n. ~ ..kt GM, • bcr fomeUtn
hergk, 1\Dritm da ~, GllpdnCf ~Glt bel IBfl-
eeu._
lcd. . . m«) .~ gnfcr ßuteck otfcdGft bcr .mf~
.,. ..Jen, if}R . - fit anM't lIlGtf1mben ~Q
frine 3'"* dfren tanerlt~ ~tt f~D, ~
nfter; _
fdn ~ bie abfolute ~ bet 3akItt 1I1lb M foraadlm
+ Erziehung, z.B. das Stottern, es kann natürlich sein, aber vornemiich ist es
Trägheit sich zu exponiren, die inne hält, sich besinnt, stehen bleibt und
endlich dazu kommt daß es feste Gewohnheit wird. Es giebt eine unendliche
Menge von natürlichen Besonderheiten, die Kinder lernen viel von ihren
Aeltern, besonders ist dieB in Demokratien (Kehler: Reichstädten) und
Aristokratien der Fall, wie z.B. in Bern, da hat jede Familie ihren eigen-
thümlichen Charakter und ihre eigenthümliche Richtung gehabt und fort
gewirkt. Die Eine hat sich mehr auf Politik, auf das Recht, die andere auf
Reichthümer, hohe Würden u.s.w. gelegt und hat sich darin erhalten. So
haben sich auch die Zünfte leichter fortgeerbt, indem die Kinder gerne bei
der Zunft der Aeltern blieben, auf diese Weise haben (96) sich immer
gewisse Geschmäcke, Eigenthümlichkeiten fortgeerbt, dieB ist einerseits
Naturanlage, andererseits Resultat bestimmter Verhältnisse und es kann
leicht sein, daß so etwas vollkommen fest wird. Man kann sich vorstellen, daß
bei Kindern die einem europäischen Volke angehören schon eine gewisse
Regsamkeit statt findet gegen Kinder eines wilden Stammes, so daß man
versichert daB ein Kind aus einem gebildeten Volke mit einem Naturell das
dem gebildeten Zustand angemessen ist, unter einem wilden Stamm versetzt,
sich unter ihm auszeichnet, sein Naturell geltend macht.
We have already noticed that difference of temperament is

less important during aperiod in which the mode and man-
ner in which individuals behave and act are decided by the
general culture. People are always distinguished on account
of their character however, by means of which the firm de- 5
terminateness of the individual first comes into play. The
primary factor in character is the formal one of the energy
with which the person pursues his purposes and interests re-
gardless of distraction, and preserves self-consistency in all
that he does. A person without character will either fail to 10
assurne determinateness or shift from one direction to the
opposite. It is therefore to be required of everyone that they
should give evidence of character. A man of character im-
presses others because they know what they are dealing with.
The second factor in character, as distinct from that offormal 15
energy, is however the substantial general content of the will.
It is only through the accomplishment of great designs that a
person reveals the greatness of character that makes hirn a
beacon to others. Yet if his character is to possess the perfect
veracity of exhibiting the absolute unity of content and for- 20
habit, of having been carelessly brought up; stuttering for example, which
can be natural, but which is usuaHy a sluggishness in expressing oneself. This
sluggishness holds back, deliberates, does nothing, and finally reaches the
state of being a fixed habit. There is an infinite number of natural traits. +
Children leam a great deal from their parents, especially in democracies
(Kehler: 'imperial cities') and aristocracies. In Beme for example, each
family acted in accordance with its particular character and propensity, one
conceming itself more with politics, the law, the other with weaIth, social
standing etc., and they kept to this. Crafts were also passed on more easily
from one generation to another if children wanted to carry on the trade
practised by their parents, and it has always been by means of (96) this that
certain manners, peculiarities, have been passed on. On the one hand this is a
natural aptitude, while on the other it is the resuIt of certain relationships,
and it can easily become something completely fixed. One can weH under- +
stand that there should al ready be a certain responsiveness about the children
of a European people which is lacking in those of a savage tribe, so that one
hears that a child from a civilized people with a natural disposition proper
to a civilized state, will distinguish itself and make this disposition evident if it
is transferred to a savage tribe.
'* tJ4aIdofaa fett,.oau

~ ~
Ga
,,*. foU.
IBiUmt baItkIca 1IQ
bt@C8CIl
fo _
foadt
\!er" n lauter
lOIIfotuIm
MfcIh ... a'snf'nn. ~fef"

!Ba~t,
liRadqctten,
~ .. ~ nut bfe WoIa, __t bca 3nf)aIt. ~rcfJ bett

86 fIfaaaIinn, - bleft taroble ". ~, - ~ bie ~
~ ~ Btnf.. eme 'oie ~cfJaft lIit anbmß
fIIrabt 3af*"t1.
9b4 fl*fbudlem In pb bte fOßlllGmUe. Sbloh1th4$
fit., ~ ro.~( ht bet ""tif..
""e In btr seijtiealll4tut bc&
Dcaf.n »orfoaunm. eo .fttmt, ,um eet"ld, 1Il4U. 9Jlenf41elt
ja ~m ~~ hfinblt. .IG,en. InMe t»ctbtn »on .-iWen
atGDlfJdttn gClIIa flgen 4flidrt. 31KO~ I. »on Cing(cmb ~b ~1tI
""*'8, "'U et efllm ~esen f~. ~ie sriftisen 3biof~nfrafieR
&datll ficfJ hfonbtrt In btr 3ugenb, a. 8., mber UIlQ(Clu~lfcfJen
Sl)ndftgftit bd Jtol'frec{Jntn. einatmer .Imber. UmiQm...ftI
wrr.- fl4 hM} 'oie oha hf,tO.nefl Wonnen ber 9l4ttu'h-
~it bef 8dtiet nfcfJt ~(o; bfe 3nbl»lbutn I fonbem me~r
ober ~nten ClUcfJ WmnUien »on eilUlllber, kf~nber. ba, \\10 bie$
reiben ~ 1ticfJt mft Wrelllbell, fonbem l1Uf unter einanber »el'
blUlben ~1t, .ie a. ~. la tlmt unb in mil1t.n beutfd)en
9lci_bten 'ocr ~QU 9ft\)efen ifl
9lQcfJbeIR wok ~imrit bfe blei \Jorme1t ber quaUtatl\)Cn 9lQ$
~t~eit ber Inbi»fDueUen Stele, - bat 9latureU, bat Xemt
,,"CIIIle1tt unb ben ~rafter, - sefcf)ift\ert ~Gkn, bleibt un.
~, nod1 übrig, 'oIe »emünftlge 9l0~\\Ienbf8fett Cln&Ubeutcn,
h)GtWD je1te 9lomrbeftimm.it gefGh biere brei unb feine Gnbe*
R1t iOmK1t ~t, un'o \\IGIUIIl biere Wormen in ber »on un. 6e,
folt1ten l)QllUng au 6drGd)ten nnb. iBir ~a6m mit 'oem 9la,
tImI, - _ a~ 6etHmmter, IIltt bell !tGlfat un'o bem @enie , -
oaaefu.en, ",U 1ft bem lloturcU 'oIe quillitClti\)e 9latuneftimmt,
. . beI labl»lbuelltn Seele iikr\\liegenb 'oie Worm rine. 610'
6e~ben, einet unmlttel&Gr Weften unt> einte 60ldJtn ~at, 'oelfen
u.t~ioung in fid) felber ftd) auf tlntll GU~ i~m »or~an'oe$
. . URtcrfcfJieD be&ie~t. - ~m Xenq,erlllftent bagegm "ediert
i- 9l.~dt bit fhftillt einef fo Wefttn; benn \\Iä~nnb
ia btm 31lbf'Oibuum taebtr Ciin $Illmt Gllffct,lIe~{fd) ~cf)t,
mal activity, his designs must be inwardly justified. Charac-

ter becomes caprice ifthe will fastens on to patent singularities,
to what is frivolous. Caprice is merely the form of character, +
not its content. It is a parody on character, and a person's
individuality will be less congenial to others in that it is 5
perverted by it.
So-called idiosyncrasies, which occur in the physical as weIl
as the spiritual nature of man, are of a still more individual
kind. Some people, for example, will scent nearby cats.
Others are affected in a completely peculiar way by certain 10
illnesses. James I of England used to swoon at the sight of a
sword. Spiritual idiosyncrasies are particularly evident in +
youth, in, for ex am pie, the incredible rapidity of certain
children in mental arithmetic. Incidentally, not only indi- +
viduals but also families are more or less distinguished in 15
accordance with the above-mentioned forms of the natural
determinations of spirit, particularly where outsiders have
been excluded and they have simply inter-married, as has
been the case in Berne for example, and in many of the free
cities ofGermany. 20 +
We have now delineated the three forms ofthe qualitative
natural determinateness of the individual soul i.e. what is
natural, temperament and character. In this connection we
have however still to indicate the rational necessity of there
being precisely these three forms of this determinateness and 25
no others, and of their being considered in the order we have
followed. We have begun with what is natural, more pre-
cisely with talent and genius, since in wh at is natural the
predominant form of the qualitative natural determinateness
of the individual soul is that of mere being, of a firm im- 30
mediacy, of that which has an inner differentiation relating
to the difference present outside it. - In temperament on
the contrary, the natural determinateness loses this firmness
of shape, for it is either one talent that dominates the indi-
oM IR -.. . . .rcre XaIenft ~r ~, 6krSGIIQtloftt l'efte~elt

87 neha dRcmber "n, fann im uab bGffelh 3nbi'Oibuuli1 'Oon
ieber ~enttfHnumans in bfe aabere tkrseJ,en, ro bGJ kine
f1l "'IR da fetkf Se~n~. 3ugleidJ ~~ fit ben ~em~n,
ten bn Ulderf"ieb ber fragli~el1 9l~~ GUt ber ~e'
Iid}ung auf ehHt au;a ber inbt'OtbueUm ecde lBor~benet
in bat 30m berfelkn refltctirt. - 3m ~fter after fefJen
MT 'oie 8ettigfdt 'oe' 9lQtureU. mit ber IkrdnberlfcfJkit bet ~.
\'etQDlmtffliamumgen, - bie ilt 'oem irfteren 'Oomaltenbe ~e'
atd)Uftg nacf1 au;en mit bem in ben !leml'eriUllfntfftbnmungen ~en:
rdJenben 3nfidJrefle'tirtfe\1n ber &ele 'Oereintgt. ~fe Wettigfrit be.
m,llrafttr' iP feine fo unmittd&m, fo cutgtborene, ~ie 'oie bt&
!lllturdl', fonbem eine 'ourdJ ben SiUm au tnbDi&felnbe. ~ft
~ar4fter &efte~t in ~at gt~rmm, (1(, fn dnem gle(cf}md_igtn
®emifdJtre~n ber MfdJie'oenen ~ml'eramente. @lefcf1,"~1 fann
nidJt Rmgnd ~n, ba; berfelbe dne ßCltürlfdJe hnblQge
~t, - 'oa; einjge BenfdJen au einem pGtfen (i~ClrQfttr 'Oon 'otr
!latur me~r 'o~"onfrt tm'o, 41. .nom. .ut biefem ®run'oe
~&ea ~ bat !RedJt ge~a&t, ~fcr fn bet 'nt~ro"ologie 'Oom ~QI
rafter au r"recfJen, obglefdJ berfelk fdne 'OoUe (lntfaltung erfl in
ber Svf)ire beI frden @dtw ~ft.
I) m CI c II r f i ß) e !8 c r A n b e run gen.
§. 396.
lCn ber eeele at, ~ n bi'O i b uu m 6tftimmt, finb Me
Unterfd)iebe ,,16 !8 er An ber u n9 en (\n ibm, bem in ibnen
&e~4rrenben (finen @5ubjecte unb al6 (fntrotdlun96 mo men te
'e[elben. ~Il fie in <tinem pb\)~fd)t unb gti~ige Unttr,
fd)iebe finb, fo ware ftlr beren conmtm S8t/limmung ober
0efd)reibuna bit ~enntnjti btlS 8e~ilbttfl1 @ei/lt5 i" antc,
",iren.
ef. ~nb 1) btr natl1rlid)e ~ tr l Cl u f be r 2e&en dl
4 (t t r, UOI1 bem .t i 11 be al1, bem 1n ~d) eingebtlUten ~ci/le,
burd) ben entroicfe(ten @egenfa.f?, Me e"annutlg einer fclbjt
l1od) fubjecti'Ocn ~Ugemeil1()eit, ~beil(e, (finbilbul1gcn, eolJ
88 ren, ~olfllun!Jen u. f. f., gcgen bit unmittelbare (iin~cln,
vidual exclusively, or several that subsist in it side by side

without disturbing or influencing one another, while one
and the same individual can sustain transition from any
temperamental mood into any other, no one of them being
fixed within it. At the same time, the difference of the 5
natural determinateness in question is, in the temperaments,
reflected from the relation to something present outside the
individual soul, into the soul's interior. - In character how-
ever, we find the firmness of what is natural, together with
its prevailing relation outwards, united with the change- 10
ableness of general temperamental moods and the pre-
dominant intro-reflectedness of the soul which these entail.
Firmness of character is developed by means of the will; it is
not so innate as that which is natural, and lacks the im-
mediacy of natural firmness. Character consists of something 15
more than a proportionable melange of the various tempera-
ments. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that it has a natural
basis - that certain people are by nature more disposed
to strength of character than others. It is on account of this
that we have made mention of character in dealing with 20
anthropology. It is however in the sphere of free spirit that
character first unfolds to its full extent. +
ß) Natural changes
In the soul determined as an individual, differen-

ces occur as changes within the individual, which is
the single permanent subject within them, and as 25
moments in the development of this subject. Since
they are at once both physical and spiritual differen-
ces, a tnore concrete detertnination or description of
them would anticipate acquaintance with mature
spirit. 30
These changes constitute I) the natural course of
the stages oflife. Spirit is enveloped within itselfin the
child. In the youth there is the developed opposition
of the tension between the ideals, imaginings, reform-
ings, hopes etc. of a universality which is itself still
{)eit, b. i. gegen Me tlor()'lnbcnc beufdben nid)t angelneffene

m3e1t unb bie ®teUung belS a.uf ber anbern ®cite nOQ) ur~
felbl1ftonbigen unb in fief) unfertigen ~lltitlibuumtS in fell
nem $Daj"c\)n AU berfelbcn (,3t't n9 (i n g), oU bem wabrf)dft
ten mer()lIItnia, bcr 1(nedennung bel' objectitlen
motbroenbtgfcit unb Il3m1l1nftigfeit bel' bereit5 \)o:l)lltlbencn
fertigen m3cft, an bereu fief) an unb ft1r M) tloUbril1genbnu
2Berfc bM ~nbitlibuum feiner 'l:()ätigfeit eine Q.)ewabrung
unb ~ntbcil tlcrfd)alTt, baburef) (f t W (15 i 11, wirflid)e @jet
genwdrt nnD objeetitlCtl m3ertb ()Ilt (~J~ an n), - bi5 aur
~oUbringung bel' <rinbeit mit bierer Objcctitlitat, weCc(le
(fiuheit alG mU in bie Untf)atigfch ab(tumpfwber Q;ewobn:
beit tlbergebt, al5 ibceU bie 'greil)eit \)on ben befcf)ronften
,3ntmffcn unb ~m\)icflungen ber auuerltd)Cll Q)egcnwart
gewinnt I - (Q; r ei $.)
Iafq. 3nbca bIc .., "ollfommen 411gemeine Seele auf
bie ... ... aeegekac IBdfc ~~ kfonbert unb aule.t 4Uf ffin,
...., .. ~uHt6t '" hfllat, fo tritt fle in ben •
..rat ... ~ innm . . . .~it, gegen t~re Subfl4na. ~te
fer ~.. ber UlUIittdkfal iinae~ unb ber in bnfelkn
u , .. "**"en fuifhuaticllen UScmrinfJdt begriabrt ben ~
'bmt~ ber tn'oit'ibudleu Seele, - einen ~, bUfcr, *'-
cf)m berm 1IIlIIItklban ltaael~it bem Ugemdnen entf~recr,eab gt-
aacacr,t, *fd in fmer ~tr!lkf1t, unb fo bie erfle, einflld)e Itnflclt
ber ecdc 11ft ti4 au einer burcr, bcn @cgenf4t Mmittelten CIia-
~ ~, ~ auerfl üfkoue 11l8cmdn~dt ber Seele aur con-
mim . . . . .U enttvf&klt .Wb. ~efer in"'icftUl1Q~
ift bie lWoIns. Scr,onbo. bloJ anbnatifcr, 2eknbfgt fteQt auf
fdne IBdfc 'me. $roctf u tI4 bat. IM, - ~ nttr ~
9ef~ ~, - ~Ilt Nft'tlk ...t bie gacr,t, '"~ft btc
89
tuQSI r.
CIattuna • ti4 BU ~et"Q)frffi4ctt; fdae unatttdkre, f~nbe, 4b-
ftrClctc .....fIc'J bleibt ituler tII IBtberf'rucfJe mit feiner tht-
Wcfelbe nicr,t weniger »Oft flcr, Clut, CIlt tu ~cr, da.
~ur4 blcfe fane Unf\\fMfdt &Uf »ollfollUllmm ~1IU1l1J bcr
81ttane g4t bae UUf ~ebenbfge au 8runbt. !l)ie ~ottu1l9 er-
~, fi4 an "1ft 4lt eine llacr,t, »or ~ bcrffelM lIetrcr,ntfn-
bea" 31ft ~bt bcG ~fbuum' foMt ~ bie <hUung
subjective, and immediate singularity; on the one

side there is the world which is inadequate to the
yearnings, on the other the attitude to this world of an
individual whose existence is stilliacking in indepen-
dence and inner maturity. The man attains to the true 5
relationship; he recognizes the 0 bj ecti ve ne ces-
sity and rationality of the implemented world with
which he is confronted, and by obtaining a confirma-
tion of and a place for his activity in the being-in-and-
for-self with which the works of this world are ac- 10
complished, the individual becomes somebody, an
actual presence with an objective value. Unity with
this objectivity is finally consummated in old age,
during which, in that it is of a real nature, it dec1ines
into the inactivity of habit, while in that it is of an 15
ideal nature, it gains the freedom of having limited
interests and of avoiding involvement with what is
present externally.
Addition. In that it particularizes itself in the manner

indicated, and fuHy individualizes itself by determining itself 20
into singularity, the initiaHy completely universal soul enters
into opposition to its inner universality, its substance. This
contradiction between immediate singularity and the sub-
stantial universality implicitly present within it, gives rise to
the life-process of the individual soul. In this process, the 25
immediate singularity of the soul is made to correspond to
the universal, in that the latter is actualized in the former.
The soul's primary and simple unity with itself is therefore
sublated into a unity mediated by opposition, i.e. the uni-
versality of the soul is developed into concreteness from its 30
initial abstraction. This process of development constitutes
the formation of the soul. Certain implicit evidence of the
process is al ready present in merely animal being. As we
have al ready seen however, it is beyond the power of such
being, to truly actualize the genus within itself; the im- 35
mediacy, the being, the abstraction of its singularity remain
in contradiction to its genus, which is excluded by it to no less
an extent than it is included. It is an account of this inability
to give complete expression to the genus that simply living
being perishes. The genus exhibits itself within it as apower 40
before which it must vanish. In the death of the individual
_ .. caer ~, bie ..,.• . . - , . . bfc . .

.... "' ..., ~, 1fI, ........... IItf4lleJt.
. . __ ....... \t.. ~ . . . . . ........., ........ . .
. ., fit ~, - bIcf- * ...........

Mt. - 8aMIft . . . . _ -... -- ...... ..
-
9a
-- ... efe.
~. . der ~ *fc~, bI ~dk
- ...... tüWoueIrea . . tlIttfI*t, - no4 bie "re
~ bcftd in bic 3dt. e. ~
., ..... 1IIdaf~ 3uftiabca, • • bat ~
. . '" ftl4d b~, - . , 80fac , .. Uataf4fcbat,
-- af4t . . bfc Wcttiefdt bcr IR bat tcrf4'" "rcOca-
. . . . . baa IlCldoaafadtlml tmf. . . 1IIlIdttdhmt U.,
taMIdt W lIIgaRdam Watartdtkt ,*", r.1bern a . .
.. -fdha ~btofo_ alt ""'be, GI. .. dnabcr ihr,
....... err...
äfe ... 'on URtcrf~d 3uflinbea 1ft bfc std6c bcr
!e.en •• ltcf.
~ ..... alt ber ulUldttclNma, nocf) unterf_Io-
fca ..... "' ...... unb bcr ~'ibualUit, - mit baa
. , . . ~ bcr 1I1IIIIttc1kml fIlnaelqdt, litt ber @}e,
"'n
hrt bet ~, ab eQiet 11ft ber ttüft'ounS ber Clat-
.... fI __ liwatlqdt, ober bicfer in iGe, - arit bell • •
bcr ......... bIe ~, lIit bct _ _11
bcr ..,.., - litt _ ~
... - ~ cft ftI4aa bie
.OU •• 8 1ft, bAt 1ft
- ....
bfe __ 8adaftfp . . . . . "'-S
__ mnnin'U 8feU; bena bIe -.etang ~ r40n
bcr tn.ren ag"
. . . 3D ,","er ..... bct ...... ab bct tBerdafdae.
D9 ber . ., ~ bfc i1I lIaIIIf .., 2tkataltcr "ort1'CI
.......... CIf...... llen • *(ca ....f ,. -
90 \ticfdabctl .,~~~r.u &ränbmlngen bei 3nbi»ibuumG cntf'"'
... ~ ~.8 litt tJelftieea unb ~~,fif'" ift
, . die ",tne, al' Ni ben .tcmerfd)ltbcn~ften, ,»ir"0
cf ur lIit _ .ue-tnen feflcn Untcrfd)ieben beG 9lGtutsdfld
.. .. ..,.. feflm '~~tifcf)en 1lntcrf_n ber Denf" AU
. . . . . ., .Witftnb 'ier bie ~ känbcr-sen ber aa'
VolulTUJ T wo: Anthropology • 99
therefore, the genus attains to an actualization which is no less

abstract than the singularity of merely living being, and which
excludes this singularity in precisely the same way as the genus
remains excluded from living singularity. It is, on the con-
trary, in spirit, in thought, i.e. in its homogeneous element, 5
that the genus truly actualizes itself. In that which is an- +
thropological the mode of this actualization is still that of
naturality however, since it occurs in natural and individual
spirit. I t is on account of this that it falls within time. Thus,
the individual as such passes through aseries of different 10
conditions. The differences of the resultant sequence no
longer possess the fixity of the immediate differences of the
universal natural spirit which prevail in the various races and
national spirits. They occur fluidly, as forms which pass over
into one another in one and the same individual. 15
This sequence of different conditions is the series consti-
tuting the stages of Lift.
It begins with the still undifferentiated unity of genus and
individuality, with the abstract emergence of immediate
singularity, with the birth ofthe individual. It ends with the 20
including of the genus within singularity, or of singularity
within the genus, with singularity's being vanquished by the
genus, - with the abstract negation of the former, - with
death.
Since the determination ofinner universality in that which 25
is rational already occurs in the genus, the genus is to living
being what rationality is to that which is spiritual. This unity
of the genus with that which is rational contains the basis
of the correspondence between the spiritual phenomena
which occur in the course of the stages oflife, and the physical 30
changes in the individual which develop in the course of these
stages. In considering racial varieties one is concerned Qnly +
with the fixed and universal differences of natural spirit and
with the similarly fixed physical differences of people. At this
juncture however, the determinate changes ofthe individual 35
soul and of its corporeity have to be considered, and there is
therefore a more determinate accord between what is
lItIil. . . ea UD i~ Mli~t au 6etr44taa t1nb.

Ba
MIt . , ~ .~t fo '"'*
~, in bcr .,.~
....... W ~ bot m4dirte <8egcdD __ . . ,
.......... ~ AU fu"; ~ in bcr . . . . . . .
M Mda ~uCllbe fJegalf.. ub tte 411' balf6a ... "-
.......... * tIfIm IBcbeutun8, Ale fII . . . . .
Na k " ~ ~Itf fa !ln~ . . fPer
1.1I4IlIt bcdItmfJ, MJ tf fl4 ~, ale biefe, ClIn»lcfda fcum.
-6hh ... .Iiaber eilte .... intnnd&mS gqdgt, ....
... ~i4ca ....... wett \)orangedft WIr. 80m~
.. !I)kj Nt eatf4ltbcnm .ertf.n Xalmte:t, ncuaentft4 M
lIIIIIIitif4Jm . . ., ber 8. sewcfen. lu4 In ee&UQ auf 1d4-
tet l1afatfca "" -cr,met .IentJriffen, befonbert im 1IGt~'"
tif.. 844t, fo tt)le fn etaug cmf ein ~nbfsd !Räfonne-
..u, fogar ihr fittlid)t unb migl6fe @egenft&aht, lJGt ff4 fol.
~ 814* fdtta geaetst. 3m IUsemdnen mu; itbocfJ ause'
Jabta ~, bI; ber ~b ntcfJt 'DOf ben 3a~ren ,...
N a. ki ben f6ntHcrif.n Xalmtm ~Clt ~ie Wnl~aettigftit ~m
lrf4eiang eine f8ora6gUcfJfdt GJItICfhbfst. ~ClQesen 1ft bfe Nt
. . . . .linbml ff4 .etgmbe -.cttigc (fnmiclhans ber ~
seaa ikrl)Gu,,* fn 'On !Regel ni4t btf .tdm efne~ im IJtllmaetGlter
ar,.;er .u.acf"nd~ett gtlcmgeaben tBrifttt1 set»eftIL
!!)er iatM4lung'4'fouj W n4tilft4eu menf4"" 3ab~
..... aerfiUt nun in eine ~e~ "08
,",effen, bcrm k f .
~ auf ~ 'Dnfcftiebentl ~ bt~ 3nbi"tbu1llllf ,.
....... hru~t, wb ~ Untcrf_ bd .linbef, 'Oe' Uaand
... bct fJ ft I fe' begtiinbet. !Dirfc U*f"itbe fin'O ~arftd(n,
91 se' ~r tlatcff"febe b~ &g~. ~a~er ift bd .IinbefCllttr
'Ofe 3dt btf utirllcf1en .parmonie , be~ 8ritbcn~ ~ Subiectf
.u ~ ullb mit bn !Belt, - ber t&tufo gegcnfQ~lofe InfGns,
. . bd 8rdt'enalt« bQ~ gegfnfat10fe (fnbe ift. ~ie im .tin'
~ dnx\ f)mortretenben (aJegmfd~e 6ldbtn o~ne ritfme
3atmtfe. ~3'.tinb lebt in Unf~l1lb, o~nt bauernbett S~mn~,
in ~ •• beft (litern, ullb im @efü~1 , 'Don i~nen gelRbt AU
f~n. - ~icfe uaaittelbllfe, ~ ungeiftigt, blo, natUrU. <finl
l)dt ~ 3ttbl»ibUlllllt 11ft feinet <httung unb mit ber ti\dt über.
spiritual and what is physical. On the other hand, one ought

not to go so far as to search the individual's physiological
deve10pment for the express image of its spiritual expression,
for the opposition which distinguishes itself in this expression,
like the unity which is to be engendered from the opposition, 5
is of a much higher significance than it is in that which is
physiological. Spirit here shows that it is independent of its
corporeity in that it is able to develop itself earlier. Children
have often displayed a spiritual deve10pment far in advance
of their bodily maturity, particularly in the case of pre- 10
dominantly artistic talents such as musical geniuses. Pre-
cociousness of this kind has also been evident, and by no
means infrequently, in the facility with which various skills
have been mastered, especially in the fie1d of mathematics,
in respect of reasoning according to the understanding, and 15 +
even with regard to ethical and re1igious matters. It has to be
admitted however, that understanding usually comes in due
course. It is almost exclusively in artistic talents that its early +
appearance has preceded excellence. As a general rule, the
precocious development of general intelligence apparent in 20
some children has not given rise to spiritual achievement of
high distinction in adult life. +
The process of development in the natural human indi-
vidual now falls apart into aseries of processes, the variety
of which rests upon the variegated relationship of the indi- 25
vidual to the genus, and is the basis of the difference between
the child, the adult and the elderly. These differences are
representations of the differences of the Notion. Thus,
childhood is the time of natural harmony, of the subject's
being at peace with itself and the world, this beginning being 30
as devoid of opposition as the end, old age. The oppositions
that can occur in childhood remain devoid of deeper interest.
The child lives in astate ofinnocence, with no lasting sorrow,
in the love it has for its parents, and in the feeling that it is
loved by them. This immediate and consequently unspiritual 35
or merely natural unity of the individual with its genus and
. . . . . . . .,.... _ _ ; - bot Sllb~ibuuan 1111' bollt

ftdr..., ~cfJ DelI 11le---, 01. bcr a-unb-für-~$
r...., fmfeea 1I1tb hfl4enbttt e.., gegcnüer aa ftdIelt,
tl4 ta fdacr ecIfI(Ii_U a. afalfta. - 3uni~ - tritt
~e ~bigfdt, - blcfer ~fG. in dner chRCo emfd•
• . . af, .,ie .. .link bie.~ bef edfdtctt ab
~ ~er Sü1IsUaslJft btt tn bcr lBdt ~«Jtc ~
af '0 te lBdfc GUf, bGJ er ~ fcIcr bic aUf .GM bcr ~e
~ "'_1111. Nt ~, - bot !Bqn •
••
. . , - bcr lBdt bo. . . bie ec~' uns bef Suf4U'eell, Icct-
bntcIat •• rcfJrdk -
eet blef- umD4ma ... bCIrf a'«Ja r.
~ gcMie6m ~n; ber Si. . . ~t ~ . . .., 11M bell'
fdka AU ber Iiafi4t .U ~, MI tat ~ 'oie edt
alt 'out eüflatIdIe, bGf ~__ ~se.. m alt eill
Icdbaq &11 htrt4tm t~, - MI "'" ber DcarcfJ aUf in bei
...... S~, f~ "rm bf ~rfolsmbca
lBdt feine ~. ~IJIIIS ab &friebfeaua8 finbta fGIlIl,
lIab bei Cf ti4 ~ bie fiit btt &4c ttIt~iee .fcfJtcfti*U
~.,. .;. - luf bicfcn etub,uaft
ee(anet, i~ bcr Sülle'
Ible . - 11 u. e 8CJl)0_. 3ft.." felcr fcrti8, bdtacfJkt ber
Dun GU4 btc tlttU.
IBcttoltllllll9 alt tblc nicfJt erft \1011 _ .
~qUrinscnbe, Collbna olf eine .. IDcfmtlicf)en fettige. ~o
i~ er für -, -cfJt QCSen Die StcfJe tf)itig, ""t für', nicfJt SCBfU
92
bie ~ da Sntm"e, ~t fondt übtr 'oie fiafeiriee (5u&jcetiuüöt
bcf 3beftn8. Cf~Qben, auf bcan 6tGnb"unft 'ocr objedl'otn
.,
tHgftit. - ~Q' re i f en alt cr bIß.. tlt ba 9lWfsal1Q aur
.t-
.w
31Itmtrcfttl8tdt bcr ISa.; ber <8rd. ~at ~ in 'oie ea.
ftIlbca Ifqdt _lt bcr
Icttm auf·
ea.
~, .Rb gibt eben lOtgtll bierer, 'ocn @}egmfao uaUe,
'oie tnterctfe\loUe X~atfgfrit für 'oie
~ fJimIü ian WUSCllcfncu angtsckncn UntafdJle'o bel' ~e'

hatoltcr ~ .,it fqt n~Cf bctibnmm.
!J)a' .tthtbe'dtn f6nnm ~fr Jl)icba in brei, ober I -
... '* bo. aB-ru, mit ber Butter fbclltifdJc .ttin'o in bcn
.IrcIt afem ""~hm8 alc~en lt'oUen, - in \I i ef Stufen un-
~n.
Volume T wo: Anthropology . I03
with the worId in general, has to be sublated. The individual

has to progress into placing itself in opposition to the univer-
sal as complete and subsistent being-in-and-for-self, into
apprehending itself in its independence. In the first instance
however, this independence or opposition occurs in a shape 5
which is as onesided as the unity of the subjective and the
objective in the child. The youth breaks down the Idea
actualized in the world in that he attributes to hirnself the
determination belonging to the nature of the Idea, i.e. that
of the substantial, the true and the good, while ascribing to 10
the world the determination of being contingent, accidental.
This imperfect opposition is not to be maintained. The youth
has rather to raise hirnself into realizing that it is, on the
contrary, the world that is to be regarded as substantial, and
that it is the individual that is merely an accident - that, 15
consequently, it is only in the world, which follows its course
independently and in firm opposition to hirn, that man can
find that which is essential both to proving hirnself practically
and to his satisfaction, and that he must therefore equip
hirns elf with the ability to do so. When this stand point has 20
been attained, the youth has reached manhood. Since he is
hirnself inwardly accomplished, the man regards the ethical
world-order not as having to be first brought forth by hirn,
but as being essentially accomplished. He therefore acts in
accordance with the matter, not contrary to it, being in- 25
terested in promoting rather than countering it. Since his
stand point is that of objective spirituality, it is superior to the
onesided subjectivity of the youth. - Old age, on the con-
trary, is reversion into lack of interest in the matter. The old
person has become accustomed to it, and precisely on ac- 30
count of this abandons the opposition-dispelling unity
with it, the interested activity, for lack of interest. +
Weshall now define more precisely this general difference
between the stages oflife.
Within childhood we can, once again, distinguish three 35
stages - or Jour if we want to include in our sphere of con-
sideration the unborn child, which is identical with the
mother.
1°4 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
~ agehmc .Ih, b l}at nodJ SM ftine tigtntU. 3nbiti-

naBtit, - fdae ~Glit4t, 'oie ~1f1 auf ~ad4re lBeife
.. JGdiadirta Dijcdcn ~idte, - 'oie riD WeuJerlilf1e' CUt
daca tc. . . . ,... ~M .t)tSClni.mu' einaögt. ~Cl' 2cben
W UDgchalaa .Ii.. Qld.t bem 2c~n bcr "Gnat. mte
~c rau M untcQ~ 3ntdfUGulltton, fORbetn rine con$
täulldf4 , . . , ~tIDß ~t, fo etn~rt flcfJ Clulf1 bCI• .lin'o
.., Wr4 da forttHwembct &usep, unb befI.t nodJ fein fllf1
illtcdR4eubct - - .
~ Mt .Iinb GU' biefeut ~9etClti\\en ßlIttcmbe, in wel-
. . d tl4 .. Duttmei6e kflnbd, aUt IBdt 9tbtCld)t mitb,
. . Nfdk par cmfmGIffcf}tn Seife be. ~eben' übet. ~ie (Be,
iart , bqer da uapum ES~tung. ~utd) benfdbeit rommt
Mt ........ baD ßuitanbe eine' »öUis gcsmfo.(ofen 2cbent in
__ ~ M ti(onbetung, - in '00' ~i; au ~id)t
UI~ hft, un~ in ein fmmer me~r fllf1 entmtcfelnbe' mer~4ltnt;
p "mlnaefter flcsmtt4nblllf1fdt ~t, unb nommtlid) au »et$
dIidter .~. ~ie etftt IBdfe, .ie bat .tinb fld) au einall
~bigta conflUuirt, i~ bCIf • t ~ mett., - '00' 'oie elementCl~
rif4f etrhmll8 untenrcd)enbe (finat• n unb Wuftlo,en ber ~uft
Gn dnma einadam SUunlte feine. 2ciW. ESd)on glrid) nacfJ btf
93 Nutt bet "iabet atigt fld) btjftn .tö~er fo~ \)onftdnbig or~<
niiirt; lUIt tftnadne' önbert fid) an btmfelbtn; fo a·~· fdllf4t
fidp ertt f"tn '008 [ogenannte foramen ovale. !l)ic .f\Clll,"'ercin~
bmmg bct ~m bet mnbet ~t ittt !:B Gd} fe n. 3tt &~ug
Guf bicfe kdnberung ~~n mir foua nöt~ig, baran au abt<
nem, bGJ 6dm oniaaClltfd)tn 2tbtn ü~lq)t, - ian 8e9mfQ~e
gegen bat ~gttG.uird)e 2cbm, - bCI. IBGd)fcn fein Vf.rticfJ~
fommcn, fcb, ükt $fld) .pinau0gtrif('enwerben, fdn ,ße1"Oortriagm
$
neuer NUbe, fonbem nur fitte Cintmilftung 'ce6 .otgCUl!&DlUt1

i~, IInb dien bIo; qUQnritati'Oen, formeUen Unttrf~i(b ~mor<
brinst, wel"," Pd) fomo~l auf ben @tab 'ocr Stiidt ~t nf
'oie (frtenttoa &tale~t. Cibtnfo mentg &raud)m ~ir ~ier, - ..af
f.R tJa ber .G~~ilofol!~ie an ge~öriger Stefle Bef~lI, -
.eitl6ufd9 GUfeinanber AU feoelt, ba, ienri bcr ~t1anae feJ1fmbe,
ertt tat tfJicrif4en .orsaui6mu6 au EStQnbe fommenbe 5erttsf~"
The unborn child is still entirely devoid of any individuality

of its own, i.e. individuality which relates itself to particular
objects in a particular manner; which imbibes an externality
at a specific point in its organism. The life of the unborn
child resembles that of the plant. The plant has no inter- 5
mittent intussusception, its nutrition being a continuous flow,
and in the first instance the child, too, nourishes itself by
continual suction and does not yet possess rhythmic respira-
tion. +
By being brought into the world, the child passes from its 10
vegetative state within the womb into the mode of animal
life. Birth therefore constitutes a prodigious change. When it
is born, the child quits the condition of life in which opposi-
tion is completely absent, for that of separation. It enters into
relationship with light and air, into an ever more involving 15
relationship with singularized objectivity in general, and
especially with singularized nutrition. The child's first way
of making itself independent is by breathing, i.e. by interrupt-
ing the elementary flow through the inhalation and exhala-
tion of air at a specific point in its body. The practically 20
complete organization of the child's body is already ap-
parent at birth; only particular features alter, the so-called
foramen ovale for example, which takes some time to elose.
Growth constitutes the main change in the child's body. With
regard to this change, we hardly need to observe that in ani- 25
mallife in general, as opposed to vegetable life, growth is not
a coming forth from itself, a being drawn beyond itself, a
production of new formations, but is only a development of
the organism, and produces a merely quantitative, formal
difference, which is relative to the degree of strength as weH 30
as to extension. Nor is there any need for us to expound at +
length what has already been dealt with at the requisite
juncture in the Philosophy of Nature, namely, that the
ground of the emergence of self-awareness in the animal,
and therefore also of its emergence in the child, is this com- 35
pleteness of corporeity, which is lacking in the plant, and
which first occurs in the animal organism, i.e. this referring
106 . Begels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
bcr ~t, - ~cfc a1lrYflfJ1'U1II IUn "feber aUf . .ti-

lell, dafG.1l «im"'. bct Wen. __ fJnmb bct taa ~m -
IIfo entflcf1cabcll tft. ~
'aha ..
CI1t~ . . . . - ~
,Ier ,mo\1u"hn, baj iII Benf.. bcr ~f.
Drgaitanlf 111 fdller \loDfollllltaflnt itIII admagt. edift bat
Mlaabctflc ~ier MIIICIß ni4t, ~ fdll orgwfiltca, wnb-
lidJ tu'efClllen JUqter 411nuaflgtn, btn '*
f"011 CIII bell ••
schmtCII "inbe mlitfm. anA'" erf4clnt In~ bIf .IbdI ilt
dacr '"'* gr&;eren 1~~8iBfdt ab ~fdt, 11. bic ~icre.
~ocf1 otftnkrt 1Id) feine ~ör,erc !i8mr lud) _Iit tiRkL ~II'
~lrfnfj fiinbigt fiel) in i~m fostricO Ul9efqr'oig, tohnb, se-
lietcrffclf all. mi~rcnb ba. ~ier fbunm ift, ober nur barer,
Stö'nca feillen e"mcra all~riicft, itafcrt bat .IiQ bat .,.,
feiner eebiltfniffe banf) S"uicll. !lIurcIf biefc kIIc ~dard&
aeigt flcIf ba. Jtinb fOßlei'" lIOIl ber <BmiMdt barclfbnllltJCll, baj
ce \Ion ber Iujen\l)cU bfe fBcfriebfg1ang feiner t8cbütfniffc aa forl
bml m. !Rcclft ,aN, - bo; bie ISd&fijtinbtgfdt bcr luje,nDd&
8... bell ReIlr... eine nid)tfec ("I.
94 OOd nun bie geifijgc ~llt\uitflung bcf Jtfnbe' in biefem eIl
flclt Stabtum fdnf' ~c&en. betrifft, fo fIRn man fagen, ba; bft'
Denfd) nlf 1lte~r Innc, 0(8 in blefer 3cit. !D«. .ttnb macf)t
ticfJ ~in mit aUen S~eciiicatione. be. SinnlfcfJen aUm~lid) MI
trallt. !litt Iltt;en\l)elt \l)it'o i~ ~In ein UBidI.... <I. fd)re{$
tet t'on ber impiinb'dng aur ~nfd)auuns fort. 3undd)ft ~at bll~
.Ilnb nut dne (lnq,finbung ~om iid)tc, bur" melcl>e. i~m bie
!li_ge 1ltanifeftirt \uerben. !lIiefe ~(o;e (fm~fln'Oun9 \)etltitet 'Da•
.t(nb, 1U\" k'em (lntfer.;:,n, alf nad) einem !la~en, au greifen.
~urcfJ 'Dm einn bei 8cfül)11 ol'ientftt fld) aber baI .mnb ü~tr
'oie ffntfetRungtn. 60 gelanst cf aum lugenmaQ;, \l)irft e'
übet~Q1Q)t bat ItUjere 411' fld) ~'nall" 111" ba; Oie lujtn~
* bingt Sibcrftanb leiften, lant '00' .Iinb in bitfem lIter.
* Criesheim Ms. SS. 102-103; vgl. Kehler Ms. SS. 73-74: Beim Kind ist
vornehmlich die natürliche Unschuld, Lieblichkeit, Schönheit, die uns
anzieht und man kann oft hören daß das Kind das Ideal des Menschen sei, wir
schauen darin die ungetrennte Einheit seiner Natur, dessen was sein soll und
dessen was das Subjekt ist, eine Einheit die sich ebenso in der Pflanze findet,
of all members back to the negative, simple unity of life.

Here however, it has to be emphasized that it is in man that
the animal organism attains its most perfect form. Even the +
most perfect anima! is unable to exhibit the finely organized
and infinitely supple body which is already to be perceived 5
in the newly born child. In the first instance however, the +
child displays a far greater degree of dependence and need
than the anima!. Yet in this respect also, its higher nature
already reveals itself. From the very first, its need is made
known in an unruly, boisterous, peremptory manner. The 10
animal is either dumb or simply expresses its pain by groans,
but the child expresses its feeling of its needs by crying. Through
this activity, which is of an ideal nature, it shows itself to be
already imbued with the certainty of its having a right to
exact from the external world the satisfaction of its needs, - 15
with the certainty that with regard to man the independence
of the external world is a nullity. +
It is true to say of the spiritual development of the child at
this first stage of its life, that at no period does a person learn
more. It is at this time that the child gradually becomes 20
acquainted with all the specifications of the sensible world.
It is at this juncture that the extern al world becomes so me-
thing actual for it. It progresses from sensation to intuition.
At first, the child merely senses th~ light by means of which
things are made manifest to it. This simple sensation gives 25
rise to its grasping for that which is distant as if it were elose. +
Through the sense oftouch however, it orientates itselfwith
regard to distances. It is thus that it comes to measure by
me ans of its eyes, and to project from itself externality in
general. It is also at this age that the child learns that ex- 30
ternal things offer resistance. * +
* GriesheimMs. pp. 102-103; cf. KehleT Ms. pp. 73-74: Itismainly the natural
innoeenee, loveableness and beauty of the ehild that attraets us, and one
often hears it said that the ehild is the ideal of the man. We see within the +
ehild the undivided unity of its nature, of that whieh ought to be and that
whieh the subjeet is, a unity whieh also oeeurs not only in the plant but also
!O8 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
~er UrMSGn9 \)011 Jtinklef# iUII JtndenaIter ifl bGrin

AU feten, bcaJ ficfJ bit ~gfdt bef Jtinbef stgtn bie Iu;m~
,"'t m~i6lt, - bG; baft'clk, fnbell; c~ I - • •1 ber lBirr~
lid}feit ber lufm\DClt gelangt , fe~p AU dnem "'tdlid)en Den#
f"'eu AU ~crl'en lInb tid) al' fo''''m AU fi~lm kginnt, bamtt
akr in 'oie ~raftifd}t ~nbena, fi'" in iener lDirflid}rett alt \)nl
fud}tn, ÜM8e~t. 3u biefem \>raftifd}en me~n I»ttb ba' .tfnb
babur'" 6efi~i9t, ba, ef 3ä~ltt kfollUlt, pe~en, ge~en unb
f., Tecf) en lernt. !l)a~ <niU, ~»a~ ~in gtlemt ~etben Dia;, iP baf
"ufred}tPe~en. ~affdbe i~ bem IDltnfd}en d8tntl)iml~ unb fann
1lUt bur'" ftinen ~tUen l)erDOTge&rad)t ltttben; 'ocr !JlenfdJ pe~t
nUf, fnfofttft er ~e~en ~iU; "ir faDen aufammen , fo ll)ie "tr
ntd)t me~r pc~en "oDen; ba~ St.,. tp ba~n 'oie GJ""o~nt,dt
'oef miDen~ aum ete~el1. ibt nod} frdcrt~ m~ältnt; aUf "UI
ßtn~lt et~ält 'on !lenld> burdJ 'oaG GJefJm; burd) baft'elk l)ebt
er tat "u;minan'oer b~ ~aume' auf, unb gibt fief) fe~r feil
nen 'crt. ~ie epro"'e abtt befä~ist ben IDlenfd}en, 'ofe l:lingc
alf aUgen,cim alf~ufalfen! !lInt ~~u'tfe~n feiner eigentn ~"I
gcmeinl)tit, ~all Iu'fl'ted)tn klef 3d) au selangen. :l)te~ {lrfaf-
fen feiner JdI~eit i~ ein ~ö"'~ "id)tioer ~qnft in 'oer geifHsen
95 (fntnlfcffung btß Jtinbef; mit 'oitjcan $ullft begiunt 'oaifelbt, ilU~
wie auch im Thiere, beide sind was sie sein sollen, ihr Begriff und das was sie
als Subjekt sind ist nicht verschieden. Aber diese Unschuld muß aufhören,
denn der Mensch muß nicht von Natur was er sein soll, sein Zweck, seine
Bestimmung, sein Substantielles muß durch seinen Willen sein, muß Gegen-
stand seines Bewußtseins sein und er muß diese Einheit seiner Subjektivität
und dessen was an und für sich ist, durch sein Bewußtsein, seinen Willen her-
vorgebracht haben, weil er geistiger, nicht animalischer Natur ist. Das Kind
ist in dieser Einheit weil es nicht nach Zwecken handelt, nicht das Bewußtsein
hat vom Allgemeinen, vom Substantiellen, nicht im Gegensatz vor beiden
steht, nicht Erkenntniß des Guten und Bösen hat, der Mensch ist aber nur
Geist insofern er diese kennt, indem er kennt was an und für sich sein soll
und das Partikulaire. Das Kind ist noch im Paradiese aber dieß muß ver-
loren gehen. Die Schlange im Pa (103) radiese sagte den ersten Menschen:
+ Ihr werdet Gott gleich werden wenn ihr die Erkenntniß habt, und Gott
zeiht sie nicht Lügen denn er sagt: Siehe Adam ist worden wie unser einer
denn er hat die Erkenntniß des Guten und Bösen. Dieß ist das was dem
Geistigen angehört. Das Kind ist noch nicht zur geistigen Existenz gekom-
men, die Unschuld muß daher verloren gehen.
Volume Two: Anthropology . lOg
The transItIon from childhood to boykood is to be dis-

tinguished by the development of the child's activity with
regard to the extern al world. By acquiring a feeling for the
actuality ofthe ext~rnal world, the child begins itselfto be an
actual person, to feel itself as such, and so to assurne the 5
practical propensity for trying itself out within this actuality.
The child is equipped for this practical conduct in that it
acquires its teeth, and learns to stand, walk and speak. The +
first of these to be learnt is to stand upright. To do so is +
peculiar to man, and it is only by means of his will that he 10
can manage it. Man stands only in so far as he wills it. If we
do not will it, we fall. Standing is therefore the habit of
willing to stand. By walking, man maintains an even freer
relationship with the external world, for he sublates the
extrinsicality ofspace and determines his place for hirnself. It 15 +
is however speech which enables man to conceive of things
as being universal, to attain to consciousness of his own uni-
versality, to expression of the ego. This apprehending of its +
egoity is a supremely important point in the spiritual de-
velopment of the child; at this point it begins, from its 20
in the animal, both of which are what they ought to be, there being no dif-
ference between their Notion and that which they are as subject. This inno-
cence has to cease however, for it is not on account ofnature that man must
be what he ought to be. By nature he is spiritual not animal, so that his pur-
pose, his determination, his substantial being has to have being through his
will, has to be the general object of his consciousness, and he has to have
brought forth this unity of his subjectivity and of what is in and for itself by
means of his consciousness, his will. The child is within this unity because it
does not pursue purposes, has no awareness of what is universal, what is
substantial, and. does not stand in opposition to these, has no knowledge of
what is good and what is evil. Man is only spirit however in that he knows
this, in that he knows what ought to be in and for itself and what is particular.
The child is still in Paradise, but Paradise must be lost. The serpent in (103)
Paradise spoke as follows to the first men, "Ye shall be as God when you have
this knowledge," and God did not give it the lie for He said, "Behold, Adam
is become as one of us, for he has knowledge of good and evil." This belongs +
to what is spiritual. Since the child has not yet reached spiritual existence,
the innocence has to be lost.
I 10 • Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
feine. &rfmftfr\]n in bir ill;en~dt ftd1 in tief> ~u refkettffn.

3an&cl}' du;crt fuf? blefe kßinnm'oc edbfij'tänbigftit 'oaburd), bo;
"' Jtinb mit bm flnnlidJen ~ingen fpitlen (emt. ~11~ ~1"
nünftigfte Cl~n, ~Cl' bie .Iinbn' mit i~um epidaeug ml1ro,en
fönnm, i~, ba, pe bCltfcl&e aerbred)rn.
3nbem bat .Iiab »om S,iden lum (frn~ kle. ~uncnf ü&tr:
ge~t, "'"" cf lum .Inakn. 3ft biefer 3eH fangen 'oie .linbrr
Cln, neusierig In ~erben, bef'nbn' nad) QJefef>id')tcn; t~ i~ i~ne"
um tBorflcUunßen AU t~un, 'oie fldJ tl}nen nid)t unmittelbar bar·
tiden. ~'e .pQU~tfQd)e abn ifl ~in bat tn i~nen tmlld)enbe
~l, bClj fie nod) nid}t finb, tua8 fte fe\)n foUen, - unb ber
(eknbi. lBunfd), AU tunten, tuie tie (im)ad')fenen finb.. in 'oe·
un Umgebung fie ltben. XQfnu' entfle~t Ne 9l0d)o~mun9'fud,t
'on .linber. 8d~renb '00' @tfü~l ber unmittdbann (!in~cit mit
btn i(tern bie geiftfße !JluttermUd) ift, bord) bmn <iinfaugung
bie .Iinbn 9ebei~en, lie~t '00' eigene ~e'oüTfni; ber (t~tmn,
gror; au \\'n'ocn, 'oieftlben ßTO;. ~ie, eigme Sntbm ber Jtin:
beT nnd) (!rsid}ung ift '00' imll1Clnentt gomtnt aUtr iraie~ullß.
~Cl abn 'ocr .!tnabe !tod) auf 'oem eltanb.,unft 'Der Unmittelbar.
ftlt fte~t, erfdJeiltt i~m ba8 .po~m, IU roefd)em tt ftd) erbeben
foU, nicl)t fn 'ocr Worm ber !l(Ugfmehl~eit ober 'oer Ead)e, fon.
'oern in ber ~eftnIt eint. @tgc6enen, ehtt. C!in~tlnel1, einer ~h..
tolitat. i. 1ft biefer unb iener IDlaltll, \~e{cl)eT baa ;J'rca! but rt,
baf ber .Inabc au etfennell unb nad}AlIa~men ftrebt; nur in 'tie.
fer eonemen !Seife fdJaut auf biefem 6tanbl'unft "08 Jtinb fein
eigtne8 9ßefen an. maf 'ocr Jtnabt lernen foU, mtr, i~m ba~rr
auf· 1Inb mit 11It"ritiit oege6ca \tIerben ; ~r ~al ~iI' ~tfü~l, baj
bit, ~egebtne gegen i~n ein .po~m~ i~. :!liej @Jf~i~1 ift bti
'ort ~rald'll11g forgfiiltis fe~~u~nlten. ~(pr,alb MU, man tur eine
\löU1st merft~rt~tit 'oie fpidenre !\läb~909ff nfläun, t'it ba'
(frn~e alf 6~id GII 'oie JtillbcT 9tbraet,t ruiffen l~i(f. lInb alt
'oie <!raleb,tT bit Wolterung mG~t. ~d') !U \lem fintijet,tII ein"e
96 'ocr e.« ,",fttrrau1aft'en, anjlGtt biere aullt hflt bn Sad)e
I)naufa"'n. ~iefe fl*lmbc iqfttUIIß 'ann (Ar ba' genqe
2_ bd .lnaben bie "o(ge 'ahn, bCl_ er ,",cf adt ~nad)t1t,
• • einne ktrG"tet. Sold) ttaurige. 9lefultat faftn lUd) butcfJ
Volume T wo: Anthropology . I II
immersion in the external world, to reßect itself into itself.

This incipient independence first expresses itself in the child's
learning to play with tangible things. The most rational thing
children can do with their playthings is however to smash
them. 5 +
The child be comes the boy in that it gives up play for the
seriousness of learning. It is at this time that children start
wanting to know things, particularly stories: they are con-
cerned with presentations of which they have no immediate
experience. The main thing here is however that they are 10
beginning to feel that they ought to be something which, as yet,
they are not, - and their keen desire to be like the adults in
whose company they live. It is this that gives rise to their
imitativeness. Spiritually, the mother's milk on which +
children thrive is the feeling of immediate unity with their 15
parents, although they grow up on account of their own need
to do so. This, their own striving toward education, is the
moment immanent to all education. Since the boy is still at
the stand point of immediacy however, the height to which
he is to raise hirnself appears to hirn not in the form of 20
universality or of the matter in hand, but in the shape of
something given, a single person, an authority. The boy
strives to appreciate and emulate some person or another
constituting the ideal. At this standpoint it is only in this
concrete manner that the child perceives his own essence. 25
Wh at the boy has to leam must therefore be presented to
hirn on and with authority. He feels that that with which he
is presented is superior to hirn, and in education this feeling
is to be carefully cultivated. Play pedagogy, which will have
that which is serious presented to children as agame, and 30
which demands of the educator that he should lower hirnself
to the childish outlook of the pupils rather than raise them
to the seriousness of the matter, is therefore to be treated as
completely preposterous. Education of this kind can give
rise to the boy's regarding everything with contempt for the 35
rest of his life. Such a miserable result can also be brought +
I 12 • Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
da lOa 1IdCrft4nbfera
r•• ba
'Abos..
~C' kfh\nbigtf Saf,
Jtia~ .um tlöfo.nirrR ~rt _mm; babUfCfJ
rrtaItm bicfc killt dIDd 9lafäDdfcf. Udofnat maf N' cfemc
bn ea.
~ bcr .ttiaM", . . . ; _ . . barf bfr . .
i~\'CGI untdfm, dtdcIl . . . . a'''t !Jkdt PR-
. . ~ 'oie dar edtc ber 1qf4aa - blc .8 u" t -
Wrtft, fo 1ft bcm .IIWm ni"t au aeftattca, baj ft' fl4 fdar•
. . edfckll ~bl9.; ft' mu; 840r4cn, .. gätdm au Irr-
... k fl40rfCllll ., ~ W.fae aller lBelt~; brnn but"
balfdka Ii,t ber bat 1Bqrr, bat ajccti\tr nod) nl"t da-
. . unb au fd_ .8medc ..... , bcJ,aa, no" ni"t ~r"
W r~ uub freir, »fdJI4t unfmfat lBiUe bm 'on
...... "a . . . .bcn N1ßbftigal IDfIIm In fi" gdtm, ab
. . . bicfm ..... ab .... au -- frinfecn. ir(wt mClll bt-
. . . bal .t!abaa IU ~., . . ~1lCR fJcWt, - Hgr't ...
ao4 . .da bIc ~~rit, i~nra .rA* fir "rc edlafsfdkll
.. bfc ~ IU edlen; fo MfiIt ... Ia _fe r~ !lBrifr
ber firaic~ung, - fo cntfktt in bm .Itabma . . . . . . .~
. . et.....fm in kjo.... ed''', In dr~ •
f~t, in fclfiji"tigtf 3ntmfc, - 'oie IDuqd GIk. eJ-
fCL 180n _otuf 1ft bat .linb weber Ufc • .", sat, H cf ...
fäeU6I weber ••m (hkll .." .... 8Jfra dnc ~
!DIcfc unnritrmbr U.fdJuro f6r dn 3bcGl IU . . . ab IU ~f
'at.
fI4 audi&flur.,.. ~r ~,tf" ret.; birfdk fft o'ar IBm,
nQ ... fuqCf 5>Gucf. &l'o ~ut flcf) iII atQc ~ llem",",
unb N' ~Jrc ~er. ~irfa "'_iUc . , bUfCfJ 'oie 3u"t
ge'*", - bfeftr Jtdm btf eafr. burcfl biefc. »md"tet ~n.
3n ecang GUf 'oIe anbm edtc 'ocr "tc~ung - bcn Ua,
tnrf"t, fft IU "lIeden, N' Mfdk ..wnft(scrwcifr mit bca
97 Ibflradeftea 'eginnt, ba~ \)0. ftnbli4m '-'rifte gefa;t ~m
fann. ~le; flnb 'oie ~u"jlokR. !Dlefelbm feem einr Ibflradioa
"orau~, au toc("er ganae ~ölfcr, aum erif,fe(, fogGt bir WJf,
nefen ni"t gefommen flnb. !Die Ei,radJe i1ber~QU,t fft 'oie; tuf'
tige (f(ement, 'oie; finnli", UnfinnUdJe, bur" beifen fid1 cmd-
ternbe .Imntnt; \lrr (8etft b~ .linbc~ immn me~r im bat
Eiinnltd1e, (ffnaelne anm Ugentdnen ~ .um !Dmfcn erf)oHn ~irb.
Volume Two: Anthropology . II3
about if, as is recommended by certain incompetent peda-

gogues, the children are constantly incited into facile reason-
ing. This readily makes little wiseacres of them. Children
must of course be 'brought to think for themselves. Their
immature and frivolous understanding ought not however to 5
decide the value of the matter. +
It has also to be observed, with regard to the disciplined
conduct constituting one aspect of education, that the boy is
not to be allowed to abandon hirnself to his own inclination.
He must obey if he is to leam to command. Obedience is 10 +
the beginning of all wisdom, for it is by means of it that the
will which does not yet recognize and take as its purpose that
which is true, objective, and which is therefore still defective
rather than truly independent and free, will tolerate within
itself the rational will which comes to it from without, and 15
gradually appropriate it. If children are allowed to do as
they please however, and one is foolish enough to follow this
up by furnishing them with justifications for their whims,
one falls into the worst kind of education. The children will
exhibit a deplorably limiting preoccupation with their par- 20
ticular penchant, their peculiar cleverness, their egocentric
interest. This is the root of all evil. The child is by nature
neither evil nor good, for in the first instance it knows
nothing of either good or evil. It would be ridiculous to
regard this ignorant innocence as an ideal, and to yearn for 25
one's return to it. It has no worth, and is of short duration.
Self-will and evil soon become evident in the child. Discipline
has to break this self-will, to destroy this germ of evil. +
It has to be observed with regard to instruction, the other
aspect of education, that its rational beginning is the most 30
abstract factor the childish spirit is able to grasp. It begins
therefore with letters, which presuppose an abstraction to
which whole peoples have not attained, even the Chinese
for example. The spirit of the child, by the extension of its
knowledge of language in general, of this aerial element, 35
this sensuous-nonsensuousness, is raised to an even greater
extent above what is sensuous or singular, to what is uni-
I 14 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
~te; ~~fgttMben lUllt ~mhn 1ft ber gtÖ,te 9luten ~ erfttn

l1ntmid1tf. l)er Jtn@e fommt jebod1 nur aum "offtellenben
~hn; bie melt 1ft nur fit fdne morfleu,anS; er lernt bie ee.
f~ bef ~inge, l»lrb mit bm k~lffen bef nafÜf'
~n wb srifH9m Inert hfcmnt, intmflirt Pd1 filr bie CSacf)m,
erfmttt inbej bie melt nod1 nld1t in ~ma innmn 3ufammen.
~a. 3n biefer flr'fmntnij fommt erfl bef Dann. 8lM ein
un"oDfommmcf mnflinbni, ~ 9latürlicf)m unb 8dftisen fann
bem .lnabm uid1t @sefl'rod1en l1'aben. Dalt muJ ~er alt
rinen ~ bie ~~tung kaeld1nm: ber .lnak Mfie~e
~ gelt ntd1tf "on 9teligion unb '001t 9ted;t, man ~. ~Il
bej~~ mit biefm @eßmfl4nben nid1t au k~eUtoen, nuiffe ~m
~ClUl't nld1t morfleUunsen aufbtänsen, fonbmt ~m eigene (Ir"
fa~fUßgen 'Oafd1offen, unb Pd1 banalt kgniigen, ~n "Oll bem
tumlid1 (f)egml1'Artigm megt tMten an laffen. ~Oll bd tu-
te~um ~at bm Jtfnbem nid1t lange beim Sinn. . an ~.,
len geftattd. ~ mobane @rift caber mt~ dne nocf1 gGltl
anbete ....e&ung iikf Hf S~, - riae . . gtÖJefe fBer"
tiefime in frine ~nerlid1frit, car. Der antifc _ ~ic über..
fbmUdJe melt ... bClt,er i~ fd)tn ~ ber moqtdlung btt
.bcIhn IlQ~ 8m~t \Mbcn. ~te; sefd1id)t buf4 bie e d1 u Ie
in ~ ~~f)cmn (3f(lb(, car. in ber W.aIe. 3a bef te.term
gilt bot Jtfnb in frinet unmittdkftn ibti~rit, l\)if'o geliebt,
fein ~trl1Qen mag gut GM ~(ed1t fe'911. 3n ber ~ule bogt-
Q(n \'ediert bie Unmittthdrit bet .tfnbtt ~fC QJeltung; ~ia
l»ifb bClffelk nut infofem 8ecad1td, alt cf ~ ~t, alf ef
98 ehH' 1.*; - ~icr ~ cf l1fd1t mt~f bIo; geliebt, fonbem
1lClCfI allgaltinm ~gm fritftlrt unb gerid1td, nad1 feften
9tegeln b~ bie 11lttmid1tfgegenftänbe gebilbet, 6ber~~t einer
aUgemdnen [>enung unt~orfen, ~1d1e "leltt Gn ~ Unfd1ul.
bige mbictet, ~il nld1t getttttet tM'om !Gnu, bo; lae !l)i~
t~un. $0 'übet bit ~ule ben Uemgoug Gut ber WamUie in
bie 6ütgerlfd1t Q)efeUf..ft. 3u biefa ~at ifbod1 M' MnQbe nur
'" ein unbtftimmte~ mm,almi,; fein 3ntmffe tfJdlt ii~· n~
al»ff4Jcn ~en uab e"ielen.
3- 3 ün 9HnS trift Ott .tnQk, inoem &eim t!intritt oer
Volume T wo: Anthropology . I 15
versal, to thought. The acquisition of this ability to think is

the greatest benefit to be derived from primary instruction.
The boy only manages to think in a presentative manner how-
ever: the world has being only for his presentation. He leams
of the constitution of things, be comes acquainted with the 5
relationships of the natural and spiritual world, takes an
interest in matters, but he does not yet cognize the world in
its inner connectedness. This is first achieved by the man.
The boy is not however devoid of an imperfect und er-
standing of what is natural and spiritual. One has therefore 10
to treat as erroneous the assertion that he still understands
nothing at all of religion and right, and that one should not
therefore bother hirn with these general objects, that instead
of presenting hirn with presentations one should enrich his
own experiences, and rest content with allowing hirn to be 15
stimulated by what is sensuously present. Already in antiq-
uity, children were not allowed to linger for long over what
is sensuous. Modern spirit differs from that of antiquity
moreover, since it is raised above wh at is sensuous in a further
and quite distinct manner, - through the greater pro- 20
fundity of its inwardness. Nowadays therefore, the boy must
already be made aware of the supersensuous world at an
early stage. This is accomplished by the school to a much
greater extent than it is in the family. In the latter the child
is of significance in its immediate singularity, and is loved be 25
its conduct good or bad. At school however it loses its signi-
ficance as an immediacy, and is assessed only according to
its worth, according to wh at it accomplishes. At school the
child is no longer merely loved, but is criticised and judged
in accordance with general determinations, formed by gen- 30
eral objects of instruction involving fixed rules, wholly
subject to a general order which, since everyone cannot be
allowed to do certain things, forbids much that is in itself
harmless. It is thus that the school forms the transition from
the family to civil society. In the first instance however, the 35
boy is only loosely related to the latter; his interest is still
divided between learning and play. +
The boy matures into the youth with the onset of puberty,
~&t bat ~n ~r (ijattung in i~m p~ au ngen unb ~e'

ftitbiguls au fu.n kgtnnt. ~er ~nQltng ~nbd fi~ über"
~t ball f.ntteUta lUgeaarinen au; fein 3'oeaI erfdJeint il}m
1Iid)t ~r, ",ic bea .In"', in ber ~erfon dnet IDlQnne~,
foQern "'itb ~o. ifJII olt da \)On fol~er tiinaelnfjeft unQb~önl
gigte IUgmtdnet afmt. ~e; 3'oeCll ~Qt aM im 3üngling
n~ eine lRe~r ober ~ign rubiedi~ GnfMlt; möge baffelbe al~
3btGI ber~. unb ber \Jreanbf40ft, ober dnet aUpdnen mtu,
,utlanbte in i~ leHn. 3n *fcr SubjeatDitöt bet fubflantieUtn
~ltf fol.n 3M1. liegt nfdJt nut ~ffen fJcgenfot gegen 'Oie
Mf)onbene IBdt, fomern ClU~ ber Xrleb, burdJ m~itfli~1Ulg
'Ort 3beGlt bieTen ~genra. nfauJ1ekn. ~et ~~Cllt bet ~olf
fIöjt 'oaa 3üngling ba' (iefülJl ber ~atfraft ein j ba~ ~~nt
~" ~ krufen unb ~igt, bfe !Belt umaugeflCllten, obet we,
nig~ btt if>m . . ben ~ gdoauneu fdJetaaenbe inert nne$
'ocr rinauridJten. ~ bot in feinem 3'oeCll eu~tene fu&~an#
tieUe "Uganrine, fdnem 8efcn neld) , in 'On lOelt Mdtt aur
in*-idfung unb mmmtli~1Ulg gelangt i~, "'trb ~o. f~wöt
..11M Qtdfte 'Oet 3üngltllgt nidJt eingefe'en. ~m f~eint 'Oie
~id(id)un9 jenet ,,"gemeinm ein "bfaU ~on 'Oemfel&en. ~e__
~~ fiil>lt er fo\\)o~( fdn 3'Oeal alt feine eigene ,"fönUd1fcit
\)on bet mJdt nidJt anedannt. So wirb ber ~iebe, in 'm(ld)em
bilt .tinb mit 'cer ~dt lebt, ~om 3iingling gebro~tn. megt.
99 'oitfa 9tfd}tung auf bat 3beale 9at 'oie 2ugntb ben Sd}ein dn(t
e~eten Sinnee unb gtö~eref Uneigennüoigfdt, alt fidJ in 'oem
für feine befonbmn atitli~en 3nttfeffen fOfgenben Danne adgt.
I
~gtgell mu' aber bemerflidJ gemad)t t»aben, ta, ba !Rann

nid}t me~r in feinen befonbeten !trieben unb fubjedttm In~~teft
befangen I unb nUf mft feiner ~erfönUcf1en .ue6Ubung befd}äftigt
iji, fonbmt nd) in 'oie mernunft ber mtrflidJfeit \)erfenft ~Qt,
1mb fflr 'Oie melt t~ättg fid) ~ei~. 3u bieftm 3ide fommt ber
3iingling not~wenbig. Sein unmittdoom 3roed i~ bef, nd) au
bUben, um nd) aur &nutrflid)ung feiner 3'oeale au befö~igen.
3n bem Qkrfud) 'Oiefer ~efll)itflidJuns ll'trb er ~Ulll !Ranne.
• nfang~ fllßlt bem 3üngltagc ber UeMgang aut fdn""
ibealen ~n in 'oie &üTgerlid)e @)efeUfdioft alt ein flf1mera~fter
as the life of the genus begins to work and seek satisfaction

within hirn. The youth turns, in general, to that which is
substantially universal. Unlike the boy, he no longer recog-
nizes his ideal in the person of a man, but takes it up as a
universal which is independent of such singularity. As it is 5
entertained by the youth however, this ideal still has a more
or less subjective shape, whether it be an ideal of love and
friendship or of a universal state of the world. In this sub-
jectivity of the substantial content of such an ideal lies not
only its opposition to the extant world, but also the drive to 10
sublate this opposition by actualizing it. The youth, infused
with the feeling of the power to act by the conte nt of the
ideal, imagines hirnself to be called to and capable of, re-
shaping the world, or at least of righting that of it that he
considers to be out of joint. The visionary spirit of the youth 15 +
is unaware that the essence ofthe substantially universal con-
tained within his ideal has already achieved development
and actualization within the world. To the youth, the
actualization of this universal seems to be a falling away
from it. It is for this reason that he feels that his ideal as wen 20
as his true personality are unrecognized by the world. Thus
does the youth break the peace in which the child lives with
the world. Through this idealistic tendency, the youth gives
apparent evidence of a nobler attitude of mi nd and of
greater disinterestedness than the man, concerned as the man 25
is with his particular, temporal interests. It should not be
overlooked however, that the man is no longer confined to
his particular drives and subjective views and occupied ex-
clusively with his personal development, but that he has
immersed hirnself in the reason of actuality and shown him- 30
self to be positively active in the world. The youth comes of
necessity to this goal. His immediate purpose is to so train
hirnself that he may bring about the actualization of his
ideals. In making this attempt at actualization he becomes
a man. 35 +
To the youth, the transition from his ideal life into civil
society can see m at first to be a painful shift into philistinism. +
a--
I 18 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
UcMrpg ta',
'~Wftmehn~"'" ..
bqtn nur Idt d-
kf~ • •10; fit ~ fek ..,
(lcgmttAnben
. , foU bn &um Banne .~ ~, inbm n ta',
• •4e ieM tritt, fit tfnbm ~tfg f~a ub tlcfJ mit fIt..-
~ ~ffm. eo fdJr ~tcJ nu ta ber 9latur btr &4e
liest, - bei, l)tnR ae~nbelt \1)e. foU, &um ifnadnn fort-
sesan. . " n am', - fo faan ball BmfcfJm bte hglnn.
~"'ftfgung lIit Cituaeln~citm bodJ fe.r Jdn(ldJ f",", ullb bie
UmlÖgIidJfcit einer uftlftitte(&aren IknDitfftdJung fdner 3beGk ~n
.,podJonbrifdJ mad)e.. ~iefn .p,~o.brie, - - un('"
3e f"'.
Hf tlt lUd) Ni mitlta fet}n mag, - aatgdJt 1licfJt lef.t 3nnClIlb.
bn DcafdJ to1l ~r bcfaUm ll)irb, wn bt~o hbmfli.
"" . . ~re e.mptolllt. ed fcf}WCldJm 9laturm fGnn flll ble,
fdk _ bat flnae ithn ~burctaf4m. 3n biefn h~aftm
e...... .m btr Bmfll fdne eüjedf'OitAt 1lidJt GUfs-,
taIIa8 bm ~en gegm bie IBtrftidJfcit ntcfJt au üme.
ben, ab kPbd tid) ekn baburd} in bm ßuftctnbe rdan_
U1l~tsfdt, ble kilfJt au dlln .irfltcfJm UnfilJi8feft .irb. 8iD
".n • Dcafd) nicfJt u1ltugt~n, fo am; er ble !Bell a(f dne
fe.abigt, tut !Btfentfi4en fertige Clfttrknnen, - bit \)on btr-
100 fdkn ... ~ ~glU1gm Clftne"m, uab i~m e.,dbig-
feit ~ UrinSCll, _ n fit ficf1 feIG ... ltW. ßu
••t'
blefer 8Igf1lllfdt SIGÜt ficf1 btr 9Imfet tn btr !lesd nur COI'
~ au mitrm. 3n 1Bq~ der .., blefe fltqdt
11ft btr 8dt afcfJt Glt da ~t; btr .~, f.nbaR GI.
....... ""t
Mt 'OmIInfttac ~ nfcuutt ~ ~af 1tmdnftIse,
bfc _folute Ballt, tI4 au ~. ., uab
.. M Ifl jqer ,otaractt. et i_ nfcfJt f. o.nm4cfJtfg, cf bt'
., lIf - ",n fdner ~uns \l)Gmlt~. !I)ie
Bdt .. blefc Ikntirflicf}ung bcr slttUcfJm .....ft; nur auf
... DaJicfIc ~cfJt bd Spiel -.unaftI.fer 3Df4Ue. eie
Iaa ~ ...... 11ft eMft*lunb »>,.. -04 11ft sr~
"'-lila ...,
.. !Iatte, aft bat a- Banne ~be ~roawn, bk
fIr futIe ab f~ AU geIte.; ab bcr
......... ~ 8Clft& tmIiIflftJ, tabtII er ben ~nan dner
................... bcr lBdt bfaIt, .Il~ fdat perfid. .
Volume T wo: Anthropology • II 9
Previously, he has only been generally concerned with

objects in general and has worked only for himself. In that
he enters into practicallife by passing from youth to man-
hood however, he has to be active on account of others and
to concern hirnself with singularities. Now although this lies 5
in the nature of things, for if anything is to be done what is
singular will have to be dealt with, occupation with details
can in the first instance be extremely irksome to apersan,
and the impossibility of an immediate actualization of his
ideals can make hirn hypochondriac. No one finds its easy to 10
avoid this hypochondria, although it may not be apparent in
many. The later it attacks apersan the more serious are its
symptoms. Feeble natures may be affected by it for life. In
this distempered frame ofmind the person will not relinquish
his subjectivity, is unable to overcome his aversion to 15
actuality, and so finds hirns elf in that condition of relative
incapacity which easily becomes actual incapacity. If, there-
fore, the person does not want to perish, he has to recognize
the world as being independent, as being essentially complete.
He has to accept the conditions with which it presents hirn, 20
and to wrest from its intractability what he wants for hirnself.
As a rule, the man believes that it is only out of necessiry that
he has to acquiesce in this submission. The truth is however
that this unity with the world has to be recognized as the
rational relationship, not as a relationship of necessity. 25
What is rational, divine, possesses the absolute power of
actualizing itself, and has always consummated itself; it is
not so impotent that it had first to bide the beginning of its
actualization. The world is this actualization of divine
reason; the predominance of the play of irrational accidents 30
is only on its surface. The world has therefore at least as
much, and perhaps even more right to the pretension of
being regarded as complete and independent as the indi-
vidual entering upon manhood. Consequently, the man is
acting completely rationally when he gives up the plan of 35
entirely reshaping the world, and confines his attempt to
3wa1c, ~ ab
.. bIe 8dt ._ ~
IU . . . ., ~ ab f~~ ~ tkfe.
"t.
3atmft'm nUf ta rCmn Inf~
.uIJ fo ,leibt . . . . . .
_n _
~, .tgIdIJ bfc lBdt alt f1I 1BcfmtUcf)at fftti8 hcrfclut
. . . .." fo fft " llolJ !dn ~tee, fdn ufolut~,
foubcm, - "ie bct icknfln'"",, - dn M tleueaa
~, dn, - tubm rt fit!) 1UIf ~t, - a1lßld4
lortf4Mtmbcf. 3D biefer ~ ~ß1l1l9 lIub lßd,
~g bcr lBdt hMt ble Ilhit brt !lhnrt. Bk Sn-
.. ~ darrfdtt feem, bo; bcr gGnu ur ~d ~otkilet,
. . fcr,n bei" ~dtt., f~ hr4 f-:u,Adgfdt
QUer, • WtrtfcfJritt MD&ft.... • ~CIf &emtckn bcf
lBdt sefdJld)t nur in unec~1lftIl . $ 1IU rillt "' ift dun
... e... brt ~org. .er,tm auf. 8emt bn !RGRn uefI
funh~rign Mdt GUf fdne &rgClllßcqeit auti6licft, ~
er bGe Wortf"relten feflon erfcnnen. ~iefc fidcnntnij, fomic bie
fiin~eflt in ~ie ~erniblftisfcit bct iBelt Nfrdt ft)n 1'on bct ~rGun
101 'Über ble ~nmg ftiner ~Gle. IOd in bierm ~a1en "G'r
i~, n~ fld) in btr 4'ttlftfflf)cn ~tigfcit; nur b4& Unm~te,
bie leeten .~Gctionen muj fit!) bet 9.llaRn ~itm. !Dn Um.
flUls unb bie ftd fdn~ ~1f)Aft' fGRR f~r l'trfefliekn f~.;
Gber bd Sub~Gntiene ift in aUm aaenf"licr,m @efd)iften !Daffelbe,
- dmlilf) boG me~tIi"e, bae Sittli4Je unb boG 9leligiöfe. !Die
Dmf4Jen Snum bG~er in aUen <S~~ären ~m ~raftiflf)m ~
tigfelt &friebiQung unb <fl1re 1inben, .mn fie ücra1I !Ddienige
kipe., "d tu ber befonMcn S~äre, .eldJn fie bUfIf) ßufaU,
~oa ft)nm aeforbed mitb. !Daau *

Au,nU. tlot~mcnbigfeit oHr freie mG~1 GIlge~aten, mit 9lelf)t
~or dca !Dingen not~.enl
biS, ~ bfc eUbung bee aum !Ranne ~benben 3üß&Iing~ ~oßl
mbet ret1, bG6 berfclbe aueflubirt J)Gk, unb a"dtate, ba~ er ficfJ
mtfd)Ue6e, fek für feine S.nl babut4 .u forgen, ba6 er
für Inbm ~tig au "erben beginnt. !Die blo6e 8ilbung mGd)t
U,n nod) ateflt au einem "olUommen fettigen !Renfcf)ca; b(e6 "itb
n ertl ~urefl bie eigene "etftGnbtge Sorse füt fdnc aeltlt4Jen 3a-
tmtren; - gidefl".' au" mlfcr ertl bGnn Gtt ~te trf"~
1te1I, t»mn fit e& ba~in gebfGd)t ~n I ,on bcr ~e~lIlUng
actualize his personal objectives, passions and interests, to

joining in with it. He will still find scope for activity that is
honourable, far-reaching and creative, for although the
world has to be recognized as being complete in what is
essential, it is not dead, not absolutely inert, but is, like the 5
life-process, perpetually bringing itself forth anew, and
merely on account of its conserving itself it is a progressive-
ness. The work of the man consists of this conservation, this
bringing forth, this advancing of the world. In one respect
we can say therefore that the man only brings forth what is 10
already there. Yet the converse of this is that his activity
must also bring about a certain progress. The world only
advances on a vast scale however, and its doing so is first
apparent in a sum-total of what is brought forth. When
the man looks back on his past after fifty years of work, 15
he will readily recognize the progress that has been made.
This recognition, as weIl as insight into the rationality of the
world, frees hirn from grieving over the destruction of his
ideals. What is true in them preserves itself in practical
activity; it is only wh at is untrue, the empty abstractions, 20
that the man has to work out of hirnself. The extent and
nature of what he is occupied with can vary considerably.
In all human occupations however, that which is sub-
stantial is the same, - it is what is right, what is ethical and
what is religious. People can therefore find satisfaction and 25
honour in all spheres of their practical activity, if they carry
out what is justly required of them in the particular sphere
in which chance, extern al necessity or free choice has placed
them. In this connection it is of prime necessity that the
education of the youth should be completed as he enters 30
upon manhood, that he should have finished his studies, and
secondly that he should decide to make provision for his sub-
sistence by beginning to act for others. Education itself does
not make a fully complete person of hirn; he first becomes
one by intelligently concerning hirnself with his temporal 35
interests. It is the same with peoples, who only show them- +
selves to be mature in that they have advanced to not being
U)m lIGkridIm ab sdftfsm 3ntcreffen nf4t b~ rine fosc-

unnte Mtcrli4c !Rcgimmg autgcfd}loffcn au f~n.
3ft- mm bcr 90nn In" ~f. 2_ ü6ct8e~t, !clnn
n "0" ticr ben 3uftanb bcr !Bdt wniJUcfJ uab QtGmlicfJ f~n,
uab bie ~8 aUf rin ~mocrbca bcft'dkn t!altam; tto.
btffcu ~uft er ~ " in bie oijcctb)ea mcr~tnttre ein, unb
lebt In bcr ChDo~"" an bicfd6cn unb OR frine Clefd)iftc. ~tc
@Cscuflbbc, mit "eId)en Cf ~ lU hf4ifd8ea ~, ttnb &"Clt
dnadne, ~elnbe, in ~Ter Cifaentf)illUlJfdt ~T obet mCJU,
eer llCUe. SUSlci4 da ~ bicfe ~ ein Us--
net I rine ~escl, ct'Q)Qf tfcr.a;tect in fid}. 3c länscr bet
Ucma 1Ulft ta frinca (lef4ifte ~ $, bcflo _ l}dt filtJ
~. ~ IUgtlldne Cld allcll ~cfonbcqritcn ~etQU~. ~llbUTcfJ
fonunt " bcd}i1l, in frinem \J1ld}c ~aUfg an .paufe an fe11 n, ~1tJ
102 6a frine ee_.1l9 .o"'ell dlqnlek1t. ~ IBefcnill4t iIl
. . . . . . . . fdact . . . . ift if}la bGtm scma sel4ufis,
_ auf bClt ~&ribucQe, UmDcrmtli. fann .nt" e*"l1~ füt
~n . . . ~tm. kabc ~ " , bG; frine Xl}dttgfeit
feinm 8cf4iftc fo \tOIIfo.... 8e. i; ßdDorbat 1ft, - bll~ bie,
rdk a "ma ajcctca fritIat ~ m4t flQct, - getobe
Wt~ bttj 10lkQde . . . . .l'odf~. rdan ~ etltf~t Ne
~ bctfelkn; baut ausfd4 adt bell ~mr* bd eu#
id ab bct Dijcdt »erf&fJ*bct bot 2atmtfe b~ Cfffkmt
• __ ~ $0 \ttl'b bcr ann but&fJ .. ~~qrit
bet gdfIfecn Med .aro, .fe butd) bG~ ~n bcr
~ fdIeI *tif4t1l Dtgdaatt, . . . .retfe.
!Dft tlrel' fett ~ne kf'i.tct 3ntmft'c, bG CT bk M'
....., fdtft s4tP ~e..mlltctm ,U Nmam, Cl1lf8eg.1l
. ., . . ~ bte ßuIunft ~t 1Ii4tt Weuee au ~"tecfJcn
I., Cf . . . . »on . . . , '"' f'm t*"Cl n04 NgegftCn
-S,f40n bd lllgalrine, Scfentli. an fmnm g(oubt. So
• _ etma bct tmlfet nur btcfcm 1Usemrinm unb bet flkr,
......t ~bd, ~d}CT CT bie Cltfmntni; btcf~ Oge-
. . . ~ 3nbem CT aM fo ia beT Cirlnnuullß an bat
+ ~ unb an ba. Sn'Jattdle le6t, »alim tf filr ba4
..... ~ ..."""* unb für bat !BfIlMtlfdJe, aum ~if"tel
exc1uded from looking after their material and spiritual

interests by a so-called paternal government. +
The man, in that he now makes the transition into prac-
tical life, may well be troubled and grieved by the state of
the world, and cease to hope for its improvement. He 5
immerses hirnself in objective relationships in spite of this
however, and lives in these and in what occupies hirn as a
matter of habit. He certainly has to deal with general
objects which are singular, mutable, and which, on account
of their peculiarity, are more or less new. At the same time 10
however, these singularities have in them a universal, a rule,
something which conforms to law. Now the longer the man
occupies hirnself with his business, the more is he aware of
this universal in all particularities. It is by this means that
he comes to be completely at horne in his profession, entirely 15
accustomed to his position. He is then perfectly familiar with
wh at is essential to all that he has to deal with, and it is
only what is individual, inessential, that can present hirn with
anything new. It is however precisely on account of his
activity's having conformed so completely to his occupation 20
that it no longer meets with any resistance from its objects.
This completely accomplished activity loses its vitality more-
over, for the subject's interest in an object disappears at
the same time as the opposition between them. It is, there-
fore, through his spirituallife's becoming ahabit, as wen as 25
through the blunting of the activity of his physical organism,
that the man enters upon old age.
An elderly person lives without determinate interest, for he
has given up hope of actualizing ideals formerly cherished,
and the future seems to hold no promise at all of anything 30
new for hirn. On the contrary, he regards hirnself as already
acquainted with the universal, the essential principle of any-
thing he might still encounter. The mi nd of the elderly
person is therefore directed solely toward this universal, and
to the past from which he derives his knowledge of it. In thus 35
living in recollection ofwhat is past and ofwhat is substantial,
he loses his remembrance of present si ngulari ti es and of
what is arbitrary. He forgets names for example. On the
fkbic ...., bat ~tntJ ekaro f., .ie ft 1lIIgeft~rt

-- -raa tqma ~ ~ ta fdnea @rifte fetI)6It, ub
8bpII ...Mfp 114 f6r ~ ,,". 1)tefe 1Bdt~
- , - ~ ldIIofc "omo-·3af"a.aam8C84119fllfet11l btr ra,
jdwa ~ 11ft ~ 1Bdt, - ~,. gegcnfa'{ofm .lhtb-
. . . . ~t r... _cr,m
....~ ...... audl, alt ~ au '~CIl "'' 'nf)dt
gc.
J:)renftlR1lt aur Ufh'caetca
. . . . b« (~ Itaa. ., - a- !lo_e - fortg~t.
e. fffJlicjt fiel) M QJcr(QUf b« Nclltaltcr bet BntfcfJctt
.. dftat burd) bell etgriff . . . . !lotaIUat ..,. 8~
103 sm a6, bfe bord} ben $1'0", ber Q)adunS mit bft' littatln~t
~rnOfgebrQd)t .abrn.
mJte 6ei bn ed}ilberun9 ber macenMfd}ieben~ittlt bn gm-
f.n, unb 6ei ber ~~Qrllfterifb'wt9 ~ 9llltionalsrijle~ 1 ~
mr aud}, 1UIl "Otl bem &lauf bn Mentalter ~ menfcfJU"
3nbmibuuld Gllf eine beftimmte tBdfc f4'~ AU föanen, Ofe
.IeltRud' td in ber Int~r"ologic "'" llicfJt au 6elrtcfJtena
COItU_ fJciftet, - ba berfel6e in imcn (lnt.t.qt,toce;
~t I - Ilntid,iren, uno "on ~ief" .lmtttnt; fit bie Unters
f~ung ber Mfcf)iebenen etufen ienet ~ouffet ~ ma-
4m1rittfm.
§. 397.
2) ~~~ g,nomel1t be~ mUen QSegcl1f!l~es be~ ,3nbiui,
buumlS gegen (iel) felbft, fo bau elS fiel} in einem an be r 11
3nbiuibuum fuel}t Ullb finbet; - balS @ ef el} ( ed) t IS U e r,
C) at t n i U, ein m"turuntcrfel}ieb eillerfeits ber ~ubjecti\)il
tat, bie mit ~d) einig in ber 'fmpfinbullg ber eittliel}feit,
!!iebe u. f. f. bleibt, nid)t bum <htreme bes 2fUgemeinell
iu 3\uecren, ~taRt, ~tffmid)aft, ~unft u. f. f. fOftgCC)t,
an b er e r i etu ber '.tl)atigfdt, tie fiel} in fid, bum @egen/
ral? aUgeme.iner, objecthm ~Iltmffen gegen bie ~orl)al1bene,
feine eigene unb bie Quöerliel}: weltUd)e, 'f~illenb !"pannt,
Hilb jene in biefer 3u einer er{t beruorgebrael}ten <!:inbeit
llcrroirfliel}t. ~(l~ Q;efel}(eel}t~uerbQltni~ erlangt in ber W~
III Cl ie feine gei{tige unb fittU~e ~ebeutun~ "nb lall
ilimmung..
other hand his mind is correspondingly tenacious of the wise

precepts of experience, and he takes it to be his duty to
preach them to those who are younger. This wisdom is how-
ever subjective activity's complete and lifeless capitulation
to its world. In that it effects areturn to oppositionless 5
childhood, it closely resembles the processless habit into
which the activity of the elderly person's physical organism
subsides, and which effects areturn to the abstract negation
ofliving singularity. It is precursive of death. +
The course of the stages of human life is therefore com- 10
pleted in a totality of Notionally determined changes, which
are brought forth through the process of the genus with
singularity. +
In delineating the racial varieties of humanity and in
characterizing national spirit, we have to anticipate know- 15
ledge of concrete spirit, which is not yet to be considered in
anthropology. We have to do the same in order to speak in a
determinate manner of the course taken by the human in-
dividual's stages of life, for concrete spirit also enters into
this process ofdevelopment. We have also to make use ofthis 20
knowledge in order to distinguish the different stages of this
process.
§ 397
2) The moment in which the individual's opposition

to itself is of a real nature, so that it seeks and finds
itself in another individual; - the sex-relation- 25
ship. In one respect the sex-relationship is a natural
difference of subjectivity, a subjectivity which re-
mains at one with itself in the sensation of what is
ethical, of love etc.; its other aspect is that it is a
natural difference of activity which, by inwardly 30
tensing itself into the opposition between universal,
objective interests and the existence both of itself and
of the external world, first actualizes these interests
and this existence into an established unity. The sex- +
relations hip acquires its spiritual and ethical signi- 35
ficance and determination in the family. +
i. 398.
Wh I ft er,.
r.,hretJenUI> et hgegenIjlfid)ba"Al"
3) ~A_ Unterfd)etben be~ ,3nbi,lbaellttAe als
f
~
il
e e" en ber, AI" unmittel,
nu~
(f rlU d) • n be~
e.ele, ",~Icl>.1S i~1
fem in fid) ,erfcf)lotTenen 9lAturle&en iunAd)jl als maturl
t,jlimmtbdt unb 3 u ft a n b, einem 3ujlanbe, bem e cl> I a fe
jegeI1l1&trtrftt. - ~1l1S (trm4d)en 1ft nicf)t nu~ f II fun •
• ~tf Au"rU" ,om <e;d)letf' untel'fcl>ieben; elS f'(&ft Ijl bilIS
U rt ~e tl be~ inbl\libueUen eule, beren Wllrficl>fe,n fllr fie
104 ~ie ~eite~ung ~iefrr ibl'er ~elt1mmung "uf ibr ee"n, b4S
Unterfd)eiben ibl'er fel&jl ,on ,~rel' tlod) ununtel'fd)iebenen
lCUgemeinbeit 'jl. ,3n bnlS m3acf!fel)11 fAUt ll&er~auJlt IlUC
fel&jl&ellmjte unb \lermlnftige ~ bAt i 9 fe' t belS fllr fi~
fevenben Unterfd)eibens belS ~eijlelS. - ::Der ed)lllf ift 0e,
frAftigung biefer ~bAtigfeit ntd)t allS &lOIS negati"e ~u~e
uon b.rfelhn, fonbern allS 9tlldfel)l' aUf bett m3clt bel' ~ e,
1UmmtbcUen, "UIS bel' 3erfireuung unb bem Wejlmerben
in ben tinie1nbeiten, il1 hs "Ugemeine ®efen bel' eU&1
j.cti'itAt I I\1dd).s bie eu&tlani jenu ~eftimmtbeitcn IUlb
'mn dfohttc 9)?"d)t ift.
~ef Utttel'fd)ftb ,on ed)lllf unb ~"d)en Jlllegt au

.in.~ ~er lJ e~ h: f u gen, mie m"n fie nennen f6nnte,
An bic 'PbUofopbie gemad)t iU "'erben (- Ilucf) 9h POl
°
te n l'id)tete &ei einem ~.fud) I>er UnitltrfitAt aU 'J.'4""
biefe Wt'llge Iln bie ~latTe I>er ,3l>eo(og")' ::Die im §.
ongege&ene ~ejlimmtbeit ijl ,,&jlrllct, in fofern Re iU'
nAd)jt bIls (!r"'"cben ,,11S n4talrlid)elS &etrilft I ",orin b41S
geillige "Ue~bin91S implicitc entbedten I A&er nocfJ nid)t
411S ~ Il fe" n gefe~t ijl. Senn concrete~ ,on biefem
Unterfd)iel>t I ber in feiner Q)runb&~ftimmung berfel&c
~Iet&t, gefprocf)en merbcn follte, fo mllptc I>as Walrpd)1
fe,n ber illbi\libueUen eeele fd)on &ejlimmt cdlS ,3d) bes
~"ultfe91\' un~ edf ,crjlAnbiger @eift sellommen ",erl
b.n. ~ie ed)wterigfeit, meld). man bem Unterfd)eebd
,on jenen &eiben SufiAnben erregt, entjle~t eigentlid) e~jl,
In fofern mlln ba' ~rAumen im ed)lllfe bin6unimmt
§ 39 8
3) Individuality, distinguishedfrom themere being
of its immediate and primary component as
being-for-self, constitutes the awakening of the
soul, which first confronts its self-absorbed natural
life as a natural determinateness, as one state 5
confronting another i.e. sleep. - It is not merely
for us, or externally, that waking is distin-
guished from sleep; it is itself the primary com-
ponent of the individual soul, the being-for-self of
which is, for it, the relation of this its determination 10
to its being, the distinguishing ofitselffrom its still
undifferentiated universality. Generally, the
waking state includes all the self-conscious and
rational activity of spirit's distinguishing itself as a
being-for-self. - Sleep invigorates this activity, not 15
simply negatively, as rest from it, but as withdrawal
from the world of determinateness, from the diver-
sion of becoming fixed in singularities, into the
universal essence of s u bj ecti vi ty, w hich constitutes
the substance and the ab sol u t e po wer of these de- 20
terminatenesses.
The difference between sleep and waking is one

of the pos e r s as they might be called, often put to
philosophy. Napoleon, for example, while visit-
ing the University of Pavia, put the question to the 25
Ideology Class. The deter:rninateness given in the § +
is abstract in so far as it touches pri:rnarily upon
what is natural in waking. What is spiritual is
certainly contained i:rnplicitly here, but it is not yet
posited as deter:rninate being. In its basic de- 30
ter:rnination this difference re:rnains the sa:rne, but
if it is to be spoken of in a more concrete manner,
the being-for-self of the individual soul has to be
taken as already deter:rnined as the ego of con-
sciousness and the spirit ofunderstanding. Actually, 35 +
the difficulty encountered in distinguishing be-
tween these two states first arises in so far as one
also considers the drea:rning in sleep, and then
unb bAnn Me ~orjteUungen belS wad)en I &efonnenen 0e.

t\)u~tfe9n5 aud> nur a15 ~ 0 r (t e 11 u 11 ge n, wa5 bie <trAume
sleid)fnU6 fegen, bejtimmt. ~n biefer oberflAd>Iid)en 0C1
tlimmung uon ~ or jh (( u n gen fomm.n freiltd) b.t~e
SuitAnbe "berein, b. b. elS wirb bamit dba ~en Unter,
fd>ieb berfelben binrueggefeben; unb bei jeber angegebenen
Unterfd}eibung be!S rund)en ~wustfel}nlS lAst fid} DU ber
triui41en ~emerfung, baä bill bad} tlud) nur llortleUua,
gen entbtllt~, burucftebren. - ~ber bas ~ 11 r f i d) fes,.
ber wad}en eede co n er e t aufgefapt tll ~ ew u pt fe" n
105 unb ~ e r tl an b, unb bit m3elt belS uertlAnbjgen ~ewuöt'
fe\)n!S itl gdl1s etwalS anbmlS altS ein @em~lbe uon blopclt_
Sl3orjteUul1gtn unb 5ßilbern. $Oiefe lef)tern 411$ fold)e bAns
gen "ornebmltd) AuDerltd), 114d) ben fogen4nnttn @cfc~e.
ber fogendnnten ~ b e e n 1'21 ff 0 ci a t ion I auf unuer(tAn&
bige m3eiit bufammtn, wobei fid} freilid) aud) bie unb b•
.!ategorien einmifd)en f6nnen. ~m m3ad)en aber uer,
~alc M> wefer.t!id) ber ro?cnfd) al5 conmte_ ~d) I a('
13crjtilnb; burd) biefen liebt bic '21nfd)auung uar t~m
concute 'totalitAt uon 5ßcjtimmul1gen, in lUeld)er jebe.
QSUeb, jeber '})unft fttnc burcf.) unb mit aUen anbern D"'
g(eid) bejtimmte etelle einnimmt. eo bat ber ~nbatt
feine 5ßclv obrung nid}t burd) bntS &loDe fubjectl\)c llorl
(tcUen unb Unterfd)eiben belS 3nb4k5 al!S eine!S 1{euperl1
"on ber '})erfon, fonbern burd) ben conmtm Suiammm,
bang, in weld}em jeber ~l}ej( mit allen ~l)eilen bieicf
~omplt~e6 jtebt. ~a!S ~ad)en ijt bat) conmte 5ßtwufitfel}u
biefer gtgenfeitigen 5ßtjtAtigung jebe6 eillöelllCll 'JJlomel11
telS ieine6 3nQIlltIS buref) aUe Ilbrigen bCi ~emAlbe6 ber
~nfd>auullg. $OIÖ 5ßewuptftl1n ~at babet nimt n6tbig beut,
Ud) enuuictelt ou fel)n I aber biefe umflllTenbe 5ßejttmmtl
~eit ili im (oncreten eelb(tgtftlb( entbalten unb \torb""'
ben. - Um ben Untcrfd)icb \ton trAumen uub Sa~ ••
au nfennen, braud)t man nur ben ,tantifd)en llnterfd)ieb
ber {) &je c ti\) i t Qt ber ~orfhaun9 (ibreß Sl)ejtimmtfct>nlS
burd) .t4tegorten) ~on ber e 1I bj ec ti u it At berfclbtn
alberbaupt \lor ~ugen bll baben; ougleicb muß mlln wirt
fen, wa6 fo eben bemcrft Itlorben" b49 roll!S fm @tfjte
tulrflicb \lorQllnben ift, b4rum nlcf)t Iluf t.rplicite 'IDtife in
takes the presentations of waking and self-pos-

sessed consciousness to be like dreams, mere
presentations. In this superficial determination
of presentations, both states certainly coincide,
since the difference between them is ovedooked; 5
and the specification of any distinguishing feature
of waking consciousness may be countered by the
trivial remark that this also still contains nothing
but presentations. - Yet the being-for-self of
the waking soul, taken up concretely, is con- 10
sciousness and understanding, and the world
of the understanding consciousness is something
quite different from a tableau of me re presenta-
tions and images. As such, the images cohere in a
predominantly external and ununderstandable 15
manner, according to the so-called laws of the so-
called association of ideas, although categories +
may very weIl be sporadically involved here. In
waking however, the person's behaviour is essen-
tially that of the concrete ego, of the understanding. 20
It is on account of the understanding that intuition
stands before him as a concrete totality of deter-
minations, within which each member, each point,
assumes its place as at the same time determined
through and with all the rest. Consequently, the 25
content of intuition is confirmed not by its simply
being presented subjectively and distinguished as
external to the person, but by the concrete con-
nectedness in which each part stands to all parts of
this complex. To be awake is to be concretely con- 30
scious of each single moment of the content of this
state's being reciprocally confirmed by all the
other moments of the tableau of intuition. The
distinct development of this consciousness is un-
necessary, but this comprehensive determinateness 35
is contained and present within concrete self-
awareness. - In order to know the difference be-
tween dreaming and waking one has only to bear
in mind the Kantian distinction between the
objectivity of presentation (its being determined 40
through categories) and its subjectivity, and to +
be aware of what has already been observed i.e.
that wh at is actually present in spirit, because it is
feinem ~eroujtftl}n 9tfe~t au ft~u n6tbis bat, fo ft).eutg

al, bie ~rbtbun9 beG etroR ftll)lenbcn ~ti~e6 AU ~ott
tn Worm ber S8erotife "om ~afel}n ~ott'5 "or bem 5lw
",utitfel}n iU fleben n6tbig bat, un9'Rcf)ttt roie frtlber aUfl
tln'lnbtr9tfe~t roorb'l1, biere ~,rotlfe 9411& nur ben QJel
~llt unb .3n~alt jenef Q3efalblf Gusbrlldcll.
Saf... !Du~ ~Qt (lr",od1en tritt bfe notürli~t &eIe

106 bft IImf~ 3abi'ehumt aB f~m eu~ftana in tin ~It~
... Mt afj bie mqqät, - alt bft flinf)rit ber 6ribtll eqfe-
"'~tlt ~ .mtn ." .,.., ftner('dtt fn ba bell malauf
bcr @dnUUn ~riwgenbcft Cir.tlDfcflung. oltbcrerfdtt
iII 8'f"h~tt"t1'U(htfj, ."if" ba' Clf~dt unb btr
fdflantidltn Updn~ ober ba' 8Gttaag bft Daf.n {tott
~. !1>am ~ fn lenClt !8erl4luf bit <5ecIt alf bot bt~
terr_
~ (ftae SafIicd ctf"nt, bfc a ~ ~meteQcn UnI
ober ..r Wnbemgtn, folglhfl ll1lf fl ft Jen bt, nid1t
..... Untcrf~cbe tinb, - 1IÜ ,""ftnb b09Cgen im @el
f~~tatj bd 3nb~tbllUlll aa eilt.. fefttn Untafd1tebe,
pa mIIca -..rate gtgtn ' " fck hmatt, ab btc "'Alel
.... Nt 3n~ ouf bft a ttaa felcf ~tfgc thttuIg AU
dM ~ cwf • 3abhaaa mtgcgcngefetten @efd1kd1t~
"' ~, - ,",ab calfo bort btt dllfacfJc (lin~cU, ~itf
\)« fe'c "egUlfot .,o~atfcfJt, - fe""llJft In ba tnN."btR
ecdt ci. lli"t 'Ioj dufa., *,.~r dne burd1 ben @egmf~
laIIittdtc ltqi4ns 'ocr Seele auf ~, in biefCIII \JitticfJr~n
"' ecde der bell UntetfdJieb weber alt dllen fo fIi",bcn,
. . iII t8nIa1If bcr ~cknealta, nocfJ ale einm fo Mttn, teie
.. "'f~tafj, fonbm alt bat Gn (flnfll unb bcms
ftlka 3nbllt'ollul ~cfJ ~orbriftsmbm bauelaben ~fel ba
3. . bct ecfJlafmt unb maclJa'· !Dft 9iot~",eft~frit bet
bWdtif4m 80ttgugt "Oll QJqd1Icc6~tj ault irwaclJen
bcr eeae Ikst akt ~ bGrin I baJ, iabclR itbd 'ocr AU einem·
M ta gcf~~ &,"'g fte~bm ~bibum, froft ~ra
."""r... ~ftt, in btm Clnbmn flcfJ rek ""bnflnbCt,
btc &dc _ ~ "'flcfJr~n aUIR W6rflcfJf"n, - bat f)ri,t
. . , - QUf ~ ~ aUIR ~ gdClngt. .aI On
so present, need not be explicitly posited in its

consciousness; just as there is no need for spirit
to stand before consciousness in the form of proofs
of God's existence when it somehow feels itself to
be exalted to God, although as has already been 5
indicated, these proofs only serve to express the
capacity and content of this feeling. +
Addition. By waking, the natural soul of the human indi-

vidual enters into a relationship with its substance which has
to be regarded as the truth or unity of two relations, - that 10
occurring in the development giving rise to the course of the
stages of life, and that of the sex-relationship, which involves
both the singularity and the substantial universality or genus
of man. In the course of these stages, the soul simply appears
as the single persistent subject, the differences emerging 15
within it being only changes, and consequently not constant
but fluid. In the sex-relationship on the contrary, the indi-
vidual attains to a firm difference, to an opposition to itself
which is of a real nature, the relation of the individual to the
genus which is active within it developing into a relation to 20
an individual of the opposite sex. In the former case there-
fore, it is simple uniry which predominates, while in the latter
case it is firm opposition. In the awakening soul however, we
see the soul relating itself not merely simply, but through
the mediation of opposition. In this being-for-self of the soul 25
difference is neither so fluid as in the course of the stages of
life, nor so firm as in the sex-relationship, but consists of the
constant alternation of the states of sleeping and waking
bringing itself forth in one and the same individual. More
precisely however, the necessity of the dialectical progres- 30
sion from the sex-relations hip to the awakening of the soul
lies in each of the sexually related individuals, on account
of their implicit unity, finding itself in the other, so that the
soul passes from its implicitness to being-for-self, which is
precisely the passage from its sleep to waking. In that two 35
~~al.a~~~",-""""
_ litt ~r e.ttaa In ll1IIIittdNar iiar,dt McImbe, ab
dRe in bett @egtaf.. 89Il ~e ellitlaa ~ edjectf,
,itAt, -1W f;l 111 btr ~ eme Nftbliat, . . foarit
107 bie Weftigfdt feinet f}esmfa;ef "«loren, unb jene Wlüftlgfdt »cf
Unterfd}iebf e~tm, bUfd} ~eld}e !Datrelbc au 6(~ 3uttbbCll
~irb. !!>er Ed} (0 f fft ba 3uttanb bet tBerfaknftqn. ber eee(e
in U,re unterfd}kb.lofe ifnl}dt,- ba' lBad}tn bascsen ber 3u-
ftanb bee (ltngcsansenftqn. ber Seele in bm .smfa. 8egell
bicfc dn~~. !Da' !laNd•• bee 8dfke ~t ,tcr nod}
fein &flc~; bmn 06gldd} bie ertk Uudttdktfdt bft Sedc
~ cuafs"- U1Ib nun au ei.ena Wofm 3uftcanbe ~
fett ift, fo etfd}eint bod} ba' bur4 Ne 9lcsotfon imer U.Iltttel-
hrfdt au etanbe pnunene ~f~n ber e5«k sldd}faII' llOd}
In ber 8tflalt dnet r,(~ 3uttonbef. !Dd W6rficfJftqn, bfe
Saijedi'ottGt bft eccre ift nodJ nid}t mit i~m an' fld} 'fC\1Cftbm
eUfiontlalit6t aufammmscfaJt; &dbe eeflimnam8cn etfd}dnc.,
ttod} GlI clnabft cmef~, fld} or,~d}fc(1Ibc 3ufYnbc. Ucr~
~ f6Ilt in bat Bad}ftqn bie lHI)q4ft gdftfse ~tiskit, -
oer IBUle unb bie 3ntcUIgenH in bicfer conmun eebaltung 'GI
bfn mit lebod} bat lBad}fd>n 'ier no~ ni~t au ktta6Jten, fon.
bem nut cüt 3uftca1lb, folgUd} alt cf\1)Q' »OIR SUlelt unb 'Oll
ber 3nteDigma ~mtUd} Untetfd}iebene.. !!>Cl; der ber itt fcf,
ner Sqr'dt 41. mne ~tfgfdt au faffenbe 8dfi Oie 3utt4ftl)e
bct Sd}{afeaf uab !Bo.n. Qn fid} 'l1t, tü~rt bG»01t ~, baj
bcrfdbf QUcr, eeclc ift, unb alt Se cl e fld} au ber Woftll einet
Watiidid}elt, eine' Unmlttckelt, einet 2dbe1lben ~ett. 3ft
blefer @}eflGlt crhib'ct bcr ~cfft nur fdn ~lMbc.. ..n
fcntn ba~er faam, bat CinDa4en ..,. MbuTCfJ &ttttdt, baJ bft
"1ft bcr SUiccti*4t bie SOIll ber Unlllittdhrfcit -. .ifld
b.~e. _ fcutn fhf1 - frde.., • I. . . . . .
kttfnullm; ~Icr in ~ • •"I'ßk idntf)tca .ir Ihr bat
~ 1IUf ta fofmt, alt et dn fItf.~, .... AlDClf bI4
nOd} ßIIIl unNflltntte <Icf. .n .. , ba; bcr 8dfl ~ feh
i"
ullb dnc " .. ~ IBclt ~ finbct; - da
es fin be n, bd 1Uuld}fl1Ult aur "bug fvrtf4rdtet / aller
individuals are sexually related, they have a subjectivity

which remains in immediate unity with their substance while
entering into opposition to it, distributed between them. In
the awakening soul, what is here distributed is united so as
to lose the firmness of its opposition while preserving the 5
fluidity through which the difference here merely becomes
that of certain states. In the state of sleep the soul is im-
mersed in its undifferentiated unity, while in the state of +
waking it has entered into opposition to this simple unity.
Here the natural life of spirit still persists, for although the 10
primary immediacy of the soul has already been overcome
and is now reduced to a mere state, the being-for-self of the
soul established through the negation of this immediacy
also continues to appear in the shape of a mere state. The +
being-for-self of the subjectivity of the soul is not yet co m- 15
bined with its implicit being of its substantiality, both
determinations still appearing as mutually excluding and
alternating states. The truly spiritual activity of will and
intelligence occurs in waking of course. We do not yet have
to consider waking in this concrete sense however, for here 20
we are only concerned with it as astate and consequently as
something essentially different from will and intelligence. +
Spirit, which is to be grasped in its truth as pure activity, has
the states of sleeping and waking implicit within it however,
for it is also soul, and as such reduces itself to the form of a 25
natural or immediate being. In this shape spirit merely
endures its becoming being-for-self. One can therefore say
that awakening is brought about by the lightning stroke of
subjectivity breaking through the form of spirit's immediacy. +
Free spirit is also able to determine itself into awakening of 30
course; here in Anthropology however, we consider awaken-
ing only in so far as it is something which happens, and which
still does so moreover in the wholly indeterminate manner of
spirit's general discovery of itself and of the world confront-
ing it. At this juncture therefore, awakening is a selfdiscovery 35
which in the first instance only progresses into sensation, and
... _ colladea ec~I ••1ßI8 bcr 3fttell'" . . ~ ....

108 noer, ll'dt mtfmtt ~rd&t. ~o' bie eeete, Inbeln ~e fn\)oer,t,
fi4 unb bie 1BcU, - biefe 3Q)ei~elt, biefen ~e8enfQ" - &l"
ftabet, baria IItPf~t e&en ~itt 'oie ~otiitlidJfeit 'oet ~itlcf.
~e hn tinl'Cler,en erfo{gen'oe UntnfdJei'ollng 'ocr Seele ~on
ficr, fel&P unb ~on ber mdt ~angt nun, ~gen t~rer 9lCltArliefIs
frit, adt rinm ,~,>fi'cllifdJeR Untnfcr,ie'of, nAmlier, mit bem !Dellfd
Nn ~ unb 9lCldJt aufClJlUllen. fit ttt nat6rflll für bell IDlen,
fdJm, bei ~ au Q)QdJen, unb &d ~ollt all flllClffn; 'oenn .,Ie
'ocr SIIIClf 'on 3upan'o 'on UnuRtnf~ie'oen~1t 'ocr Seele ttl, fo
flItH..
"",,unfdt bie ~ollt ben Untnfllle'o 'on ~Ingf; un'o mie bat
bat SIII»onficr,feI&mmtnfcr,ri'oen 'on Sedf 'oClrfkl!t,
fo lAjt bat 2fcfIt 'oet ~cf 'oIe Untnfcr,te'oc 'ocr ~lnae f)er,
lortmm.
tIkr nillt nur in bn V~"fUCllif4en 9ICltur, fon'oem ouer, inI
. .rcr,fi.n "'sonitmut fin'oft flcr, ein Unterrcr,le'o, meIer,n 'ofm
ll1ltnfcr,if'of 'oef Scr,lafent un'o ma~nt 'on Sede entf~ricr,t.
... animCllir. . "'sani,mu' ttl wffentlfcr, 'oie Seite fdncf 3D,
iicr,&lcikd IOn 'on SeIte fdnet ~ericr,tftfC'>n8 gegen In'omf
au ntnfdJeibcn. !H er, a t ~at 'oie erftere Sdte 'oa8 0 r 9a nl f 61 e
~, 'oie lettm 'oa' animalifcr,e ~e&en senannt. 3um or,
QUircr,en ~c&en red)nd er 'oa' stqrobUetionfft1{tcm I - 'oie fans
'oClUU1lß, 'oe1t lHutmnlauf, 'oie !lranf,fratton, bat .~men. ~te;
~fka bculert tat SdJlafe fort; cf en'otgt· nur mit 'oem !lobe. ~a8
onillGlfrclJe ~ 'ollßestn, - au welcfJem nadJ !HdJ at bat S'>tlem
'oet StafWifttit ob 'on 3rrita&tlftit, bie X~4dsfrit ber 9lmen
• Dutfdlt 8e~art, - 'oie, t~eordlf'" unb ,raftif~ na~ o~en
~mer,tctf~n ~ört im Scr,laff Guf; ~GI& fd10n bie IUen 'ocn
Ser,laf unb 'oe1t Xob al. ~rii'on bargcfteUt ~Q&en. ~ie dnalge
!Beife, .,ie jlcr, 'on animaUfcr,e "'gan{f1lUl8 im SdJlaff nocr, auf
'oie l.n~1t &eaie~t, itl '006 It~men, 'oie; gana a&tttade kl
~ltnlj aum untcrfdJie'o'lofen (fInnente 'on ~uft. 3ut ~ortIadQl
rifitten tlmjcrlicr,fdt ~ingegen fle~t 'on gefunbe "'ganifmut bcf
9)lenr~ im SdJlafe In fdna ~aie~ung me~r. !Denn bllf)er
109 'oer IDltnfcr, im <5d)lafe nadJ au,m tl),hill \l)ir'o, fo irt er franf.
!Die, finbet bei ben <5d){a(Q)an'olnn ftntt. !Diefdbtn bewegen ftd)
which still remains far removed from the concrete determina-

tion of intelligence and will. It is precisely spirit's simply
discovering the duality and opposition of itself and the world
in its awakening, which here constitutes its naturality. +
Now it is on account of its naturality that the differentia- 5
tion of the soul from itself and from the world brought about
through awakening is connected with a physical difference,
that is to say with the alternation of day and night. It is
natural for man to wake by day and sleep by night, for just
as sleep is the soul in the state of undifferentiation, so night 10
obscures the difference between things, and just as waking
displays the soul distinguishing itself from itself, so the light
of day allows the differences between things to emerge. +
It is not only in physical nature however, but also in the
human organism that there is a difference corresponding to 15
that between the sleeping and waking of the soul. It is
essential to distinguish between two aspects of the animal
organism, its remaining within itself and its being orientated
outwards. Bichat has called the former the organic and the
latter the animallife. Within the organic life he includes the 20
reproductive system, - digestion, the circulation of the
blood, transpiration, breathing, a life which continues in
sleep and ends only with death. Animallife however, which
Bichat takes to include the system of sensibility and irrita-
bility, the activity of the nerves and muscles, and which 25
theoretically and practically is orientated outwards, ceases
during sleep. This is why already in antiquity we find sleep +
and death represented as brothers. Breathing, a wholly +
abstract relationship with the undifferentiated element of
air, is the only me ans by which the animal organism still 30
relates to the extern al world in sleep. When sleeping, the
healthy human organism maintains no further connection
with particularized externality. It is therefore only when the +
sleeping person is ill that he is outwardly active, as are sleep-
walkers for example, who will move ab out with the greatest 35
mit ber gtö~ten 6id}er~eit; einige ~aben $rlefe gef~ritben unb

geflegelt. ~od) ift im Sd}lafn'anbeln ber Sinn 'oe" @e~d}t~ pa·
tal~firt, ba~ Wuge in einem latalevtifd}en .3ujlanbe.
3n !Demjenigen, \l)af ~ i d} a t 'ca~ a n im a 1i f d} e ~eben nennt,
~enfd}t affo ein m3 ed} f el \1on mu~e unb X~atigleit, - fomit, -
\l)ie im m3ad}en, - ein @egen f a ~, \l)a~t'tn'O ba~ in jenen m3ed}.
fel nid}t einge~enbe 0 r 9a ni f d} e ~eben 'on im Sd}lafe \)or~an.
benen Unterfd}ieb~loftgfeit ber Seele entfptid}t.
~~et jenem Untetfd)ie'O 'Oer :t~ätigfeit 'oe~ .organi~mu~ i~
aber aud} in ber @eft alt u n9 'Oer .organe 'Oee inneren un'O 'Oe~
nad} aufjen gerid}teten ~ebenf dn 'oem Untetfd}le'O bef Sd}laftnf
un'o 'oe~ m3ad}e~ gemäfier Unterfd)ie'o au bemerfen. !Die äufje"
Ten .organe, - 'oie lugen, 'Oie .o~ren, - fO\l)ie 'Oie <irttemitä.·
ten, 'Oie .pän'Oe un'O 'Oie ijü~e, fin'O r~mmetrird} \1eT'OoppeIt, unb
- beiläufig gefagt - 'Ourd) 'Oie fe S~mmetrie fä~ig/ @egenftallb
'On .tunft au \l)er'Oen. !Die in n er en .organe bagtgen atigen ent.
\pe'On gar feine, ober \l)enigftenf nur eine unf"mlletrifd}e ~er.
boppelung. 9Bir ~aben nur <iinen IDlagen. Unftte ~unge ~4t
a\Par a\l)ei ~üge1, \l)ie 'Oa~ -6er4 a\l)ei Jtammtrn ~at; abet fo,;
\l)O~{ 'Oa~ .pera, \l)ie 'oie ~Ilnge, ent~a(ten aud} fd}on 'Oie &4ie~ung
bef .organi~muf auf ein <intgegengefette~, auf 'Oie lu~en\l)dt.
3ubem finb \l)e'on 'oie ~unsenflügeI, nod} 'Oit .perafammetn f0
r"mmetrifd}, \\Iie 'Oie äu;eren .organe.
S", ben geiftig en Unterfd}ieb bef tmad}en" \)om ed)lafen
betrifft, fo fann ~er bem in obigem ~Qtagtap~en 'oarlibet @e.
fagten nod} ~o(genbef bemetft \l)etben. OOir ~aben ben Sd}(af
QI~ benielrigen 3ujlan'o betlimmt, in \Wld}em 'Oie Seele fid) \l)e'oer
in fid) fdbft nod) \)on 'oer Wu;en\pdt unterfd)dbet. !Di(fe an
un'o fÜr fid) not~\l)en'oige ~eftinunung \l)irb burd} 'oie &rfa~rung
beftätigt. !Denn \l)enn unfere Seele immer nur &in unb !Daf.
}eIbe elft\lfin'Oet o'tler fad? \Ior~eUt, \l)itb fie fd)läfrig. So fQn~
110 'oie einförmige ~en>egun9 ~ m3iegenf, eintönigee Singen, 'oaf
~emurmd einef ~ad}e~ Sd/läftigfdt in unt ~et\lotbringen. !Die.
felbe Ißidung entite~t 'ourd} 'oie ~felei, burd} unaufQmmen~att~
gen'oe, ge~Q1t1oft <itaa~(ungett. llnfer @eift fü~ft ~cf1 nur bann
'Oofffommen \l)ad/, menn i~m et\l)a~ 3ntereffantef, etn>Q~ aug1eid)
certainty and on occasions have even written and sealed

letters. In sleep-walking the sense of sight is paralyzed how-
ever, the eye being in a cataleptic state. +
Thus, while what Bichat calls animal life is similar to
waking in that it is dominated by an opposition, by the 5
alternation of rest and activity, the organic life which does not
enter into this alternation corresponds to the undifferentiation
of the soul present in sleep.
Apart from this difference in the activity of the organism
however, the formation of the organs of the inner and of the 10
outwardly orientated life also exhibits a difference corres-
ponding to that between sleeping and waking. The exterior
organs, the eyes and ears, like the extremities, the hands and
feet, are symmetrically duplicated. It may be observed in
passing, that it is on account of this that they are a worthy 15
object of art. If the inner organs exhibit any duplication at all
however, it is asymmetrical. We have only one stomaeh. The
lung certainly has two lobes and the heart has two ventricles,
but both these organs are already involved in the organism's
relation to the opposition of the external world. What is 20
more, neither the lobes of the lung nor the ventricles of the
heart are as symmetrical as the exterior organs. +
With regard to the spiritual difference between waking and
sleeping, the following may be added to wh at has already
been said in the preceding Paragraph. We have determined 25
sleep as that state in which the soul distinguishes itself
neither internally nor from the external world. This deter-
mination, which is necessary in and for itself, is confirmed by
experience, for if our soul simply sens es or presents the same
thing to itself over and over again, it will become sleepy. The 30
regular motion of the cradle, monotonous singing, the
murmuring of a brook, will aH tend to make us sleepy.
Desipience, a disconnected and pointless narrative, will have +
the same effect. Dur spirit only feels itself to be fuHy awake
when it is presented with something interesting, something 35
~ftlcf ud .~Q(~oUeG, dma8 »nflAnbig in fl~ Unterf~iebeneG

uab 3ufUUllml)AngmbcG geboten mitb; benn in fOldJm .geR~
ftabc
fqa' .'itt
twet a fi~ fd6a mleba. 3m ~&enbigfrit btf ma~
alfo ba IJegmfa. wb bie (iin~eit bcf .qw mtt
ball "n'anbe. Winbd bagegen 'on QJrift in ball 'nbetm 'oie
ta ,.. utcrfcfJiebme Xotalit4t, mel. n feh ift, ni~t mebel,
fo a"'* a ~ "Olt biefet .genftänbli~kit in feine untafcf)tcw-
10ft Ciial)dt mit ticfJ auriicf, langmeift fi~ unb fcfJläft ein. -
3D baa _ ~en ift o&et f~on ent~alten, 'ooj ni~t 'oa
. . ihf~au~t, fonbetn &eftimmtet boG M'(tänbige unb baG
"emünftise !Denlen butcfJ 'Den @egen~anb in S~annung gefe.' mn,
'ot1l ..." menn 'o4G mac!tf~n in bet ganaen ~ fdnu Un~
taf~ "om ec!tlafe un'o \)om Xtäumen ",!~anben fe"n
foU. mir finnen un~ im ®a~n, - mfnn mir '048 !Bott im
abfhacten Sinne ne~men, - re~t l«ngmdlen; unb um8efe~rt ifl
cf miglt~, ba; mir un8 im !traume leb~aft für ~t\1)a& intmft
firm. Iber im Xtoume ift c8 nur unfer l'orfteUenbe', ui~t un~
fn MtflAnbige8 !Deufen, befftn 3ntmffe megt miro.
~&enfo lDenig aber, mit 'oie uJtbetHmmte morfidlung beG
Sicf)intmffitent für 'oIe QXgeuftän'oe aur Unterr~dbung btf ma~
~ \)om XrAumen ~inrd~t, fann aucfJ 'oie 58eft!mmung 'on
jUar~eU für iene Unterf.ibung gemigenb erfdJdnen. ~n
etftlidJ ift biefe ~eftimmung nur eine quantitati\)t; 1ie briicft nur 'oie
Unmittelbarfeit 'oer WnfdJauung, folgltdJ nidJt ud maI}r~afte aUf;
!I>ie~ f}aben mir etft \)or un~, menn mit une überacugen, ba,
'00. ~lngefdJaute eine \)tntÜllftigc XetaUtat in fidJ ifl. Unb ame~
teno ,,,iffen mir fe~r moI,{, '00' boG Xräumen fidJ nfd)t einmal
iauner QI~ '00' Unflorere \)om . . . . unterfdJribet, foümt im
111 @fgent~riI oft~. namentlidJ 6ei Jtranf~dten unb bei Sd)tl'drmern,
f{arer ifl, ale 'o(l~ OOad)en.
«in~lidj mürbe au~ baburd} fdne genügenbe Unterfd)ei'oung
gegeben lVer'oen, 'oa~ man gana unbeftimmt fagte, nur im ~ad)tn
ben fe 'Der genf~. ~enn 'oa8 ~nfen il ber ~a u p t ge~ört fo
fe~r aur 9latur 'oee ~enfd)en, ba; berfelbe immer, aud) im ed)(lfe,
bentt. 3ft aUen ljonnen 'oee @rifte&, - im @)efü~(, in ber Wn#
fdJau1lg, lDie in ber morfieUung, - bleibt 'oa~ !I>enfen bie @run'o#
which has both novelty and meaning, something with an

understandable, varied and coherent content, the reason
being that in such a general object it rediscovers itself. The
liveliness of the waking state therefore involves spirit's
opposition to and unity with the general object. However, if 5
spirit does not rediscover in the other the same internally
differentiated totality which it is itself, it withdraws from
this general objectivity into its undifferentiated unity with
itself, becomes bored and falls asleep. - Now it is already
implied in what has just been said, that if waking is to be 10
present in the fuH distinctness of its difference from sleeping
and dreaming, the general object has to capture the attention
not of spirit in general, but more specifically of the thinking
involved in understanding and reason. We can be awake, to
use the word in its abstract significance, and also extremely 15
bored. Conversely, it is possible for us to take a lively
interest in something while we are dreaming. In the dream
however, the thought stimulated into interest is simply pre-
sentative, it is not that of our understanding.
Although the vague presentation of interesting oneself in 20
general objects is therefore inadequate to marking the dis-
tinction between waking and dreaming, the determination
of clarity would appear to be no less so. In the first pi ace,
this is merely a quantitative determination and simply ex-
presses the immediacy of intuition, not, therefore, the truth 25
of it, wh ich we only have before us when we convince our-
selves that what is intuited is in itself a rational totality.
Wh at is more, we know very well that far from always dis-
tinguishing itself from waking on account of its lack of
clarity, during illnesses and in the case of visionaries, dream- 30
ing is often more vivid than waking.
Finally, no satisfactory distinction would be indicated by
the completely vague statement that man only thinks when he
is awake. Thinking in general is so inherent in the nature of
man, that he is always thinking, even in sleep. Thinking 35
I.
I.. !I)aft"e. tl)irb bo~n, in ftfem ee bkfe uUeflfmmte ~mnb

ift, \)on bem IBeel)fd bce Sdtlofcne unb bet lBoel)ene nlcfJt
~ , macfJt ~in nid}t ou'fdJlfcJlic:f1 (fine Seite bet !Bnänbc,
mng oe, fonbcrn fte~t ale bie gana aUgemdne ~dgfett tin
eo.
beibm Seiten biefee mecIJfe('. Inbm \)etr,Glt ~dJ ~ingegen 'oie
in &aug auf bae !Denlen, In fofcm baft"e[&e oIe eine un-
tnfc:f1fe'ome Wom bn gdfHgen ~f1itigleit ben \Inbmn Wonnen bef
8dtw gegenübertritt. 3n bftfelll einne ~&rt bo, l>enfen ÜR
SdJI4fc un'o im ~raume ouf. merthmb unb 8mtunft - 'oie
metfen 'oeG etgentftd}en l>enfene - ~n'o nur im .elJen ~ttg.
Cirfl fat metftanbe ~at 'ofe btr emad)mbm Seele ,ufommen'oe @,
fhadt 8cfttmatung 'oeG Sic:f1felbfbmttrfclJei'ome 110m 9latiir(ic{,en,
1I0n "m unttrfel)ie'oelofen Subjtana unb llon 'on lu;mn>dt, i~re
inhnfi~e, conmte eebe1lnIRg, '0" 'oet ~anb ba' unenbli.
3nticfJfC\)n ift, tl)elel)e' fldJ aur ~talitat enttl)i6U unb eben ba,
'ou'" fid) 'on 'on (itnaelqcit bn lu;en.,elt frei gcmadJt ~at.
iBmn aber bClt 3d} in fiel) felber frd 1ft, macfJt e' QUcfJ bie
.gtllJAn~ »on femn <5ubjedi'Oitit unabl)ingis, bctracfJtet ee
bitfelben gfdd)fant ale ~ota(ititell un'o al' QJlleber einn ne aUe
umfaft"enben ~otalitat. Im leu;mi'" ifl nun bir ~otalitat
nidJt aI. freie ~, fonbmt al' Bufanne.ng ber ~ 0t ~ ~ en,
'0 i 9fc U. l>lefn obi«tiue Bufammenl)ang ifl ~a'jeni9t, n>obut'if>
fiel) bie lIolfkUungen, 'oie \»ir im mac:f1m ~ben, rDtfentlid} \)on
benen uRtnf.~n, 'oie im ~fCUUle entfte~en. &gegnet mir ba-
'>er im iBacf)cn <itn>Qf, beifen 3ufamnwnl)Qng mit beat öriQn
112 Buttonbe ber Iujenn>dt id} nod} niel)t AU entbe6n ~mnag, fo
fann id} fragen: tl)QcfJe 1c:f1 obn traume ier" 3111 ~raume 1In,
~alten n>ir une nur \)orfteUenb; ba ttIeI'Oen unfne morfleUungen
niel)t 1Ion bm ,tategorien bef !Berfbuabct be~mfd}t. ~at blo;c
morfleUcn rei;t akr 'oie l)tngc aue ~ftIIl (oneteten 3ufanunen~
~ge \)önig ~mlut, Meinaclt 'ofcfelben. l>~et fUe;t fm ~raume
lUe3 otdnan'on I burel)frcu&t ~" fn tl)ilbet Unorbnung, 1Ietlfe'
ftn bie 8egcnftinbe AUen not~tl)cn'oi9en, o~fect&!cn, "'rftGnbfgen,
M1dinf'tigen 3ufanunen~ang, unb foIuIen nUf in eine gana o~n
fläcfJlf., auf&Uige I fuijKtille lJminbung. eo sefc:f1iqt e&, ba;
_ (lb1)Q', baG _ im SdJlafc ~mn, tu einen g4ßi anberm
Volurne Two: Anthropology . 141
remains the basis of spirit in all its forms, in feeling and

intuition as weIl as in presentation. In so far as it is this inde-
terminate basis therefore, it is unaffected by the alternation
of sleeping and waking, and rather than constituting one
aspect of the change while excluding the other, it stands 5
above this alternation as the wholly general activity of both.
The situation with regard to thought is different however
in so far as it stands opposed to other forms of spirit as an un-
differentiated form of spiritual activity, for as such it ceases
during sleep and dreaming. U nderstanding and reason, the 10
modes of thought proper, are only active in the waking state.
It is in the understanding that the abstract determination
in which the awakening soul distinguishes itselffrom wh at is
natural, from its undifferentiated substance and from the
external world, first assurnes its intensive, concrete signifi- 15
cance, for the understanding is infinite being-in-itself which
has developed itself into totality, and precisely by this
means freed itself from the singularity of the extern al world. +
Although it is in itself that the ego is free however, it also
renders the general objects free of its subjectivity, while also 20
considering them as totalities and as members of a totality
which includes all of them. Now the totality is what is ex-
ternal not as free Idea but as the connectedness of necessity,
and this objective connectedness is that whereby our waking
presentations are essentially distinguished from those which 25
occur in dreaming. If I encounter something while I am +
awake, and I am still unable to discover its connection with
the rest of the extern al world, I can therefore ask whether I
am waking or dreaming. When dreaming we merely conduct
ourselves presentatively, and our presentations are not domi- 30
nated by the categories of the understanding. Mere present- +
ing singularizes things and te ars them entirely out of their
concrete connectedness however, so that in dreaming every-
thing disintegrates and criss-crosses in wild confusion.
General objects shed all necessary, objective, understandable, 35
rational connection, and only enter into a wholly superficial,
contingent, subjective combination. This is why we bring
what we hear in sleeping into a connection which is quite
3af~g tringen, alt "feie fa ber 1BfrIfcf}fdt tat.

r"
eil.'
Ba ~rt a. e. dDc ~irc fhuf auf_en, gladt, et
gefallm, ab aaqlt " 1IU1l eine ~gefef)ief)te wt.
Der ... ~fi*t Ia ed)lIf auf ber hft einen ~cf, uab
dn
_Je ,
aI6rt tl4 bmrdha bImfJ bea __ !l)d _~ rol,," ~
r.. tBottIdIunem •
a.nbe ber . . nicfJt ~ fIt-"-f"mbe :lotcditAt '1
~ 1ÜßUef), lltdl in biefaa
mit
wcIcr,er berfelk i a " , alle feine i~en, Inf"un-
. . ab tBotjUlIungat M'ßId,,*, 1111 auf ber UekrdnfHammng
ober ~nftiaummg ber dIqdnm ~flabungen, .nfdJa..,
.... ab tBotfttUt.'1tgen mit fdm fb .. flIJ.f",1lbm ~otalitat
.., l>tjedttit6t ober 9«dJt"iedi~at iatet ~Itt au erfmnen.
.." ~ fann alMt ber Dear"fiII tu. ber Wafeln gCUl&
kma, fuijecttlm ~otPcllungC1l tkrIafI'ea; """R er Per Mt
. , . .fIt ~tloren l)at, '"' er 1191ehfJ, ~ \liefe tBotfkl•
..... Rar tBorfteUungen fbrb, l»dI fic 11ft feiner ~rmtm ~.
tatitit III lBtberf~nlll) ,...
eloJ ~ anb ba finbct tief) hI ~ linfaet, bat dRell
afallicf)m 3ufClllUltn~ang mit ber lBttflillfdt 'aL 9lamentlidJ
stIt ~ \)Oll ben ~raU1lltn »or Dittmla"t; in bfefc~ Innen
bie tBorflrUungm nod) einfgmnaa;ell »On ber IBftflidJfdt, aal
WDClcfJer .ir uuf am !toge befdJ4fdet .... , in .DrbIlUllß aufam.a
113 mengt'alten .nben. Um IDlittemadJt f~, .fe bit !!)itbe rc~r
gut .iffen, ber Sd)laf am fe~ftm; ba ~at tidJ bit Seele »Oll
aUn S\)Onnu11ß gegen bte !lu;enk\)eIt in ttdJ aurücfgeaogm. 9lacfJ
iJHttemadJt .etten bie Xräume nodJ .iUfürlicfJcr, al' \)o*,.
9ttunter fü~lm .ir iebodJ im Xraume (ihNI "orau., bat Mt
in ber 3crflreuung bet .ad)enben ee."tf"nt nidJt kmerfen.
So rann r"k\)ete' talut im mlenfdJm bit kftfmmte (5jef6~1 einer
.lraalf)eit erregen, \)on k\)eld}er n im ma.n n,,~ gar nidJtf
geqllt ~t. (l6enfo fann man butdJ ben ecrudJ eine. fef).e~
knben .tiq,ert im Sd}Illfe au Xräumen »on Weuertb_n an-
gmat ~en, bie erft einige !tage I14dJ~er aum Vlu.&rud) !omllen,
* unb auf Men ~oraeidJen k\)1r im Sad}en nf~t geadJtet ~.n.
* eTiesheim
Ms. S. 129; vgl. KehleT Ms. S. 95: Im Allgemeinen ist dieB der
Zusammenhang der Träume; der besonnene Mensch träumt auch, aber wenn
distinct from that pertaining to it in actuality. One hears a

door sIam to for example, takes it for a shot, and elaborates
this into a tale ofrobbers. Or one senses when one is sleeping +
that there is apressure on one's ehest, and takes it to be the
nightmare. Waking spirit is the being-for-self of that 5 +
totality with which it compares all the singularity of its
sensations, intuitions and presentations in order to know
from the agreement or disagreement between them whether
this content is objective or not. In sleep this totality is absent
from spirit, - hence the occurrence of these false presenta- 10
tions. A desipient person can also abandon hirnself to wholly
empty subjective presentations when waking of course, but
if he still has understanding, he knows at the same time that
since these presentations contradict the presence of his
totality, they are only presentations. 15
Only here and there is there anything in dreaming which
has much of a connection with actuality. Wh at is dreamt
before midnight might have such a connection however, for
in such dreams presentations can still derive so me sort of
order from the actuality with which we have concerned our- 20
selves during the day. As thieves know well, it is around mid- +
night that sleep is soundest, the soul no longer paying any
attention to the outer world, having withdrawn into itself.
After midnight dreams become even more capricious than
before. Sometimes however, we have apresentiment of 25
something while dreaming which we do not notice amid the
diversion of waking consciousness. Thick-bloodedness can
evoke in a person the distinct feeling of an illness of which
he was entirely unaware when awake. When we are sleeping, +
the smell of something smouldering can also stimulate us 30
into dreaming about confiagrations which only break out
several days later, and of whose warning signs we remained
oblivious while awake. * +
* Griesheim Ms. p. 129; cf. KehLer Ms. p. 95: This is the general connection in
dreams; the self-possessed person also dreams, hut he is none the wiser when
ed)licJlt" tfl no" aU &elllfden, ba; bae lBa~n, ale n~

tütIlcf)er 3uflanb, aIe eine nat6rUd)e S\)aunuug Der tnbi\)fbueUe1J
etele gegen 'oie Wu;en\l)elt, eine QJ re na e, dn mlaaJ ~t, .....
ba; b4~ bie ~ätigfeit bee \l)QdJenbelt <lcifte. mnilbet unb fö
bm ed)(af 'erkifiU>rt, ber felnerfeitt gleidJfaUe due @Jrenae 'at
unb au feinem (legent~eil fottgel)en mn;. !l>iefer bO"\)elte Uehr,
Sang tf\ 'oie Seife, \l)ie in 'eiefet e.,~aft 'oie (linl)dt 'oer a~
ff"'f~nben eubflantialität ber etele mit beren füf'ffdJ'fe~Cß$
ber (llnaelqcit aUf <lrfdJeinung fommt. *
er wacht weiß er nichts davon, und es ist nichts langweiliger als das Erzählen
der Träume. Jean Paul schläfert sich ein und so auch Kinder indem er
ihnen einen tollen Roman vor macht, ohne allen Zusammenhang, Bilder
ohne Verstand, Zufälligkeiten, an diesen Bildern die so sind wie die des
Traumes geht er fort, macht man sich da hinein, so giebt man seine Beson-
nenheit mit Willen auf und bringt sich so zum Schlaf. Kinder kann man leicht
so unterhalten und einschläfern. Man kann dieß so an sich beobachten,
kann ein doppeltes, ein waches und ein schlafendes Bewußtsein haben und
so dem Taumel so zu sagen zusehen.
* KehLer Ms. S. 96; vgl. Griesheim Ms. SS. 130- I 32: Das Leben ist ein Proceß,
der in sich seinen Verlauf hat, zu diesem gehören die Organe, und das
andere ist das animalische Leben, äußere Gliedmaßen, Sinneswerkzeuge ;
im Wachen sind wir in der Differenz gegen Andere, aber wir sind selbst das
Differente, es sind zweierlei Foci des Lebens, der organische Kreislauf, und
die Thätigkeit nach außen. Wir sind in uns als bewußter Geist ein Reichthum
von Vorstellungen, von diesem Charakter. Dieses sind wir, abgetrennt von
der Weise, wie wir uns zu den einzelnen Gegenständen verhalten und
zerstreuen; der Schlaf ist dies, daß diese beiden Mittelpunkte, Kreise in Eins
zusammenfallen, daß diese Trennung aufhört, und die nach außen gehende
Richtung in das Substanzielle zurückgenommen wird. Dies Zurückgenom-
mensein ist es, worin das Bekräftigende, Stärkende beruht ... Kraft, Stärkung
hat das Bestimmte das mit sich Identische, das Starke ist das mit sich zusam-
menhaltende, was nicht von einem Äußeren abhängt, und die Stärke ist der
Zusammenhalt in sich zu beweisen, manifestiren gegen Andere. Dieser
Zusammenhalt in sich wird im Schlaf hervorgebracht, wiederhergestellt, und
dieß ist die Bekräftigung, die im Schlaf liegt, die Erholung von der Arbeit,
sich in sich zusammengehen zu lassen von dieser Spannung. Hat man sich
geistig angestrengt, zerstreut sich mit Anderen und kommt wieder dahin
zurück, so findet man das viel leichter, die Schwierigkeiten schwächer, der
Geist hat leichtere Arbeit, als wenn er seine Beschäftigung etwa fortgesetzt
hätte. Dies ist die natürliche Rückkehr aus der Differenz, Spannung, Bethäti-
gung des Wachseins ; es ist die Rückkehr zum Anfang, der Natürlichkeit über-
haupt, und das was natürlich ist, ist der langweilige Kreislauf anzufangen, wo
man schon gewesen ist. Die Rückkehr im Begriff zur Identität, die Rückkehr
Finally, it also has to be observed that as a natural state,

as a natural tensing of the individual soul against the ex-
ternal world, waking has a limit, a measure, - that the
activity of waking spirit tires and so induces sleep, which also
has a limit and has in its turn to progress into its opposite. 5
This double transition is the way in which the unity of the
soul's implicit substantiality with the being-for-self of its
singularity makes its appearance in this sphere. *
he awakes, and there is nothing more tedious than the recounting of dreams.
Jean Paul willlull hirnself and children to sleep by spinning a strange tale
without any bearing, images without significance, chance sequences. The
images in which he indulges are as they are in dreams, and if one enters into
them, one is wilfully abandoning self-possession and giving oneself over to
sleep. This is an easy way to entertain children and to get them to sleep. One
can observe it in oneself, have a double consciousness, a waking and a sleeping
one, and in this way, watch the revelry as it were. +
* KehLer Ms. p. 96: cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 130- 132: Life is a process which has
its course within itself, and the organs pertain to this course; its other aspect
is the animallife, the external members, the organs of sense. Although we are
differentiated from what is other than we are when we are awake, we are
ourselves the differential, for there are two foci to life, the organic circulation
and the activity outwards. Within ourselves, as conscious spirit, we are a +
wealth of presentations of this kind, and we are this regardless of the way in
which we engage and dissipate ourselves in respect of the singularity of
general objects. Sleep is the merging into one of these two foci or circles so
that there is no longer a division, so that the orientation outwards is with-
drawn into the substantial being. It is through this withdrawal that sleep
envigorates and strengthens ... Vigour, strengthening, has that which is self-
identical as its determinate being, what is strong being that which keeps to
itself, that which is not dependent upon an external being. Strength consists
of giving proof of being inwardly collected, of manifesting it in the face of an
other. This inner collectedness is brought forth in sleep, and constitutes the
envigorating power of it, recovery after work, returning into oneself, dis-
engaging from the tension. If one taxes oneself spiritually, dissipates oneself
within what is other than oneself, and then returns once more to sleep, the
task will subsequently be much easier, the difficulties less challenging, the
work of spirit lighter than it would have been had it simply persisted in its
involvement. This is the natural return from out of the differentiation, ten-
sion, occupation ofthe waking condition; it is the return to the beginning, of
naturality in general, it being natural to begin the tedious circulation from
where one has al ready been. Return to identity within the Notion, implicit
1) (! n1 p f I n b u n g.
§. 399.
ed)(afen uub mJ"d)en finb aunad}f[ aWRr ftid)t 6(L'pe
.Jeran~trUngen, fonbern Wecf> fe In be Suftänbe, ('J)rogre6
Inf Unenblid>t). ~n birfem ibrtm forme"tn ne9ati~tn
mtr~Altl1iÖ 1ft eben fo febr bas a ff i r m" ti \l e \lorbanbtn.
3ft bem ~tlrfufJfelJn ber wacbtn ®eele fft balS ®ClJll altS
ibeeUeG ~oment entbalttn; fie f in b e t fo bit ~nbaltlS/~e'
ttimmtbtittn fbrer fcf>lafenbm matur, wdd}e al6 In tbrtr
eubjtallb "" f i cf> tn berfelbell linb, in f i cf> f tl b ft unb
awar fur lid>. ~16 ~tf[immtbdt iit bip ~efollbere \'on btr
~bentltQt belS ~tlrfidJftlJnG mit fid), unttricbitbell unb &u:
114 gleid} in belTen ctlnfQd}bcit einfad, '"tblliten, - tm I' f i 11'
bung.
Saf", IBGe ben ~iQfeftff~ft ~ort8an8 »on \!er tf~a~

"nhn Set(e Aut (lm"flnbung betrifft, fo ~ ~ir baniber
80lgmbct au &maeden. ~er nad) bem !Bad)en elntfttenbe Sd)faf
1ft bk natifUdJe lBdfe ba.8tiidft~t ber Sede aue \!er ~Iffetena
aUf untnfdJtebtlofm Clim,elt mit fld1. 3n fomdt ~et @Jd~ in
- .nbat ba 9latiidicf)frit btfangea 6fdbt, flent biefe 9lüdft~r
1li4)tt bat, alt bft lem IB hb n ~ 0 lu n g bet .nfangt, - einen
Icm8~en .lrritlauf. • n f i dJ I ober bem ~egriffe nad} I 1ft
oHr In iena !l66~t auglddJ ein ~Oftfd)tltt ent~alten. ~enn
ba netagcmg btf Sd)faft In bae !Ba.R unb bet Wad)me
in bat SdJllf f)Gt fit unt bat eknfo ~ofitl'Oe ~ie negatitle 9le,
_ , "' fo~o.( bat im SdJlafe »orIJanbme URunterfdJifbettt
fWtkmtfdle ~ bet Seele, ~Ie bae Im fInl'adJtn ~u Staube
r-nbt nod) gana abtttade, nodJ sana leae ~rfid)fe\,n ber~
an sich, ist aber ein Fortgang, weitere Bestimmung. Der Begriff ist das Auf-
gehobensein, die Einheit dieser beiden, von denen das eine das natürliche
war, Schlafen, natürliche Seele, natürliche Weise, der Begriff ist das Aufhe-
ben der beiden einseitigen Bestimmungen, darin liegt, daß auch diese
Bestimmung der natürlichen Weise aufgehoben ist, da ist dann diese Identi-
tät nicht ein Rückfall, aus dem Erwachen in den Schlaf, sondern die natür-
liche Weise ist selbst eines der Momente, welches im Begriff sich aufhebt.
'Y) Sensation
§ 399
Initially, sleeping and waking constitute the

infinite progression of alternating states, and are
certainly not mere changes. Present within this their
formal, negative relationship, is the corresponding
affirmative relationship. The being in the being-for- 5 +
self of the waking soul is contained there as a moment
which is ofan ideal nature; consequently, it is within
itself and indeed for itself that the waking soul
finds the content-determinatenesses of its dormant +
nature, determinatenesses which are implicit with- 10
in this nature as within their substance. As determin-
ateness, this particular being differs from the self-
identity of the being-for-self and is at the same time
simply contained in its simplicity. This is sensation.
Addition. We shall now comment upon the dialectical pro- 15

gression from the awakening soul to sensation. The sleep which
follows waking is the natural manner in which the soul re-
turns from differentiation into undifferentiated unity with
itself. In so far as spirit remains bound by the bonds of
naturality, this return exhibits nothing but the empty 20
repetition of the beginning, - a monotonous circulation. At
the same time however, and implicitly or in accordance with
the Notion, this return contains a progress, since for us the
transition of sleep into waking and of waking into sleep has
a result which is as positive as it is negative. In their separa- 25
tion, both the undifferentiated substantial being of the soul
present in sleep, and the still entirely empty being-for-self of
it which occurs in waking, prove themselves to be one-sided,
return, is however a progression, a further determination. The Notion is the

sublated being, the unity ofthese two aspects, the one ofwhich was natural,
sleep, the natural soul, the natural mode. Since the Notion is the sublating
of both onesided determinations, this natural mode of determination is also
sublated. Rather than this identity being then a relapse out of waking into
sleep, the natural mode is itself one ofthe moments which sublates itselfwith-
in the Notion. +
fcIca '" In ifJtcr ~t GI. dnfeltfgt, un"'o~re '8ttHm"

..... ClWdftn, unb ~ conattt iin~ ti t alt il)re Ba~t
~kn laffen. 3n bcm fiel) "'itbtr,oltnbtn !Be",rcl »on
~ ob 1Bocf)tn fktkrt bltft '8tflUnlllUl1gtn fmmn 1M' nael)
~ conmttn iin~tit, o~nt bitfdk ftlllGlt au mdcf)tnj iebe
bkfer ~mmun8en taUt ba aue i~m dgtntn (Ilnfdtigfdt fllmn
1M' in Ne iinfritigfdt 'on entgegeqefetten '8tftimmung. .sur
IBhfllel)feU aber follUltt bitre, in ftntmlBedJfd immer nur er!
tmNt if...t in btr tm, fl n'0 tn '0 t n eede. Snbem bfe Setle
eaq,fbtbet, ~at fit tt mit efner unmfttef6Oftn, ff\1mbtn, no'" nict;t
barcI) flc ~oremacfJttn, ronbern »on il)r nur »orsefunbenen,
innnftcIJ obn Au;UU", ~st~men, olfo »on i~r ntel)t Qb~öngen~
btn 8rfH_ung &u t'un. ß uglt i el) i~ ClM bieft l'~immung
in bfe Ogtmrint,cit ber eeele »erfenft, ",ftb 'Dobur«J in U,rtt Un'
Ilittd60rfrit negirt, romit ibeeU gefe.t. ~o~er re~rt 'Oie tll!l>~Il$
bcnbe EeeIe fn bierem f~ftm anberen, oie fn bem 3~rigen, au
~ feIM aurihf, f~ in bna Unmittelbaren, Sa,enben, weldiee
115 fit _fbtbel, kf fI'" fel&er. So klommt bot Im intx1"'en »or-
l)an'Oene Cl ~ ~r 11 (tt Wlltfiel)fe~n bur'" bfe e«ftimmU1tgeR, ll)elel)e
on fiel) in ber fel)(ofenben 9lotur 'Oer Seele, in 'Dmn fub~QntfeUem
eC!1R mt~olten fbtb, feine ~ (irfüUung. ~ur'" biefe ~tfü{
lung »erttltftfel)t, »erge\l)fffert, be"'~rt bfe Sede fid) i~r ~r,
flel)ff\1R, f~r (lm)oel)tfc"n, - i ~ fle niel)t bio; für fiel), fonoerll
ft,t fit flcfJ GUd) alt fiir,filf1,fe"enb, alt Subjectf»itöt, ale 9fe,
0'
gotf»lt4t UJrer unmUtel60ren ~efllnummgen. So erft ~t bft
Seele I're '" f~ 0f t e 3nbl,ibuolUAt ermd>t. ~fefer fubiedf»e
~unft ber etde ~~t ie.t nfd)t IIt~r obgefonbtrt, gegenti&er bn
Umadtkl&adcit b«fel&en, fonbem mOcfJt ftcf) in bem !nonnigfol~
tigen geltmb , bot in jener U,.ittelNdfft, ber 1I&gliel)frU na"',
en~ltnl ffl. l)le nRltflnbenbe etde fe.t bot lIonnigfoltige in
"re 3anerIicfJfeit ~inefn , fle ~&t olfo ben ~egenfo, i~rt8 \Jifs
~d)f~n' ober ~rtr eubjeetf»UAt, U1tb ~rer UrJRitttl6arfeit ober
I,", fubflontfeUen .n~cfJf~n' auf, - ieboel) niel)t auf bie
Seife, bca' , ",fe beim 9lti"gong 'oe. inDllcf}en. in ben tS~lof,
if)t ~rtl"f~n fetnem ~e8ent~f(, jenem blo;m .nfllf1f~n, ~(o,
-cfJte, fonbem f 0, boJ t~r \Ji\rfi41fel1n tn ber !Jm\nberung, in
untrue determinations, and allow their concrete unity to

emerge as their truth. In the self-repeating alternation of
sleep and waking, these determinations constantly strive
exclusively toward their concrete unity. They never reach it
however, for each determination is always simply shifting 5
out o[ its own one-sidedness into that of its opposite. In the
sentient soul however, the unity which is always merely
striven for in this alternation, achieves actuality. In that it
senses, the soul is dealing with an immediate determination,
with a being which is not yet brought forth by it, but which 10
it merely finds before it as something which is given either
internally or externally, and which does not therefore depend
upon it. This determination is at the same time immersed in the
soul's universality however, by which it is negated in its
immediacy and so posited as of an ideal nature. It is thus 15
that the sentient soul returns to itself in this other as into its
own, being with itself in the immediacy of the being it
senses. It is therefore through the determination contained
implicitly in the dormant nature of the soul, in its sub-
stantial being, that the abstract being-for-self of the soul 20
present in waking obtains its initial fulfilment. It is through
being actualized and so confirmed by this fulfilment that the
soul proves its being-for-self, its having awakened, not
merely being for itself, but also positing itself as such, as sub-
jectivity, as the negativity of its immediate determinations. 25
It is thus that it has first attained its true individuality. This
subjective point of the soul now no longer stands opposed
to and separated from the soul's immediacy, but asserts itself
within the manifoldness which has the possibility of being
contained there. The sentient soul posits the manifoldness in 30
its inwardness, and so sublates the opposition between its
being-for-self or subjectivity, and its immediacy or sub-
stantial and implicit being. In the relapse from waking into
sleep the being-for-self of the sentient soul gave way to its
opposite, to that merely implicit being. In this case however, 35
its being-for-self maintains itself in the alteration, in the
bell .nberm fld1 nl)4It, n4 m....U ab N~, Ne Unmit,

tdkddt bn <5ede GM 'Oon bn Wenn eine. nden fenem \J6f,
'ctnC!1n 'Oorf]anbenm 3uftanbe' au rine: nUf t n lenan Wi\rfidJfe~n
e
~n &fHaunung, folgl14 au duma cfJ tl 11 ~tfQb9tfe't
• . ~u'" ba' Cha~finbeR 1ft foarit ble eeele baf)in stfom,
an, bclf ba. ",te !fem aufltacr,mbe lUgemeine In efnn un,
mltteken ~lt fit' tk mto. WUt butd) bfcJ Wiirftd1"
~ tft bte etek CIlI\'finbmb. ~.. _amIlIaUf. eml>finbtt
ekn ~ nillt, lief( In bemfefhn ~, IUgemeine in 'efe ~,
p-lteft 'Otrfenft .~t, In biefn nt4t fi1r fidJ Il'trb. ~at.,
fÖ1kt Ihffer, alllll edf"ld, 1ft Rat f Üt 11 n' unterfd)febeu tml
ftlnma Q)efäQtfe"n unb 'Oon ftlnn U.fW~tIt. märe Clin
unb bafftr&e Saffn augldd) aUgnnrint' unb gefAtbte. iBaffn,
Jo nrih'be biefe untnr4nlenbe ~mmt~t fit ~ maffrt fdwr
116 fC!1ft, blefe. fod -.finbunll ~.n; bmn h"finbung ~
(Itn)d ~utdJ, bclf bGtrelbe in fdnn eeptmmt~eft fill oie riu
Ugemrinet erfJAlt.
3n o~n "'anberf~s bet IBeren. ber I...,nnbuug
itl fdJon ent~lten, baj, U)CItn im qJaragt~~ 398 ba' (Im)~
... ein Utt'eil ber t~dlm Seele ~at senannt 1l'eRen
~, - wvcU biefn 3uftcmb dnt ~~eilung ber eeele in dne
fiit,tl4'fC'>eRbe unb in ant nur fqenbe Seele, unb auslad) dne
unmittelbare ~att~UIlS tl)m eubjccthUät auf .nbne'
~8t, - '»Ir in ber ."nnbuns ba' mO\'~anbenfe"n eine'
e4hlffe. ~ten, unb barau' bie \lmnittdft bn (im"fin'
_. afolgenbe kgtl»itrerung bet lBad)fe"n' ableiten fönnen.
3nbeaa r»ir moca4m, finben r»1r unG aunäd)ft in duem gana
unbefHmmten Unterfd)iebenft'>n 'Oon bn .ujenr»elt ü&er~aul>t. <irft,
*nn '»ir anfcm&m au CIlI\'finben, r»irb biefer Untaid)ieb au einem
'ejUIDmhn. Um b . a"m 'Oolligen f!Bad)ft'>n unb aur @e~ij,
~ bejfel&en iU 8el«ngen, offnen r»ir bie Wugen, faffen r»ir un~
. , unterfu'" ,»ir, mit linma 1B0rt, ob droa' ~eftimmte6 In$
berct, ein ~t 'Oon une Unterfd)iebene~ für un~ ift. 0ti
biefn Untrrfaa4ung &eate~elt ~ir une auf ba' Inbere nid1t me~r
Qmlbtau, foabem mitteIhr. So ifl, a. e., bie eerü~rult8
bie Bmaaittluag amf. . mir unb ban Inberen, ba fie, \)on lIte'
other, develops and proves itself. The immediacy of the soul

is however reduced from the form of astate present alongside
that being-for-self, to adetermination which merely sub-
sists within it, and hence to a show. Through sensing there-
fore, the soul progresses in that the universal which con- 5
stitutes its nature becomes an immediate determinateness for
it. It is only through this coming to be for itself that the soul
is sentient. Non-animal being is not sentient precisely be-
cause within it what is general remains immersed in deter-
minateness within which it does not assume being-for-self. 10
It is only for us that coloured water, for example, is dis-
tinguished from its being coloured or colourless. If one and
the same water were simultaneously both water in general
and coloured, this differentiated determinateness would be
for the water itself, and the water would therefore have sen- 15
sation; for anything which maintains itself in its determinate-
ness as a generality or universal possesses sensation. +
It is already implied in the foregoing discussion of the
essence of sensation, that if awakening may be called a
prima~y component of the individual soul (§ 398) on account 20
of this state's eliciting a division of the soul in which it has
being-for-self as well as mere being, while at the same time
its subjectivity is immediately related to something else, we can say
that a syllogism is present within sensation, and that the con-
firmation of the waking state resulting from sensation can be 25
derived from it. When we first awake, we find ourselves in a +
state in which we only differ from the external world in an
entirely indeterminate manner. It is only when we begin to
sense that this difference be comes determinate. In order to
ascertain that we are fuHy awake we therefore open our 30
eyes and take hold of ourselves i.e. we find out if there is for
us adefinite other, something definite which is distinct from
uso By finding this out we relate ourselves to the other,
no longer directly but mediatively. Touch, for example, is the
mediation between me and the other, for although it is 35
fen kiben Sdkn bc8 @egenfafcf' »erfcf1ieben, bodJ &ua1ddJ bribe

»ndaigt. .pier alfo, b)ie bei btr "~ung ü6er~Qlq)t, fdJUcJt
~ Seele Mlllittdft dnef 4b)ffdJtn· ilJr unb btm Wn'oeren Ste~
.,.n in bell CllQ)funbenen ~altt ti~ lIit tldJ felber aufam~
1ICIl, retJectirt ~ GU' 'oem labtun in tldJ, fdJdbd tldJ »on
balfdk. u, unb 6ettAtigt ticf1 'oa'ourcf1 i~r aürt1dJfe~n. ~iefe
3ufallUftCnfl11leJull8 'ocr Seele mit fid1 felber ift ber ~ortfd}ritt,
_.n 'oie fIII Clmal1cn tll1 t~ilmbe Seele 'ourd} i~ren Uebtr$
gGIIg aur i..,tinbung lI~t.
§. 400.
!Die <lmp~lIbung 1ft bie ~orm be~ bumpfen ~ebtn6
117 be' ~dllelS in feiner beroupt I unb "er/lanbloftn ~nbi"il
bUAU,At, in ber All e ~ell'mmt~eit 110d) u n mit tel bar
ift, nad) i~rem ,3nQa(tc wie nad} bem ~egenfa~e eine'
t'>bjecti"en gegm balS eubje~t untntwidelt geft~t, allS fel,
ner bc fon be r ft e n, tUlttlrlid)en (f i gen bei t angtl)6rig.
:J:)er ~lIb"lt belS (fmpfinbentS ill eben bamit be f d) t &n f t
unb "ortlbergebmb, weil er bem naulrlid)ell, unmittclb,,,en
ee"n, bem qualitati"en alio unb enblld}en angcb6rt.
l( I( elS i ft t n be r (f m p ft n b u n g, unb wenn man

will, 2fUelS, walS im geiftigen ~twu6tft\)n unb in ber
Rlcrnunft l)eruortritt, bat feine o.uellc unb Urfprung
in berfelben; benn ,QueUe unb Urfprullg beiGt nid)t'
4UtberlS, alt) ble erlle unmittelbarlle ~eifc, in ber etwalS
trfd)eint. (fo gwllge nid)t, bop @jrul1bfa~e, 9tdigion
u. f. f. nur im stopfe fel)en, pe mlllTm im .f.1erben, in
ber (fmpfinbul1g fe\)n. .3n ber ~bat, W"IS mlln fo
im .1topfe ()at, ift im ~ewujjtfe\)n tlbtd)(\Upt, unb ber
~n()(\lt bemfclben fu ge 9 e 11 ft aIl b lid), bnB eben fo ft~r
allS er in ~J~ir, bem abftracten 3d), llbtrl)oupt gefe~t
il1, er \lud) \)on ~:nir nnd) meiner conmtell eubjccti\)idt
entfernt gebaltm werben fnllll; illl btr <tmp~l1bul1g bas
gegm i(t fold)cr ,Jn()olt ~t/limmt()dt meinetS 9Gnbett,
obgleid) in fOld)cr ~orm bumpfen ~urfid)fel)n~; er ift
allo altS meill ei 9 c11 ft e6 geft~t. mau ~igene III bilIS
Volume Two: Anthropology· 153
distinct from both sides of the opposition, it at the same time

unites them. Here therefore, as in sensation generally, it is
by means of something standing between itself and the
other that the soul coincides with itself in the content
sensed, reflecting itself out of the other into itself, separating 5
itself from it, and thereby assuring itself of its being-for-self.
It is by thus coinciding with itselfthat the soul which divides
itself in awakening makes the progress of its transition into
sensation.
In sensation, spirit has the form of a subdued 10

stirring in its unconscious and ununderstanding +
individuality, in which aU determinateness is still
immediate, posited as as undeveloped in respect of
its content as it is in respect of the opposition of an
objective being to the subject, as pertaining to its 15
most particularized and characteristic natural
property. The content of sensation is therefore
limited and transient, since it pertains to natural,
immediate being Le. to what is qualitative and finite. +
Everything is in sensation; one might also 20

say that it is in sensation that everything emerging
into spiritual consciousness and reason has its
sour ce and origin, for the source and origin of
something is nothing other than the primary and
most immediate manner in which it appears. 25
Principles, religion etc. must be in the heart, they
must be sensed, it is not enough that they should
be only in the head. In fact what one has thus, only
in one's head, is in consciousness in general, the
content being so generaUy objective to con- 30
sciousness, that to the same extent as it is generally
posited within me, within the abstract ego, it may
also be kept apart from me in accordance with my
concrete subjectivity. In sensation however, despite
the subdued nature of being-for-self in such a form, 35
content such as tbis is a determinateness of my
entire being-for-self, and is therefore po sited as my
most characteristic property. That which is
,om wirfUd)en concreten 3d) ullgttrtllnte, unb biefe UI1I

mittelb"u (fin()eit ber eule mit tl)rtl' eubftRIl5 unb bem
bejttmmten ,3n()alte bel'fdbtn ijl eben blj Ungetl'enntl
fe"n, ini~fern CiS md)t Aum 3d) belS satwujtfel)niS, no~
l'Oenlgtr aur ~retbett \Hrnönfttgtr QSetftigfdt 6eftimmt 1ft,
~QÖ ubrigm6 ®,Ue, @tllliffen, ~bQrafrtr, nod) eille
9Ani anbm 3ntenfüa.t unb ~tftig~eh btiSl))?ein/tigtnl
f U} n tS be~~el1, allS bIt (fmpf{nbullg tlbetQ"upt Ullb bel'
(omplt,: berfelbtn, balS ~ t r G' liegt aud) in bm gtlU6bnl
Ud)en ~orfhUungen. - (l1S fit frel)ltd) l'id)tig bU fagen,
bAP \)01' allem balS ~ er. 9 u t Ic"n mtlfft. !l)QU A&e~
bie (tmpfinbuns unb balS ~cri niebt bie iorm fe9, roOI
burct etroG' AllS r.UgI6', fittUd), roA~r, gered)t u. f. f.
118 se re cf) t f er t t 9 t ftl}, unb bit S8erujung Auf ~eri unb
(lmpf{nbung cntlVeber ein nur nld)tlS f"genbelS ober "iel,
mt~r fd>lcd)ttlS I fagrnbelS feo, foUte föl' ~eb nicf>t n6tQts
fe"n erinnert iU lVerben. (f1S fann ftine tri"ialere <!rl
f"brung gtbtll "li bie, bclÖ Cf IVtl1igllenlS gltid>faU6 66fe,
fd)led)U, gottlofe, nieberrdd)tigt u. f. f. (fmpf{nbungen
unb i)erllen gibt; ja baj "UIS ben ~tr5t11 nur ,"old)el'
!'Jnb"lt tommt, ijl in ben $omn QU5gtfprod)ell: ~u,
bcm ~ t l" Cn fommen bertlor argc @etlaufen, rolorb,
flbebrud), ~urerd, l!allerung u. f. f. ~t1 fold)tn Sei,
teu, in welcben balS .f,)er& unI> bit ~mpfinbung bum .tril
urtum bc& @uten, etttlid)en unb 9teligt6jen tlOl\ \llif'
fcnfd>aftltd)tr ~beolo9ic unb l))l)itofopl)te gcmacbt roirb,
- wirb C5 n6cbig an jene tri"ialc ~rfQbrun9 an erinl
nern, eben fo febr a(1S CIS aucb beutig!tag6 n6tbtg ift,
ünbaupt b"ran AU mabnen, baÖ b'Il1S }l) en f t n ba6 Cl il
tc n ft e ift, lVoburd) bel' ro1enicf> ~d) "om ~ieb unter.
fd>cibet, unb bAj cr b"6 Clmpfinben mit bicfem gemein ~"t.
Saf... "'sld" cw4 M baD fnim ~title ange~öri8e,

cigcad)1Üali4 ataf4U4te 3ru,alt bit WOtlt M inq,fin~un8 Cln,
..... , fo ijt ~e Worm ClIf (ol. ~~ eine ~et t'ierif4cJ\ unb
MI' lMlf.li4ea Seele 8n1rinfqm" Nt,cr itnm 31l~ctlt nicf1t ge#
.A;e. ~f m~'fecf1cRbe 4ll)ir4cJl beta ßcißigeJ\ ~n~ctlt uub
M' Cl1IffinbUftQ 6cftdtt bctrin I bClj jener ein an ~ unb ~ für , fiel) 0::
pebacf, ~.~_nbi9cf I ll)Q~rfJaft .t)bjecti~, - bit (fm~n:
Volume T wo,' Anthropology . 155
its own is inseparate from the actual concrete ego,

and this immediate unity of the soul with its sub-
stance and the determinate content of the same
constitutes this inseparability precisely in so far
as the ego is not determined as the ego of con- 5
sciousness, and certainly not as the freedom of
rational spirituality. Ordinary presentations also
make it evident moreover, that the intensity and
firmness with which I possess will, conscience and
character, differ entirely from the intensity and 10
firmness with which I possess sensation in general
or the complex of sensation in the heart. - One is +
of course justified in saying that a good heart is
more important than anything else. One should
not have to be reminded however, that what is 15
religious, ethical, true, just etc. is not justified
by the form of sensation and of the heart, and that
an appeal in this context to the heart or to sensation
is either simply meaningless or downright perni-
cious. Any experience at all will make it evident that 20
sensations and hearts are also evil, bad, godless,
base etc. It has been said moreover, that the heart
alone is the source of such a content: "Out of the
heart proceed evil thoughts, murder, adultery,
fornication, blasphemy etc." During periods in 25 +
which scientific theology and philosophy make
sensation and the heart the criterion of what is
good, ethical and religious, it becomes necessary to
call attention to this elementary lesson of ex-
perience. Nowadays however, it is also necessary 30
to remind people that while man's thinking is the
most characteristic property distinguishing
him from beasts, he has sensation in common with
them. +
Addition. Although the peculiarly human content per- 35

taining to free spirit also assumes the form of sensation, this
form as such is inadequate to that content, since it is com-
mon to the animal as weIl as the human soul. The contra- +
dictoriness of spiritual content and sensation consists in the
former's being a universal which is in and for itself, nec- 40
essary, truly objective, while the latter is something singular-
Me -... .,.. kdnaclte., 3uf4Oiget, dafdtis 6a1jcdtoet

'" 3a wkfmI bie Icttecunlden eeftimaumscR "on bcr .~
~ ....ragt ... 1IIiftG, ~f ..um .if .,. Jura
. . . . . . fdJoa . .aft~ f)It Nt Cl"""ac t»ef'catlicfJ
• 8ma dnet u..iUdkrcn, dnet Set1C1lben, - Slei.icl, .,.
Nffclh ... bell freien <Idtlc, Dbcr «u. 'Cer Sinllen.,lt ~trl
, . . . ~ie 3bcGliflrull9, '»Cf."' MAu; ere n !l4tut Insel
,,"nie ~UfcfJ b'" (fIllPfuDca~ crfqrt, i~ eiDe nocfJ gana
~It., "" bctR \ItUfoMlßCnen luff)tktl ber Unllfttdkr.
fdt ~ ~t. fmt 'ld6mbe. 1)er «n ~ bitfCIR fe~nbell
119 3n~1t entscsensefe,te geifUge Stoff' a&er mirb in ber em\)~nben.
ben etele aa ebtm in 'ocr meife ber Unmltteiarfeit (iriftirenben.
1)« Ilun ba. Un"mnittelte ein ~ereinaeIte' ifi, fo ~at Illlet Cim-
pfunbene 'oie Wonn eine. ~ er ei 11 acl t en. ~ieJ wirb "on ben (fml
,,~nbullgelt bet leu;erli"tlt leicfJt ~u9tstbcn, mu; Clber Quel) \)Oll
btltimp~bunsen 'oe. 3nnerlidJen be~auptd merben. ;snbem
ba' flcifiigc, ba' memünftige, ba' me"tlid)e, SittliefJe unb me~
ligiöfe fit bie Sonn ber (fmp~nbun9 tritt, tr~ält e' bie 8cfiaU
einet SiltnlicfJen, eine' lu;mlnanberliegenbm, eine' Burammm.
I)onatlofen, - klommt ef fomit eine ~tdicfJreit mit bem au.
;erftcfJ W.funbenen, bat Amar nur in (flnaeI~iten, a.~. In
elnadnea Wan, em'funben -..itb, jebod), mie ba' (8eiftige, a n
fIcIJ dn IUge.dne', a. e. Warbe ü6er~upt, entf)äU. ~Ic um·
faffenbm, ~6~ere "atur be. ~eifiigen tritt bll~ ni"t in 'ocr (I~
l'finbung, fonbern erfi im begreifen'oen 1)enfen ~ef\)or. 3n 'ocr mer.
einaelung bet empfunbenen ;sllf1ort~ I~ aber aug1elcIJ feille .3 ufä I
$
ligt eli unb feine einfeitfg fubjeeti'Oe tjorm begTÜnbet. ~Ie Sub.
i et t I" i i ä i ber im\)~nbung mu; nicIJt unbefiimmte~ife barin ~W
fu"t mer~en, 'oa; ber IDlenfd) 'ourd) '00' <impfinben (lma' in
fid) fett, - bemt am!, im ~nftn fett er etma' in fid), - fon#
bem befiimmter Darin, oa; er (it\\)Q~ in feine natürlid)e, unmit#
telbare, einadne I - nid)t in feine fteie I geifijge, allgeacine Sub.
iemttUät fett. 1)iefe n a tür (i d) e Subj«U\)ftAt ifi eine ~dJ ROd)
nicfJi felbfi befiimmenbe I i~rem eigenen @}efe,e folgenbe, auf not~
""nbise Seife fid) bet~ätigen'oe,. fonbent eine "on au,en &e#
tHmmte, an '0 je fe n mOUnt unb an '0 i efe 3eit gebunbene, uon
ized, contingent, one-sidedly subjective. We now propose to

give a summary explication of the extent to which the last-
mentioned determinations have to be predicted of sensation.
As we have already noticed, the essential form of what is
sensed, regardless of its stemming from free spirit or from the 5
sensible world, is that of an immediacy, a being. By being
sensed, that which belongs to external nature undergoes an
idealization which is still wholly superficial, far removed
from the complete sublation of the immediacy of this con-
tent. In the sentient soul however, the spiritual material 10
implicitly opposed to the being of this content becomes an
existent being in the mode ofimmediacy. Now since what is
unmediated is a singularization, everything sensed has the
form of a singularity. This will be readily admitted of the
sensations of what is external, but it has also to be main- 15
tained with regard to the sensations of what is interna!. In
that what is spiritual, rational, lawful, ethical and religious
enters into the form of sensation, it assumes the shape of a
sensuous being, an arranged extrinsicality, a disconnected-
ness. It therefore acquires a similarity to what is sensed 20
externally, which although it is only sensed in singularities,
in single colours for example, resembles what is spiritual by
implicitly containing a universal, colour in general for
example. This is why the more comprehensive, the high er
nature of wh at is spiritual, first occurs not in sensation but in 25
Notional thinking. At the same time however, the contingenry
and the one-sided subjective form of the sensed content are
also grounded in its singularization. The subjectivity of
sensation must be sought not indeterminately in man's
positing something within himseif through sensing, for he also 30
does this in thinking, but more precisely in his positing
something not in his free, spiritual, universal subjectivity,
but in his natural, immediate, singular subjectivity. This
natural subjectivity is not yet a self-determining one, pur-
suing its own laws, activating itselfin a necessary manner, but 35
a subjectivity determined from without, bound to this space
and this time, dependent upon contingent circumstances.
AufWeen Uaaftinbelt abf1ingige. ~urcfl Qkrfe.ung in biefe Sub,

iedi~ttat ~itb bll~ft IlUn 3n~ll't au einem aufAUigtn, uRb erf>4(t
~ftimmun8en, bit nur biefem cmaelnen Subicde cm8c~ören. (i~
ift bcJ~ burcflalt~ un~lltt~llft, ~~ auf frine bloJcn ~1114t~n~
bungen au kmfen. meT !Die, t~ut , Oer am,t fidJ fon Oe..,
WUtn gemeinfamen ~elbe beT ~nbe, bet ~mftM unb Cer eadJe,
in feine elnaelne Subjecti\litöt aunitf, in "'eIdJe , - 'oa biefel&e
120 • ..,qmtl~ !paffitet i~, - bd UnooetftAnbigftc utt'o SdJledJ'
. . ekafo gut, ~ie ba~ tDetftAnbigt unb @atf, ficfl einaubrön'
8CIl ~ .u~ QUem !Diefem er~eUt, baj bie <i.,finbung 'oie
f~ Wem bet (8ei~en 1ft, unb btJ btefef&e ben be~en
3qaIt ~ rann. - 3ugleidJ t~ in ban "'bigen fcflon ents
"..., btJ ber bloJcn (im~finbung ber @egenfllt\ eine~ (imvfißl
bcdaI wal) einet ~funbenm, eine~ Subjedi\len unb eine8 "'b,
fcdi»en IlOdJ fmab bleibt. ~ie Subjeefulitdt ber em~finbenben
Eedt ift tbte fo unarittdkrt, fo unentn)icfelte, eine jo roeniß
" fdbftkftiaamcnbe unb 1Ulterf~enbe, ba, 'oie Seele, tn fofem
tIe aur caq,finbet, iidJ no" nicflt al8 rin einem "'bjectiuen ge$
g~ Subjecti\le~ ttfaji. !Diefer UnterfdJieb ge~ört
a1l bem 8erou;tfe"n an, tritt a1l bann ~tf\)OT, roeM 'oie Seele
au beaa .wftrCldm ~banfm tf}teG ~cfIG, f~reG unenblicflen ijür..
tIcW~n~ gefollllllen ift. mon biefem Unterfcfliebe ~Qben wir ba,
~er a1l in ber !p~Onomenologfe au fvrecflen. 4)ier in ber Wn,
t~tO,ologie ~aben roir nur ben burd) ben ~ n ~ alt ber (inq,iinbung
ßCPnen UnterfdJitb au betTadJtm. !Dieß roirb im folgenbelt
~~n gercfle~en.
§. 401.
* Sa' bie empfinbtnbe eede in fi~ finbet, ift eiunreif'
bat! nattlrlid)e Unmittelbare, altS ill ibr iheU unb ibr bUl
eigen gemad)t. :2(nbmrjttttS wirb umgett~rt batS urfptalngl
* 1827: Wird auf die aus der Einheit, welche Empfindung ist, nachher sich
entwickelnden Unterschiede vom unmittelbaren Seyn der Seele und ihrem
Fürsichseyn Rücksicht genommen, so wird letzteres als in sich vertieft Ich des
Bewußtseyns und freier Geist, hingegen das erstere zur natürlichen Leiblich-
keit bestimmt. Hienach unterscheidet sich ...
Through being transposed into this subjectivity therefore,

all content becomes contingent, and is endowed with deter-
minations pertaining only to this single subject. It is there-
fore quite inadmissable to refer to nothing but sensations.
Whoever does so withdraws from what is common to aIl, the 5
field of reasons, thought and the matter in hand, into his
singular subjectivity. Since this subjectivity is essentially
passive, what is most ununderstandable and worthless is able
to enter there as weIl as what is understandable and worth-
while. It is evident from all this that sensation is the un- 10
worthiest form of what is spiritual, and that the best conte nt
can be marred by it. - At the same time it is already implied
in the above, that the opposition between what senses and
what is sensed, between what is subjective and wh at is
objective, still remains alien to mere sensation. The sub- 15
jectivity of the sentient soul is so immediate, so undeveloped,
so minimal in its self-determination and differentiation, that
in so far as it merely senses, the soul is not yet aware of itself
as a subjective confronting an objective being. This difference
first pertains to consciousness, first emerges once the soul has 20
attained to the abstract thought of its ego, its infinite being-
for-self. It is therefore in Phenomenology that we first have
to speak of this difference. Here in Anthropology we only +
have to consider the difference presented by the content of
sensation, and we shall do so in the following Paragraph. 25 +
* One aspect of what the sentient soul finds within +

itself is the natural immediacy which is in it as of an
ideal nature and which it appropriates. The other
aspect however, that originally pertaining to the
... 1827: If one takes into consideration the differences which subsequently
develop out of the unity constituted by sensation, those between the im-
mediate being of the soul and its being-for-selJ, the latter is determined as in-
wardly deepened, as the ego of consciousness and free spirit, while the latter is
determined into natural corporeity. It is on account of this ...
Ud) bem ~tlr~d'ftl>n, baf i(l, wie ef weirer in ~cf) umieft

3d) bet 0erouptfClJnf unb freier @ei(l i(l, ~llgt~6l'lge, Dur
nQlIlrlicben eei bt t cb fe it be(limmt unb fo empfunbel1 .
.oienad) unttriebeibet füb eine epbAre be.s Clmp~nbtn5, wels
cbe. 6Utt(l 0e(limmung ber ee,blt~feit (bef ~ugtf u. f. f.
alberbQupt jebt.s f6lpedid)tn 'lbeil6) i(l, bie boburcf) Clml
pfinbul19 wirb I bop pe im ~&\rficf)itvn bel' eeele hut tri
* li cf) gem"cbt, er i n n er t wirb, - uni) eine Qnbm <eJpbare
bel' im Q;ei(le ellljprungenen ibm QIlgeb6rigen 0ellimmtbtil
ren, b', um Qlf gcfunbenc tu ie~n, um empful1ben iU \uerl
ben, u er 1e i b I i cf) r werben. eo i(l bie 0e(limmf~tit im
121 ~ubject "lIs in ber eede gefe~t. ~ie bie weitere epect~c,,'
rion jene.s (fmp~nbelus tn bem el}lleme ber einne uorliegt,
fo flJlltmatijiren fief) notbwenbtg aud) bie ~tltimmtb,iten
be5 Clmpfhtben5, bie QU5 bem ~nntrn fommen, unb btren
~,rlciblief)l\ng, 415 in bel' lebmbigen conmr entwiehleen
°
ffiatllrlid)feit gtfe~t I ftll)rt fief) \lad) bem be f t1 ~ e rn ,3111
~$\It ber gti(ligen 5aeihmmung in einem be fon ber n ev'
+ (leme bel' :Org\\l1c belS l!eibelS AUIS.
!i)"6 Clmp~nben tlber~(\upt fit b46 gtfunbe ~itfel

t {)en be6 inbiuibutUen @ellte.s in feiner {!tiblid)feit. ~tc
einne pnb bQ5 einfad)e elJltem bel' fpecificirttn st6rpel'l
ltd,Eeit; a) bie p()l}fifcl)e.s be" 1i tAt btrf&Ut in ~I\lel, rutil
* r827: (Daß der Inhalt ferner im geistigen Bewußtseyn zur Anschauung

einer objectiven Welt u.s.f. wird, gehört noch nicht hieher.) Auf der andern
Seite wird die im Geiste entsprungene, ihm zuerst angehörige Bestimmtheit,
um empfunden zu seyn, verleiblicht. So als Empfindung ist sie in dem Subject
als unmittelbarer, natürlicher Einheit mit sich, in ihm als Seele gesetzt.
(Daß der geistige Inhalt ferner vom geistigen Bewußtseyn zu seiner ver-
nünftigen Objectivität bestimmt wird, fällt gleichfalls in spätere Entwick-
lung.) Zunächst solcher Inhalt auf jene Weise verleiblicht und zu einem
Unmittelbaren gemacht, erscheint er so als Bestimmtheit der Empfindung dem
Bewußtseyn zunächst als ein Vorgefundenes, Gegebenes. Aber die Verleiblichung
ist als in der lebendigen concret entwickelten Natürlichkeit selbst concret,
und nach dem besondern Inhalt der geistigen Bestimmung führt sie sich in
einem besondern Systeme oder Organe des Leibes aus.
t Der Rest des Paragraphen erstmals r830.
being-for-self which when further deepened within

itself is the ego of consciousness and free spirit, is
determined as natural corporeity and therefore
sensed. It is on ac count of this that while one sphere
of sentience distinguishes itself principally as the 5
determination of corporeity (of the eye etc., of the
parts of the body in general), and becomes sensation
in that it is recollected, internalized within the
being-for-self of the soul, * - another distinguishes
itself as the determinatenesses which have originated 10
in and pertain to spirit, and which are embodied in
order to be as if they had been found, or sensed. It is
thus that determinateness is posited in the subject
as in the soul. Just as the further specification ofthis
sentience is to be seen in the system of the senses, so 15
also is there a necessary systematization in the
determinatenesses of sentience which proceed from
within. As posited within living and concretely
developed naturality, their embodiment works itself
out, in accordance with the particular content of 20
the spiritual determination, in a particular system
or organ of the body.
In general, sentience is the individual spirit living

in healthy partnership with its corporeity.t The
senses are the siInple system of specified cor- 25
poreality. I) Since physical ideality is immediate
... 1827: (Subsequently, the content becomes the intuition of an objective

world etc., but this is not yet the place for this). Nevertheless, the deter-
minateness which has arisen in spirit, and which at first belongs to it, is
corporealized in order that it may be sensed, and it is thus that as sensation it
is posited within the subject as immediate, natural self-unity, as soul. (It also
falls within later development that the spiritual content should be further
determined by spiritual consciousness into its rational objectivity.) Initially
therefore, such content, as corporealized in this manner and made into an
immediate being, appears as a determinateness of sensation, and to conscious-
ness as something encountered, given. In that it is within living, concrete,
developed naturality however, the corporealization is itself concrete however,
and in accordance with the particular content of the spiritual determination,
works itself out within a particular system or organ of the body.
t Rest ofthe Paragraph first published 1830.
In l~~ AltS unmiuel&AfC~ nocf) nid)t fu&jecti"e~ 3beAlitAe

bc~ Unte~fd)i.b AI5 93 e~ f cf) i c b cn ~ c t t crfd)etnf, b' e
+ ein"c belS bftlimmten .eicf)u (vergi. §. 817. ff.) unb
~e • .t la n g. (§. 300.). b) !l)ie bitferente 9tealitAt tft
fog(eid) für ~d) eine gebooptlte, - bie einne bu QSu
fud)' unb QSefcbmac!5 (§. 321". 322.); c) be~ einn bel'
ge~ie9tntn 9tc"Utat, ber fd)weren gnatcri., ber 9BArme
(§. 303.) I ber QSejlalt (§. 310.). Um beh gnittelpunrt
bcr ernpfinb,nb,n .;)nbl"ibu4IitAt orblun Pd) biere epecil
ficationcu dnfad)er, 41f in btr I!nt"'ictlung bt~ nAu1rl
li~tn St6rperlid)felt.
Si)u e" jl c m be. innern (fmpfinbmf in felnn fief)
verlt,~licf)enbtll SZ; t fon bt run 9 wAre wtlrbig In eintr
eigcntbtlmlid)tn 5!Fljfenfcbqft, - tin er phcbifd)en
* 'J) b \] f I 0 I 0 9 i C, AU5gcfiibrt unb A&ge()Qnbtlt iU werbeR.
(ftwa6 \)on einer SZ;eaicbul1g bieftr 2(rt ClUbAlt fd)on bie
tmpfinbung ber 2(ngtmejfenbeit ober Ullangemejfcllbeit
einer unmittd&"ren ~mpfillbulllj au bem für fiel) betlimm,
ten nnlllid)m .3 11 n ern, - b4' 2( n 9 t ne bme ober U n'
ClII gen ebm e; ",ie "ud) bie 6 etll mm t e 93e~g(eid)ung
'm el) mh lt f tr en ber {fmpfinbungen i. SZ;. "on WArl
r.
6en, ~6nen, 0JcrAd)cn u. f. lC~cr Cf ",Arbe bic intes
rcfl"anteftr edte einer pf.,dllfcf)en 'J)6"fio(ogle fn,n, ntcf)C
~te &loje e"mpatbie fon 'ern 6etlimmter bie 93 er le n,
11 d).u 11 g IU 6etrad)ten, ",dd)e nd> geitllge SZ;e(timmttn,
122 Jen ttttSbefonbCl'e altS ~ffccu ge&en. ~. ",Are ~er SUf
fannnfl1bang an ~e!Jrcifrn, burdJ ",dd)cn ber SOrtl unb
~urb In bet" SZ;rujl, im ~Iute, Im irritabeln e,,(ttm-e,
",ie ffi4cbbenfttl, geitlige ~tfd}&ftiglll1g im Stopfe bem
(en&rum bclS ftnp&tln e"fhmtlS empflltlbtn ltlir~. (f.
",Are ein grllnblid)ms ~trtlAnbl1iö altS &i6()(r tlber Me
'tf4l1nttjltn Buiammmbdnge au fofTen, butd) ltleld)t "on
'er eetlt boerau", bie ~brane, bit eiUmmr al&erbaupt,
,,6~u bie ®prod)e, t!ad)en, eicllfaen, unb baun tiOO)
* 1827: Die äußern Sinne werden längst für sich als Beziehungen leiblicher
Gebilde auf ihre besondern Empfindungen, betrachtet, nämlich auf deren
unmittelbaren Inhalt, z.B. Licht, Farbe, Ton u.s.f. Ein Anderes ist die
weitere zunächst oberflächliche Vergleichung und Empfindung der Angem-
essenheit. ..
and not yet subjective, difference appears in it as

variety, and it falls apart into the two senses of
determinate light (cf. § 317 ff.) and of sound
(§ 300). 2) For itself, the differentiable reality is
direcdy duplicated as the senses of smell and 5
taste (§§ 321,322).3) There is also the sense of solid
reality, of weighted matter, of heat (§ 303) and of
shape (§ 310). These specifications arrange them- +
selves around the centre of sentient individuality
more simply than they do in the development of 10
natural corporeality.
It would be worth treating and developing the
system of inner sentience in its self-embodying
particularization as a distinct science, as a
psychic physiology.* Already in the sense of 15 +
what is pleasant or unpleasant, of the corres-
pondence or otherwise of an immediate sensation
with sensuous internality determined for itself,
there is something of a relation ofthis kind, as there
is in the determinate comparison involved in the 20
symbolization of sensations, in that of colours,
tones, smells for example. However, the most
interesting aspect of a psychic physiology would
be not the consideration of mere sympathy, but the
more specific investigation of the embodiment 25
assumed by spiritual determinations, especially
as affections. One would have to comprehend the +
connectedness involved in anger and courage being
sensed in the breast, the blood, the system ofirrita-
bility, in the same way as meditation, spiritual 30
activity, is sensed in the head, the centre ofthe
system ofsensibility. Onewould have to establish
a more thorough understanding of the best known
of the connections in accordance with which tears,
the voice in general and more especially language, 35
* 1827: It is long since that the externat senses have been considered for them-
selves as relations of bodily formations to their particular sensations, that is to
say to their immediate content, e.g. light, colour, sound etc. Another factor
is the further and initially superficial comparison and sensation of the
correspondence ...
Itele (lUllcre 'Pluticulllrif"tionen ~d) bUben, bie gegen

'Ge 'PatC)oJllomifcf)e- unb '))(}l)~ogllomifd)e DU liegen. ~ie
~il1gt\t)eibe unb Organe \t)trbtn in ber 'P{)l}no(ogie a(~
m~omcnte nur be~ \lnimalifcf)tn Orglll1i~mtlS bmQd)tef,
.rm fit bUbe" bug(~icb ein e.,fhin ber m~rlelb(jcf>ung
'Cf @djiigtn, unb nb4lte/\ ~itburd} nod> Chlt g411& "MI
'~rt SDcutung.
Jaf.'. :Dn 3nf}cllt bn tllI.,finbung ift tn""ebn ein ClUe
bn "'~lt fhumaenba, ober ein bcm 30eftn ba Seele Clnge~
1)kißcr; bie tlnq,finbung Cllf0 entweba rine Au ~ n li d) e ober eine
t R ne r 1i dJ e. ~ie lqtm .rt bn ~finbungen ~Qbtn ~ir ~i(f
m in fofem iU kitacJ,"n, Gle biefd&en ~ ~erIcibffdJen; nad>
...
bcr edte ~m 3tmcrfidJfdt faUm fie in ba' ~id bn ~f,,~
licIJ
~"ß finb bie 4u~nli.n crm.,fiQungen auef~lftfi~
fJtsatttab ba ~ro.,olosie.
~d !lidJfte, ~. ~it ü&er bie tI~finbun8cR bn Itot8e~
nGlUltal 8rt au fogen ~.n, - ift, baJ ~lt bkfel&en burd}
bie MfcJ,fcbentn Si nn e n~alten. 1)a. _finbenbe 1ft ~iedlei
»on cntfat &efämmt, - bCl' ~ri~t, - frine ~iblidJfdt ~iTb ~on
etlN. leuJcrficfJem beftimmt. ~ie MfcfJicbencn IDrifen biefe6
lkftimmijft1d -6Ien bie Mfefltebenen äuJertn ~ml'finbungtlt
ClU'. 3e'oe fol. lIctf~benc !Beife ift eine aUgemeine IDlöglid)~
ftit be. ~d, ein ,lrei. \)on einadDen C!ml'finbun~
sen. So entf,alt, aum ~fl'id, bClf Se~en bfe un~mmte 9)lög<
li~frit 'Oielfo.cfJet f}cfidJt'elllJlf{nbungcn. ~ ClUge_ine 9latur
'Oe' Hf"lten 3nbitli'Duumf ,eigt ~~ aucf1 barin, 'Da; 'DClffdbe in
123 lien bepimmten 2Bdfm be~ C!m~~nbtn8 ni~t an d~a~ ~inid~
ne~ gebunben ift I fOnbetll rinen .itrei6 tlon ~inatltl~eitm umfajt .
.t~nnte i~ ~ingegm nur ~Iaue~ fef)en, fo ~äre liiefe ~efd}rän:
fung eine .Qualität tlon mir. ~ber bCl id}, im CBtgtnfate 9~gen
bie notüdid)en Xlinge, t-a~ in ber lBejlimmt~eit bei fi~ felber
fe"enbe WUgemdne bin, fo fe~e id) ilbel'~aupt garbigee, ober ~iel:
me~r bte fämmtlid)en ~erfcf1ieben~eittn be~ tjaT&igen.
1)ie Cllrgemeinen 2Btifen 'De~ ~ml'~nben6 beaief)en fid) auf
bie in bcr 9latur~~ilofo~l)ie ale not~~enbig an er~eifenben i)er~
f"'iebenen ,~~fifCl(jfd)en unb d)emifd)en ~eftimmt~titen be~ ~Cl'
laughter and sighs, as weIl as many other partieu-

larizations bordering upon the subjeet matter of
pathognomy and physiognomy, form themselves
from the soul. In physiology the intestines and
organs are treated only as moments of the animal 5
organism, but they also constitute a systematic
embodying of what is spiritual, and so co me in for
quite another interpretation. +
Addition. Since the content of sensation either sterns from

the extern al world or pertains to the inwardness of the soul, 10
sensation is either exterior or interior. Here we have to con-
sider sensations of the latter kind only in so far as they
embody themselves; in their inward aspect they fall within the
domain of psychology. Exterior sensations are, however,
exdusively the subject-matter of Anthropology. 15
The first thing to be observed of sensations of the latter
kind is that we receive them through the various senses.
That which senses is therefore determined from without,
which me ans that its corporeity is determined by something
external. The various modes of being thus determined con- 20
stitute the various exterior sensations. Each such various
mode is a general possibility of being determined, a cyde of
single sensations. Sight, for example, contains the indeter-
minate possibility of a multiplicity of visual sensations. The
universal nature of the anima ted individual also displays 25
itself in that in the specific modes of sentience it is not bound
to something singular, but embraces a cyde of singularities.
If I could only see what is blue however, this limitation
would be a quality of my being. But in contrast to natural
things, I am the universal which is with itself in determin- 30
ateness, and I therefore see what is coloured in general, or
rather the whole variegated range ofwhat is coloured.
The general modes of sentience are mediated by the
various sense-organs, and relate to the various physical and
chemical determinatenesses of what is natural, the necessity 35
tiidtcl)m, Dllb iinb bur4) bie \lCTf4)iebenen einneforgo1te ~mnü#

telt. ~a6 ü"",G~t bie "...,finbuae bee leujerll.n in fo(4)e
»erf4febene, 9C8en dncmber Sldd)gültige IBdfClt beI ~finben,
autdnanbet faut, - ~ae liest in bet' WGtat ~ 3n~t', ba
biefet dn flnnU",", bat Einnltd)e aHr .tt bena Eicf1f~Jer#
If4en fo f'1non.m 1ft, ba; felbft ble innmid)en CI.~llbunQen
btmIJ I~r einanbet leu;crlid)ft'1n au d'~G' SinnU" ~etbell.
."ruIR \Vif nun aHr serabe bie betonnten fü n f Einne, -
n'4t me~r unb nid)t "'enlgn, unb eben biefe fo ttntcrf_nen
- ~, ba~on am; in ber ,,~"ofo.,.ifd)en ~etradJtu.. bie \)Cfl
.niinftise 9lot._nbfsfrit nacfHJe~iefen ~et'ben. ~itj 9efcfJie~t,
inbem ~r ble Einne 01' !I>arl'tellungen ber l'egritftmomentt faf#
fen. !I>Iefer !lomente iinb, ~ie ~ir ~Iffen , nur bre i. IM
bie Wünfa~l ber einne reb1lan tt.. gaft& nat6ditfl auf brei Jtlaf#
fell 'Oon einnen. ~Ie ctflt \l)it'b "on ben einnen ber .,~"ttfd)ell
3bealit«t, - bie ameite 'Oon benen bet realen !I>iffeuna
ge&ilbet; in bie britte taut ber $in bet irbifd)ell Xotaliti t.
Ilt 1).llwaeen ber "esdtftmomente -tren biefe blei
Jtlaffcn, iebc '" ttcO felber, eine ~., t a li t ä t bUben. Wun ent~lt
Gber bie erfte Ilaft'e ben elnn be. dflrad Ills_nen, bef ab.
'Clllft bG~ .in

{trad 3beeUen, cdfo bef n~t ,"~r~aft X.tGlen. !I>ie Xotlllitit
nid)t Gf' eine coJUrde, fonbm D1II': alt dn,
ou;creiAallbcrfalenbe, 01' d.e in fid) feUJer t1Ita~eite, In a1lI ei
124 dftnete Domente "ertr~eUte 'O~anbm rtt1n. !I>ejroegen umfa~t
bK nflc .ttIaffe amei <Sinne, - ba' S e~ en unb ba' .p Öl' en.
ßür bat Stf}en iit ba' 3bedlt 01' ein einfatfl ttd) auf fid) ~e#
5ie~mbe', - für bll' @e~ör 01. ein bllrd) bie ~r9ation bee IDla~
tertellen tid) .pmorbtingenbet. - !I>ie anH it e Jtlotfe fteat, af~
bidt("ffe ~r !I>ifferena, bie \Sp~lire bt' ~ to ce ff e~, ber ed)ei~
bung unb tlu~öfung ber eonmten Jtö~edi~feit bor. ~1I' ber
~ftimnnmg ber !I>iffmnJ folgt aber fogleid) eine !I>op~e1~eit ber
Sinne ~efer .Illlffe. Xlie a~eite ,I(atfe ent~li(t ba~er ben Sinn
bet ~efU~~ ab beG @efd)macf'. 3ener ift ber Sinn be~ ab-
{trcKttn, - ~efer ber Sinn beG eonerettn ~rocetfe', l)ie britte
.tlttre enbli" begreift nur (! i n en \SInn, - ba' @ efü ~ (, -
ft)d( N' Q1Jtfü~ bcr \Sinn »er eonereten ~otalität i~.
Volume Two: Anthropology 167
ofwhich has to be demonstrated in the Philosophy ofNature. +

It is on account of its content's being of a sensuous nature
that the sensation of wh at is external generally falls apart
into such various and mutually indifferent modes of sentience.
Wh at is sensuous is synonymous with what is self-external 5
to such an extent however, that even the interior sensations,
in that they are mutually external, become somewhat
sensuous.
Now although it is known that we have precisely five
senses, and that neither more nor less are to be distinguished, 10
philosophical consideration demands the demonstration of
the rational necessity of this, which is demonstrated in that
we grasp the senses as representing moments of the Notion.
Although there are, as we know, only three such moments,
the quintuplicity of the sens es reduces itself quite naturally 15
to three dasses. The first of these is formed by the senses of
physical ideality, the second by those of real differentiation, while
the sense of terrestrial totality falls into the third.
As representations of the moments of the Notion, each of
these three dasses must in itself form a totality. Now the first 20
dass contains the sense of that which is abstractly universal,
which is abstractly of an ideal nature, and which is therefore
not truly total. Consequently, what is total can be present
here not as a concrete but only as a disintegrating totality,
which is internally divided and distributed between two 25
abstract moments. The first dass therefore embraces two
senses, - sight and hearing. That which is of an ideal nature
has being for sight as a simple self-relation, and for hearing
as something bringing itself forth through the negation of
wh at is material. - The second dass is that of differentiation, 30
and so represents the sphere of process, of the separation and
dissolution of concrete corporeality. On account of the
differential determination, the senses of this dass are directly
duplicated. The second dass contains the sense of smell and
taste, the former being the sense of the abstract the latter that 35
of the concrete process. Finally, the third dass indudes only +
one sense, that of feeling, since this is the sense of concrete
totality. +
JBetra4ten \l)ir itot 'Oie tillAeInen Sinne etnl~ nQ~er.

~a~ (8efi~t iP 'oer Sinn 'oeeienigen \)~\)fifd}en 3beenen,
\l)dd1ee \l)it 'Oa~ ~ i ~ t nennen. mon biefem fönnen roir fagen,
'oa; 'oafl"dk glddJfena 'on l'~t>fifalifdJgeroorbene mau m fe~. :Denn
ba~ !i~ ~ , tDie ber 9taum, ein Untrennbare~, ein ungetnibt
~eUd, 'oie aijohlt k~immung~lofe (ll'tcnfion, o~ne aUe me.
flmon in fldJ, - in fofem o~ne 3nnerlidJfeit. l)06 ~idJt ma1
nifefürt In'om~, - bi~ !Jlanifefliren ma~t fein 2Befen aue;
- akr in fidJ fefber i~ e~ abftrade 3bentität mit fief>, 'oae in-
~a1~ M !Iatur felber ~eroortretenbe @egent~etl 'oe0 ~ußer.
rin'"'Mfe~nt bn ~atur, alfo 'oie immaterielle IDlaterie. :Darum
lrifkt tat ~idJt feinen !.\ibel'Panb, ~Qt e~ feine SdJranfe in fid),
'oe~nt ~ tid} Rad} aUen E>eiten in'e Ungemeffene QU~, f~ ee ab.
folut lei~t, taq,on'oeraM. ~ur mit 'oiefe. i'otellen ~(emente,
unb lIIit 'oeffen XritUJlg bur" 'oa~ ~ i n ~ er e, - bQ6 ~dßt -
arit bef \J arb e, ~at bQ~ @eti~t e~ au t~un. ~ie tJarbe iP '000
@efd)ene, '008 ~id}t bae ~ftttl bee Se~en~. ~a0 eigcntlidJ
~Qttriene bfr .Iörverli~teit 'Dagegen oe~t un~ beim Set,en nod)
n~t8 an. ~ie @~!1elt~änbe / 'oie wir fe~en, fönnen baf)er fern
.,on unt fe\)n. ~ir ~err,ruten une babei au 'Den :l)ingcu gleidJfallt
125 nur t~eOrdifd), ltod) nid)t vraftifdJ; benn roir la;fen 'oicfelben
beim ee~Cll rll~is ale ein 6e~en'Oee berte~en, linD be!ie~en une
nur auf i~re ibeeUe eeite. ~egen bkfer Unab~~usigfcit bee
@efid}t8 ~on 'ocr cigentlid)cn .störl>trlid)fcit fann man baffdbc l'cn
ebd~en Sinn nennen. 2tltl)ererieit~ ift bll~ @ttttfJt eIn fd)r un-
~oUfommener Sinn, weil burd) benfclben 'Cer Jtörl>ef nid)t \l(~
räumlid)e ~otalitat, nid)t al~ ,ftör\)et', fonbern immer nur nlö
tJläd)e, nm lind, ben beibett :Dimentionen ber ~rcite unb .pö~t
\mmittelbar an une fommt, l:nb roir erft 'onburdj, baß tt'ir une
gegen ben Jtör\)tr \lerfd)itbene Stanb\)unfte gebeu, benfdben nad}
tinallber in aUen feinen 1>imenfionen, in feiner totalen @e~uU
au fe~en befommen. Urf\)ninglidJ erfd)dllen, - wie wir alt bert
Jtinbem beobadJten fönnen, - beln @efid}te, eben ~ej( ce 'oft
~iefe nid)t unmittelbar ffe~t, 'oie entfernte~ell ~egenfbinbe mit ben
nädJften auf <Riner unb berfelben ~(äd}c. ~r~, in'oem roir be:
merlen, ba~ bel' burd) 'oae @efü~( roa~rg(nommenen ~iefe ein
Let us now consider the single senses more closely.

Sight is the sense of light, that is, of a physical being which
is of an ideal nature. Light may be said to be physicalized
space as it were, for like space it is indivisible, being of an
ideal nature and undimmed, being extension absolutely 5
devoid of determination, without any intro-reHection, and
to this extent devoid of internality. That which is other than
light is made manifest by it, and it is this manifesting which
constitutes the essence of light; in itself it is however imma-
terial matter, abstract self-identity, the opposite of nature's 10
juxtaposition emerging within nature itself. This is why light
offers no resistance, has within itself no limit, extends
illimitably in all directions, is absolute levity, imponderable. +
Sight is involved only with the ideal nature of this element
and with the dimming of it by means of darkness, in other 15
words with colour. Colour is what is seen, light is the medium
of vision. In vision however, we are not yet concerned with +
the proper material being of corporeality. The general
objects we see can therefore be remote from us, so that we
relate ourselves to things merely theoretically as it were, and 20
not yet practically; for when we see things we leave them
alone as a subsistent being and merely relate ourselves to
that aspect of them which is of an ideal nature. It is on
account of sight's being thus independent of corporeality
proper, that it may be said to be the noblest ofthe senses. On 25
the other hand, it is a very imperfect sense, because by means
ofit the body always presents itselfto us merely in accordance
with the two dimensions of breadth and height, that is, as a
surface, and not as the spatial totality of a body. It is only by
assuming various standpoints in respect of the body, by 30
seeing it successively in all its dimensions, that we get a
view of its total shape. It may be observed in children that +
in the first instance, and precisely because seeing is not
immediately seeing in depth, the most distant general objects
appear with the nea-rest on one and the same surface. It is 35
only in that we notice that the depth we are aware of
~unfe[e~, ein S ~ a tt en entf~ri~t, fommtn ~ir bal)in, baß ~it

Da, ~o un~ ein S~tten tid}tbaf ~irb, eine !tiefe au fe~en
glauben. ~amit ~äillJt aufammen , ba; ",ir ba~ ~11Q~ bet &n~
fernung bet Jtörpet nid)t unmittdbat but<f1- ba~ @e~~t ~a~t#
ne~men, fonbern nUf au~ bem Jt[einefs o'oer fJrö;em(d}einen
'oer @egen~anbe erf~Uetien fönnen.
~em @e~~t I a(~ bem Sinue bet innerlid)ldt~(ofen 2'oeaU,.
tät, fte~t ba0 @e~ Öl ale bef Sinn 'oef reinen ~nnedicf}frit be~
Jtör~did)ell gegenüber. mie ~~ 'oae ®e~~t auf ben p~~~fa~
Iifd1 ge~orbenen ataum, - auf ba& ~id1t, - beaie~t, fo be&fe~t
~d) ba~ @e~ör auf bie l'~~~falif~ se~or'oene .3 eit, _. auf 'cen.
X 0 n. ~enn bet lon iit ba~ 3eitU~ef~t\l)er'oen bet .töq,er.
lid)feit I bie ~e\l)e9uftS, bae S~\l)ingen be& .lö~~ in fidJ fe(l
ber I - ein (iraittem, eine me~anif. Wrf~ütteruns, bei n>dcr,er
ber .törl'er, o~ne feinen rdati'Otn .ort, a(~ ganaet otöq,er, Ms
änbern au müffen, nut feine Xl}eUe be~e9t I feine innm ~dum
lid)feit aeitlid) fett, alf" fein 8Itid)8ültige~ ~utiereinan'Derft~n
126 au~ebt, unb Dutd] biefe Wu~ebun9 feine reine ~nllerlfd)feit ~cr'
~ometm 1&;t, aue bet obetflä~(fd)en ~eränberung , \»e1~e er
tlmcr, 'oie mc~anifd)e &rfd)üUerung erlitten ~at, iid, iebo~ un.
mittdbar ",leber ~ertleUt. ~at\ IDlebhtltt aber, burd) n>eld]e~ bet
Xon an unfrr @e~ör fommt, ift nid}t b!ll~ ba& ij[emellt ber ~uft,
fottbetn, in nocr, ~ö~mm IDlaa~e, 'oie a~ifcr,en un& unb 'Dem
tönenben @egenftan'oe be~nblid)e tonerde Jtötl'erHd)feit, aum ~ei·
f~id, bie ~be, an roel~e ge~alten, 'oa~ .o~r mituntet .tanona<
ben \lernommen ~at, \lie 'Durd) bie b(o~e ~ermitt(ung ber ~uft
ni~t ge~ött \»erben fonnten.
~ie Sinne bet a~ ei t en .I[affe treten in ~eaie~ung aut re e[ <
htt Jrötl'tflicr,feit. Sie ~Qben ~ aber mit 'oiefer nod) nid}t in
fofern 6lt t~un, (1[& biefd6e für ~d} ift, mi'oerftanb ld~et, fon.
bm nur in fofm biefe pd} in i~rer Wuflöfung be~n'od, in ~ren
~ r 0 Ce~ einge~t. ~ttfer ~rOCtti ift et\\)a~ 9lot~",enbige&. laer<
bin9~ roer'oen 'oIe ,tötl'er &um X4ei( burd) du~er[jd)e, aufäUige
t1rfacr,en aetftört; aber (luper biefem aufdUigtn Untergange ge~en
bie Jrötl'(t burd} i~te eigene ~atur unter, \lerae~ret1 pe ftd} fel-
ber, - fe!lod} fo, 'oil~ i~t merbetben 'Dm Sd)dn ~at, ~on au,
through feeling corresponds to a darkness or shadow, that we

begin to visualize depth where we see shadow. It follows
from this that we do not perceive the extent of a body's
distance immediately, through sight, but can only infer
distance from what appears to be the relative size of objects 5
in general. +
In contrast to sight, which is the sense of ideality without
internality, hearing is the sense of the pure inwardness of
corporality. Just as sight relates to light or physicalized
space, so hearing relates to tone, or physicalized time. For in 10 +
tone, corporeality becomes posited temporally as motion, as
an internal oscillation of the body, a vibration, as a me ch-
anical shock through wh ich the body as a whole moves only
its parts without having to alter its relative place, sublates its
indifferent juxtaposition by positing its inner spatiality 15
temporally, and by this sublation allows its pure inwardness
to emerge from the superficial alteration brought about by
the mechanical shock, before immediately restoring itself.
However, the medium tl:rough which tone re ach es our
hearing is not simply the element of air, but to a still greater 20
extent the concrete corporeality situated between us and the
sounding object. It has sometimes happened for example,
that by holding the ear to the ground, cannonades which
have beeil inaudible through the mediation of the air alone,
have been detected by me ans of the earth. 25
The senses of the second dass enter into relation to cor-
poreality which is of a real nature. They are involved with it
only in so far as it is dissolving and ente ring into its process
however, and not yet in so far as it is for itself and offers
resistance. This process is a matter of necessity. To so me 30
extent, of course, bodies are destroyed by external, con-
tingent causes. Apart from this contingent destruction how-
ever, they also perish by their own nature, by consuming
themselves, while seeming however to derive their dissolu-
tion from without. The process by which vegetable and 35
". an fie ~nanaufommen. So i~ ~ bie ~l1ft, bU1'cf} betm fit"'

ltIIftmg bn ~oet; be. ~Uen, unmerfbGren eid)~tfJtfgen~
aUer .tö~r, ~f \8nbuften ber uegdabtfif.n unb ber anfanat"
fd}en 8ebifbe entfte~t. DbgleitfJ nun fo\Vo~( ber QJ u u cfJ \Vie ber
QJ ef cfJ. 0 cf &u Der ~d) Guflöfenbtn .töfllnIfd)feit in ~afe~un8
ftef)cn, fo untnf.ibtn ~cf) biefe beibtn '@SiRne ' 0. einanbcr b~
baburcf), ~a, ber @erud) ben Jtöq,er in bem dpucten, einfa~
dJen, unbrftimmten ~rOCttfe ber merflüd)tigung ober lkrbuftuns
_fingt, - bet @cfd)macf ~insesen auf ben reatm Cl'ncreten
"oee; be~ Jt&flIer0 unb auf bie in biefe. ~toct; f)mortrden,
ben d>emif~ "eftimmt~eittn bef eÜ;tn, bt~ "itteren , be~
.tafid)ten, bff Saueren unb be~ Salaigtn ptfJ be5ie~t. &im.'
fd)macf mirb rin unmittelbare' tkrli~rm bt6 @egenftonbe. nöt~ig,
\Va~rtnb felb~ nod} oer @tmd)ffinn einer fo(~ ~trii~run9 nicfJt
127 bebarf, biefdbe aber beim .p~rcll nod, weniger lI~t~)ig tft Ußb I
bdm St~en gar Iiid]t ftattfjnt'ct.

~it bri tt e -«(affe entl)ält, mit f~on {limeTft, 11ur '[Im ~incn
einn bt0 @e fü ~ 10. ~n fofern biefe6 \.\orncl)mlid, in ten ~in
gern feinen Sf~ ~at, nennt man baffdbe aud} ten laftfinll. l)a~
@ef6~1 i~ ber conmtefte aUer Sinne. !l)enn feine untcrfd)icbenc
meftn~eft bepe~t in ber ~eKlel,u119, - \ueber auf ba0 abflract
aUgtmdne ober ibeeUe ~~~fifalifd}e nod) auf bie fic&. fd}eitenben
I
~~mmt~etten be~ ,tötllerlid}en, - fOnbtrn auf bie geblegme

~ealität be" ~e,terell. ijrft für ba" @e~l~( ift ba~er dgClltlld}
ein für M, beftd,enbee .nbm~, ein fiir ~d} fe\)enbee ~ltbi't)i.
blteUe~, gegenüber bem (iml'~nbenbelt a(0 einem gleid}faUe für
~d) fe~enben 3n'Oi'OibueUen. 3n baö @efü~{ faUt beß~a(b bie !ltfec·
tion ber 15 d) mete, - ba6 ~ei9t, - 'Oer lJefud,ten &in~eit ~er
für Pd, be~arrenben, nid}t in ben ~rocep ber 11t~öfl1itg einge-
~enben, fonbern mJiberftal1'[) Idfttnbtn .«örl>er. Ueberf)Qul't i~
fl'tr baG @efü~( bae materielle ~ürftd}fe\'It. 3u ben 'Oerfd}iebelttll
!Beifen bie.fe~ ~ü111~re~n0 se~ört aber nid)t nur ba" @ewid>t,
fonbern aud} bie Irt ber (S: 0 ~ ä fion, - bn~ -6arte, 'Oa" 9Beid}e,
bae Steife, ba" Spröbe, ba" stauge ba" @(atte. 3ugltid) mit
I
ber &t~anenbtn, feften .«öq,erlid}feit i~ jebod} filr 'Oa~ @efü~l

muet, bie 9legatn,ttdt 'Ot0 IDlatmeUtn ale eine0 für ~d} ~efte~en~
animal formations transpire, the gradual and indiscernible

self-volatilization of all bodies, is brought about through the
action of air. Now although both smell and taste relate to self-
dissolving corporeality, these senses are distinct from one
another in that whereas smell is susceptible to the abstract, 5
simple, indeterminate process of the body's volatilization, or
transpiration, taste involves itself with the real, concrete
process of the body, and with the chemical determinatenesses
of sweetness, bitterness, alkalinity, acidity and saltiness
occurring within this process. Taste necessarily involves 10
immediate contact with the general object; even in the case
of smell there is no need for such contact however, and while
it is still less of a necessity in hearing, it is quite absent in
sight. +
As has already been observed, the third dass contains only 15
the one sense, that offeeling, which in so far as it is located
principally in the fingers, is also called touch. Feeling is the
most concrete of all the senses. It is essentially distinct in that
it relates neither to the abstractly universal nor to the ideal
nature of what is physical, nor yet to the self-separating de- 20
terminateness of corporality, but rather to the solid reality of
the latter. Strictly speaking, therefore, it is only for touch
that there is a self-subsistent other, an individual being-for-
self confronting the corresponding being-for-self of the
sentient individual. This is why feeling is affected by gravity, 25
that is, by the unity sought by the body which persists in its
being-for-self, and offers resistance instead of entering into
the process of dissolution. In general, feeling is concerned
with material being-for-self. The various modes of this being-
for-self involve not only weight b1,lt also cohesion of various 30
kinds, - hardness, softness, rigidity, brittleness, roughness,
smoothness. Feeling is concerned not only with firm and +
persistent corporeality however, but also with heat, which is
the negativity of material being as a subsistent being-for-
llcn, - n&mltdJ 'oie mär Itl e. ~uref) biefe mir'o 'oie f\)edfifdJe
Slf1mm unb 'oie (io~änon ber .Iö"n \)etAn'on1. ~icfe ~erdnl
bemng betrifft fomtt ~lleienige, mobufdJ 'ocr .Iörvet mefentliclJ
.Iö~r i~. 3n fofnn fllnn man ba~tr fllgtlt, 'oll; aud,) in ber
Itfection 'on manne 'oie scblcgene .töq,etUef)feit für 'oae <8eft1~1
fetJ. tin'oltd) fdUt nod) 'oie @ eft Cli t nCld) t~ren brei ~imenfionm
'oem QJe~1 4n~lm; 'oma t~m ge~ört ibn~au"t 'oie nwef)llnifdpe
~t~ett "oUftöabig att.
lu;er ben angegebenen qua Ii t a tf \) Cn Unrerfd}it'Oen ~l1ben
'oie Sinne Iluef) eine q11 antU 11 ti\) e ~frimmung 'Oe~ (imvfinben~,
dne Starre o'oer Sd)ma"'e beffelben. ~ie Quantität erftf}C'int ~ter
128 r
lIot~mmbig ClIIS in te n b e (3röJe, meil 'oie Claq,fin'oung eiß
CiinfCld)elS ift. eD ift, aum ~eifviel, 'oie (illQ)finbung belS \)on
einet ~mmten IDlaffe Iluf ben Qtefü~llSfinn QuegcDten ~tucfe~
_aO ~ntenn'Oe~, obgleidJ biej 3ntenfitle lludJ menjil), - nlld)
DClIl;en, ~fun't'cn u. f. \1). - eriftitt. ~ie qUllntitllti\)C 15eite
'on Ciml>finbung bidet aber ber v~ilofov~ifd)en 0etrllef)tung, felb~
in fofem fein 3ntereffe bilr, ale jene qUllntitati\)e ~cftimmung
lUd) qualitllti\) mirb, unb bllburdJ ein 9 CI 11; bilOet, iber melcf)e~
'inaulS 'oie (fm\)finbung &U ftatf u~ ba~r fdJmetalidJ I - unb
unkt tveld)fln fit unmalkr k»itb.
micf1tig fiir 'oie \l~Uofov~licf1e .n~"ologie k»itb bagegen
'oie ~&ie~u1tQ 'Oer du;ercn tillQ)finbungen auf bat 3nnm 'oee
_finbenben 6u6ieete. ~ieJ 3nnne ift nid)t etu 'ou.' Un,
~tee, Ununterfcf1ietene.. Scf10n barin, 'Oll; 'oie (8röje 'on
w.fin'oung eine intcntbc ift u~ ein gek»iffclS Ball; ~ mu;,
Deal eine ~iebung ber Itfection auf ein In f unb s fiir f iidJ ' ~el
itiJmntfe\1n bee Subit'*', - eine gek»iffe ~inun*,t 'oer im-
.fiabfamfeit 'oeffelben, - eine 9Iellction ber Suijeeti\)ität gegcn
'oie leujerlief)feit, - fomit ber Jteim ober ~9inn ber inneren
~ung. ~utdJ biefe innmt. ~~eit 'oe' 15uijcct~
untcrfcf1eibd fief) &ereitG '00' ciujcre tim\)finbm 'oe' Denf.n
lIC~r ober tveniget ~on bem bet ~~im. !Diefe rönnen aum ~ll
in pifftn ~n~dltni1ft1l ~finbu1tQen ~on ctmo~ Icu;erlicf)em
~n, bilIS fiir 'oie mmfcf1üdJe Qm\)~nbun8 nocf) ntef)t \)or~cmben
ijt. 150 foUen, ._ ~f"'el, bic JtQlllcelc fd)on mcllentvelt Quels
Im unb Ströme tiedJeR.
self. Sinee heat alters the speeifie gravity and eohesion of

bodies, this is an alteration whieh affeets that whieh is
essential to the body as a body, so that even in the affeetion
of heat, feeling may be said to be involved to so me extent
with solid eorporeality. Lastly, three dimensional shape also 5 +
falls to the lot of feeling, for feeling alone is eqneerned with
general meehanieal determinateness. +
Besides these qualitative differenees, the senses also have a
quantitative determination in respeet of the strength or weak-
ness of sentienee. Sinee sensation is a simple faetor, quantity 10
neeessarily appears here as intensive magnitude. For example,
the sensation of the press ure exerted by a speeifie mass on the
sense of feeling is a matter of intensity, although this inten-
siveness also exists extensively as measures, pounds ete.
The quantitative aspeet of sensation is of no interest to 15
philosophie eonsideration however, even when this quantita-
tive determination also beeomes qualitative and so forms a
measure beyond whieh sensation beeomes too strong and
therefore painful, and below whieh it beeomes indiseernible. +
On the other hand, the relation of exterior sensations to the 20
inwardness of the sentient subjeet does have an importanee
for philosophie Anthropology. This inwardness is not
entirely indeterminate, undifferentiated. The very faet that
the magnitude of sensation is intensive and must have a
eertain measure involves the relation of affeetion to a deter- 25
minedness of the subjeet whieh is in-and-for-itself, a eertain
determinateness of the subjeet's sensitivity, a reaetion of
subjeetivity to externality, and, therefore, the germ or
initiation of internal sensation. It is on aeeount of this +
intern al determinateness of the su~jeet that man's exterior 30
sensing is already more or less distinguished from that of the
animal. There are animals whieh in eertain relationships ean
have sensations of something external whieh is as yet not
present to human sensation. Camels, for example, are said to
seent wells and streams whieh are still miles away. 35 +
ge~r ober, alt burlJ ienet dgcRtf)6mlflJe !144; bcr . .

\'tiRbfcllfeit n>irb bie Qu;m ~Rß burlJ ~rc eea~ung GUf
Nt 9ei Pi 9e ;Snnere au etwof deen_iIJ ld)ro,oIogtflJem.
!Diefe eeaie~un9 ~at nun mannigfaltige Sdtea ~ bie iebodJ nocfJ
ni4t olle ~ier fIJon in lInfere ~IJtull8 sc,ören. lufgefIJlor~
feil »on btefcr blelbt ~itr naDtentlilJ bie etftimmung bcr h~
~hn8 alt einer GIlsene~lDeJl oM unansene'.en, - bt~ me.,
129 ober ~eni9er mit me~erlon burd)~od)tene Q}erg(eid)tn ber iiuinen
(fm\)~nbuIl9 mit unjmr an unb für ftdJ bejtimmten 9latur, bCI
reit ~efrleDigultg ober 91id)tbefriebigung burd) eine Wffeetion biere
im erfttn ~aU au einer allg ene ~ men, im atueiten aur unang c'
lle~men mad)t. -- C!benfo tuenig falln ~ier fd)on Oie ~ecfun9
Dft X ri ebe Durd) Die ~ffectiolten in ben .Irei" unfmr Unterfucf1ung
geaogen n>erben. ~ier( C!rn>ecfung ge~ört in ba., un' ~ier nod)
fern liegenbe @ebiet be~ ~rafdrd)ell GJeipc'. md n>fr on bierer
eteUe AU bdrad)ten ~aben, - ~a' iP cinaig unb aUein bot
ben>ujHlof e ~eaogenn>erben Per äu;eren CI...,~nbung GUf bot
geijtige ;Snum. ~urd) biere eeaie'ung entfte~t in unf ~a'ienige,
n>a' n>ir ~timmung nennen; - eine ClrfcfJeinlng bef @eittet,
\,on n>elIJer ftd) 1\Nt, (f. ~e "on ber i...,~nbung bd Ingo<
nt~men ober Unangelle~men, unD "on Da hecfung ber Xri.
Durd) bie Iffeetionen), bei ben X~ieren ein tlltolegon finbet, -
ble icbod), (n>ie bie e6tn genannten anbereR geiPigen ClrfcfJeinURI
gen), augletd) einen eigent~l1mlid) menfd)li.n i~orafter l)ot, -
unb oie femer, in bem "on unö angegeHnen engeren Sinn., 111
dn>a' .nt~ro"oIOQif"" bGburd) n>irb, ba; fie ehH' »0. eu'-
fed nOd) nidJt mit "oUem ~e\l)u;tfet1n @en>u;te. ift. SdJon Wi
&ttodJtung ber nodJ nidJt aur ;Snbii)ibualitdt fongefdJrittenen no#
türlidJen Seele ~aben roir \)on Stimmungen btrfeIben au reben
se~obt, bie einem leu;erlidJen entf~re.n. ~ie; IeujerlilJe ~
ren aber bon nod) gona a{{gemeine Uaattänbe, "on roeldJen mon
eben n>egen i~rer un&ejtimmten IUgemdn~it dgentUd1 nodJ ntd}t
fasen fann, ba; fte e~funben ..,erben. luf bem Stanb,unft
~ingegcn, bif au n>ddJem ..,ir Wf iett bte Cintttlidlung ber Seel,
fortg~n ~.n, iP bie au~ CI~finbung fel&er ba' Die
SnmmUUR (lmACnbe. ~tefe lBirfunG \»itb Mt!' "on Der äu;er,
It is, however, more on accoum of its relation to spiritual

inwardness than through this peculiar measure of sensitivity,
that exterior sensation becomes something which is pecu-
liarly anthropological. Now although this relation has a
multiplicity of aspects, not all of them have already to be 5
brought under consideration at this juncture. For example,
this is not the place for considering sensation's being de-
termined as either pleasant or unpleasant, in which instance
there is a comparing of exterior sensation, more or less inter-
woven with reflection, with our inherently self-determined 10
nature, the satisfaction or non-satisfaction ofwhich makes the
sensation either pIe asant or unpleasant. - Nor can we yet
bring the awakening of impulses by affections within the
scope of our investigation, for this awakening belongs to the
field of practical spirit, which still lies far ahead of uso What 15 +
we have to consider here is purely and simply exterior
sensation's being unconsciously related to spiritual inwardness.
It is this relation that gives rise in us to wh at we call mood.
Like the sensation of wh at is pleasant or unpleasant and like
the awakening ofimpulses by affections, this is an appearance 20
of spirit which certainly has an analogue in animals. Never-
theless, it also resembles these other spiritual appearances
in that it has at the same time a peculiarly human character.
Wh at is more, since it is something known of which the
subject is not yet fully conscious, it is something anthro- 25
pological in our stricter sense of the word. Even while con-
sidering the natural soul which has not yet progressed to
individuality, we have had to speak of moods of the soul
corresponding to what is extern al. There however, extern al- +
ity consisted of circumstances which were still entirely 30
universal, and strictly speaking it is precisely on account of
their indeterminate universality that they still cannot be
said to be sensed. From the standpoint to which we have now
brought the development of the soul however, exterior sensa- +
tion itself is that which stimulates the mood, although it is in 35
li~en ill4'tin'oung in fofem ~roofg~rildJt, af6 _~ mit 'okfer

unmittek, - 'oa6 ~ej~t, - o~ne 'oo~ 'oa6ei 'ofe ~Jte 3n'
.t
teUigma mftau~itfen br"u~te, rine innere &'oeutung \)nfldil'ft.
~urdJ biere &'oeutung nmt 'oie dujcdid)c iaq,fin'oung all ch\)ilf
130 S,.hltfdJc.. !I>Gki fit je'oodJ au _eden, '0", ~ier nocfJ
chi e'1_ol in 'oCf rigtntffd)cn lk'oeutung biefet ~ortet \)or,
fJIn'om 1ft; 'oenn, fUmg genonunm, ge~.rt &um S'1mbol rin \)on
uat unterfdJie'oener du;trfidJer GJegtnft"n'o, in ~eIdJem tuif une
...,t
darf innmid)cn ~t~eit be~ujt nterbtn, ober ben tuir übtr~
auf dne fold)c "eftimmtf)rit bcaie~tn. ~ei 'oer burdJ rine
aq;m.. bl'fin'oung tmgten !5ttmmung \)t~Gften tufr une aber
.." ni4t au einem "on une unterfdJie'omen du~di~n GJegen~
, . . , iIn'o tuir nodJ nidJt &l\)U,trtt1n. SolglidJ etfdJeint, ~ie
erfoet, "" 'oa' «5'1m&olifd)c nodJ nidJt in feiner rigentlfd}m @eflaft.
~ ~ bit f'1mbolifd)e 9latur 'oet 91ffectionen erregten gei,
ttigal S,nq,atf)iun fin'o nUll etlDClf fe~r tuo~l 0tfanntee. ~it
~ 'oetgld'" \)on Salben, ~nen, @tn1dJen, @efdJmäcfen,
ab au" \)on ~enfgell, ~d füt 'oen GJefü~lefinn f~. -
!IBaf bit Salben betrijft, fo g"t et emfte, frö~lidJe, feurige,
fGlk, ttmige unb fanfte Wanen. !ROll tuä~(t baI,tt btftimmte
~ Qff ,3dd)en 'oet in unf \)orf)an'oelten Stimmung. So
..... lIGn fit 'ocn .ut'otutf Da !traua, Der inntren mer'oüfte-
nIII9, 'ocr UmnadJtung 'oef @dftet 'oie Sarbe 'oer 9lad)t, 'oet
.... !fcfJt nidJt erI)dltm \Jfnfterm, bat fa1'blofe Sd)l\)aq. \lud)
bic ~t un'o lBiitbe l\)fr'o burd) 6d)tuata be&eid)net, roeil
iIl bmftlMt 'oaf S,iel ter ,3ufdUigfeit, IDlanniafaltigfeit un'o
ci'
källbafkfJftft frine SteUe finbet. ~d reine, lid)t'OoUe I ~eittre
IB ntf~ bogegen 'oer Cfinfad)r,ett unb .pefterfdt 'oer ltn~
* f"aI'o. !I>ie dgmtlid)en Sarben ~a6en, fo au fagen, eine ton~
mtm ~na Gle Sdltuara unb !Btij. So ~at bat ~ur,
," not ~ \)on idIct fit bie lönigli. wme geßt'lten; benn baffdbe
ift 'oie madJtooUfte, f6r bat trugt angrrifmbfte \jatbe , - 'oie l)UtdJ$
* Griesheim Ms. S. 15I; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 108: ... daß das Weiße etwas ein-
+ faches ist davon hat man ein bestimmtes Gefühl trotz Newton, der weiß aus
sieben Farben macht.
so far as inner meaning links up with it immediately, that is

to say, without relying upon the co-operation of conscious
inteHigence, that it produces this effect. Although this
meaning gives exterior sensation a symbolic significance, it
has to be observed that what is present here is not a symbol 5
in the true sense of the word, for strictly speaking a symbol is
a general object which is external and distinct from us,
within which we generally relate to such a determinateness,
whereas in a mood stimulated by an exterior sensation we are
not yet relating ourselves to a general extern al object which 10
is distinct from us, we are not yet consciousness. As has been
observed therefore, the symbolic does not yet appear in its
proper shape at this juncture. +
The spiritual sympathies stimulated by the symbolic
nature of affections are very weH known. We acquire them 15 +
from colours, tones, smeIls, tastes, as weIl as from that which
has being for the sense of feeling. - Since colours can be
sombre, gay, blazing, cold, sad and soothing, we select
certain of them in order to indicate our inner mood. In
order to express grief for instance, inner gloom, spirit be- 20
nighted, one makes use of the nocturnal colour, of darkness
unillumined by light, of colourless black. Since the play of
contingency, multi pli city and mutability finds no place
within it, black also signifies solemnity and dignity. White on
the other hand, which is pure, full oflight, serene, answers to 25
the simplicity and serenity of innocence. * The colours proper
may be said to have a more concrete significance than black
and white. Purple, for example, since it is the most powerful
of the colours, the most striking to the eye, the interpenetra-
* Criesheim Ms.p. 151; cf. Kehler !v/s. p. TOB: One has a definite feeling that
white is something simple, and not composed of seven colours as Newton
maintains.
briatJUug ~ .pdkn uab b~ ~unfden in btr gamen Stade

"'" ~t ullb i~ref @rgenfa~ef. 1>af tHau ~i"Hn, al~
bte ban ~n ~unfelen ~dJ aunrigenbe einfadje iinl)tit be~
.peUeIl unb ~ullftlm i~ bat S~m&ol bn Sanftmut~, ber meib~
_t, ~ iW6e unb ber !treue; "'~ bfnll IlUdJ bfe mllll,ler
131 bie ,pfatme(6fOnigln fa~ immer in Nauem ~"'Qnbe ge.Q~lt ~
ben. ~af ~ e(b i~ nidjt ~j b4Jt S,mbol riner ßC"'6~nI~
~tnfelt, foubmt audj tief gdbflicfltigtn ~dbef. wadOln8~ fann
bei ber !Bq' ber Warbe filt bfe &ftdbllng ~fel ([on'OentioneUet
l)mfdjen; aug1eidJ offenbart tüfJ jebodJ, wie "'ir btmetflidj ge.
1R4cf)t ~ , in jener mQ~ dn \'tmfinftiger Sinn. .uliJ bCf
@IGn a uRb bit tRQttigfeit ber Warbt ~ben tt\l'at Sl1mboUf.';
ienn entf,rldjt ber in gldnaenben ~agen geU!ö~n{fdj ~tmn Stil••
muftg be' !JhnfdJen, - ba~ gotte bn Warbt ~fngegm btT
'~"ä~nben (iinfacfl~rit unb m~ be~ ~raftm. tfm
~n felbfl ~t fidj rin Uuftrfdjicb bef @lanaeß unb ber
I.
IDlattfgfdt, je nadjbem ef, aum &if,iel, an 2eineU!anb, an !Baum,
~Ik ober an Seibe erfdjeint; unb fit bclf S"mbolffcf1e biefel
tlllttrfcf)ieb~ trifft mall bel ~iden ~6(fem ein 6eftimmteö @efü~
ben Warben ~nb e.f 6tfonbert bie Xöne, t\)tldje eine
entf,red)enbe Stfmmuug in unf ~moNrineen. mome~mUdj gUt
1>ie, "on b~r menfdJlidJen S ti mme; benn biere ~ bit ~~t#
\Wife, me ber DenfdJ fein 3nnem fullb t~ut; U!of er i~, ~a~
legt tl' in feine Stimme. 9n bem m~lllcange btrfelbm glQuben ",tr
bQ~ 'oie e;djön~eit bn Emle ~ S~ben, - in bn 9tau~8'
feit feiner Stimme eil!. ro~ef @efü~( mit Sid1er~t AU erfennen.
60 wirb butd) ben Xon in bem ~mn \JOlle unfne S'>IIl,at~ie,
hl bellt le~term unfm ~nti.,at~ie tm(dt. eefonber' aufmerf,
fam auf baf ~mbolifd)e 'oer menf~li.u Stimme ~Ilb bie elfn-
'Den. (if "'irb f~!lar \)crfuf)ert, baj biefelben bie fö~f<f)e ecf/3n#
l)rit b~ DenfdJen Cln bem mO~mange fdntr StillUllt nfettllm
U!oUe1t, - ba; fie fel&~ bie ~ocfennmigfdt an einem (rifm
S"re~ butd) bie ~afe au ~ören 'OmIlelnen.
So ~( ü6a bie &.ie~ung 'oer au j er l i<f) en <lJIll)flnbtaa1
gen auf 'oQ~ gei~ge 3unm. ScfIon bei ~trCl<f)tnng biefer &afe#
()ung ~G&tll U!ir gefelJen, 'oa; ba~ 3nnere b~ (im~nben'ten feilt
tion of brightness and darkness in the fuH force of their unity

and their opposition, has ranked from time immemorial as
the royal colour. Blue, on the contrary, as the simple unity of +
brightness and darkness tending towards the passivity of
what is dark, is the symbol of gentleness, womanliness, love 5
and faithfulness, which is why artists have nearly always
portrayed the Queen of Heaven in a blue raiment. Yellow +
is not only the symbol of a vulgar jollity but also ofjaundiced
envy. In the case of clothing, the choice of colours can of
course be very largely determined by convention, although 10
as we have indicated, the selectiveness also has a rational
significance. The lustre and mat of a colour are also some-
what symbolic, the former corresponding to the mood of
gaiety usual to people in scintillating circumstances, while a
mat colour answers to unostentatious simplicity and quiet- 15
ness of character. In white itself there is a difference oflustre
and mat depending upon whether it appears in linen, cotton
or silk for example, and in many peoples one comes across a
definite feeling for the symbolic significance ofthis difference. +
Besides colours, it is tones in particular which evoke in us a 20
corresponding mood. This is especially so in respect of the
human voice. It is primarily through his voice that a person
makes known his inwardness, for he put into it what he iso
This is why we take it for granted that a pleasant voice indi-
cates fineness of soul and a rough one crudity of feeling. In 25
the first case the tone awakens our sympathy, and in the
latter our antipathy. The blind are particularly attentive to
wh at is symbolized in the human voice. Wh at is more, they
are said to believe themselves capable of recognizing a
person's physical beauty in the euphony ofthe voice, or even 30
of detecting pockiness in a slightly nasal way of speaking.
So much for the exterior sensations relating to spiritual
inwardness. Consideration of this relation has already made
it evident to us that the inwardness of the sentient being, far
~lltd)oll' ~, !eilt 'OoU~ U~anntet, fonbmt ,oHf....

ein Gn unb füt ~d) ~tef 1ft. ~e; eilt r"on '0'" bcr
132 *"crif4at &cIe, fn Uß'OCfSlefd)U6J ~em gQQ~e febo6J \)Olll
Mlf4H4at 3nnmn. 3a biefaa fütbet ~d) bG~et ein '~n~,llt, bU
fh ~ ~t dn Aujcdi,,", fonbmt efn tnnnltd)n 1ft. Bum
~n biefet 3q.1tt ift _ emurdt. eine Aujedid)e
kalcatfae, cm'omrfdtt efnc Ihl'hi6lid)uns ~ tnnetltd)en
~, Glfo eine !Jem)GnbbmS ober eeaie~U1It1 beffdben not~~
weabfg, bie Nt <lege~ 'Oon Mienigtn ~aie~ung au.mad)t,
• _ . bcr \\on ben AuJetl"n Sinnen gesebene ~alt burd)
fcbte r'-lird)e Wcatut gc&rad)t .ftb. lBie bie Au'uen fjm~
~ flcfl r.-Uflmt, - bd f)djt, - auf bG' aeiftige 3 n~
1lue kJoscn .men, fo entAu,cren, Mle16li~n ~d) bie in~
• etc 1l ....fbabn.n '-'~eife, .eil fle bei natiirlidJen
ecde ~ft1l, folglid) f~nbc tbtb, - fomit eill unmitte{bate8
~"1l ..,mnen IlÜfiert, in .el" bie Seele fit ~d) .ir'o.
lBemt mt 'Oon bet innmn 8ftlimamns bct ellll'finben'otn 611b~
icdf, - .,.,ne ~aie~un9 Guf bemt medei6lid)ung, - f~ud)en,
fo ktncflten ttir bief Su6iect auf bi e IBdfe, .ie baffelbe nut
fit ua., Gkr nod) nid)t füt iidJ feIM in feinet l'qnmmung 6ef
tliJ 1ft, ~ in ~r em'finbd. itft butd, bie Uledei6lid)ung bet
ipma &flimmunsen Ioaunt ba' f5uijtd ~in, biefdben au
~; benn &u I~tem 4I!lWuubemlnben ift no~eRbfg, bIl,
tk fo'"fJl "I bem Subiect unterfd)ieben, GI. mit bcmfelbcn iben.
tif6J 8ff~ .erben; ~dbc' gef"ie~t am etft 'DUtd) 'oie «ntAu<
fmmg, bll'd) bie mede16li~ung ber inneten ~mawngen be.
~.n. mof &fdblid)en teilet' mannigfaltigen inneren
~n fe.t einen Jrrei' "n Wlid)feit, in *ld)nn bllf-
rdk erfolgt, \)omuf. miefet .treif, biqe befd)rinfte S~~äte iji
mein Jtö~et. XJufel6e beftimmt ~d) fo GlI b,finbungff~f)Are,
fo"'o~( fit bie Innmn, .te fiit bie QU"tftl ~mungen ber
Seele. mie Mmbigfrit ~fet meinef .16.",... befte~t barin, ba~
feine Daterialtt4t nilf1t für ~ au fe\}n 'Ofl'IIIGg I mit fdnm lBi<
bnftanb lelften fann, fonbem mit tlatMl'oTfen, 'DOn meiner Seele
kaU bur.runsea unb für biefelbe eia ~D«Uc. ijl. XJurd)
133 blefe 9?atur mefnef JtÖt~ete .ir'o bie mtdei&lIlf1ung meinet ~m<
from being entirely empty or completely indeterminate, is

determined in and for itself. This is already the case with the
animal soul, and is so to an incomparably higher degree in
human inwardness. Human inwardness therefore has a
content which for itself is internal, not extern al. Necessary to 5
the sensing of this conte nt is, however, on the one hand an
external activation, and on the other an embodiment, that is to
say, a transformation or relating of the internal content.
This relating constitutes the opposite of that into which the
content provided by the exterior senses is brought by its 10
symbolic nature. Just as the exterior sensations symbolize
themselves in that they are related to spiritual inwardness, so
the interior sensations necessarily exteriorize or embody them-
selves on account of their pertaining to the natural soul and
so possessing being; for as being they must acquire an 15
immediate determinate being within which the soul
assurnes being-for-self. When we speak of the inner deter-
mination of the sentient subject without reference to its
embodiment, we are as yet only considering how this sub-
ject isfor us, and not how it is for itself and with itself in its 20
determination, how it senses itself within its determination.
It is only through the embodying of inner determinations
that the subject comes to sense them; for necessary to their
being sensed is thatthey should be posited as both distinct
from the subject and identical with it, both of which only 25
occur through exteriorization, through the embodying of the
sentient being's inner determinations. The embodying of
these manifold inner determinations presupposes a circle of
corporeity within which it takes place. This circle, this
restricted sphere, is my body, wh ich therefore determines 30
itself as the sphere of sensation for both the interior and
exterior determinations of the soul. My body is alive because
its materiality is incapable of being-for-self, of offering me
resistance, because it is subject to me, ubiquitously per-
vaded by my soul, for which it is of an ideal nature. It is this, 35
the nature of my body, which makes the embodying of my
~~nbungen möglid> unb not~~nbig, - tl)erben bit &tl)tgungtll

meiner Seele unmittelbar au ~e~gungen meiner .Iöq,erlfdJfdt.
~ie inneren (im~finbunRen finb nun tton bo~.,elter Irt:
(i r~ en e follf1e, 'oie meine, in irgenb einem befonberen ~..
t,Altniffc ober ,auflan~t befinblid,e unmittelbare (i i na cl n~ elt be"
treffen; - ba~ln ge~ören, aum 0tif~id, ,aom, stadJe, !lelb,
SdJam, steut;
,anteitene foldJe, 'oie fidJ auf ein an unb für ~41 WUge l
mt fit d, - auf stedJt, SittlidJftit, !tdlgfon, auf bae SdJöne
unb lDaf1re, -- bealt~en.
"eibe Wrten ber inneren <l~finbullgen ~1l6en, tl)fe feflon f't'di
~er bemerft, bae ~mefnfame, ba~ fie ~ungen frn~, tl)d~e
mein unmittelbar einaelner, - mein natüdfd>er @Jeifl in ndJ fbtl
bet. @inerfette ßnnea .etbe .rtell fid1 einanbcr näf)ern, fnbellt
entkl'eber ber em~fun~ne fedJtlf~e, flttli<f1e unb retigiöfe ~~t
Immer me~r 'oie ~orm ber merein3dung erl}Qlt, .,bcr umgefe~rt
'oie aunäd)fl bae e1naeIne 6ubjed &etreffenben (fm"finbungen eineIl
flArfeftn ,aufa. \)on allgemeinem ~n~a{t befommen. Wnbmrfeite
tritt ber Unterf41feb &eiber .rten ber inneren (imt>~nbungen immer
flärfer ~or, je me~r fldJ 'oIe re~tIi~en, flttlfd)en unb reIigtöfen
@Jefü~le \)on ber ~eimif<f1ung 'ocr aufälligen ~efonber~ea bee Sub-
j«te befreten, unb fid) baburdJ au reinen ~ormen be~ an uob
für fid) IIlgemeinen er~e&en. ~n eben bem IDlaa~e aber I ~
in ben inneren ~finbungen ba& (iiaadne bem IIlgemeinen
tl)eid)t, Mgd"gell fi" biefel6en, \)etUert fonrit ~re leu~rung
an ~i&ltd)feit Der (frfd)einullg.
!Da; bcr nd~ete 3nl)alt ber tnnerlid)en ~nnbung ~iet
in ber ln~t~olOSft nodJ ni<f1t ~genflanb unferer Wu~etna""
bafct1lll9 fe'9Il fon, - ~ae ~a&en tl)!r ~mit~ oben QU&gef~o
cfJm. Bte mr bcn 3n~a(t 'ter au,nen <l_finbungen au6
'ocr ud ~ Ua tiden Iitgenbcn 9latlrt\>f)ilofo~~ie al~ einen
"f~ bt feiner ~ftlBfn !lot~~nbtgfeU m»iefenen Qufgtl
134 1IOIIIltm ~ben; fo mäffen um ben ~n~a{t ber tnnnen <lm\)fin-
bangen Gft efnen e~ im '0 r i t t en X~d(e ber ~e~re \)om fubiedi\'en
tJdfk fdne eigentli~e SteRe finbenben ~ier, fo \l)eU e& nöt~ig
fI. cnttim,lren. Unfer <Benenftanb i~ für ie,t nut 'oie met {ei b •
sensations both possible and necessary, and through which

the motions of my soul find immediate expression in my
corporality.
Now inner sensations are double in kind. Firstly, there are
those which concern my immediate singularity in some par- 5
ticular relationship or condition, such as anger, vengeance,
envy, shame, remorse etc. Secondly, there are those which relate
to that which, in and for itself, is a universal, to right, to the
ethical, to religion, to the beautiful and the true.
As has already been observed, inner sensations of both 10
kinds have a common factor in that they are both determina-
tions which my immediately singular or natural spirit finds
within itself. On the one hand each of these kinds can
approximate to the other, for there is either a constant in-
crease in the singularization of form assumed by the content 15
sensed, be it a matter of right, ethics or religion, or the con-
verse occurs, and the sensations which in the first instance
concern the single subject are supplemented and imbued with
more strength by the universal content. On the other hand
however, the difference between the two kinds of inner 20
sensation is constantly becoming more pronounced as feel-
ings of wh at is right, ethical and religious free themselves
ever more completely from the admixture of the subject's
contingent particularity, and so raise themselves into pure
forms of the universal which is in and for itself. It is however 25 +
precisely to the extent that the singular yields to the universal
in inner sensations that the sensations spiritualize them-
selves, so that their expression gives less evidence of their
bodily nature.
We have already observed that here in Anthropology, 30
the preciser conte nt of inner sensation cannot yet be the
general object of our exposition. Just as we have taken up
the content of exterior sensations as demonstrated in its
rational necessity within the Philosophy of Nature, which at
this juncture lies behind us, so, now, it is to some extent 35
necessary that we should anticipate the content of inner
sensations, which first finds its proper place in the third
part of the doctrine of subjective spirit. Our subject-matter +
at this juncture is simply the embodying of inner sensations,
114••• _ bancma ~. ., ud a"'. httimlRter, - bie

........ afeIac*,-" btc "01I_aalBlBm ül)6ngeabe
~ . . . ~ talltttclti ber .e'er~e.
!I)Ie ~ 8ft ber ".1111118 8e'ött nocr, nC6Jt ,fcqtr, *1
~ .......,.., "' - fIdtt f.n ihr feine WltdJldt
61ft ..... fet, - bItfcIe .u hnftJ"n au ei_ ....
... feiler fa~ ~ . . . . . - ; - ....,
MI . . . . . . . ~ . . . .n ~ etdk ",•
• , .. .roat-, - bcalllllfttdhmt twersas ba' fucrft""
. . . " . . In btc lefiIt4c IBdfc bef !l>af"n. an ktradJten;
.... ~ ..,. ~ fir .nbne fl4J~. "'er'otn, fl4J
. . . . 3d",. ba' Inmn CimJfhtbllng ßettatten faun, ClM
_ .......,.., - U1l~ {ebenfall' o~ne bm mmen bet (Im,
" . . . , - .. dnca foldJm 3ri.n "'il'O.
lBIc DU ba' (Idft {Ir btc in ~aug auf .nbm 8ef.~mbe
,a. ....
~. fdltt ~mn »ennittelfl ber 8ehtbe bfe 8lfeber
;e. am"'tdm,
feinet - 'Die tH",at ~ ClUf,
.,... - ....if4m MeII', - bat 8eflcfJt, btc .oanbe uab
bIe 8ije, - 8""t; fo -ftCn "segm bfe 81kba' tet nadJ
t •• en . . . , .... , ble r•••
nnten eblen itn~, "or,
.....,arc ... bfe Crpe beaddtnet l1Ift'Om, in ""'" fit bCl'
. . , . . edjed f diet, - Bi"t not,menbig fir tlnbm,
bte tumn ctm,finbungm befehl cmf umnittdbare, un"'Ulfür-
_BdftM~
~ ~"". .n btefer t8erlri'li"'ung tinb einClll Se,
baa r..... bic e,ra. Wannt, bie ban16er mlan., eilt-
., W fIr tafm~m 3rrtf)- nidJt "'0" nflArt ~n
r... ..... aaß kmaft ll'trben, ba~ bie innmn
135
~
. . , . . . . fo"'" ba' ecdt GI. bell SClnsm ~, *""'
autrißlid}, t~ci(' f"ibli~ unb rogar \tmmficfJ fe\.ln fönnen. .pril
terfdt be' 8miit~t e~lt, .ttummer untergrtUt bit 8efunb~it.

~ie bur" Jtummn unb S"mera in bel Seeie entfle~en'oe, füf1
ouf (eiblicfJe meife aur (idflen4 &ringcnbe .pemmung fann, -
kMtn biefe1k \'lö.UcfJ etfolgt unb ein QnDiffe. Ue&umaa; er~
rci"t, - ben Xob, ober ben tBm1lft bee 'ßerft4nb~~ ~fii'$
reit. (ftenfo 9efa~dicfJ ift AU QfO~ ,lö.licfJe 8reubt; bltr" 'oie-
and more specifically the embodying of my sensations by

means of gestures, which takes pi ace involuntarily, for it is
not dependent upon my will. The last kind of embodiment
is not yet to be considered at this juncture, since it presup-
poses that spirit is already master of its bodily nature, has 5
consciously made it an expression of its inner sensations,
whereas this is something which has not yet taken pi ace. +
As has been observed, at this juncture we only have to con-
sider the immediate transition of inner sensation into the
corporeal mode of determinate being. By shaping itself 10
into a sign of inner sensation, this embodying can certainly
be co me visible to athers also, but its becoming such a sign is
not a necessity, and is in no respect dependent upon the will
of the sentient being.
Spirit uses the face, hands and feet, the members of its 15
autwardly orientated, wh at Bichat caHs its animallife, in order
to exhibit its inwardness to others by means of gestures. +
Conversely therefore, the members of the inwardly orientated
life, what are called the vital intestines, have to be regarded
as the organs in which the inner sensations of the sentient 20
subject embody themselves in an unmediate, involuntary
manner for the subject itself, and with no necessary reference
to other subjects.
Every one of us is already familiar with the main pheno-
mena of this embodiment on account of language, which 25
contains much that is relevant and cannot very weH be
explained away as an age-old error. Speaking generaHy, it +
may be said that in respect of both the soul and the body as
a whole, the inner sensations can be partly beneficial and
partly harmful or even destructive. Cheerfulness of disposi- 30
position preserves health, anxiety undermines it. Death or loss
of understanding can ensue if sorrow and pain give rise to a
felbe entfie~t, \t'ie bltt~ li&ermdcfJtigen S~ma~, füt bie ~orftd'

tung ein fo f~ntib(nM mibetfptu~ a\t'tfdJen 'ocn &iG~ unb
ben je,igen met~a(tnitfen be~ em\)finbenben Suijed' , - eint
for~e tinta\t'eiung bee ~nneren, ba, beten lktld&li4ullg Oie 3er.
f~tcltgung bee t)rgQni~mu~, bftt ~b, - OM bie lkrrücft~t
aur ~(ge au ~akn 'Oemlag. ~a 4arafterooUe !llenf~ ift ieb~
fold1cn ."fdunoen \\fel \t'e\tlgef au6gefe;t, ~ Inbere, '011 feln
&eift ti4 'Oon feiner ~ri&(id)feit weft frefa gnnl1~, unb in fi~
dne 'Oiel feftere .paltung gc"onnen ~at, 111e ein Q11 ~orflcauß$
gen unb ~bl1nfen armer, natüTlidlet ]RenfdJ, bet nidlt 'oie .traft
kfi,t, bie ~egl1ti'Ditdt tine~ plöelf4 r,ctein&re~en'ocn ge'"1tigcn
S~mnaee AU ettragen.
Selbft a&er, \t'enn biefe lkrIti&li~unA in feinem 'Omri~ten.
bm <etabe rrdtfrenb (lDer be~timirenb n1irft, \t'ir'o fie bodl me~r
o'oer "eniger unmittelbar Mt gon aen "'ganiGmuG ergreiftR, '00
in bcmfeien alle .Drgane llnb alle S"fteme in le&enbiger (ffn~it
mit einanba ~d1 be~n'ocn. &lel~~o~l ift nid/t ~u leugnm , ba,
'oie inneren (i!tt\)finbungcn, na~ ber tBerfdJieben~eit if)ret 3m,alt.,
aug1eid) ein be fon '0 er e. "'glln ~., in weld)em fie fldI
&und~ft unb \\ota\lg~l\)Cife 'Oerleiblid/en. ~iefer 3ufammeqang
'oet beftimntten ~flRbung mit i~rer befollberen leiblid1c. (h,
fd/rin.uns.\t'eife fann 'ourdJ ein6Clne, \tiM 'oie 3teael laufcnbc
8dlle nid)t "'iberlegt \\)er'ocu. Sol., ber .D~IUIlQ~t ber 9latut'
aur ~ foIlen'oc ~Il.na~men beredJtigcn llfd}t, je•• 3ufllllUlletl.
I)cme fit Mcn rein aufälligen au ""Arm, unb et\\)Q IU _htfn,
'oer 30nl fönne Bana c&enro QUr, ..,te im 06eraCR, 1lUt{J im UßI
136 tmetbe ober im .to"fc gtfü~(t "'erben. e~on bie 6\)tadle ~at fo
,1cI 8afbmb, ba; fic -6 er a für Dut~, .t 0 ~ f für 3ntellfgenl,
1mb Jd4t chH -6era füt 3ntclliQcna ge6faud)t. ~et 9Bitftnf~oft
aber Utgt cf ob, bfe no~~nbige ~fe~ung ~ aeigen, "'tl~e
amf" dun beftimmten mncrftdJcn ti~~nbung unb 'ocr "~9$
fiolfalf4eu 8ebcutung bee t)rgalUt ~~t, in \t'tld}em 'Diefel6c
ti6l ~""t. mir ",ollen 'Die Clllgtlleinftcn, biefen ~unft &el
trtfenbea fIrt'''''nungen ~ier fura bmi~fe1L - ti. ge~ört ~u
bea Cldganocf1teflen irfa~tungm, 'Da; bet .tummer, - 'oie,
o~-cf1t1gc eid) ,tu. fidJ s kgrakn 'Der Seele, - 'Oorne~mlicfJ
sudden and excessive inhibiting of the soul bringing itself

into existence in a bodily manner. Sudden and excessive
joy is equally dangerous, for like overwhelming pain, it con-
fronts presentation with such a violent contrast between the
former and present circumstances of the sentient subject, 5
gives rise to such a sundering of inwardness, that the em-
bodying of it is capable of bringing about the disruption of
the organism, death, - or derangement. A man of character
is much less exposed to such effects than others however, for
his spirit has liberated itself to a much greater extent from 10
his bodily nature, and he has therefore gained much greater
certainty of inner deportment than has a natural person,
who is poor in presentations and thoughts, and who does not
possess the strength to end ure the negativity of a sudden and
violent attack of pain. 15
Even when this embodiment does not have a destructively
exciting or depressing effect however, it will attack the whole
organism more or less immediatelyon account of the living
unity subsisting within it between all its organs and systems.
It is not to be denied however, that in accordance with the 20
variety oftheir content, the inner sensations have at the same
time a particular organ within which their primary and pre-
dominant embodiment takes place. This connection be-
tween the specific sensation and the particular mode of its
bodily appearance cannot be disproved by single instances 25
which do not bear out the rule. Such exceptions are to be +
attributed to the impotence of nature. They do not justify
our regarding this connection as purely fortuitous and so
presuming, for instance, that anger might just as weIl be feit
in the abdomen or the head as in the he art. Even language 30
has enough understanding to equate heart with courage,
head with intelligence, and not to equate heart and intelli-
gence for example. It is, however, incumbent upon science +
to indicate the necessary relation prevailing between a
specific inner sensation and the physiological significance of 35
the organ in which it embodies itself. We pro pose here to
touch briefly upon the most general appearances involved in
this. I t is one of the most generally recognized of experiences
that sorrow, this impotent burying of the soul within itself,
baIjadßca $9"
alt Ua~, Glfo .. !JtctJfObucttontr9flaac, folg"" tn
flcfI MItIH"t, -«Jet bU neS4tt~ 9b1cf,
••t'
, . bet cndIIIaltf. . E)uijcdet IU fl~ relkr b4tfleUt. - !I)a
unb ber 30ra bGgegm, - bieJ negati\)e !lael),aujen,
~qn Qt8Gl due fm* araft, gtgen eine une ~önnbe
18af4ae, - ~ fdaett lI1IIIritteken
~, _
S" in ba tmqt, im
Dtttell'1UIfte bn 3rrita&ifitAt, bee neg4ti\)en (;in-
Cl1IttftIed. 31ft 30m fcfJlist bae (;m, mr'O b4G 0lut ~e"
Jet, fWet bieJ tn'e ~t, unb fltClnllen ficfi bie 9Jluefdn. !I)elI
hl, - kfon,,", kim Waga, "" bn 30rn me'r innedi~ Weibt,
alt friftf9 fidJ Cldtobt, - faRn aUer'Ofnge bie fel)on bmt !Jttf
Jablldiontf9ftane ange~önnbe @4Ue ükrlaufen, uGb Ir»Gt ia
_ @rabe, baJ @elbfu~t entflc~t. Cle muJ aba b4TÜba be-
1DCIft werben, ba~ bie @41le gleidJfam bd 8 eurig e ij!, bur~
befrm Cfrgftjmtg b4e 9lel'l'l'budionef'1., fo au f4gen, fef:,
um 30m, feine 2rritabilität an btn Sl'tifen 4uG(ä~t, biefd~
kn, umer !Jlftt»irfuntl beG \)on ber $anfre4f 4uegef~üttettn
anilll4lif~tn IB affere Ilu~öfi unb \)aae~rt. - !I)if mit bem 30m
nql'ftm4nbte S eI) am "erleibfiel)t fiel) gfridJfllUe im ~(utft,)fkm.
Sie ifi tin beginnenba, ein kfel)efbtna 30m bri Denfel)en üba
fiel) feh; ~enn fit entl)dft rine stellet!on gegen ben IBfbafltruel)
meina (frfdJeinung mit ~em, md icl) fe\)n foU unb f~n nnll,
- 41fo eiJw ~f1cibi8unQ meinet ~naen fJfseft _ine una~
137 stmeliene Clrfel)einung; !I)feJ seiftiae !lad) ~ 4.n. @erfcl)tdfe~1t
'Oedeibltel)t ~ b4burcl), ba; bae elut In bat fJethfJt getrieben
mfr'O, bG' follft ba Denfel) mJt'et unb Cluf blcfe !Brife frine
(lrfel)ebllins inbat. 3m @esenfa. gegtR Die SeI)am iu;ert fiel) ba
e ~ re cfe n, - bie~ 3nihf1aufGmmenfal)nn ber eeele 'Oor einem
I,r un66amlnbUeI) fd)cfnenben 9legGti'Otn, - burel) ein 3mücf$
",eicl)en beG eInteG GuG ben !JGngen, burel) irl!f4lien, fomic
burcl) iratttem. menn bagtgen bie 9l4tur bie fBet1e'rt~rit k-
gcl)t, einige tYlenfel)en au fd)4fi'en, bie 'Oor S~ erbleid)en,
unb ~or Wurel)t mötf1cn; fo batf bie milienfd}aft fiel) burcfJ folcfJe
~confequenaen ber 9latur nt~t \)~in'oem (alien, bae @egm-
+ tf1cU bleu UnrcgeImä~igfdten Gle QJqq 4l1Aunfmntn. - .u~
bae !I) en fe n enbIicfJ, in fofern eG ein 3eitlicfJet 1ft un'o ba UI1-
embodies itself mainly as an abdominal illness, and hence

in the reproductive system, the system which displays the
animal subject's negative return to itself. - Courage and +
anger however, which are orientated outwards in negation of
an alien power, an offensiveness which raises our indignation, 5
have their immediate se at in the breast and the he art, which
constitute the centre of irritability and of the negative, out-
ward-gbing impulse. In anger the heart thumps, the blood
heats up and mounts to the face, the muscles are tensed. It
may well be the case that in annoyance, where anger re- 10
mains internal rather than exhausting itself in a fit of rage,
the bile overflows to such an extent that jaundice sets in.
Although the bile also belongs to the reproductive system, it
has to be observed that it is as it were the igneous matter which
the reproductive system discharges in order to vent its anger, 15
its irritability on the food, dissolving and consuming it with
the help ofthe animaljuice secreted by the pancreas. - Shame +
is closely akin to anger and also embodies itself in the system
of the blood. To so me extent, to be ashamed of oneself is to
begin to be angry with oneself, for shame involves reacting 20
against the contradiction between wh at I appear to be and
what I should and want to be. It is therefore a defending of
my inwardness agairist the inadequacy of my appearance.
This spiritual orientation outwards embodies itself in the
blood's being flushed into the face, so that the person alters 25
his appearance by blushing. Infear, the soul withdraws into
itself in the face of what it takes to be an unvanquishable
negative. In contrast to shame, fear expresses itself in the
blood's draining from the cheeks, in the person's turning
pale and trembling. If nature is perverse enough to create 30 +
some people who pale when ashamed and blush when afraid
however, science must not let these natural inconsistencies
prevent it from acknowledging that it is the opposite ofthese
irregularities which constitutes the law.-Finally, even
thinking appears in the body in so far as it takes time and 35
mittekett 3nbi'Otbualität an~ört, - ~at eine rd~li~e Cltf~e(,

nUllg, t»irb ettq)funbm, unb at»at ~efonbaG im Jto~fe, im @el
~im, ü~r~au~t im S~~em ba Senfibilit4t, beG einfa.n aUge-
meinen 3n~~fe~nG beG e.benben Su~jectG.
3n aUen fo eben ~e~tden lkrlei6lic:flungen ~ QJd~igen
finbd nur baGjmfge !leu~alid)t»erben bct Seelm~nt)e9ungen ~att,
\l)eld)eG aum (im~finben biefer re,teren not~~nbfg ij't, o~ct &Uni
Beigen beG ~neren bienen fann. 3eneG Ieu,crlid)\l)er'oen 'OoUettP
bet ~~ Q~ct e~ baburd), ba, baffclbe aur ~ n t äu 6er un g, aUf
6tgfiJotfung bet innedi~en (im~finbungen \l)irl'.
(line fold)e entäu,ernbe Q3aleiblid)ung be~ ;snneten aeigt ~d)
im ~Q~en, no~ me~r abet im !Beinen, im ~e~3en unb
S"1Iud)aen I übcr~Qu~t in 'on S ti mme, fd}on nod) e~e 'olefe
artimlin ift, nod) e1}e ~e aur S~fQd)e \l)iT'c>.
!Den Bufammen~an9 biefet ~~~nol09ifd)en ~rfd)einungen mit
ben, i~nen entf~fed)en'oen ~~gungen 'oer Seele au begteifen,
mad)t nfd)t geringe Sd)\l)ierigfeit.
a"
9Ba8 bie geiffige Seite jener <nfd)einungen betrifft, fo \l)ifl
fen \l)ir in ~eaug auf N~ ~ en, b~ baffeI&e DUtd) einen fi~
unnritU"af J}et"Oort~uenben !ßibttj))md), - butd) cttva8 fid) fofort
138 ia fein @egentf)eil merfc~renbe8, - fomit burcf} dtt\Q" unmitttil
Mf füfJ feI&j't ~ernid)tmbef craeugt \l){r'o, - 'OoTQu"gefeet, 'oa~
",ir in Wefem nicfJtigen 3n~Qlte nidJt fel6ft fleeten, i~n nid)t a"
~n unferigen ~trad)ten; benn fü~Uen ~r burd) 'oie Berj'törung
jenet3nl)alte un" fd&er 'O~, fo "ün>cn "'r \l)elnen. ~enn,
Ag eet{',id, ein j'to(a ~inf)errdJrritenbet fäUt, f0 faIln barü~er
hdJen entftt~ft, ~iI 3enct an feiner Mon 'oie einfad)e !Dia$
leftif crfG~rt, baj mit i~m 'oa" Cintgegengefe.te !Defftn 8efd)ie~t,
." _ Cf ~a~cfte. !Dot ~ad)enemgenbe t»a~rl>Qfter .tomö'oin
* Kehler Ms. SS. 1°7-108; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. 150: Dies Negative in uns
empfinden wir als Schmerz. Das Gefühl der Vernichtung eines Theils
unserer Welt; fühlen wir diese Welt verletzt, so weinen wir, es ist eine
Forderung unserer Existenz, eine Regel, es soll dies sein, es ist dies angekün-
digt, und es ist mit einer Weise ausgeführt, daß es durch die Art der Ausfüh-
rung zerstört wird. Das ist auch bei der scherzhaften Empfindung. Wir lachen,
wenn wir solche Zerstörung, Inhalt als etwas betrachten, was außer uns sei,
dies vor uns haben, aushalten können, daß sich dieß zerstört. Darauf kommt
pertains to immediate individuality; for it is sensation, par-

ticularly of the head, the brain, the system of sensibility in
general, which is the simple and general being-in-self of the
sentient subject. +
In all the embodyings of the spiritual just considered, the 5
only exteriorization of the motions of the soul to take place
is that which is necessary to their being sensed, which can
serve to indicate inwardness. This exteriorization only
completes itself however in that it becomes an expulsion, in
that it gets rid of inner sensations. 10
Such an expulsive embodying of inwardness appears in
laughter, and to an even greater extent in weeping, sighing and
sobbing. It appears in the voice in general, even before this is
articulated into language.
It is no easy matter to comprehend the connection be- 15
tween these physiological appearances and the motions ofthe
soul corresponding to them.
With regard to the spiritual aspect of these appearances,
we know in respect of laughter that it is produced by an
immediately obvious contradiction, by something which 20
twists instantaneously into its opposite and is therefore
immediate1y se1f-annihilating. It presupposes however, that
we ourse1ves are not involved in this annihilable content,
do not regard it as our own, for if we did, we should our-
se1ves fee1 injured by the devastation, and weep. Someone 25
who is strutting about conceitedly trips up. If we laugh in
such a case, it is because the character involved experiences
in his own person the simple dialectic of undergoing the
opposite of what he had reckoned with. * True comedies are +
* KehleT Ms. pp. 107-108; cf. Oreisheim Ms. p. 150: Within ourse!ves, we
sense this negative as pain, as the feeling of the annihilation of apart of our
world. We cry if we fee! this world to be violated. Our existence demands
something, there is a rule, this has to be, something is augured and then comes
about so that it is destroyed through the manner in which it occurs. The case
is the same when we have the sensation ofsomething comic. We laugh ifwe
consider such destruction, such content, to be extern al to us, (108) ifwe have
it before us as something which can be annihilated without affecting uso It is
liegt "'" ncfJ "'fentltcfJ in beln umaittdkrm UIIIf"logcn einet

.. tiII ni4ttscn 3-~ ist fdn 8t~; "oscgea in bet
~ro8abh cf füftantieUc 3'"* flnb, bic ~ in "ftIl.gtnfGOe
gegcndraabet ißf!6ftlL ed jener, bell foJaff... etsenfhmbc
~ftnben ~icaldtff ro.t bie Suijctti~ität bet 3af~
ober 3qömt aum ungeflörten unb ungetrükn 8tnu, u,ter
fcI'It, bca fIe bie abfolute 3bealität, - bie unenbli. 90~t übet
jebnt kf~rGnften 3n,GIt, - folgli~ bie reine ~ialeftif iil, burd)
. . . ckn bet foarif. QJcpflanb ~i~tct _ . .piedn iil
Der hab bet .odtcrfdt m~, in bie "tt bUfd) boG .Iomi-
fcfJc »erf"t ~ - 9U biefeaa hnbe ft4t Uer bie \) ~ t> fi o~
lo8if4e (frf4dnng irnet ~terf~nt, bie ... ~ier bcfonberG
iatmftirt, fII flinlLmgc; benn im h"en ~lid)t ~~ bie aum
1l1IQdrÜtm ~ il)m fe~ aekmSC. (SnijeetblUat, - bi~
mnc ~, - bieJ gdftise tl4t, - a(f • ~~ über ba~
...... terkdtalber (i(oDa,· uob ~t aU9ld~ ber geiftise la,
~ wcl" bie Sede boG YcfJeri"" tlon tidJ ftö;t, in bem
gt-tf- uatmrocfJencn .~ bcf: .~G dnel lriblf4en
.....,. - UmfgcnG 1ft boG h4at &bHlf ebNf ber natürli~
. . Eicdc -..,kigtG, - foarit ln~ro4tologif", - butdJ$
lAuft - ~OR bem gemeineR, fIIJ _r4iittcnben, f~enben
ClJdAcfJtet dttcG leereR obn rof)ca .enfdJm biG aUIl fcmften ~a$
.,. Mr cNIen @Seele, - bell HcrJdn in ~r Xl)dne, - dac
_ '*(fcIIJn I*,funata, In wclcfJen cf flcfJ iInDcr rae'r 'OR
139 friner ~GtürUd)teit befreit, "iG e6 im Wd)eln au einer @ebube,
Glfo au e*"aG \)om freien miUen lu6ge~enben ",irb. !I)ie 'Oel'
fdJiebenen metfen bee ~adJen~ brüdm ba~er 'oie ~ilbung~flufe
brt 3ftbi'Otbuen auf eine fe~r d)araftedflifd)e WIrt GU~. (fin aU~1
gdaffentG, f~QUenbe~ ~ad)en rommt einem rolanne \lon me~ertou
nie1AGIG, eber bod) nur fe~r feiten an; 'erUl e~, aum 0eifl'iel,
foU, nad)bem er ~~ ben öffentlid)en @ef~aftm ge~ibmet ~atte,
es an, als ob der Mensch weint oder lacht, er lacht, wenn er diesen Inhalt
nicht als den seinigen (lO8) hat, sondern aber diesen Verlust als eine äußere
Geschichte ansieht. Der ist freier, der mehr lacht, der Verlust berührt ihn
nicht, weil er nicht darin ist. Thiere können weinen, Pferde, Kamde,
Elephanten, lachen kann nur der Mensch, der Affe kann grinsen.
no different, for the essence of what gives rise to laughter is

the immediate conversion of an intrinsically idle purpose into
its opposite, whereas in tragedy substantial purposes destroy
themselves in mutual conflict. This dialectic undergone by +
the comie object enables the subjectivity of the spectator or 5
listener to enjoy itself untroubled and undisturbed, for this
subjectivity is absolute ideality, holds infinite sway over
every contingency of content, and is therefore pure dialectic,
that whereby the comic object is itself annihilated. In this
lies the basis of the good humour induced in us by what is 10
comical. - The physiological appearance of this good +
humour, which is our particular concern at this junc-
ture, accords with this basis. This is because in laughter
the pure self, the spiritual light of a subjectivity attaining
undisturbed self-enjoyment, embodies itself in the face as a 15
pervading radiance, while at the same time the spiritual act
by which the soul expels from itselfwhat is laughable, finds a
bodily expression in the vigorous and intermittent expulsion
of the breath. - Incidentally, although laughter is certainly +
an anthropological phenomenon in that it pertains to the 20
natural soul, it ranges from the loud, vulgar, rollicking
guffaw of an empty-headed or boorish person, to the gentle
smile of a noble mind, to smiling through tears, falling into +
aseries of gradations through which it frees itself to an ever
greater extent from its naturality, until in smiling it becomes 25
a gesture, a matter of free will. The various kinds of laughter
are therefore indicative in an extremely characteristic
manner of an individual's level of culture. A reflective person
will hardly ever laugh in a loud and unrestrained manner; it
is said of Pericles for example, that he never laughed after he 30
had dedicated himself to public affairs. Laughing with +
this that decides whether a person laughs or cries, - he laughs when the
content is not part of hirn, when he regards the loss as something in which he
is not involved. To laugh more is to have more freedom, one is not con-
cerned at a loss because one is not involved in it. Animals such as horses,
camels, elephants can cry, but although the monkey can grin only man can
laugh. +
elf nid}t _~r gcllld}t ~abcn. ~(l& \lidc ~ad1fn t,alt man mit
!Red}t fit ebtelt ee~d& bft \Jab~it, dlte& ~örid}ten einne&,
l»dd}er für a1Jc gtojm, ~a~r~(lft fub~altticUelt 3tttercffelt fha~f
itt, Ultt bfefe"'lt al& i~m Qu;erlid}e unb ftembe betrad)tet.
~em ~ad}clt ift befanntlid) baf !B ef n eIt elttgegftlsefe,t.
iBie fit ime. bie auf .IofhJr, be& lid}erlid}elt @esenf'toltbc& em,
.,funbme 3ufammeltf'tbuwns be& Subjecf& lift ~d} felber au i~rer
&rf~lid}u1lfJ rommt; fo äu;ert fid} im !Seiltm bic butd} ein 9ICl
sati\le& brmrfte innerlid}e 3 err tff en ~ eit bcf Cim.,ffnbenbelt, -
btr ed}mera. ~ie ~ränelt finb ber fritifd1f .&fd}las, - alfo
nid}t bio; bie Weu;eruns, fonbern ausleid) bie <lntäu;erunt 'oef
ed}merae& ; fie ~trfelt baber bei "or~anbenem bebcutenbemeee-
lenlefbelt auf bie @efunbf)cit ebenf0 tvo~lt~ädS, tvie ber nid}t in
X~rdltelt acrfliejenbe ed)mera flir bie ~unb~eit unb boG ~n
\)ft'bcölid} ~ fann. 3n ber X~rölle \\)iTb ber Sd)mera, -
ba& @efü~( be& fit ba& @emüt~ einscbrungenen acrni;enbelt ~
gcafa,e& au lBaffer, au eincm 9leutra(en, au einem 3nbfffermtclt;
unb bie; Itcatrale ~terieUe fefbft, fit ~eld)e~ fid) ber Sd)mera
"",,"ltbclt, ""r'o »on Der Seele QUf f~ftr ~e-(bliAfafeit au&gef~e$
bcn. 31t biefer Wu&fd}cibung, "'tc in jener ~~lid}ung liest
bie Urfa. Der ~fa",elt ~irfuns bd IDdnent. - ~; aM
gerClbe bic Wuselt Da-'jenfge nrgan finb, au~ ~ ber fit
~r6lten fid} erstc;enbc Scf)mera f1er\!or'orbtgt, - ~ie; liegt barin,
Da; bat Wuge bie bO\l."lte llcfti_ultg ~at, eillerfdtf bell .orß4Jl
bef Se~clt~, alfo bef ~ffnbcaf äujer{icfJa @tgcntlAnbc, URb
&\Uffttnf ber nn au r~lt, '"' -efImt fidJ ble &de auf bie
140 efnfQ~ile !Bdfc otfmhrt, ba ber "ufbnle! bte luget bat ~üd).
tigt, g(eicfri"olR ~inge~aud}te 8emäl'De ber enle bllrfteUt; - \Ue;s
~ofb _ bie genfd}elt, Ulft tid} 8tgmfeitig au erfennen, dltdnl
bcr auatt in bie WUQClt ft~tn. 3nbcm nun ber 9Renfcf> bUTd)
bat fa Sd}mera e...funbent !legoti\le in feiner X~öti9feit ge'
~, au einem ~eibenben f1era6gef"t, bie 3beaUtöt, bQ~ 2i cf> t
feiner &eIe getriibt, bie ferte Ciinf)eit berfdben mit ~d) mcl)t ober
.,..ign Qufgdöft ~ir'o; fo \!erldb(~t ficfJ biefer Sfelen~uftQnb
bUld} dne Xnibung bcr Wugen, unb nod} Ile~r bur~ ein ~t.ucl)tJ
lMkn berfdben, t1)t(~ee auf bfe Wultctlon bt~ St~tne, auf biefe
exeessive frequeney is rightly eonsidered as evidenee of

insipidity, of a simplemindedness whieh sinee it has no sense
of any great or truly substantial interests, eonsiders them to
be extern al and alien to itself.
Weeping is reeognized as the opposite of laughter, for 5
whereas in the latter the subjeet's sense of self-aeeord is em-
bodied at the expense of the laughable objeet, the former is
expressive of a negative bringing about the inner disruption
of the sentient being, - of pain. Tears are the eritieal out-
burst, and are therefore not merely the expression but also 10
the expulsion of pain. Consequently, when the soul is
seriously disturbed, te ars ean be benefieial to health, and
conversely, when pain does not fiow in te ars, it can be harm-
ful to both health and life. The feeling of disrupting opposi-
tion, having penetrated the disposition as pain, turns in 15
tears into the neutral undifferentiation of water, and this
neutral material into whieh pain transforms itself is itself
exereted by the soul from its corporeity. In this excretion, as
in this embodying, lies the eause of the healing effeet of
weeping. - Why should just the ryes be the organ through 20
whieh pain forces itself forth in tears? The reason for this is
that the eye has the double determination of being both the
organ of sight, of the sensing of external objeets in general,
and the plaee in which the soul reveals itself in the simplest
manner, the expression in the eye exhibiting the changing 25
portrait of the soul, the canvas onto which it is breathed as it
were. And it is preeisely because of this that people who are
sizing one another up start by looking one another in the
eye. A person's activity is therefore inhibited through the +
negative sensed in pain, he is reduced to a sufferer, the 30
ideality or light of his soul is dimmed, the soul's firm unity
with itself is more or less dissolved; this state of the soul em-
bodies itself in the dimming of his eyes and more markedly in
their moistening, whieh can so inhibit the funetion of sight,
.. ~tfsfdt kf Wug~ fo dn\t'lden fann, ba~

~ellUllCltb
bltf~ bot -6inautre~en nf~t lIIt~r auta~tm 'Oemtag.
(ltae no~ 'OoUfommnm merlewIf~une unb aug(ei~ meg~
f~ ber innedf.n <i.tmbungen, alt burd1 bat ~a~en unb
hrtft Mt IBdnm erfolgt, \t'irb bur~ bie Stimme ~erooTge,
kacfJt. ~ in biefer \t'ffo nidJt, - l»ie beim ~ a~ en, - ein
~ WeuJerlf., ~~ formirt, o'on l»fe ~eim me in en,
- dn UClI!RCltmeUet f1morgetriebtn, foa~ eine !beeUe, eine
- f. Ja fGgm - un~li~e ~i"1f4feit, alro ein fol.t 9a$
tcrfdIct cqcugt, in melclJem 'oie 3nnerlfdJfdt ~ Subj«tt burdJ-
Cl1It bell Il)anfter ber 3naetlicfJfrit be~t, - bie für.tidJ-ret>enbe
~itit ber eetle dne i~f 'O&llfg entf"re"be iH;mi. 3tealf,
tat kfeIImt, - eine 9ltaUt4t, bie unmittdbClr in ~rem (hij'te$
~a ClUf8e~- \t'irb, bCl baf St4'OCfbreitm ~ ~on~ ebenfo
fe~ fda m«f4hrinbm 1ft. ~111'4 'oie StiaaIc cr~ilt bG~et bie
~bunfJ dae kld611dJung, ia ~ldJcr tie nt~t \t'miger
f"neU b~t, alI ti4 Aufert. ~ieJ ifl 'on hnb ber in
ber Sdaule ~*"bmtn ~6f)mn Jtrafl 'oer ChtGujcrung bct ~
ncrlI6J 4i~nbenen. :Die mit biefcr .traft \t'~folUtten !t&-
IICI ~ bqcr ki ~nkgingnitTen u~d}tlt~ 'Oon SeiMa
-....rcr,m ..... laffcn, - bat ba ~~cn ~a
•• dlId~~au-""
~fc dflrGde ~ri6fWdt _er EHlane faD nun a\tat au
141 einem 3ei~en für InbeTe l»erben, l»el~e biefelbe ale ein fo(~et
erfennen ; ~e i~ aber ~Itr, nuf bem Stl1nil"unftc ber ttatürlidJen
Seele, nocfJ nid,t ein 'Olim freien miUen ~nor9(bra~te~ 3ei~en,
- nod} nid}t 'oie bura, 'oie ~ltergie ber :;)nteUigena unb be0 mu:
lent articulirte Sllra~e, fonbem nur ein \)on ber ~mll~nbul1g
unmittelbar ~eroorgebr~tee Xönen, bat, obg(ei~ baffdbe ber
~tticu(ation tntbe~rt, ~a, boa, fa,on \lidfa~er IDlobi~(atlonen
fä~fg aeigt. !Die X~im bringen e8 inber '-leu,erung i~rer (im<
,,~nbun9en nia,t l»eittr, nIß bi~ aur unarticulirten 6timme, bi~
&um 6d)rei td 6d)met&e~ ober ber Wreube; unb mand}e X~iere
gelangen au~ UUf in ber l}öd}i}eu 9lot~ au biefer i~eUen ~eu·
jerung ~rer 3nnerlld}feit. !I)er !Renfd) aber b:.:lbt nf~t bei 'oie:
fer tf}ierifd)eu meife bee Sid}äu,ern~ fle~en; er fd)afft bit art i.
the ideal nature of the eye's activity, that it is no longer able

to sustain the sight of externality.
The embodiment and simultaneous elimination of intern al
sensations brought about by the voice is even more complete
than that brought about by laughing and weeping. Laughing 5
simply involves the forming of an external presence, weeping
the production of a real material being, but the voice in-
volves an embodying which is of an ideal nature, wh ich is
incorporeal so to speak. It therefore engenders a material
being within which the inwardness of the subject never 10
relinquishes the character of inwardness, within which the
being-for-self of the soul's ideality gets a fully correspondent
external reality, a reality which is sublated as soon as it
occurs, the propagation and dying of a tone being insepar-
able. In its being embodied in the voice therefore, sensation 15
dies away as fast as it is uttered. This is the reason for there
being present in the voice a greater capacity for expelling
what is sensed inwardly. The Romans were weIl aware ofthis
power, and they thercfore made a point of allowing women
to wail at funerals in order that the pain which had arisen 20
internally might be transformed into something alien to
fu~. +
Now although the abstract corporeity of the voice can
certainly become a sign for others, who know it as such, here
at the standpoint of the natural soul it is not yet a sign 25
brought forth by free will, not yet speech articulated by the
energy of intelligence and will but simply an intonation, the
immediate product of sensation. Although it is without
articulation however, it already shows itself to be capable of
various modifications. Animals remain inarticulate in the 30
expression of their sensations, not progressing beyond a cryof
pain or pleasure. Wh at is more, many animals only achieve
the ideal nature of this expression of their inwardness when
in extreme need. Man does not stop short at this animal +
manner of self-expression however, for he creates the articu- 35
nHrte S,rad)e, burd) weld)e 'oie fnaerli~elt '-finbungen AU

morte fommen, in i~rer sanaea $eftimmtlJrit fidJ Au,ern, 'oem
Subjecte gegen~&n'olid), un'o aug1dd) ilJm ä~erlid) unb {remb
n>erben. ~ie artfeulirte S4'ro. 1ft 'Oo~ tie ~öd)fle mdfe, wie
'oer DenfdJ fidJ feiner innerll.n III"tin'ouagen entäuJert. ~e'$
f)G1b tMten bei Xobe'fAUen mit gutem 8run'oe 2ddJenlie'oet ge~
fungen, a:onbolationen StlllodJt, 'oie, - fo 14ftfs btefelkn aud)
mitunter fdJeinen ober fe\)n mögen, - bodJ '00' mort~eif~afte
~aben, baJ fie burd) '00' ~ie'oer~o(entlid)e ~efvred)en be~ patt$
se~a&ten mer(ufte' ben 'oGriber se~egten SdJmera ou8 'on @e,
'Orungen~eit 'oe8 @endit~' in 'oie morftdluDg l)trau'~e&en, un'o
fomit au einem @egenftänblidJen, au ehual bem fd)mnaerfüUten
Subjeu @egenü&ertretenben madJen. ~efonber' OM bat 'oa'
~id1ten 'oie JtrGft, "on &e'orönsenben @efiif>(en au befreien j t\)ie
benn nllDlentlidJ @öt ~ e feine geiPige Srei~it JIIe~rmal8 'oo'ourd)
* _lebet ~getleUt ~, '00' er feinen SIf1mna fit ein 8ebidJt ergoJ.
mon ber burd) 'oie Grticulirte SprG. erfolgeaben IkuJerung
unb (intGuJeruDg M ianerfid)en ~~nbu...n ~Htt \l)ir lebod)
~ier, in 'ocr !(ntl)roltOloaie, nm antidpirenb fl,redJen fönnen.
mo' an bicfem Drt uolf1 iU nwä~llen Weibt, ..... ~d iP
Me ~Iogffd)e Seite ber etfmme. !blcffidJtlidJ biefe. ~mftct
'*,
142
"'fcR boj 'oie Stimme, - 'oiefe einfG. Cirafttnuns 'oft
--(ff" ~eknbigm, - im ßb)ft'd)fdI i~fen anfang nimmt,
. _ da caud) mit ben Drgonen bet .t~lftfll' in nal)m Bn'
r...... se fle~t, un'o i~re Ie,te 8il'olmg butel) ben Dunb n$
f)iIt, ber 'oie ",pdte ßgnUion .. , einmal 'ofe unmittelbare k,
"~9 ber Spdfe in 8eW1be bet lekn'ofgm "nfmaHfd)en Cf:
gaitInt au kgtnnen, un\! an'oererfeit', im 8egenfa.e gegen
~e tBainctltdlung ~ .eu,mid)en, 'ofe in 'on Stimme 9'$
r~bc Dti«ti'olrun9 ber Subjecti\)ftdt AU »oUen'oen.
* KehleT Ms. S. 1°7; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. 149: Wenn einer sehr betrübt ist,
und bringt es dazu, daß er Gedichte darüber gemacht, so ist vieles gewonnen.
Göthe sagt, wenn er in Schmerz gewesen, Verlassenheit, habe er Gedichte
darauf gemacht, und dann sei der Schmerz vergangen. So waren Werthers
Leiden, die er schrieb, um seinen eigenen Schmerz zu überwinden, vielen
empfindsamen Seelen Ursache, daß sie sich das Leben nehmen wollten,
glaubten, Göthe sei ebenso gestimmt, während er darüber hinaus und guter
Dinge war.
late speech by which inner sensations become words, express

themselves in their entire determinateness, and become
generally objective and at the same time external and alien
to his subjectivity. Articulate speech is therefore the highest
mode in which man expels from hirnself his inner sensations. 5
When someone dies, though the singing offuneral hymns and
the conveying of condolences may occasionally seem to be
wearisome, or may actually be so, there is good reason for
them, for they have the advantage of enabling the pain of
the bereavement to be raised by reiterative talk from the 10
confines of the disposition into a presentation, and so gen-
erally objectified as something distinct from the subject who
is suffering the pain. I t is however particularly poetry which +
has the power to liberate from the confinements of feeling.
Goethe, for example, has often regained his spiritual freedom 15
by pouring his pain into apoern. * +
Here in Anthropology however, we can only speak by
anticipation of the expression and expulsion of internal
sensations through articulate speech.
The physiological aspect of the voice also has to be men- 20
tioned at this juncture. The voice is the simple vibration of
animal life, and we know in respect of its physiology that it
has its origin in the diaphragm, that it is closely connected
with the respiratory organs, and that it receives its final
formulation in the mouth. The mouth has a dual function, 25 +
for while on the one hand it inwardizes what is extern al by
initiating the immediate conversion of the food into the
formations of the living animal organism, it also counters
this by completing the objectification of subjectivity in the
VOlce. 30 +
* Kehler Ms. p. 107; cf. Griesheim Ms. p. 149: When a person is very dis-
turbed, a great deal is gained if he manages to turn his disturbance into
poetry. Goethe says he has rid hirnself of afHiction, forlornness, hy making
poetry out ofit. He wrote 'The Sorrows ofWerther' for example, in order to
overcome a personal afHiction. It hrought many sensitive souls to the point
of committing suicide, since they thought Goethe was also disposed to this,
hut he surmounted the crisis and cheered up. +
202 • Begels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
§. 402.
1)te ~snpfiatbull9fn trnb, um i~rer Uttmittel&arhit uQb
DltS QScfuubenfel)nlS IviUen, ei 11 ae '11 e unb ur Il& er gel
ben b r ~eftimmungen, t1erallberungen fu ber eu&ftontlas
UtAt ber ee.ele, gefc~t iu i~rem'mit berfrl&cn ibcntifcben
~4\'iicbfe9n. ~&cr*biefelS Wt\l'fi~fe"n ift nicf)t &109 ein for s
meUrs ~oment belS (fmppnbenlS; bie eeel, ift 011 fief) tCI
flertirte ~otalttAt Uffel&en - (tmpfinbtn btt totalcn e>u&:
ltilnliAlitAt, bi~ fic An fief) iit, in fidJ, - falb lenbe
eede.
~4l' ~mpfinbun9 unb ~~b(en 916t bel' eprAcr,gc&rauc6

c"cn Iltcbt einen burd)bringcnbcn Unter;cbitb an bie .f)al1b;
hd) fagt man etlUA nief)t lUo~l 'fmpfinbuns belS 9tccbtlS,
eclbllcm,finbullg u. bai.. , fOl1bem QSef1\~1 belS 9ted}ts,
ecl&tlgeftl~(; mit bel' (tmpfin~ung ~3ngt Die (fmpfin~,
famfelt 5ufAmmtn; mAn fann bAl;er bafllr balten, bA~
bie (tmpfinbung me~\' Ne eeUe btt 'J)affiuitAt, belS Wi 111
ben IS, b. i. bel' Unmittcl&al'ftit bel' ~etlimmtbett im
Wdblcl1, ~er\)Dl'~e&t, balS @efubl auslei~ me~r Guf bit
eelbflifdJfcit, bie bartn ijl, gebt.
Saf...
'''-OcR
!I>~ !l>aejcnigt, '"' ia ,,~ ...
gqqt ",nen 1ft, ~ lW bell rtftca ~ ber
••~IOSlc ,o&Qd. flDtt ~tkn cf in ~CIl Sf)cUc ,anft
litt NI' sema er aal i t. t i, hftinuItcn Scdc, o~cr 11ft bcr ecele
• ..-1I1UIittdNml equ_~it iU t~lIn. ~d7 bcu {.anen,
143 ten \Jort9lln9 M Cinttvicfltmg unfmß @egcnflanbcß ~n~ "'ft au{c;t
aN ber, t~tC ~tftimmt~tit i bce l( fe~enben, bllrfn au frdJ felbet
&utücffe~tcnben unb füt frd) \\)erbcnben, - bllß ~d~t, - ~ur
eml'ftnbenbcn tnb(\)(bueUen Seele gdommcn. ~iermit 1ft ber
Ue&crgllng an bcm eknfo fd)"'lerigen "'ie (nfereff'anten alU d te n
Xr,cUe bel' .n~,o{o9(e gegeben, in "'eldJtm bit Seele frd) i~rer
* 1827 ... die Wahrheit des Einzelnen und Vorübergehenden ist das Allge-
meine; die empfindende Seele ist in sich reftectirte Totalität des Emp-
findens, - Empfinden der totalen Substantialität, die sie an sich ist.
Sensations, on account of their immediacy and their

being found, are single and transient determina-
tions, alterations in the substantiality of the soul
posited within its being-for-self, a being-for-self which
is identical with this substantiality.* This being-for- 5
self is not merely a formal moment of sensing how-
ever, for the soul is implicitly a reßected totality of
sensing, and in that it senses within itselfthe total
substantiality ofwhat it is implicitly, it feels.
Linguistic practice happens to provide us with no 10

thoroughgoing distinction between sensation and
feeling. Nevertheless, we do tend to speak not of a
sensation of right, self and suchlike, but of a feeling
for what is right, of self-awareness. Sensation in-
volves sensitivity, and there is reason for main- 15
taining therefore, that while sensation puts more
emphasis upon the passive aspect of feeling, upon
finding, i.e. upon the immediacy of feeling's
determinateness, feeling refers more to the self-
hood involved here. 20 +
Addition. With wh at has been said in the preceding Para-

graph we have completed thefirst part of Anthropology. In
this part we had first to deal with the soul determined
wholly qualitatively, the soul in its immediate determinateness.
Through the immanent progression in the development of 25
our subject matter, we have finally reached the individual
sentient soul, that is to say, the soul which returns to itself and
becomes for itself in positing its determinateness as rif an ideal
nature. This yields the transition to the second part of Anthro-
pology. In this part, which is as difficult as it is interesting, 30
* 1827: ... the truth ofthe singular and transitory is the universal; the sen-
tient soul is the intro-reflected totality of sensing, - the sensing of the total
substantiality wh ich it is implicitly.
Su"fbmttaUtAt entsegentteßt , fl~ fel6a gegemikrtritt 1 (n Ü1ren

kfHlltmten (fnq,flnbtmgen austdcfJ aullt (8efü~t i~tn felbfl, obn
au ban t\od) nicfJt o~feet&en, fonbern nur fu~iectll'tn ~ftl)u;tftt11t
i~tn ~ 0 taU tAt SelMgt, unb fomit, - ba bie (fnq,flnbuag alf
fot. an bat Clinadne gewnben tfl, - ~to; ~flnbenb au ff'qn
a~&ft. ~ biefem ~e .aben \l'ir bfe Seele, t»ri1 fit f)ftr
auf ben& Sta~unft t~ra (fntall)dung mit fi~ felber etflJefnt,
tlll 3uftClnbt i~tn .tfCInf~dt au betracfJten ~Qben. Cl~ ~cfJt
in biqa S\)t,4n dn &ibetf)md) ber Wtef~it unb Unft:i~dt bn'
Sede; benn bie IStde ifl efnetfdt~ nod} cm ~te Subjlantlcdit4t
gcfeffdt, bunf) f~fe "atütll~feit ~ebingt, \l'a~renb fie anbmqeit'
fd?on fld? »on t~tn eu~ftana, »on a,tn 9lot6rlicfJftit au trennen
~eetnnt, wb fld? fomit auf bie !nittelftufe a\\)ifd?en i~rem unmifl
tel6aten 9lllturleben unb bem obiectltlen, freien ~ettlu.;tft~n m,e&t.
3n "efem bie Seele je.t biefe gJlittel~uft betritt, \\)oO'en ttlft
~itf futa erlAutern.
~te b(0; e (fml> fi nbun 9 ~at ef, \tlie eben bemetft, nur
mit Ciinaelnem unb 3ufälligem, mit unmittelhr @Jeg(-
benem unb (5jegenll'ärtlgem au t~un; unb '>ierer 3n~lt tf$
f"nt bn' em"flnbenben Seele al~ il)te ei gen e (onaete !ßttf·
lkf)fdt. - 3nbem itf1 mid) bageBm euf ben Stanb"lInft be~ ~ e,
ttlu,tfe'11l' nf)tbe, ~r~alte (cf) ml~ au einer mit äu;nen
mclt, AU einer obiectiuen ~otalitat, au einem in fl~ au'
falllmen~ingenben .treife mannigfaltiger lInb \)trWlddttf,
mir gegenübmrdenbn @egenf'tQnbe. I{' c&itctit'e' ~u;trtt1n
(}(\be ict, \l'o~( aundd?fl eine unmittdbat't (fmv~nbung, 3u91ei~
bie; ~fuRbenc a6er für miclJ da ~URft in km ll11guuei,
i'
144 1tett 3urGllmcn~Qnge ~er 1>inge, fomit ein über feine finn,
li d? e (f i n ael n ~ ci t unb unmittelbare Q)egenttlart.p in a UG\\H i·
fe nbe t. .n bit ftnnlid>e Q)cgen\l)l1rt ber minge i~ ~\l~ cbiecnue
~ctl)u;tftt1n fo \l)enig gebunben, bO' i~ au~ \,\)n !>emjenigell
ttliffen fann, t1'O' mir nl~t finnUd) gegen\l)4rtig i~, ttlie, aUln
~eir~id, ein mir nUT burd) S~riften bdannteG fetne~ ~anb. maG
~u;tfe"n bet~Qtigt aber feine Unob~angigfeit t!Olt bem Stoffe
bu (fm,,~nbung babur~, ba, e~ i~n auG bet ~orm ber (f in.
aeln'eit iR bie \1orm ber I([gemein~eit er~(bt, an bemfd<
the soul, in opposing itself to its substantiality, standing over

against itself, attains in its determinate sensations to self-
awareness, or rather to an as yet not objective but only sub-
jective consciousness of its totality. Sensation as such is
bound to wh at is single, and the soul therefore ceases to be 5
merely sentient. Since at this stand point it appears as at
variance with itself, we shall have to consider it in its diseased
state. A contradiction between the freedom and restraint of
the soul is predominant in this sphere, for while on the one
hand it is still fettered to its substantiality, conditioned on 10
account of its naturality, it is already beginning to separate
itself from its substance, its naturality, and so to raise itself
to the stage between its immediate naturallife and objective
free consciousness. We now pro pose to give abrief explication
of the extent to which it now enters upon this intermediate 15
stage. +
As has just been observed, mere sensation is concerned only
with what is single and contingent, with what is immediately
given and present, this content appearing to the sentient soul as
its own concrete actuality. - In that I raise mys elf to the 20
standpoint of consciousness however, I relate myself to a world
external to me, to an objective totality, to an inwardly connected
cycle of manifold and complex general objects which come to
stand in opposition to me. Although as objective conscious-
ness I certainly start with immediate sensation, for me wh at 25
is sensed is at the same time a point in the universal connected-
ness of things, and so intimates the limitedness of its sensuous
singularity and immediate presence. The sensuous presence
of things has so light a hold upon objective consciousness,
that I can also know of wh at is not sensuously present to me. 30
I can, for example, be familiar with a distant country merely
through what has been written about it. It is, however, by
raising it from the form of singularity into that of universality,
kn, mit iBeslatfung ~ mn 3ufQlIiQen unb @lddJsültistn, baG

!B efe n tl i dJ e f~t; bu~ l»el. t&manbluns ba~ (flll\)funl
bene iU einem QJol'sefhHten _ . ~iefe \)011 Q~aden t8el
~qn ~Ol'ßCllOaunene k4nbm1ng ift etroa~ es ub je, ti \) e' ,
ba' Wf Im !B iI (für (f cf1 n wb lt n ~ i d HdJ en fOl'tsel}en" -
t&\'fkIIuaQm tqeusm fCUUl, 'oie o~ne eine i~nen entf~l'edJmbe
~t jinb. - 3~ir.n ball ,otftellenben ~ell'u;tl
fUln ebmfdt. un'o bel' unmittelbal'en &m~fin'oung anbeI
mfeitf fle~t nun bie ÜI &,., eit en !t ~ eH t 'on • n t ~ \'0 ~ I 0 , °
Sie iU kttadJtmbe, füf1 fek in ~"l !totalitat un'o .Use l
mdn~eU fi~lenbe ober .'nen'oe Seele in 'on Bitte.
~ bat angelleine e"'fun'oen ~e, fdJrint ein Bkl
n,nacf1; baln 'oie (g~fin'oung, alt fol., ~at, me ll'il' mtfm,
..ur 'oGf Ciinaclne &u ~um ~alte. ~iefn Si'oetf~mdJ trifft
GM nidJt ~imige, ,"G lVif bit fi~len'oe eule nmnen;
'ocnn 'oiefe ift l»e'on in 'on un 1ft iU eI h u n fi nnli cf1 en (f 11 '
'fiRbans kfangen unb »on 'on unmittelbareR ffnnUdJen
.esenlVllft ~is, nocf) kaie~t fit ~dJ UDlgefd)n auf 'od
ll1Il' bunfJ 'oie mmmttlung bc. teinen ~ en fe n' au erfatfen'oe
tGaa aUsem.eine, fon'oem ~at \)idme~t einen 3qalt, 'ocr
no" nfcfJt lUl' !trennung bef tmgemdnea un'o 'oe~ <iin4dncn,
'oft S~di'Mn un'o bef .objectf"en forttn~icfelt ift. !Bd id)
41uf 'oiefCII Stan'o,unft ell'~I1'oe, ~a' Mn i~, un'o \N' ier,
Wn, ~Q' ell\'fin'oe idl. ~d) biu ~in un.ittelb.sr etsen,
145 \~ äT Hg in 'oem 3n~alte, ber mit nft na~~et, ll'ena ier, obI
jectiuce ~ ell' u; t f e~ n ~er'oe, ale eine gegen mi~ f tI bft ft an '0 i9e
~elt erfd1tint. Bur fü~(en'oen SeeIe »n~Qlt ~d} 'oiefer 3n~alt
nOd} \l'ie bie ~cci'oenael1 aur 6ub~an3; jene erfd}eint noef) al~
'od 6ubiect lIl1'o ber IDlittell>unft aUer 3n~altebeftiml1lllngen, ---
ale 'oie 9)lad1t, roelcb,e über bie ®elt 'oe~ lJü~(en~ auf unmittel-
bare ~etfe ~enfef)t.
~er Ueberg an 9 AU 'oem Pt) eit en X~etl 'oet ~nt~to"ol
l09ie mad}t ~d1 nun beftimmter auf 'oie fo(genbe 9ßeife. 3u'Oör~
~nil mufj bemetff ll'erben, 'oa, 'oer 'Oon un~ im \)orfgen $ara~
g\'Q~~en ktrad1tete Unterfef)ieb \)on äuinUdJen un'o innerlidJen
(fm,,~n'oungen nur für u n G, '006 ~ei;t, füf 'oa' l'e~ettiten'oe
by leaving behind wh at is purely contingent and indifferent

and holding fast to wh at is essential in it, that consciousness
effects its independence ofthe material ofsensation. Through
this transformation, what is sensed becomes apresented being.
U ndertaken by abstract consciousness, this transformation is 5
a subjective something which can drift into being arbitrary and
devoid of actuality, into engendering presentations which have
no corresponding actuality. ~ Now the second part of Anthro-
pology has to deal with the soul which holds the middle be-
tween presentative consciousness on the one hand and immediate 10
sensation on the other, whichfiels or divines itself in its totality
and universality. The sensing of the universal seems to involve a
contradiction, for as we know, sensation as such has as its
conte nt only that which is single. What we call the feeling
soul does not involve this contradiction however, for it is 15
neither confined to the immediate sensuousness of sensation and
dependent upon the immediate sensuousness ofwhat is present, nor
does it relate itself to the wholly universal being which can be
grasped only through the mediation of pure thought. It has,
on the contrary, a content which has not yet developed into 20
the separation of the universal and the singular, the sub-
jective and the objective. At this stand point what I sense I am,
and what I am I sense. Here I am immediately present in the
content, which only later, when I become objective con-
sciousness, appears to me as a confronting, independent world. 25
This content still relates itself to the feeling soul as accidences
do to substance; the soul still appears as the subject and
central point of all determinations of content, as the power
which dominates the world of feeling in an immediate
manner. 30
N ow the transition to the second part of Anthropology formu-
lates itself more specifically in the following manner. It has
to be observed first of all, that the difference between ex-
ternal and internal sensations considered by us in the pre-
ceding Paragraph is only for us, which means that as yet it is 35
0t~uJtfe~n, aM burel)au' nocr, niel)t für bfc Seele feIbet ift.

!Die ein fa el) e (i i It ~ ei t ber Serie , i~ft Ußgdtiibte 3beafftät
nfaJt fiel) nod) niel)t in i~rem Untct(el)iebe ~on einem Weu;n,
lid)m. "bglridJ ahet bie Sede über biefe i~re ibteUe ~atur noel)
frin ~ll'u;tfe\}n ~at; f0 i~ fie niel)tebeftOll'miger bie 3 beaff t ät
ober 9l e9at i~ i t ä t aller ber mannigfaltigen Irten ~on (inq,fin,
+ bungen, bie in i~r jebe für fiel) 1lntl gfei419fUtg gegen einanber
au fein f"nen. !Die bie objectitle Seit fiel) für unrere In,
fdJlluung niel)t al8 rin in ~er fel)iebene Seiten Ghtrenn,
teG, fonbern afl ein ~onnetee borfteUt, bae ~ in unter,
fdJiebene "bje,t, t~ilt, l\)tld)e l\)ieberum, jebee für fld), ein
(i 0 n er eh 8, ein ~ 0 n '0 0fut ber ~erfIfIiebenften f8efiimnnmgen
flnb; - fo i~ bie Seele feIM eine X0 t ctf UAt unenblflfl ~ieIn
unterfel)iebenn ~ttn, bie in i~r in iin e aufammeßf
se~en; (0 ba; bie Sule in i~nm, an fiel), ultenblilf1d 8ür-
fi dJ fe~ n bleibt. 3n biefer !totalität ober 3bealitdt, - in timt
aeitlofen inbiffmnten 3nneren ber Seele, - 'Oer(el)ll'inben iebodJ
bie einanber ~erbränsenben &ml'finbuusen nid)t abfolut fvud08,
fonbern blewen botin ale 0 uftl e~ 0 ben e, - befommen borin
i~t 0e~e~en al~ ein aundel)jl nut mö9Ii d) er 3n~olt, btt ertt
DaburdJ, ))a, er fi f bie Seele, ober t-a; biefe tn t~m fu r f' d1
146 nKrb, ~a feiner tJU 9(h~ hit aUf mitfli cf1 fe it gdongt. !Die
&Je '4äIt affo ben 3n~lt ber ~fbtbun9, ll'enu auer, nidJt
für fidJ, - fo bod) in fiel). !Die; nur auf einm f1h fiel)
t nner Ii cfJ cn ~ctft, Guf dne Itfedion meiner, GUf bie &Io;e
<i~ fldJ kaidJenbe iu fbell'G~tcn ~e~t bn ci8cnt~
Hel)en (hinnuuug nocfJ fern, ba biere ~on ber Infel)auung
einet au einem 3nnerli~n au mocf1enben du;etHel) gefe.ten @Cs
sen~ mge~t, ~1d1ef, - ll'ie berrit~ bemnft, - ~ier
fit bk <Seele nocf1 nid)t eriftirt.
!I>tc Seele ~t aber Rod) eine an bCl' e Seite ber <irfüUung,
alI 'Oal bmtte in ber <iml'finbuno gell'efenen 3~olt, ~on
l\)C(d1ea ll'ir aunäcf1~ 9tf~fod}m ~oben. lu~er bitfem Stoffe
finb "'ir, ~ l\)frf{i~ 3nbf'Ofbualitdt, 0 n f i d} nod> dne me 1t
»on conaetCJll ~aft mit unmbliel)et $eril'~erie, - ~abcn ll'ir
in une eine a~aofe !lenge »on ~eate~ungen unb 3ufQmmen~
only for reflecting consciousness, and certainly not for the

soul itself. The simple unity of the soul, its undimmed ideality,
does not yet apprehend itself as distinct from what is ex-
ternal. Yet although the soul is still not in possession of a
consciousness transcending this its ideal nature, it is none the 5
less the ideality or negativity of all the manifold kinds of sensa-
tions, each of which appears within it to be for itself and
indifferent to the others. Just as the objective world displays
itself for our intuition not as divided into various aspects but as a
concrete being dividing itself into various objects, each of 10
which is in its turn a concrete being, a convolution of the most
various determinations; - so with the soul itself, which is a +
totality of infinitely numerous and differing determinatenesses,
so united by concurring within it, that it remains implicit
within them as infinite being-for-self. The sensations which 15
drive one another out do not absolutely disappear however,
leaving no trace in this totality or ideality, in the timeless
undifferentiated inwardness of the soul, for they remain
sublated there, obtaining their subsistence as what is initially
only a possible content, as that which first advances from its 20
possibility into actuality in that it be comes for the soul, or in
that the soul becomes for itself within it. The soul therefore
retains the content of sensation within itself, even if not for
itselj: This retention, which relates only to a content having
inner being-for-self, to an affection of what is mine, to mere 25
sensation, is still remote from recollection proper, originating as
this does in the intuition of an externally posited general
object which has to be made into an internal being. As has
already been observed, such a general object does not yet
exist for the soul at this juncture. 30
We began by discussing that content ofthe soul which has
already been in sensation. The filling of the soul has yet
another aspect however, for apart from this material, as an
actual individuality we are also implicitly a world of concrete
conte nt with an infinite periphery, and have within us a 35
multitude of numberless relations and connections, which
~CIl, bie bmact in ud ift, ~nnbftftf6t aulf1 nilf1t in unfm

~ unb &rfldIung fommt, unb bit, - ~it ft~r jene
~~UIlßt1I ~ ~bt, fel6fl o~ne unfa 9Bijfen, "aänbem
Snm, - bmnocfJ aum (fnmten 2~alt ber menflf1UIf1en <Seele
ge~rt; fo baj bie ~.tm, ~gm bef unmblicf1tn stdtf)tt;tnnf
~m ~alt" 01' <Seele einer SeU, 01' inbbibueU ~
ftimmte !B clt f ce le 6eaeilf1nd \Mben bart. iDdl bie Seele beG
gmflf1en eine ci n ael ne, eine nalf1 aUen <Seitm ~in 6eftimmte
lu.b fomit .e f lf1 ranft e i'; fo ~a~lt ~1f1 biefel6t aulf1 alt einem
DGd) i~rem inbit!ibuellen Stanb~nnft befHaunten Uni~errum.
!Die; ba Seelc ~egenüberfte~mbe ftt nilf1t em bafeIben .eujer1
IidJef. ~ie ~tG1ität ba ~en,Mtniffe, in ~llf1en 'oie inbWlbueUe
1IIC11fdJlilf1e <Seele ficf1 befinbet, malf1t _Ime~r beren "'irflidJe ~e1
benbiQfeit unb Subie(ti~ität auG, u.b ift fonn, mtt bnfelben
ebenfo feft \lentlad)ftn, ~ie - um rin t\f(b an Qe6raulf1en -
mit bem }Baume bie ~lätter, bie, obglrilf1 ~ dnetfeitG ein \lon
hmfelben UutfrfdJiebene~ finb, bmnolf1 fo ~efendidJ au i~m ge'
l)~ftn, bo~ a abftirbt, ~nn jene U,m ~iebe""olentlilf1 abgeriffen
147 nltrben. .Uerbtng~ ~trm6gen bit au einem t~ten , UHb etfll~'
nmgGfrilf1tn ~ebm gelongten felbftjlänbigtrtn mtufd)Ulf1en ~atUftn
ben kluft dne' Xf>d(e8 !I>e8jenigen, ~~ i~fe 9Btlt aUGmalf1t,
bei fßritem beffn AU atragen, ale IDltnflf1en, bie in efnfad)en
~~tniffen QUfge\\)ad)fen unb feinee tilritafh'tben~ fa~i9 finb;
bat ~n&gefü~l ba ~e~tmn ift mUlmta fo feft an i~re .pet-
mat~ gd!unben, '00; fit in bn ~embe ~on bn .IrQnf~eft bee
.primwe~'. befaUen "'erben unb einet ~~Qnae gldd)en, bie nur
auf biefem beftimmttn ~oben gebei~en fann. ~od) aud) bell
flidtlm 9laturen ift AU i~rem conaden Selbflse~1 dn ge"'iffn
Umfang Au;em ~et~a(tniffe, - fo au fasen, - ein ~inretd)eß1
'oee etücf Uni~erfum not~",mbi9; benn o~ne eine follf1e inbh){1
bueUe Seit würbe, tlIie gefagt, 'oie ntenfd)Ud1e (Seele ü6er~u~t
feine IBkfttcf)feit ~aben, nicf)t aUf beftimmt untetfd7febenen Ciin1
AdnfJdt gelangtlt. ~ie Seele bet genfd)tn ~at a6n nfd)t &10;
~ttufuntnflf1tebe, fonbem fie unterflf1dbet filf1 in filf1
feIbtr, trennt i~re fubflanahlle ~otalU4t, i~re tnbt\)ibueUe
!BeU \)00 tl4 ab, fe~t b{efelbe tld) ale be. eu~j«ti~n gegtn1
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 2 II
even if it does not enter into our sensation and representa-

tion is always within us, and still belongs to the concrete
content of the human soul regardless of the extent to which
these relations are able to change constantly even without
our knowing of it. On account of its infinite wealth of con- 5
tent, the human soul may therefore be said to be the soul of a
world, the individually determined world-soul. Since the human +
soul is a singularity, determined in all its aspects and there-
fore limited, it also relates itself to a universe determined in
accordance with its individual standpoint. That by which the 10
soul is confronted is by no means a being extern al to it, for
the totality of relationships within which the individual
human soul finds itself is rather the actual life and sub-
jectivity of this universe. Speaking pictorially, we may say
that it has grown together with it as inseparably as leaves 15
which grow with a tree, and which although they differ
from the tree, belong to it so essentially that it dies if re-
peatedly stripped of them. Those who have attained a more
independent human nature through a life rich in activity and
experience, are of course better able to be ar the loss of apart 20
of that which constitutes their world than those who have
grown up in simple circumstances and are incapable of
striving beyond them. Sometimes the latters' feeling for life
is so inextricably involved in their own locality, that they
suffer from homesickness when away from it, and are like a 25
plant wh ich can only thrive in a particular soil. Yet a certain +
range of external relationships, an adequate part of the
universe so to speak, is also necessary to the concrete self-
awareness of even the strongest of natures; for as has been
observed, without such an individual world the human soul 30
would have no actuality at all, would attain to no speci-
fically distinct singularity. The human soul does not merely
entail natural dijferences however, but dijferentiates itself within
itselJ, separating from itself its substantial totality, its individual
world, which it posits over against its own subjective being. 35
2 I2 • Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
AM. ~~ B\\)el ift babei ber, ba' fü r f fe, ober für ben
f)rift ~bt, \\)a~ berfel6e an f i d1 ift, - baj ber (1 n ff d1 im
+ Q)dfte mt~ltme .to~mo~ in ba~ ~ e\\)u,tfe~n beffelben trete
luf bem etQnb~unft ber eeele, b~ n~ ni~t frtfen @ei~e~
finbet aber, \\)ie g{eid1faU~ f~on bemnft, !rin 0 bj u tt \) e~ ~tl
\\)u;tf~n, !rin miffen \)on ber lBelt a~ riner \\)irftid1 a u ~ mir
~euu .gef ce tn ftatt. ~ie fll~ (enb e Stele \)erft~rt &10;
mit t~ten in ner li cf) en ~nQen. ~er f)egmfae i~rtr
felbft un'O !l)efienigcn, \\)Q~ ftt fit tft, bleibt nod] in fte ringe~
fd]loffen. (ltft \\)enn 'Oie Seele ben mannigfaltigen, unmUtdhttn
2n~1l1t i~tcr inbi\)fbueUcn mklt negali\) gfre,t, i~n AU einem ~in<
fad)en, ~u einem abrtr aet 9Hl gemei n en gtma~t ~at, -
\\)cnn romit ein 9an a ~ ({ gemein t ~ für 'Oie I{{ge mein ~ ei t
ber Seele t~ lInb biere ~d] eben 'ollburcf) ~u 'etm f fi r fi cf} f el bii
f c\1 enb tn, f id) fd &~ 9egc n ftdn'o li d]e n ~ ~, 'tiefem ~d]
148 cwf ~ kaf4cnben \)oUfommen IOgtlltinen, e~lelt ~at, -
eint InftDtcnunS I \\)cI. 'Ocr Sedt ~ fold)er n.od1 fc~(t, -
ntt GIro na~ QmidJung biefe~ Bicl~ fommt 'ofe etde QUf ~
teil fdiectben \Jll~hn aum ~q~ft obitethen ~e.
\l)u;tfe~D; benn etft bat für iidJ#felbft'f~nbe, \)On bem un#
llitttlknn Stoff auna~tt ~nigftm~ auf _fttade iBrife befreite
3~ lc\;t QU~ belll Stoffe 'oie Wreu,eit bef ~efle~n~ au; er bem
~. !Bat ~ir ba~ bif aur <md~lIllg biere' Btelet au beI
tfQ~tca ~ben, bat tft ber eefrtfunQffanq,f, \\)Cld)en 'Oie Seele
gtgCD ~ UllIlittdNr&it ~ref fubftanaieUen 3n~tf bur~au'
ft4ttll ~t, UIß ibrer fdbft \)onfommen lIlidltig unb ~rclß ~,
ri tJdf,rcd)enb au \\)erben, - UIll ficfJ AU !Dem au IIlCl••,
'Hf fie ca n f i cf) ober if1rem ~ e9riffe nadl 1ft, na_ au ber
.. 3~ attHnnben fi~ Cluf ~dl beaiebenben cinfa~en SUbf
jectbUit. !Die <it~t&ung au Ntfem (intll)icftung~.unft tunt
eine 80Ige \)on brei Stufen bar, 'Oie ~ter \)ttfi~crung~\\)Cife
ba ltorcnt. angtsc6en \\)crben fönnen.
Waf 'ocr nften Stuft feben "'ir bie Seele in belll ~urd]$
tdulIltll anb I~nen if1re8 toneuten ~aturlcbcn~ ks
fcmecn. Uaa ba' iBunbcrbarc biefcr in neuerer Beit allgClllM
kodlktcR Seelenform au begreifen, IllÜfrell ~ir feft~tn, bo;
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 2 I3
Its purpose in doing so is that spirit should hecome for soul or

spirit what it is implicitly, that the cosmos contained impli-
citly in spirit should enter into spirit's consciousness. I t has
already heen ohserved however, that at the stand point of the
soul, of spirit which is still not free, there is no objective con- 5
sciousness, no knowledge of the world as of something
actually posited from out of myse?f. The feeling soul has inter-
course only with its inner determinations. The opposition be-
tween itself and that which has being for it still remains
enveloped within it. The soul first leaves its subjective feeling 10
for truly objective consciousness, once it has reached the goal of
positing the manifold, immediate conte nt of its individual
world negatively, of making it into a simple, abstract universal,
that is to say, once a wholly universal being is for the universality
of the soul, and the soul has developed itself, by precisely 15
this means, into a perfect self-relating universal, into the ego
which is for itself in standing over against itselj. This is a de-
velopment which the soul still lacks however. It is only the
ego in its heing-for-self, the ego which from the first is at
least freed from the immediate material in an abstract 20
manner, which also allows the material freedom of sub-
sistence outside the ego. Prior to the reaching of this goal, we
therefore have to consider the struggle for liberation which
the soul has to wage against the immediacy of its sub-
stantial content in order to complete its self-mastery and 25
become adequate to its Nation, in order to make itself into
what it is implicitly or in accordance with its Notion i.e. the
simple self-relating subjectivity existing within the ego. The
elevation to this point of development exhibits a sequence of
three stages, the formulation of which can here be affirmed in 30
advance.
In the first stage we see the soul involved in dreaming away
and divining its concrete natural life. In order to grasp the
wonder of this form of it, which has recently attracted
general attention, we have to bear in mind that at this 35
~ etdc "" nod1 in unllfttdhur, untnf~feU(ofer

win~eft lIit ~nr .Dijedtoitot p~ kflnbd.
~ i.eite Stufe fit ber S."unft ber t8errüdt~eit,
bat ~, ber mit fi~ felhr ent •• eUen, einerfdtf ~rer
r.. .u,tigm, Clnbererfdtf ~rer nocfJ ai~t _~tism, fonbem
ta dncr einaehten lhfonbnteU Mte.Itmen, botin i~re
~"'nSee(e.
~ ber brUten Stufe mbli4 llriR 'oie Scde 46eJ ~re
ttClturinbbtbuolitot, über ~re 2ef&(f~feft 9dfter, fett
~ ~e pa einca ~t 8~or~ellben gitte{ I)ct~, ullb "hft ben
ai ~t pa ~ Mlt~fdt 8~örism ~ ~rer futlanaieUen
~talitit alt t&jecthe SeIt Qd ~~ ~nG1l" 3n biefe.
149 BieIe gelangt, tdtt 'oie SetIe fn 'ocr abfh'aden ~~eit be~ ~ ~
~et'\)or unb wirb bamit 0 eWu ~ t fe" n.
Ueber aUe 'oie ebtnangefü~rten Stufen ~abtn .ir aber au
'bemeffen , wo~ wfr fd}on bei ben fni~erer. <intruicflungfflabien
'oer Seele au bemetfen ~atten, ba, au~ ~fer ~tfgfdten bef
@dfk~, 'oie erft f~äter fn i~m freien @efla(t betra"tet Werben
fönnen, \!otrueg emä~nt Werben müfl'en, \\leU blefelben bereit~
'oUT~ 'ofe fü~Ien'oe Seele ~inburd}\\litfen.
b.
* ~ t c f &\ ~ 1e n b e e e e 1 t.
§. 403.
t ~a~ ftl~renbe .3tlbl~ibuum ift bit einfame 3bea(f1
tat, eu&jectiuit4t bes ~mpfillbel1s. (fs ilt barum oU tbult,
bau es feine eu&jtanti,,!itat, bit nur a 11 f i cf) feQet\ilC (fr:
ftlUuI19 als eubj~cti\1itAt fe ~t, pd) in ~eii~ nimmt, I1l1b
altS Me ro~ad)t feiner felb(t ftlr fieb mlrb. $Oie eede ilt
altS- ft1blenbe ntd)t mc()r &lotS nauirliebe f fonbern il1lmlid)e
.3nbi»ibualiti\t; biU ibr in ber nur fu&jtal1tieUen ttotalitat
* 1827: Die träumende Seele.

t 182 7: empfindende.
Volurne Two: Anthropology· 215
juncture it still occurs in immediate, undifferentiated uniry with

its objectivity.
The second stage is the stand point of derangement, that is to
say ofthe soul at variance with itself; although master ofits own
in one respect, for the rest it is not yet so, being fixed in a 5
single particulariry, within which it has its actuality.
In the third stage the soul finally becomes master of its
natural individualiry, its corporeiry, reducing it to a subservient
means and projecting out qf itself as an objective world the
content of its substantial totality not belonging to its cor- 10
poreity. Having reached this goal, the soul emerges into the
abstract freedom of the ego and so becomes consciousness.
What has already had to be observed of the earlier stages
of the soul's development also applies to every one of the
stages just mentioned, namely, that spiritual activities which 15
can only be considered in their [ree shape at a later stage,
have to be alluded to in anticipation on account of their
already being effective throughout the feeling soul. +
b.
The feeling soul*
The feelingt individual is simple ideality, sub-

jectivity of sensation. Consequently, the task here is 20
for it to posit the simply implicit filling of its
substantiality as subjectivity, to take possession of
itself and assume the being-for-self of self-mastery.
In that it feels, the soul is inwardly and no longer
merely naturally individualized; this being-for-self 25
of the soul, which in the merely substantial totality is
* 1827: The dreaming soul.

t 1827: sentient.
trl1 formeUe Wt\ rfttbftl}n 111 öU tmfelbllllAnbigen unb

iU befreien.
ffiirgenb fo fe~r a(~ bet ber <eedc unb nocr, ,me~r

&tim @ei(te ift tt) bie Sl;efllmmung bfr ~ b e a( i t ä t, bie
falr b41S ~erllAnbniji am roefentlicl)flen feflbubalten ifl,
baji bie ,3bea(itAt mf 9 R t Ion beG meeUen, bleiu aber
öugldd) llU f be ro a C) rtf ~irtuQliter er()alten ifl, ob e5
gtticl) nicl)t t~iflirt. <!5 tfl Me ~ellimmuIl9, bie roir
rool)( In 'l{nfebun9 ber ~orfleUungell, beS @jebad)tniITes,
t'or ums baben. ~ebe5 ,3nbiuibuum ift ein unell~(jcl)er
9leid)tbum ~on <!mp~nbun95bcflimmungen, ~or(teUult'
gen, stenntniITen, @jebanfen u. f. f.; aber ~ cl) bin
hrum bod) ein ganb ei 11 f ,ur, u, - ein beflimmungsl
fefn e~a~t, h, rod~em aQetJ biefes Qufben)(\&rt itl
116nt AU t~fniren. Cfrlll\)ttll\,3 d) ttt(d) alt ti lt t ~~rl
fhUung erinnert, bringe ,3d> fit I1US jenem ,3nntrn b~rl
QUS aur <!~ifttl1b \lot blls Sl;cl\)ujitfelJn. ~n ShanH)eiten
150 gefcl)iebt, baji ~orfltaungen, stenllfttilTe roiebtr ilum ~orl
fd)ein fommen, bie feit ~Ielen ,3a[)ren "ergeITtn beiöen,
roeil tie in fo (allger ßeit nicl)t ill5 ~eroujitfelJlI gebracl)t
rourben. m3ir rollren nld)t in ({)rem ~tfi~, fommen
etroa IlUd) Durd> folcl)e in Der jtral1f(}tit gefd)ebcllt 9tet
I'robuctioll nicl)t ferllerC)in in Ibren 5l;~~~, unb bod) roaf
ren tie in un6 unb bleiben nocl) ftrnerbin in dillS. eo
rann Der 9~enfcl) nie roiITen, roie \lIde stenlltnilTe er in
ber ~bat in f i d) ~ at, ob er fie gleld) \ltrgeITtll bllbe;
- fie geb6rtn nid)t feiner ~irflicl)tdt, nicbt feiner eubl
jecti~it6t Q(5 fold)er, fOllbtrn lIur feillern 1111 tid> ftlJet1 1
ben ee9n an. ~iefe ci n f (\ d) e ~ 1111 er I I cl) ~ ei t ilt
unb bleibt bie ~nbi\)lbulllirlit In QUer 5ßejlimmtbeit unb
lJermittlung bu ~ntlu~tielJns, roelcl)e fpAter in fit gel
fe~t roirb. ~ier ifl biefe (t i n f /I d) bel t ber eede bU1
nlicl)fl /I(S fublenbe, in ber bie ~tiblid>hit el1t~Qlteh 111",
unb gegen bie ~orfttUul1g blerer ~eib(jd)felt, roe(cf)e falr
b45 5ßerou§trc9n unb ben ~erfl(\l1b eine auöer ehlQnber
unb 4Uan ibl' felJtnbe 9)lattl'iQUtAt ifl, feflaubaltrlt. ~o
ltltnig bit ro~" It ni cl) fCl (t I 9 t eit bel' \litten ~ 0 r 11 d,
lu n gen ein 'l(uötreinanber unb reQte mielbeit in bem
at first formal, has to be made independent and

Iiberated.
Nowhere is it so evident as in consideration of the

soul, and to an even greater extent spirit, that if
ideality is to be understood, it is most essential to 5
grasp the point that while it is the negation of that
which is of a real nature, that which is negated is at
the same time pr es e r v e d, virtually maintained,
even though it does not exist. It is indeed this deter-
mination that we have before us in the case ofpresent- 10
ations or memory. Every individual constitutes an
infinite wealth of determinate sensations, presenta-
tions, knowledge, thoughts etc.; and yet the ego is
completely indivisible, - a featureless mine, in +
which all this is preserved without existing. It is only 15
when I recollect a presentation that I bring it out of
that interior into conscious existence. It sometimes
happens during illnesses, that there is a reappearance
of presentations and things known that have been re-
garded as forgotten for years on account of their not 20
having been consciously recalled for so long. We
neither possessed them prior to their being produced
during the illness nor do we retain them afterwards,
and yet they were within us throughout and continue
to reside there. Consequently, a person who has once 25
forgotten the things he has learnt can never know the
true extent of the knowledge he pos ses ses; - these
things are simply implicit in what he is, and do not
pertain to his actuality, his subjectivity as such. This
simple inwardness constitutes individuality, andit 30
persists throughout all the determinateness and
mediation of consciousness subsequently posited
within it. At thisjuncture, the simplicity ofthe soul
has to be grasped primarily as the feeling which com-
prises corporeity; and corporeity is not to be re- 35
garded, as it is by consciousness and the under-
standing, as an extrinsicality and a materiality
external to the soul. The multiplicity of numerous
pr e sen tat ion s provides no foundation for an
extrinsicality and real plurality in the ego; and simi- 40
2 18 • Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
!l eh begrllnber, fo ",entg ~At bAtS reAle ~ulSetnanber ber

~eir,lid)fcit eine m3Abrbdt ftlr bit ftlblenbe eeele. ~m,
,tblbenb 1ft fie u n mi rt cl h r bcftimmt, Alfo natllrli~
un~ lei6Ud), aber bCllS ~ujereinAnber unb bie "nnliet,e
~Al1htet,falttgfeit blefe~ feiblid)en gtlt ber ere!"e ehn fo
",enlg allS Dem S8cgrlffe AltS er",a' Stelle. unb bArum
ntcr,t fllr eilte eebranfe; bie 0ede 1ft bel' eJ t ftlr t nb e
eegriff, bie Cl~iften6 be. e,ecuI4ti~en. eie 1ft b4rum
in bem 2etbltebcn einfaef)e All ge geh'" Art t ge 'finbetr;
",te ftlr bie morfteOung ber ftib (t i n e morjieHung 1ft,
unb beatS uncnblief) g:nanni~faltige feiner ID~ateriArur unb
OrsaDifation tur iinfacthU ctnH r,eftimmten 0egrifl
fe~ buret,brungen t(t, fo 1ft bie 2eibUcf)feit unb b4mft a(1
le5 ba., ",a. al5 tn tbre epbArc geb6rige. ~ujminalll
ber fAat, ill bel' fllblenben eule aur 3 bCI lt r At, bel'
m3 4 b rb ci t btr natllrlid)en 9.)~annic(lf4Iti9rcit, rtbucitt.
151 ~ie eede ill "n fi ef) bie totalitc1t btr m4tur, al5 tn,
bluibucHe eecle fjl fit ~on"be; fie felbft ift bie gefe~tc
tot"litAt tbrer be fon b er n m3dr, fo b4g bleie in fk
eingefeblojfm I tbre CfrftlUung l(t, gegen bie ~e fielt nur
iU fid) fdo(t ~erbAlt.
§. 404.
~I~ t n b i ~ i b u e11 i~ bie eede Cl u • f cl) (lt Be nb 11ofr,
~4upt unb ben Unterfcbicb in fi d) fe~enb. ~a5 UOll i{)r
unterfd)iebcn ",erben be fjl 1I0cf} lliebt ein QUjim6 :ObJtct
luie im S};croufjtfe\Jl1, fon~em e. finb bie ~ejlimmul19tn
ibrer emp~lIbenben <totalitiit. eie tft in biefem Urtbeile
eu&ject uberbClupt, H)r :Obiect tjl il)re eu b jl a 11 b, tl>tlcf}e
lugldcf} tbr sprAbicClt i{t. ~icft eubjlCll1b tjl nid)t bel' ~11:
~cdt i~res ffi4turlebm5, fonbern ClI. ~n()4It bel' inbiutbue(,
len ~on ~mp~l1bung erfllUten eule; ba fie aber b4rin
iu9leicf} oefon b ere i(t, i(t er ibre oefonbert m3e1t, info,
fern biefe Cluf implieite ~eife in ber ~belllitAt belS eubl
jectlS tingefcf}!ojfm f(t.
~itfe ~tufe ~e~ @ti(tC5 i(t ftlr fief) feiner

~'e ~tufe
~unfd~tlt, inbem fief) i~re Sl;e{timmungen niebt DU bel
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 2 19
larIy, the real extrinsicality of corporeity has no

truth for the feeling soul. Although the feeling soul in
its immediate determination is natural and cor-
poreal, the extrinsicality and the sensuous multi-
plicity of this corporeal being has no more validity 5
for the soul as something real than it has for the
Notion, so that the soul cannot be limited by it. The
soul is the existent Notion, the existence of what is
speculative, and it therefore constitutes a simple
unity omnipresent within corporeal being. For 10 +
presentation the body constitutes a single presenta-
tion, the infinite manifoldness of its materiature and +
organization being permeated by the si m p li ci t Y of a
determinate Notion; just as, in the case of corporeity,
the feeling soul reduces all the extrinsicality proper 15
to its sphere to ideality, to the truth of natural
multiplicity. The soul in its implicitness is the
totality of na.ture, and as the individual soul it is a
monad. The soul is itself the posited totality of its +
particular world, which is included within it, which 20
constitutes its filling, in the face of which it relates
only to itself.
In that it is individual, the soul is entirely ex-

clusive, and posits difference within itself. That
which becornes differentiated from it is not yet an 25
external objc::ct, as it is in consciousness, but con-
stitutes the determinations of its sentient totality. In
this basic division, the soul is subject in general, its
object being its substance, which is at the same
time its predlicate. This substance is not the content 30
of its natural life, but has being as the content of the
individual soul, filled as this is with sensation. How-
ever, since this is not only a contained but also a
particulari zed substance, what the soul contains
constitutes its particular world in so far as this world 35
is enclosed in an implicit manner within the ideality
of the subject.
Considered as it is for itself, this stage is that of

the darkness of spirit, for its determinations de-
1\)u~tem unb ",er~&nbt9rm ~nb"lt elltwlctt(r; ~e 1ft in

rofern dberbaupt formen. (fin eigentbtlmlid)e~ ~ntereffe
erbAlt fie, tn rofern ~e allS Wo r m ift, unb bamir al6
S u ~a 11 b trfebcint (§. 380.), in rotlcl>en bl, feboll wei,
tu AU 58ewujjtfe9n unb 93tr~anb be~lmmte (fntll)idlut\g
~u eule wiebel' berab \1er~ufen fann. ~ie wa~rbafl
fen Worm ~e' QSetftelS in ,iner untergeorbnttern Ab~rac,
fCfn c1ifHunb, ,ntbAlt ,ille Unangcmejfellbeit, wdebe bie
.I fA n r~ cit ilt. CfI @nb in bief" epMre ctnmQl bit
a{)jh'Qcten @tf(Aftungcn ber eede fall' fid}, bA6 Ql1brtmal
btefelbell AUd) bllrum al6 bie .trallfbett~au~Anbe be6 @eis
{felS iU bttrad)tCl1, tueU biefe gAni a!ltin aulS jenen iU-
~crltc~cn finb.
4. ~ie ftl~(enbe eule tn i~rer Unmit,

telbarhit.
§. 405 •
.r~a) ~ie fll~(enbe ~nbt",ibu(\UtAt bunad}ft 1ft btuQr eiu
152 monQbifebetS ~nbi"'tbuum, Aber allS u n mit tel b" r noeb nid}t
a(1S Q':6 fe I b f(, niebt in ~d) rt~cctirrelS eubjtct unb barum
4) a Hi \). eomit ift btffell f cl b ft i f d) t ~Ilbi\)ibu!llitat ein
~on ibm \)rrfd)itbene~ eubject, ball !lud) al~ allbert6 ,3n,
bl",tbl;um ftlJll fIlIIn, "'Oll bejfm eelbftiid)fcit e6 iltIS eine
0ubftalli, weld)e nur unftlbjljlAnbigt6 'Ptabicilt ijl, burcf)I
iittert unb Auf eine burd}g&ugig wibrrf1anb6lofe m3eifc bel
1bmmt wirb; bill eubject fQnu fo beITen @ en i u tS gCI
nAnnt werben.
(f, tlt bijj in unmittdbQrer (f~if(eI13 ba6 ~trM(tnlll

be,I.lIt'belS Im 9numrletbe, - ein 93tr~&ltnip bllG W'I
ber bl06 teiblid) nOd) &loG gti~tg, fonbern p fl) cf) if cl> ift,
- c111 93erbAlttiip bel' etde. (fit unb bwtl ~nbl"'ibutn,
unb bod} in nod} ungetrennttr eeefeneint)tit; bilIS eine
tft "Od} tein e cl &ft, nod) ntd)t unburd}bril1glicb, fons
+ ~el'n ein wibtr~llnblofelS; bilIS anbere ift btITen eubjecr,
baI ,t n bet ne eclblt beiber. - ~ie ro?utttr ilt ber
@cntu6 bel jtinbes, belln unter @tlliu6 p~tgr man
bie ftlbftifcf)e ~otlllitAt ~ef @elftes AU ",er~ebtn, in fOI
velop into no conscious and understandable con-

tent. Although it is therefore entirely formal, it is
of particular interest in so far as it has being a s
form, and so appears as astate (§ 380) into which
the development of the soul may relapse after 5
having advanced to the determination of con-
sciousness and understanding. It is the incongruity
involved in the truer existing in a subordinate and
more abstract form of spirit which constitutes
illness. In this sphere it is only after one has con- 10
sidered the abstract formations of the soul for
themselves that one can go on to consider them as
states of spiritual illness, for the latter may only
be explained from the former. +
a) The feeling soul in its immediacy
I) Initially, feeling individuality is certainly a 15

monadic individual, but it is so immediately, not
yet as it is itself as an intro-reßected subject, and it
is therefore passive. Consequently, the selfhood of
its individuality is a subject which differs from it and
which can also be another individual. As it is a sub- 20
stance which is merely adependent predicate, it is
thoroughly and vibrantly determined by the selfhood
of this individual, to which it offers no resistance.
This subject may therefore be said to be its genius.
In its immediate existence this is the relationship 25

of the child in its mother's womb. It is a relation-
ship exc1usive neither to corporeality nor to spirit-
uality, for it is psychic, - a relationship of the
soul. Although there are two individuals here, the
unity of the soul is as yet undisturbed, for the one is 30
still not a self, being as yet permeable and un-
resistant, and the other is its subject, the single
self of both. - The mother is the child's gen i u s, a
genius being understood here in the usual way as
the selfhood and totality of spirit in so far as it 35
fern fie f th ft cf) e~ifttrt, unb bit fu&jeeti\le eu&lt,mttc"

IitAt eine. anbern , bAtI nur Auperlicf) altl 3nbi\libUUm
,efe,t fit, autlmad)e; ~t'teretl ~At nur ein formelle. Wur:
tid)f"n. ~atl eu&ltcmttelle betl @eniutl fit bie ganle
tot.ntAe· bCf ~"fcvnf, '~c~cnf, €~"f.ftertl nid)t 4(.
&loPt 9J?6gfid)ftit obct ~Abt9'ttt ober anftd) , fonbern
a(6 5lBirtjamfeit uub S8etbAtigung, tltl (Olmm 0u&,
jecti\)itat.
~(ei6t mnti Bel bem mAumlid)en unb 9'naterleilel\
fieben, Md) roeld}em bAG .still!> alt) (tm&rl)o in feinen
bcionbnti J)Auten u. f. f. t~iftitt, unb fein Sufammenl
()"ng mit bel' ~uttel' burd) ben ffi4&eljlrtlllg, ~utterl
'Ud)CIl u. f. f· \)ertnitttlt ijl t fo fommt nur bit Auperl
lid}e allatomifd}e unb p()~fiologifd)e (f~ijle"& in ftnnUd)en
unb reflectil'wben ~mad)t; ft\r bat) ~eftlltlid}e, baf
PÜ)cbifd)e ~al)~ltl1ili ()(lt jmts fitmlid)e Unb materleU,
~uaereilHln bet ullb mermittettft~n 'tine 5lBabd)cit. (lf
flnb bd bieiml ßuiammtnbange nid)t blotl bit in 93etl
153 l1>ullMrUl19 fe~tnben m?itt()elluugcll \)011 ~ellimmungen,
tudd)c fid) im .stinbe burd) ()eftige OJemlit()6beroegungtn,
93trlt~ullgen u. f. f. ber g)~utter fi~il'en i \)ot ~ugen AU
btlbm, fonbern bll6 9aube pfl)dJiid)e U rt () eil bel' elU&1
jlallb, in ItlddJe5 bIt lt\eiblid)t matur tuie im ~egttattl
\Jen, bit '))~Otlocot\)(et;.ollm, in fid) ttttArotibred)en fah",
unb tuNin bao ~il1i.l 10 '\Üanf()eltol 1\15 bie roeitern ~nl
lagen ber @qrl,lt, einnt5"rt, <tbaraftm~, ~almt5, ,3biol
flntr"fien u. f. f. nid}t mit 9 e t [) eil t befommen, fonl
bern urf~rung(icb in fid} empfangen [)Ilt.
~on i)Itiem m 11 gi fd) t'n 93erl)Altnij} f·ommen "nI
btrl\}~rt5 iln Südi~ b~5 bel\Hlötcn, befollnenen ~t&en~
fl)orllbiidJt ~dil>tc!e unb epurtl1, etl\la bl1.liid)etI ~reuul
ben, h16beiollb~re ner\lwfd)\\\lld)tn ~rtul1binnen (- ein
mtd)hltni~, bll\3 fid) bU ben ma9lWiidltl\ ctricbtillungen
AusbUben fanll), <ibdeuten, ~"milit\lglieberll \lor.
* $I)ie <Se fit{) !o I ~ otalitat bat bU ibrem eelbfi eine ~on
* Das Ganze bis zum Ende der Anmerkung erstmals 1830.

Volume T wo: AnthropoloKJ . 223
exists for itself and constitutes the subjective

substantiality of another which is only posited
externally as an individual, and which has only a
formal being-for-self. The substantial being of +
genius is the entire totality of determinate being, 5
life and character, not merely as a possibility,
aptitude or implicitness, but as effectiveness and
activation, as concrete subjectivity.
If one remains preoccupied with nothing more
than what is spatial and material, the existence of 10
the child as an embryo in its particular membranes
etc., its connection with its mother through the
intermediary of the umbilical cord and the placenta
etc., the outcome will be nothing more than a
sensuous and reftective consideration of an external 15
anatomical and physiological existence. But the
sensuousness and materiality of this extrinsicality
and mediation is in no respect the truth of the
psychic relationship, which is what is essential
here. In the case of this connectedness, attention 20
has to be paid not simply to the sensational
accounts of determinations which fix themselves
in the child on ac count of the violent dispositional
disturbances and injuries etc. experienced by the +
mother, but to the entire basic psychic division 25
of substance into which the female nature, like the
monocotyledons in the vegetable world, can resolve +
itself, and within which the child assumes its pre-
disposition to illness, as well as its further endow-
ments in respect ofbodily shape, temper, character, 30
talent, idiosyncrasies etc. It does not have them
communicated to it, for they originate in its con-
ception.
Sporadic examples and traces of this tnagic
relationship occur elsewhere in the sphere of con- 35 +
scious and self-possessed life, between friends, and
especially in a relationship which may develop
magnetic phenomena, that of female friends with
delicate nerves, between husband and wife, between
members of a family. 40
*This totality of feeling has its self in a subject-
* Rest ofRemark first published 1830.

ibr \)erfd)iebeut eU&jtctiuitat, welcf)t in ber dngeftibrten

Worm unmittelbllrer (t~ijlen3 biefe6 QSeftlbUebent) IlUd> etn
"nbtrelS ~l1bi\)ibUum gegtll bdfjelbt ijl. ~ber bie ~eftlb(51
~otdlitat ijl beftimmt, ibr Wtlr~d>fel)tl dUt) ibr felbtl in
(tintr uub btrielbtn ~nbt\)ibudlitat aur eubjecth;jtat AU
trbeben; biefe ilt bd6 i~r b4un inwobnenbe befonllent, "er,
ftAnbfgt, \lerl1l1nftfge ~el\)ulitre"n. Wtlt- blefe~ Hf jene~
QS'ftlbl6le&en balS nur anftcf)fel)tnbe fM&ftllntieUe \)n,lteria(,
btfjen "ernullftigtr felhjlbtwlljjter beliimmel1be~ @~niu5,
bit hfonnellt €'ubjectiuität gmmbm ijl. ~ener ,S{ml
be5 @ejtlblfls eeljl10 aber ellti)alt nidlt nur bM fllr ~cf)
&ewujjtloje ffi"wre[f, <.!emperament 11. j. f., jonbern tri
~Alt tUtcf) (in ~er ~efl)obn()eit f. I1Qdlber) alle weitem
~4nbe unb weiwtlid)en merl)ältl1iffe, <2cf)iefil,le, ~;runbl
rA~e, - ,lberballpt a(('5, WI\6 ;UI\1 Q':f)ar"her gei)ort unb
An befjen (trarbeitullg bit felbftbell)u~re ~bat gfdt j()rell
,,,i4)tigf[tn ~(lltbej( gd)abr bl1t, - in feine einl)li((mbe
~tnfad)b"t; bas QSetübl6 1 eeljl1 il1 fo In fld) tloUfommtn
154 "flimmte ett(e. $Die ~otalität bes 3nbiul~UUtl15 in
btefe,r gebrungenen ffi3tife ifr ulltet'id)i~bw \l011 bel' e,rijltl
rtnDm (tlltfaltung icilH6 Q)twuutien,Il(" b~lf~n $llielt\lor,
fleUung, entwidelter ~Ilttrefj~n, ffirigl1llgen u. f. f. ~el
gen biefe. \mmitteHe ~upereitHll1ber ift jene j\lten~\)c
W.orm Der ~l1bi\)ibualität bel' QS e n i 11 t) genllllllt worbrn,
btr ble· h~te Q)tllimmlll1g im ed)einc tlllll mermittlunl
ttn, 'lC&ticf)ten, ~rllllbell, in wddFI1 bat) cl1twidtite ~t,
ft)u~tftt]n ~eb ergd)t, giebt. !I)i~ie conl'entrirre ~lIbj\)il
DU4litar bringt fiel) aud) bur (trfd)einuI19 In ber ~Beife,
welebe bllt) J) t r ~ ober QS ~ m Ü t b gtllllnllt wirb. ~:nalJ
fagt \lon ehttm \)nenfd)et1, er bllbe ftin @Semutb, Infos
fern fr mit &efonnenem 5VtwuBtitl)n uaeb feinCl1 bt~imml
Im Swcdtn, fel)en fie fubltal1ticUe grope 3nmft ober
tleinliebe unb unrecf)te ~nterelitn, betrad)tet unb l)anbtlt;
chi geml1tbUd/er ~:nenfd), beigt mtbr, wcr feint wenn aud)
tefcf)ränfte ~'fllbls ~nbttlibuahtät walttn lägt, unb tn
j
bmn 'Pllrticulllritäten ßd> mit bteitr ganAtn ~nbi\)i~u",

UtAt &t~nbet unb \lon benfelben ,,6Ui9 aU6gcfuUt 1ft. -
m?an 'ann aber \)on fold)er ~emüt()lic!)feit jagen,bap fie
.,ulaer ber QSeniutS felbjl', 41s b4S Indulgere g~n.io ift.
ivity which differs from it, and which in the im-

mediate existence of this life of feeling which has
just been mentioned, is also present as another
distinct individual. Totality of feeling is so con-
stituted however, that it raises its being-for-self 5
out of itself into the subjectivity of one and the
same individuality; this is the self-possessed,
understanding, reasoning consciousness which then
dwells within it. For this consciousness, the life of
feeling is only the implicit substantial material, the 10
reasoning, self-conscious, deciding genius of which
is now the self-possessed subjectivity. Nevertheless,
it is the being of this germ of feeling which, in its
enveloping simplicity, contains not only what is in
itself unconscious, natural disposition, tempera- 15
ment etc., but also maintains, through habit (see
§§ 409, 410), all further bonds and essential relation-
ships, fates, principles - everything that pertains
to character, and in the elaboration of which self-
conscious activity has played its most important 20
role. Feeling being therefore constitutes a complete
internal determination of soul. The totality of the
individual in this compact condition is not the
same as the unfolding of its consciousness into
existence, its view ofthe world, developed interests, 25
inclinations etc. By genius one means that in-
tensive form of individuality which stands opposed
to this mediated extrinsicality, and which consti-
tutes the final deciding factor in the show of arrange-
ments, intentions and reasons which occupies 30
developed consciousness. This concentrated in-
dividuality also reveals itself as what is called the
heartordisposition. A personis said to be incon- +
siderate if his effective attitude when pursuing his
particular aims and interests, be they great and sub- 35
stantial or petty and sordid, is consciously self-
possessed. A person is said to be good-hearted or
considerate if in spite of the limitedness of the in-
dividuality of his feelings, he trusts to it and is
possessed and completely occupied by the range of 40
particularities it involves. - It can however be said
of such considerateness that it is the 'Indulgere
genio' rather than the genius itself. +
iafq. !Ba~ "'ir im 3ufa~ au I. 402 al~ bie im

;l) u r cfJ t r 0u meR
unb &I ~ n en ~tn inbi»it>ueUm mdt ~an;
gme Stele kadcfJnet ~akn, ba~ ijt in kr UeMfdJrift au Qbm
ft4atban ~~~n "bie fü~(enbe Suh in f~rn Uu#
mitt er h r fe it 11 genannt "'or~n. !Diefe htnncflun~form ber
mmfcfJll'" Seele ",oUen tuir ~in nod1 befHmmtn bCl1'j'ttUen,
ale cf in bn oWsm &lmnerfung gef.~ ffl keit~ in ber
tlnmatung au I. 404, "'URe gefogt, baj bie Stllfe be~ Xrou$
mmt unb ..,nm augleid1 eine Worm &Ubct, au \l)t(d1n, Q~
an dnfIIl .troft)dttauftcmbe, ber f40ft au ~lWjtfdn unb tBn$
flQ~ mtl»ftkUe Cldti "'feber ~na&fidcn fann. ~ IDdfm be~
~ifkt, - "Q~ gefunbe, »erfiAnblge een>uJtfet}n rinnfdtf, bQ~
Xrciumen unb ~nftl ~dtf, - Snnelt nun auf bet ~tn
i. {Rdle fkfJeltbca er ft eR cmtll)fdlung~ftufe ber ~(mben Seele
cd. lIe~r o\ler \l)tftiga f i d1 bur cfJ d na n'0 er ah ~ en b trifti$
155 fen; ba ba8 ijisent~ümlid)e bitfet Stufe eben barin bt~e~t,
baj ~ter ba~ bum~fc, fubiem~e ober a~nenbe 0e"'u,tfe~ nod)
nid)t, - wie auf ber akDeltelt Stufe ber fü~lenben Seele, auf
bem Stanb~un!t ber tBenücft~ett, - in biretten @egen$
f Clf gegen ba~ frde, objetti»e obn »erj'tAnbige .8ekDu~tfttJn ge$
feet ifl, fonbem \)idmt~r au bemfelben nur ba~ mer~d:tni~ ein~
mnfd)iebenen, Qlfo tine~ mit bem ~erftdnbigen ~ekDu~tfe"n
m er mi f d1 ba Te n ~Qt. !Der @eift erifrirt fomit auf biefer ~tufe
no~ nid)t al~ ber miber fp rud} in f i d) f elber; bie in ber
Qlenücft~t mitetnanbn im mlfberfprud) gerat~enbell bdben <Sei:
ten ~e~en ~Ier nod) in u nb ef Qn 9en er ~eAie~uns au dnanner.
!Diefer Stanb~untt fann kla~ mag i f ~ e mer~a(tni~ ~er fü~(enben
Seele genannt ~erben j benn mit biefem !l1l8brucf karidlntt man
ein bn ~ermittlung entbe~renbe~ mer~dltni, bee 3nneren ~u
einem tleujeren ober !lnberen über~au~t; eine magif~t @e~alt
i~ biejenige, beren mitfung nidlt nadl bem 3ufamme~ange, ben
0ebingungen unb 9'Jermittlungen ber obieeti»tn mer~Qltniffe be$
fümmt i~j eine fol~e 'Oermittlung8Io~ ~idenbe @cwa!t i~ aller
"bie fü~(enbe Seele in i~ret 11 nmittelbarfdt.1/
3um merfiQnbni~ biefer ijltf\l)ftf(lIn9~~fe ber Seele roitb
e~ nidlt übttf!üffig fe~n, ~ier ben ~e8riff ber rol a 9i e nii~er au
Addition. In the heading to the above Paragraph, what we

have characterized in the Addition to §402 as the soul in-
volved in the dreaming awqy and divining of its individual
world, has been designated 'the fieling soul in its immediacy'.
We now propose to give this developmental form of the 5
human soul a more specific exposition than that contained
in the above Remark. We have already observed (§ 404
Remark), that the stage of dreaming and divining is also a
form in which spirit which has already developed into
consciousness and understanding, may relapse as into astate 10
of illness. In the primary developmental stage of the feeling
soul now under discussion, both modes of spirit, healthy
understanding consciousness as weH as dreaming and
divining, can now exist as more or less mutually pervasive, for
the precise peculiarity of this stage consists in the fact that 15
subdued, subjective or divining consciousness is not yet
posited in direct opposition to free, objective or understanding
consciousness, as it is from the standpoint of derangement at
the second stage of the feeling soul. Here its relationship to it is
merely that of being different, and so of its being able to 20
intermingle with understanding consciousness. At this stage
therefore, spirit does not yet exist as an internal contradiction;
here, the two sides which enter into mutual contradiction in
derangement stand in a relation to one another which is as
yet unconstrained. This stand point may be caHed the magical 25
relationship of the feeling soul, for by this expression we
me an a relationship of inner to outer or to something else
generally, which dispenses with mediation. Apower is
magical when its operation is not determined by the con-
nectedness, the conditions and mediations of objective re- 30
lationships, and 'the feeling soul in its immediacy' is such an
unmediatedly operative power.
In order to facilitate the understanding of this stage in the
development of the soul, it will not be out of place to ex-
erlAutern. ~it 0 • f 01 ut e Bagie wäre bit !Ragie bre @ ci:

ftc t GI. f 0 1cfJ cu. lu~ biefer übt an bcn @cgcnfiänbm eine
IllGsifd)e 3nfcdion cau', witft magif~ auf einen anbmn CBeifl
IM in bicfcm 9Jn\41tntj ift 'oie Unmittelkrfrit nur rin !Re:
.eut; .bie burd) bd ~enkn unb 'oie Infd)CUlung, ~ie burd)
bit f>~fQ. ulb bfc 8c&c~lte erfolgenbc mennittlung bilbet bann
bd dm DOIIatt. ~4e Jtinb nmt allerbing' auf ane über:
wiegeü unllittclhre meqe ~on bcm "fit ber (fm)cad)fe:
nen infidrt, ~on ll'elcfJell e' nd) UDltJe&m fie~t; augldd) ijt iebo~
bicJ mm,ältni; bu~ ~u;trCl1n unb bur~ bie beginnenN
Wfijtinbigftit btt .linbet ~crlltttelt. Unter ben inNcl)fe-
nell übt ein üllerlegener .ritt rine magif~e @e~alt über bcn
156 r_4mn caut; fo, aum "df~iel, ~ ca f über .I en t, bc\' "cl)
au be. unghldli4m .Ilnige U1tW1'berfk~(f4 ~inRea0gen fii~(t, weil
bicfer ". in feinnn CBend)t (f~, au '.n f"'dnt, bae er,
* wie er ~d) aufOfÜctt, "gem -6crr nmnen ml~te." eo ant:
,"rtctc Gud) eine .Iönigin ~on WrGn~, alt ne an ff)rem @es
..ql 3au&mf ~ni't au ~abe" G1tgef(agt ~urbe, ~e ~a&e gegen
benfel&m frine anbete magif• •~alt gebfaud)t, 01. biejmige,
~I. bell ftidma fJdftc über bcn fd)~d)mn ~on 9latur M:
lie~ r~.
telbaren ._rfung
Bit in Na GIlgefiil)rten lAUen bie Dagie in riner unmit:
bet @eijtt. auf einen anberen @eijt bette~t,
f. 'Gi ~t)ci ber Dasie ober Sauberd, - fdbft Wenn
biefe fid) GUf br~ ßatürlidJe Q)esenfiänbc, wie Sonne unb gonb
NaOß, - _er bfe morfkUung ~orgefcf)tDebt, ba~ 'oie Sauberei
wcfcntlicf) burc& 'oie unmittelbar ~irfenbe CBewalt 'oee @eifte' gcs
.
f.~, - un'o AtDar nid)t 'ourcf) 'oie Dacf)t 'oe' 9ött li cf) en,
* Notizen 182r>-1822 ('Hegel- Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider 158d):

a) primitiver Zustand des Menschen
Empfindung das Allgemeine -
b) Natürliches Verhältniß unentwickelt
a) Zutrauen, Glauben - Sympathie - Gefühl der Freundschaft-
Instinctartig. Hingezogen - magisch. Etwas das ich meinen Herrn
nennen möchte - Imponirend - Liebe Geschlechterliebe.
ß) Kinder - Ahnden der ältern Menschen-.
y) Ansteckung der Vorstellung - Epidemie des Wahnsinns. Magische
Zeit der Bildung des Hexenwesens s. Helmont.
amine the Notion of magic more closely. Absolute magie would

be the magie of spirit as such. Spirit also subjeets general
objeets to a magical infeetion, aets magieaHy upon another
spirit. Immediacy is merely one moment of this relationship
however, the other eonsisting of mediation by me ans of 5
thought and intuition, as weH as language and gesture. It is
indeed in a predominantly immediate manner that the child is
infected by the general attitude of the adults it sees around
it, although this relationship is at the same time media ted,
both consciously and by the ineipient independence of the 10
child. Among adults, a superior mind exercises a magical
power over those that are weaker, as did Lear over Kent for
example, who feit hirnself to be irresistibly drawn to the
unfortunate king because he seemed to hirn to have some-
thing in his countenance which, as he puts it, he 'would fain 15
call master.'* A Queen of France, on being accused of +
having practised sorcery on her husband, answered to the
effect that she had used no magical power against hirn other
than that by which nature enables the stronger mind to
dominate the weaker. 20 +
In cases such as these the magic consists in one mind
exercising immediate influence upon another, and even
when magic or sorcery involved itself with simply general
natural objects such as the sun and the moon, there was
always the vague idea that its essential effectiveness lay in 25
the immediate operation of the mind, that this potency is not
* Notes 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 1S8d):

a) Primitive state ofman.
Sensation, the universal -
b) U ndeveloped natural relationship.
a) Confidenee, faith - sympathy - feeling of friendship - instinetive.
Drawn, magically. Something I would fain eall my master - Impress-
ive - Love, sexual love.
ß) Children - apprehending of older people - .
y) A presentation is eatehing - epidemie insanity. +
The performing of witchcraft in the time of magie, see Helmont. +
fonbmt burdJ 'oie bet t cu fli f ef) tu &d~e~; fo '00' in ebm

balfdkn DQa;e, ~ie 3entan'o 3aubnftaft bettee, er 'oem ~fcl
1Uttertl)Anig f".
!Die " er mit tI un 9~ r0 fe~ e gagfe i~ nun na~er 'oieies
nige, \l)C(. 'on in'oi"i'oueUe &ef~ übn feine ei 9en e ~d&lief)feit
Qutüt, tnbenl er biefdbe Aum untm»ürtigen, wi'on~anWlofen
moUftrtdn fdn~ Sillen. maef)t. Ibn auef) gegen 'oie ~~iere
übt btr Dmfef) ein. ~oef)~ "ennfttlung~(ofe ..agif~e &~alt an~,
ba jene ben ~lid 'oe6 IDlenfef)en nfef)t au ertragen tlemogen.
"uja 'oen f0 eben aligefiU)rten mh mdJ ~attfin'oen'oen mas
8if~en ~tl)ätigung6meifen be6 ~tf~e6 ~at man bagegen fäl f cf) $
lief) bem !llenfef)engefd>lecf)t einen "rfmUhan magifef)en

.3 u~ an '0 augtfd)rieben, in wddJem 'on <8eiil 'oe6 genf.n,
~ne entmfdeltee ~mu,tfe~n, gana unmittelbar, 'ofe ~efeee
bn äujaen ~atur unb fein eigene6 maf1f~afte6 !Befen, fo mie
bie 9latur ~ottel\, auf eine 'Oftl 'OoUfommnere ~effe, al6 ieet,
nfannt f1abe. ~efe ganae mo~eUung iil ebenfo ft~r ber ~i,
157 h I lI)ie 'on fBemunft aumiber; 'omn im IDl~t~u. tlom Sünben~
fall f~rid)t 'oie t\ibel QU6'ofÜdlicf) aue, '00' 'oa~ imnnen 'oe6
$o~nn ~ 'oUld) '00. Be rr ci, en ienn urfpmnglid)en "ara-
bieJr.n Ciint,eit 'oe6 aenfd)en mit 'on ~atur 'oiefem au ~~ei'
gemor'oen ft\1. 9Qa0 tlon gfo,en oflronomifcf)en un'o fonftigen
Stenntniffen 'ocr ~rimiti'Oel1 IDlenfef)en gefabelt n>ir~, 'oae fcf)min'oet
bei na~erer ~etrod)tung au einem 9lid)te aufammen. fBon ben
a"fhrfen la,t fid) «"erbinge fagen, '00' fie Xtümmer dner
frü~eren Cidenntni, mt~olten; - Spuren 'on inftinftortig mir$
fen'oen fBemunft ~nben fid) in ben frü~e~n unb fo~e~en Beiten.
IM fold)e 'ocr ~onn bee @ebanfenj nmangdn'oe inftinftortige
$ro'ouctionm 'oer menfd)lid)en mnlUmft 'oürfen nid)t für &mtife
einet pr i mit i tl en Wi ff enf d) 0 f t1i d) en <idenntni, gelten; fle
~nb 'Oielme~T not~menoigermeife etn>a~ burd}au0 UJl n> i ff en :
fd)aftlid)e~, bIo, Ocr (fml'~nbung un'o ber l:tfd)auung ln-
ge~öriße~, '00 'oie ~ifftnfd)aft nid)t b~ <ir~t, fonbern nur
ba~ ~e.te fe~n fann.
tso 'Oitl über '00' IBeren bee IDlagif~n übn~au~t.
lBae akt n~eT 'oie ~tife betrifft, mie boffelbe in ~r sp~are
divine but diabolical, and that a person therefore possesses

magical power preeisely to the extent of his being subjeet
m~D~. +
The most unmediated magie is however that whieh the
individual mind exercises upon its own corporeity by making 5
it the submissive, unresisting executor of its will. Man also
exercises a highly unmediated magical power over animals
however, for they are unable to stand his gaze.
We have practical proof of the actual occurrence of the
magical powers just mentioned, but the human race has 10
also been unjustijiably credited with a primitive magical state in
which the human spirit, though devoid of developed con-
sciousness and entirely unmediated, is supposed to have had
cognizanee in a much more complete manner than at
present, of the laws of extern al nature, of its own true essence 15
and of the nature of God. This whole presentation is as con-
trary to the Bible as it is to reason, for it is explicit in the
Biblical myth of the Fall that man only ca me to know what
is true through the disruption of his original unity with nature
in Paradise. The great knowledge of astronomy and of other 20 +
matters often attributed to primitive man, turns out to be a
complete fable once the matter is more closely considered.
It can of course be said that the mysteries contain the rem-
nants of an earlier knowledge, for even the earliest and
rudest of epochs will exhibit traces of the instinctive activity 25
of reason. However, such instinctive productions of human
reason, devoid as they are of the form of thought, are not to
be taken as proofs of a primitive scientijic knowledge. On the
contrary, they are of necessity thoroughly unscientijic, simply
the outcome of sensation and intuition, for it is not the initial 30
but only thefinal stage that can be scientific. +
So much for the essence of magie in general. With regard to
the precise manner in which it appears in the sphere of
'ocr Int~rol>oIogh erfdJeint, fo ~btn ~ir ~itr 6~eier(ci

Wonnen bt~ magif~en mtr~dltniffe~ bn etele au unterf~tiben.
!Die nfte biefer Wonnen fann ale bie forme((e Sd,
i u th it ät bee ~ebtne btaei~net metben. \j 0 r 111 eII ift biefe
Su6jecti'Oitdt, n>eH ~e ~~ !DaGjenige, ~d bem objecti\len ~,
\l)u,tfe'1n angeQött I fo wenig anmaa,t, ba, ~e \rielllle~r felber
ein !Jloment 'ocf objecti'Otn icknf 4ufma~t. luG bitfma
(Brunbt ift ~e ebenfo wenig, wie, aum &if,id, baf .s~nebc-
+ bcfommtn, etwaG ~t"tfe.nfollnbef, dWd Jtunf~af$
teG, fonbtm ~ielllle~r ehHt 4U~ ~ eefUÜCR !Jlenf... DO~
~nbig ßufommenbtG. 3n ber fomltUelt 9l4tur, in 'ocr ultter,
fdlicbGlofen (iiltfadl~eit biefer Suijecti'Oitdt liegt aM augld.t"
~a; , Gbsefe~n 'Oon bem ~ictki nodl gin4Ucf1 GuGge{dlloffellcn,
crfl in ber ~mi.dtf>dt ~eni.1lben 'oirc.(tcn Q)egufa.e 'oe'
158 fuijcdblaa 8twu;tf~d gegen 'oaG objetri\le SBewu,tftt>n, ~ief'
ki IlU~ ni"t rinmlll '!)on eineIl ~&1tnttrt a~tit.r fclbP,
tth'oigu !ßerfJnlicf)friten au dnanber 'oie 9lebe f~n fClnn; -
ein folcf1tG kf)dltniJ wirb tldJ unf erft bei 'oer a~ctten ~fIR
bet IIQgifdJen ßuftan'oeG 'oer <See(e barbieten.
!Die aUllddJft au kf,rcdJenbe u~e Wonn biefee 3u~anbee
mt~ ~mfdtf breietlti Buftdnkle,
1. bot RatürlicfJe !trAumen,
2. bat ~eben be • .ttin'od im !Jlutterhibe UIl'o
3. '00& Bn~a1tn ullfneG be~u,ten ~ebenf au un~
fera ge~etmen htnnen ~eben, au unfetet 6tftimmten
gtijtigen 9latut, ober AU ~emjcnigen, Wllf man ben Q) e $
RiuG 'oe' !JlenfdJen genllnnt ~Ilt.
1. ~d Xtdumen.
ScfJon bei 'oem im S. 398 abge~an'odten (i rw 11 dJ en btr inl
'oi'Oibudkn Seele I unb a~at na~et, bei \jtftfe.ung ~ btt)bnm,
kft U1IkrfcfJie'o' aWifdJen <5 dJ (Cl f en unb tih ~ en I ~aben wit
t\o. . ."i~n'o \iom natüt1i~en Xtäumen fl'fed)en IRÜffen,
wef( boffelbe riß IDioment 'oef i5~(QfeG tft unn »on einer obet$
fl3dJ((dJm Wn~d)t afe ~eWtif bef (!inerf~eit bee Sd)laftn.
un'o 'ote ~Q~mf Qngefe~tn ~efnen fann; gegen ~ddJt Dbet$
Anthropology, we have to distinguish here between two forms

of the soul's magical relationship.
The first of these forms can be called the formal subjectivity
of life. It is formal subjectivity because it is so far from
assuming what pertains to objective consciousness, that in 5
itself it is rather a moment of objective life. I t is for this reason
that it is something necessarily pertaining to a healthy
person, and no more a matter of illness, of what ought not to be,
than is dentition for example. At the same time however,
the formal nature, the undifferentiated simplicity of this 10
subjectivity, implies that even a relationship between two
independent personalities is out of the question here, let alone
the direct opposition of subjective consciousness, which first
predominates in derangement and which in this context is
still completely excluded. Such a relationship will first 15
present itself in the second form of the magical state of the
soul.
I t is the first form of this state which has now to be dis-
cussed, and it falls, in its turn, into three states:
I. natural dreaming; 20
2. the life of the child in its mother' s womb;
3. the relation of our cOllscious to our private inner life to our
specific spiritual nature, to what has been called the
genius of man.
Dreaming
I.
When dealing with the awakening of the individual soul 25

in § 398, and more especially when determining the precise
difference between sleeping and waking, we had to anticipate
and make mention of natural dreaming, since this is a moment
of sleep, and if considered superficially can be regarded as
furnishing proof that sleeping and waking are identical. 30
fIi"'.t ber .qentU. Unterfd)ieb biefer ktbm 3uftinbe aud)

in ~ auf M' Xrdumen Mtge~aItm .mcn mu;te. !Die
eigendi. E5tdfe fir bie &tta~tun9 'on IcttgmClnnkn Seelen-
tfJitfgfdt fbtbet '" _ nft 6ri baß im I. 4<m gema"'ten ec-
ginD ~ fIn~tclbm9 ber in btIn ~träuan unb WI,nen ~
te' coßCtden "_Irkn. Nf'cmgfnm &de. 3nbm '*
nun
~in auf !J)atjrnige "ClWrifett, '"' f"'on in ber 111....8 1I1lb
im 3ufat au 1.398 iM bit bUf"'au. fubjecthr, bn ,,"-
ftinbigen "bjrctltUAt ent~rtn~ ~ahn' bn Sdumr gefast ""r,
Wn ift; .,... ~ir nur nod) ~inallallfügm, boJ im 3uftcm~ bf.
!trAumen. bte anf",Ud)e eeelf lrid)t blo_ \'On »neinarlten
159 IIffcctionm erfüllt .wb, foaberlt me~T, 01. br ~n 3nftmamgen
ba . . . erde ge~ö~nlidJ ba WaU fit, au cinea tiefen, m4cl),
täsen @efü~le f~rCT ganacn inbi"i'ouellrn "am, 'oetS ge~
flmmten Umbetfe' i~m koange", @cgenwuart unb
3u1nft gelallgt, unb ba; biefe. fJR4)futtbmwuerben 'ocr in '0 i $
,,'buell n X0 tal tt At ber $eele eben bet QJmnb ift, ~e;~

bat $r4uamt bei ~etrad)tun9 ber ~dJ fdbft fü~lenbm Seele am
fJltrcufJe !ommen mu;.
2. ~a' -finD im IDlutterleibe.
lB~renb im ~ räu men bat amn @cfü~l feiner fef6fl gelQn~
9cn~ Snbi~uum in etnfadJer unmittelhrer ~taie~un9
auf f i d} befangen ift un'o bicfet fein Wüt~d)fet>n burd)au. 'oie
Soma ~et Subjem»itdt ~at; actgt une bagegen '00' .Iinb im
971uttnletbe eine Seele, 'ofr nod) nid)t im .tinbe, fon'omt
nur ttft in 'oer 9Jbltter ~irlficl) für ~dl ift, ßdJ nod) ntdJt für
~dJ trogen fann , \)ielme~r nut \)on bn <Seele ber gutter gc'
tragen ~itb; f0 b«; ~tet, ~«tt jenet im ~Taumen »or~anbenen
etnfadJen 93eaie~ung ber Srele auf fidJ, eine ebenfo ein,
facIJe, unmittelbare ~eaie~ung auf ein Qn'o er eG 3n'oi\)ibuum ert,
flirt, in tl)eldJem ble in i~r felm no~ fel&flIofc Seele ~e~ \J~tut
i~t (5e1()fi finbet. ~ie, mer~d{tni; ~at für 'ocn tote (iin~dt bft
UnterfdJiebenen au begreifen unfd~i8en mafl4nb c~a8 munb~
baree; benn ~in fe~en ",ir ein unmittelbaRG ~dnGnben,ben,
tim ungettennte Seelenein~eit A\t'ein ~bi\)ibuen, ~n ~el$
This superficial view has to be countered by not losing sight

of the essential difference between these two states, even in
respect of dreaming. Primarily however, the proper place
for considering the last-named activity of the soul is at the
beginning of the development in which it is involved in the 5
dreaming away and divining of its concrete natural life
(§ 405). Bearing in mi nd what was said in the Remark and
Addition to § 398 about the entirely subjective nature of
dreams, their lack of any understandable objectivity, all we
now have to add is that the human soul in the state of 10
dreaming is not merely filled with single affections, but that
more than is commonly the case amid the diversions of the
waking soul, it attains to a profound and powerful feeling of
the entirety of its individual nature, of the complete compass of its
past, present and future, and that it is precisely on account of 15
this sensing of the individual totality of the soul that mention has
to be made of dreaming when the self-awareness of the soul
is being considered. +
2. The child in its mother's womb +

The individual which has attained to an awareness of
itself in dreaming is constrained within a simple and immediate 20
self-relation, and this its being-for-self has throughout the
form of subjectivity. In the unborn child however, we find a
soul which in the first instance only has actual being-for-self
in the mother, not in the child, which is as yet unable to
sustain its own self, and which therefore tends to be simply 25
borne by the soul of the mother. In this case therefore, in-
stead of the simple self-relation oJ the soul which occurs in dream-
ing, we have the existence of an equally simple and immed-
iate relation to another individual, in whom the as yet in-
ternally selfless soul of the foetus finds itself. Since the 30
understanding is incapable of grasping unity in difference,
it finds this relationship somewhat astonishing; for we have
here one living immediately in the other, an undivided
union of soul, of two individuals, one of which is the actual
.n baG eine ein l1) (rU d) e~ , für, nd) , felbft, f~nbe~ Selbft
{ft, \t4~nnb bat· anbere roenfgftenf rin formelle" iJih1i~
fe"n· ~ot uub "'" bem l1)irf(i~n Würfld)fe~n immer me~ a..,
na~ ~t b{e ~~({ofo"ifd)e ~etracfJtung altt,61t ~e unßCJ
mnnte Sedenein~rit aber 11m fo menfgn dl1)Qf Unbegnlflid)ef,
ale baG Sel6ft bee .tinbe~ btm eelbft bn' !Rutttf llod) gilt
feinen ~Ib.nb mtgcgenaufe,en »mI4'Ig, fonbn'n Otm unmit-
telbaren <iinl1){rfen ber SeeIe ber IDlutter \\ö"ig geöffnet i~. ~ief(
160 <iinl1){tfung offenbart ncf) in bcnjenfgen irfd)tfnunsen, l1)dcf)e
man Duttermale nennt. !Jlan~, l1)ae man bo~in gmcf)net
~Qt , fann aUminge eine b{0 , Of SQ n( f cf) e Urfad>e ~o&en.
!tücfficf)tlicf) \\itlcr ~~'1fiologifd)tr <irfd)rinungen borf aber nicf)t
geal1)etfelt ,,"ben, ~a; biefelben burd} bie <imvßnbuns bcr !Rutter
sefe,t ttnb, bo; i~nen olfo eine Vh cf) i fcf) e Urfacf)e au <lJmnbe
lieSt. So l1)irb, aum ~eifVitl, bericf)tet, ba, Jtinber mit bel
fcf)Qbistem Irm &ur ~elt gerommen ßnb, \~il bfe IDbltter ndJ
enb~bcr l1)irflid) ben Irm gebrocf)en, ober l1)enigftelle benfel&en
fo ftor! getto;tn ~otte, bo; iie i~n gebro~n au ~Qben fürd)tdt,
- ober enblid), - l1)eü iie butd) ben InbUt! beG Irmbmd)~
* einet Inberen nfd}retft l1)or'oen l1)or. Vle~nlicf)e ~f.,ide iinb
* Kehler Ms. S. 114; vgl. Griesheim Ms. SS. 158-159. Dies ist constatirt, wenn
ein erwachsener Mensch über solchen Unglücksfall erschrickt, hat er dies
Gefühl der Verletzung in diesem Schrecken, der wird aber kein Armbruch,
aber das Kind im Mutterleibe ist so schwach, daß bei der Mutter sich dieser
Schreck nicht so verleiblicht, aber am Kinde. Die Mutter ist in diesem
Verhältnis nicht fähig, diese Empfindung nicht leiblich werden zu lassen,
weil sie ein zweifaches, verdoppeltes Leben ist. Ein merkwürdiges Beispiel ist
das zweier Geschwister, ein junger Arzt, den Hegel kannte, der ein Kakerlak
war ... (Griesheim: Ein Kakerlak ist bekanntlich ein Mensch der eine besondere
Schwäche der Iris hat, sein Auge ist roth, die Haare weiß u.s.w.) ... hat in
seiner Dissertation dies beschrieben, und gibt an, wie er und seine Schwester
dazu gekommen ist, seine Eltern waren gesund, sein Vater war protestant-
ischer Geistlicher in Steiermark, seine Mutter, eine gesunde Frau, im siebten
Monat, als im Winter die Gegend mit Schnee bedeckt war, und die Sonne
schien, trat sie in eine Scheune, die finster war, in dem einen Winkel befand
sich ein Haase, so daß durch eine Ritze im Dach ein heller Sonnenstrahl
auf das Auge des Haasen fiel, heftiges Dunkel, und in dem erblickt sie helles,
glänzendes Auge; diesem Blick schrieb sie, und ihr Sohn mit Recht zu, daß er
als ein Kakerlak geboren ist; später geborene Kinder, (die nächste Tochter
noch etwas) waren vollkommener gesunder Leibbeschaffenheit gewesen.
being-for-self of a self, whereas the other has at least aformal

being-for-self, whieh it is in the proeess of aetualizing. It is,
however, preeisely beeause the ehild's self is as yet ineapable
of offering resistanee to that of its mother, beeause it is still
eompletely open to the unmediated influenee of the mother's 5
soul, that philosophie eonsideration finds this undivided
union of soul partieularly easy to grasp. This influenee mani-
fests itself in the phenomena that go by the name of birth-
marks. Mueh that has been included under this heading may +
weIl have a simply organic eause. There are however many 10
physiologieal phenomena whieh, sinee they have quite
evidently been brought about through the sensation of the
mother, undoubtedly have a basically psychic cause. One
hears, for example, of ehildren eoming into the world with
an injured arm, either beeause the mother had aetually 15
broken hers or at least had knocked it so severely that she
feared she had done so, or indeed on account of her having
been frightened by the sight of someone else's broken arm. *
* KehleT Ms. p. 114; cf. Criesheim Ms. pp. 158-159: It is evident that when
an adult person is frightened by such an accident, he has the feeling of the
injury in the shock without breaking his arm. The unborn child is so weak
however, that although the shock is not corporealized in the mother, it is in
the child. In this relationship, the mother is unable to aIlow the sensation to
remain uncorporealized on account of her being a geminate, a duplicated
life. There is astrange case of two siblings. A young doctor Hegel knew was
an albino ... (Criesheim: As is weIl known, this is a person with a particular
weakness in the iris, his eye is red, his hair white etc.). This doctor has de-
scribed the state in his Dissertation, in which he gives an account of how he
and his sister came by it. Both his parents were healthy. His father was a
Protestant clergyman in Styria. When in her seventh month his mother, who
was in good health, went into a barn. It was winter, snow had fallen in the
area, and although the sun was shining, it was dark in the barn. In one
corner there was ahare, and a beam ofbright sunlight fell upon its eye from
a crack in the roof. In the dark depths of the barn she caught sight of a
bright and gleaming eye, and she and her son quite rightly take this to
account for his having been born an albino. Although the child born next, a
girl, also had something of the albino about her, aIl the children born after
this were completely normal. -f
au kfGut, Q(G ba,

beren »tele ~ier angefü~rt au werben &raud)~
tm. Cline fol. Ukrlri&lid)ung ber inneren Iffet:tionen ber !JluUer
.üb rintrfritt bmd) bie wibtrftanbGlofe Sd)~ad)e be~ \jötuG;
abmrfritG baburd) erflAmr, ba~ in ber burd) bie Sd)wangeT$
r.ft gef"Wlid)ten, nid)t me~r ein \)oUfommen fel&ftftönbfae~ ~e~
&tn fir Pd) ~Ilbmbtn, f01lbtrn ~r ~cbcn auf baG .tinb »er&Tei~
teaben !Jlutter 'oie ~m'finbun8en einen, biefe fel&ft überWAltt-
gmbtn ungft\)&~n(f.n ~Tab ber ~&~fti9ftit unb StAm er~
I)Q(ten. !Diefet gad)t ber ißlltfinbung bei Duttet ift fdbft btr
Siugling uod) fe~r unterworfen; unangene~me ~emüt~!be~e~
gugen bn 9uttet »erberma bcfanntficfJ 'oie !JH{cfJ bnfe{bcn unb
.ttfm foarit nacfJt~eUi9 auf bat ~on i~r geraugte .tURb. 3n
bem kl)Altnij btr (iltern au i~rm enDG"ri'mm.ti1lbtm bagesen
fIat PcfJ aWGf etWG~ ga8if~ in fofcm scacfgt, aII.tinber unb
Ciltcm, bie 'anse setTennt Wafell ab riaanbet nfd)t fannten,
u.-.;t dae ßC8C11feitigc Wnaf4ung fU~lten; lIan faftlt jebocfJ
1llcfJt fap, baJ bfcj ~, ctwGt Illgaadne' unb !lot~wen"
bip fel>; benn eG siebt ~f.,ide, ba~ ~ater i~rc Sö~ne, unb
eö.nc i~rc tBiter in ber ScfJ14cfJt unter UmftAnben gdöbtet ~Q$
ben, wo fit biefe Ubtull8 au M'llleibtn im Stanbt se."efen
161 ~aren, ~enn fie »on i~rem gegenfeitigen natürlia,en 3ufllmmen.
~ange et~a! gea~nt ~atten.
3. !)a ~ ~ er~a !tni ~ bee ~n bi» ibu um 5 au f ei um

®eniu~.
!)ie '0 rit t e m3eife, \-eie 'oie menfd)lid)e Seelt aum @efü~(
t~m ~otalhat fommt, ift bae ~eT~äUni, 'oee ~nbi\)ibuum~ AU
feinem @en i u6. UnteT bem @eniue ~aben ~ir 'oie, in aUen
~a9en unb ~eT~dltnilfen be6 rolenfd)en über 'oefien ~~un Ult'o
Sd}idfal entfd>eibenbe ~ efon '0 er ~ ci t beWeiben au \)er~e~en.
3d) bin nAmlid) dn ß ~ i efad) e6 in mir, - einerfeit! !)a!,
ale \t'a! id) mid) nad) meinem äu ~ er li ~ en ~eben unb nad)
meinen allgemeinen morfteUungen ~ei~, - unb anbererfdt6
~a~, WaG id) in meinem auf be fon Der e m3eife be~mmten
~lt neren bin. ~iefe ~ef"llber~eit meinte ~nneren mad}t mein
~et~ängni~ aue; benn fie ift Da! Drafel, \)on beffcn ~u!$
This sort of thing is too well-known for it to be necessary to

enumerate instances of it. Such an embodiment of the
mother's inner affections is to be explained partly by the
weakness and lack of resistance of the foetus, and partly by
the weakness occasioned in the mother by her pregnancy. 5
In this state, since her life extends to the child, she no longer
has a completely independent life of her own, and she herself
is overpowered by the extraordinary degree of vigour and
intensity acquired by the sensations within her. Even the
child at breast is by no means indifferent to the power of its 10
mother's sensation; it is well known that unpleasant dis-
positional disturbances will spoil the mother's milk, and so
have adetrimental effect upon the child she is suckling. In
the relationship of parents with their grown-up children
however, something that is undoubtedly magical has re- 15
vealed itself in so far as children and parents who had been
long separated and did not know each other, have un-
consciously feit an attraction for one another. Nevertheless, it
cannot be said that there is anything universal and necessary
about this feeling, for there have been encounters in which 20
fathers have slain their sons and sons their fathers, and in
which the killing could have been avoided had they divined
anything of their natural relationship. +
3. The relationship of the individual to its genius

The third mode in which the human soul attains to a
feeling of its totality is the relationship of the individual 25
to its genius. By genius we are to understand the deter-
mining particularity of man, that which, in all situations
and relationships, decides his action and his fate. This is to
say that there is a duality within me, for on the one hand
there is what I know myself to be in ac cord an ce with my 30
outward life and general presentations, and on the other what
I am inwardly, determined in a particular manner. It is the
particularity of this inwardness which constitutes my
destiny, for all resolutions made by the individual depend
f~ru~ (lUe &ntfd}ne~ungen be~ 3nbtoibuumG ab~(Ingen; fie bilbet

b(lj Dbiedibe I \1)eId}eG fiil), bon 'Dem ~ nnn en bee «J,(Ir(lfter&
~eTIlU~, gelteno m(ld)t. ~aj 'oie Umflänbe unb mer~ältniffe, in
benen b(l~ ~n'oibi'ouum fid) be~nbet, bem Sd)icff(ll beffelben ge~
Tabe '0 i ef e un'o fdne (Inbere 9lid)tung geben, - bie~ liegt nid}t
blo~ in i~nen, in i~rer (iigent~ümlid)feit, nod) aud) bIo, in 'oer
QlIgemeinen 9latur 'oee ~n'otoi'ouumG, fon'oern &uglei~ in
beffm ~efonber~eit. .su ben nämlid)en UmflAn'oen »er~ält 'oie;
beftimmte ~nbibibuum fid) anbete , al~ ~unbtrt anbere 3n'oi»i-
buen; auf ben (liuen fönnen ge\1)iffe Um{tdn'oe magifd) wirten,
\1)at,renb ein Inbmr 'ourd) biefel6en ni~t aU0 fernem gewö~n.
lid)en @eleife ~erauGgeriffen ~it'o. ~ie Umftänbe bermifd)en ficfJ-
(I1fo auf dne Aufällige, 6efonbere !Beife mit bem 3nnmn ber
3n'otbi'ouen; fo b(l~ 'oiefe, t~ei!0 'ourd) 'oie Umflän'oe uno burd)
b(l0 IUgemeingü(tfgc, t~eil0 'ourd} i~re eigene befon~m innm
~e~immung AU ~emienigen \1)er'Den, \\)(l~ (IU~ i~nen \1)irb. I'<
ler'oinge bringt 'oie ~f onoerf}eit 'oe0 ~n'oi\liouum0 für tfffell
162 Xl)un Ul~ ~(lfltn ma~ ~fün'oe, 41fo a1lgemeing6ltige et..
,...ungtn ~er6ei; 4ber fie tt,ut 'oi~" '04 fie ;~ 'oClbei \1)tfent~
li~ Q(e fü ~ ( en'0 ber~d{t, immer nur auf dne 6t fon '0 er e lrt.
&att bGe \1)4. »erftänbige, in aUgemeinen ~eflimmungen fid)
~gen'oe ~\\)u'tfe.n ",irb folgltd) bon feinem @eniue auf eine
f. flftmaA~ttge mdfe btfljtamt, 'o..p babri bG0 3n'oibibuum in
einem tBtrljÖltnr; 'on Unfelbtlftänbigftit eri"ut, \llel~ef mit
t>n Wbl)Qngisfrit 'oee ~ötu. 'Oon 'on Seele 'Oer -mutter, obet mit
'oer \Ulftbeu In 'Oerglid)en \lle.r'oen fun, ~ie im "$riiumen 'oie
Seele aur motfleUung i~rer in'oi'OibueUeu meIt gelangt. ~(lG
~tnij ~ 3nbi'OiOuume au feinnn @eniue untetfcf)eibet fief)
alltt oßMerfeit. \)on 'oen lItiben ~orf)er 6ctra~teten ~er~fffen
bn ~(en'oen Seele babUT~, 'oClj t0 bmn &i n t ei t i~ I -
'oll' e' 040 im na t ül' ( i ~ en ~ r du men enthaltene gcmltllt

bcr cinfad}en (iin~eit hr 6tde mit ji~ fdber, ullb ba' im
merf)ältnij beI Wöt U 0 aUf IDhlttn \)ot~al1'oene IDlolllent btf
~o ••·cl~t.it 'oe. Sedenle6enl1 in eiine aufQlllmenfa~t, ba bef
hiuf ctnerfeit~, - ~ie 'oIe Seele bn ~utter gegen ben 8ö~
tu., - ein fe1b~if~e' .nbne. gegen ba' 3nbibibuum ift,
Volume Two: Anthropology· 241
upon the pronouncement made by this orade, that which

arises from the inwardness of character to make itself effective
objectively. That the fate of the individual should take just
this and no other turn on account of the circumstances and
relationships in which he finds hirnself, is neither solely the 5
result ofthem, their peculiarity, nor ofthis the general nature
of the individual, but also derives from the individual's
particularity. In given circumstances, this specific individual
will behave differently from a hundred others; certain cir-
cumstances can work magically on one, while they will fail 10
to draw another out of his normal course. Since circum-
stances therefore combine with the inwardness of individuals
in a contingent, particular manner, wh at individuals be-
co me is the outcome partly of circumstances and general
norms, and partly of the particularity of their own inner 15
determination. The particularity of the individual will of
course bring forward reasons or universally valid determinations
for wh at it does and does not do; but in that its being in-
volved in this is essentially a matter ofJeeling, it will always
do so in a merely particular manner. Even consciousness, 20
which consists of an alert understanding moving in universal
determinations, is therefore determined by its genius in such
an overpowering manner, that the individual's relationship
here appears to be that of a dependence which might be
compared wi th the reliance of the foetus upon the soul of the 25
mother, or the passive manner in wh ich the soul acquires a
presentation of its individual world in dreaming. Yet on the
other hand, the relationship of the individual to its genius
also distinguishes itself from both the relationships of the
feeling soul considered previously, for it is their uniry. It 30
draws together into one both the moment of the soul's simple
uniry with itself contained in natural dreaming, and that of the
dualiry in the life ofthe soul present in the relationship ofthe
Joetus to the mother; for while in one respect the genius
stands in relation to the individual as a distinct seljhood, and so 35
resembles the soul of the mother as related to the foetus, it
242 " Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
UQ aimrfeit. mit bnn 3nbf»1>mun dae e6enfo unhenu,

'.re ii.~ett ~lbet, ~ie btc Seele IRit tu tiMt ff1m ~tauQle.
§. 406.
I~ $DA' .•'f4'1.lc~ca Alt i.orm, SUjlAllb bH
feI6ft&e",upten, gt&tlbcten, &efonl1tllcn ~)ltnfd)en ift clne
.IrAnf~eit, in I>tr bAS ,3nbi"tDuum fid) u n " cr mit tel t au
bem conc:reten ,3nbalte feiner ftl&ft "erbAlt, unb bClbon fein
&efonnencs ~e",uptfe"n feiner unb bts "erjlAnblgtn m3e1ts
iuf4mmcnbangs 416 einen b""on unterfd)icbenrn SuftAn!> ~Qt,
°
- mag n et if d) er e mn Cl m &u I i 6mu t$ unI> mit i'm
"erwQnbte SultAnbc.
3n biefer enclJcfop&blfd)en ~QrfttUU119 'ann nid)t gel

(elftet ",erben, "'06 fur ben 'lr"'ei~ bel' gtge&entl1 5aCI
f[lmmung be6 mtrf",tlrblgen burd) ben 4nlmCllifd)tn ~Clg,
ntti('imlls tlorntbmlid) ~tr"or9truftntn Suj[anbs au Ittftm
163 l\lQrt, bau nam Iid) bit 'lrfabrungen tntfpred)enl> fe"en.
~iefa\r mlluten buf6rberj[ bit in fiel', fo m4nnigfaltigen
unb "on einanber fo febr "crfd)iei>etten <!rfd)einungen
Ulter ibr aOgemdllt @}efiebt5punftcgcbradJt nm"ben. ~tl1n
~a6 ~actifebe "or aUem ber me'tJ~()tUl1g bebtlrftig febev
tten f6nntt, fo ltlllrbe eine folcbe bod) Illieber ft\r blejen"
gen tl&erfhllTig felJn, um bmn ,,,iUen t6 einer fold)en
'ebörfte, "'til ~e ~d) bit ~etrad)tung baburd) ~6d)jl
Itld)t mad)en, bap fie ble 'lrä&l,lungtn, 1'0 unenbUd) labl,
rtid) unb 1'0 febr fie buref) bie ~tlbung, <rbAraftcr u. f. f.
~er Seugen beglaubigt ~nb, furb,,,eg ftlr (Uufd)ung unb
~mug ausgebtn unb In i~rem a priorifef)en ~erftanbc
fo fell nub, bau nid)t nur gegen benfelben aUe 5aeglAul
&igung nid)tS "ermag, fonbern bau fie AUd) fd)on bRS gc,
+ leugnet ~abtn, ",os ~e mit 'Xugcn gefcben. Um Auf blei
+ fem ~t1be fel&1l baS, lUa6 mAn mit biefen 'Xugen ne~t,
IU glauben unb nod) me~r e6 au bcgreifen, bAlu ijl blc
@runbbebin9ung, nid)t in ben merllaubcSfategoritl1 &c,
fRngcn au fe"n. - ~ic J)Ru~tt1l0mente, Auf ~elc6' c.
cmfommt, m6gen bier Rngcgeben ",erben.
also forms a uniry with the individual which is as indivisible as

that of the soul with the world of its dreams. +
2) As form, as astate of the self-conscious, cul-

tured, self-possessed person, the life of feeling is a ++
disease in which the individual relates itselfwithout 5
mediation to the concrete content of itself, and
retains its self-possessed consciousness of what per-
tains to it and of the understandable connectedness
of the world, as a distinct state, - this is magnetic
somnambulism and the conditions related to it. 10
This remarkable state is elicited mainly by

animal magnetism. The determination of it pro-
vided here should be demonstrated as correspond-
ing to what is experienced, but this would involve
bringing such manifold and extremely various 15
phenomena under their general headings, that it is
out of the question in an encyclopaedic exposition
such as this. Confirmation of the factual aspect
could appear to be the primary need. For those for
whom it might be required it would be superßuous 20
however, since they simplify their consideration
of the matter _by dismissing accounts of it, in-
finitely numerous though they are, and accredited
by the professionalism and character etc. of the
witnesses, as delusion and imposture. They are so 25
set in their apriori understanding, that it is not
only immune to all evidence, but they have even
denied what they have seen with their own eyes.
In this field, even believing what one sees, let alone
comprehending it, has freedom from the cate- 30
gories of the understanding as its basic condition. +
- At this juncture we can specify the main
moments involved.
a) 3um conerUtn ee,n tlne. 3n&h"~uum' 9C1

~6rt bte @efdmmt,ett fetner @runblntcr'ffe, ber ..,tfenb
"",en unb pdrtlculAren, emptrlfd)tn ~er~Altniffe, In bmt.
e. iU Clnbtrn mlenfd)m unb mit .er Belt al&crOAupt flt.t.
• !Diefe ~otdfltat m"cf)t fe In, mJir'Ucf)Felt fo dUIf, bd fie
t~m Im md n ent unb \lor~fn fein @ e n f u. gendnnt wor,
~cr. tfl'. ~Ieftr fit nid)t bu woDtl1be unb bcnfcnbc frete
@e!(t; Me <SeftlbtlSform, in beren lltrfinten balS ~nbil
,Ibuum bier &ctrdcf)tet wirb, fft \\ielme~r bdlS ~ufge&en fell
ner iJljltni dtlS &el ficf) felbjl fe"tuber @e1jligteit. ~Ie
nAd)jlt ~olgtrung dUIS ber auf9cbeigten ~tjlimmung In
Sl>e&ic~im9 duf ben ~ 11 ba (t ijl, ba6 im eomnam&uli.,
mus nur btr ~reilS ber inbi\ltbueU &ejlimmttl1 2ndt,
p4rticulAren ~nttrtjftn unb &efcf)rAnften merbAltnijfe
tn.· ~emustfe\]n tritt. m3iffenfd)dftlicf)e <frteuntl1iffe
164 oDer pbUofopbifd)e ~egritfe Jlnb dagemeine ~abrbeiten
crfotbern einen aubern ~oben, bat'S Aum freien 5l)ewujtl
fet)n dUIS btr !l)mnpfbeit belS ftlbltnbtn ~t&enlS eutmicttlte
~enfel1; elS ift tbc·rid)t, Djfen&arungm 116ft ~been \lom
fomnam&uten ßuftllnb bU Ul\ldrttn.
(J) ~tr ~menfcf) \)I)n gtfunbem einn, unb merffdnb
"'ef~ "on biefer feimr ~ßirflid)feit, welcf)c bie concrtU
~rfllaun9 fdner ,3nbi"ibuCllfiht Clu~mClcr,t, Cluf fel&ftbCl
n,..~te, "erjlnntlige m3eiie; er ",cil; fie mnc, in bef ~onn
btf SufQmmtn~Clng6 feiner mit ben ~ejlimmul1ge" berl
rel&en al. timt' uon iljm untcrfd)icbenen au~ern ~dt,
unb Cf meig \lon biejel' ClI\1 eine: e&el1 fo \l er tU t1 b ig
in f i cf} 8u f dm men ~ an g enb e n 'D)~Clnt1id)faltigfeit. ~n
feinen fu&jcctiuen iBor(teUungen, 'PInnen l)Clt er t&en fo
biefen \lcrjlanbigcn Sufammenbal1g fdner m3efr Ullb bit
~ er m i trI 11 n 9 feiner ~orfteUlIngen 1Inb ~It\ecte mit ben
tn tief> bUrd)gAngig ~trmitteltel1 o6jecti\lcn 'f,rijic1Wn ~or
leugen (urgt. §. 398. ~t1m.). - !l)n&ct l)CIt bieie $llie{t,
• 1827: ... daß sie ihm immanent ist; und zwar nicht blos als die abstracte
Concentration, welche dessen Charakter, Bildung u.sJ. heißt, sondern diese
seine allgemeine Bestimmtheit als concret, identisch mit der lebendigen
innern Subjectivität, wie auch mit seinen empirischen Particularitäten,-
der Genius, wie es vorhin genannt worden ist ...
aa) The concrete being of an individual in-

volves the entirety of its basic interests, of the
essential and particular empirical relationships in
which he stands to other people and the world at
large. This totality so constitutes his actuality,* 5
that it is immanent within him, and has pre-
viously been ealled his genius. This is not spirit in
its freedom, willing and thinking, for the form of
feeling eonsidered here constitutes the surrender
of the individual's existenee as a self-eommuning 10
spirituality, the individual being immersed in it.
The first eonclusion to be drawn from the deter-
mination indicated with regard to the eontent, is
that somnambulism simply fills eonsciousness with
the range of the individually determined world of 15
partieular interests and limited relationships.
Scientific eognitions or philosophie notions and
general truths require another foundation. They
require thought developed out of the stupor of the
life of feeling into free eonsciousness, and it is 20
therefore foolish to expeet the somnambulist state
to provide revelations ab out ideas.
f3f3) A person of sound sense and understanding
knows of this actuality whieh eonstitutes the
eonerete filling of his individuality in a self-eon- 25
scious and understanding manner. When he is
awake, he knows of it in the form of the eonneetion
between what is his and the determinations of it as
an external world distinet from himself, and he
knows this world as a multi pli city which also has 30
an intelligible inner conneetedness. In his
subjeetive presentations and plans he also has
before his eyes both this understandable eonneeted-
ness of his world and the mediating of his pre-
sentations and purposes with objective existenees 35
which are themselves thoroughly mediated in-
ternally (cf. § 398 Rem.). - This world outside him
* 1827: ... which is immanent; and moreover not only as the abstract con-
centration which is called its character its formation etc., but as this its
universal determinateness as concrete, as identical with living internat sub-
jectivity as weIl as with its empirical particularities, - genius, as it has pre-
viously been called ...
246 " Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
+ bie At1jet 16m ijl I i6re ~Aben fo in il,m I blln tllt\t$ er

ftr rief> tllirfUd) itr, AUS benfel&en &elle6t; fo baI} er
Qud) in tief> fo a&fhlr&e, tllte biefe 1ftulierltcMciten ~tr,
fd)mil1ben, menn er nief)t aU6brl1cWd)n in fief) bllrd) 9tr,
ttSi'll, fu&jecti~e llernunft unb lf~arilfter felbjijiAnbig
un~ bA"n unll&~Angi9 ilt.- 3n bitfem WaUe 1ft er ber
!orm bei SultAnb" I IOn IIcm ~'er bl. 9lebr, hJrnigfr
fAbig. - Wllr bie (frfd)eil1ung jener 311entttAt 'nnn an
btt ~irfun9 erinnert tllerben, bie bel' ~ob ~on gelie~ten
13utllQnbten, Wreunben u. f. f. Iluf i.'inter&lit&enc bll&tl1
fAnn, b.lJl mit bcm einen bilIS anbere fiir&t ober Ilbjtir&t,
(fo fonnte 4ud) (f 4t 0 nacl) belu Untergange ber r6ml,
fd}en ffiepublif nief)t m~[,r leben, feine innere Sffiirmef)feit
mllr nlebt weiter nod, ~6(}er, 416 fie) - .,')elmtlle~ u. bgl.
r) ,Snbem aber bit (frfliUulIg belS ~cl"uprfel]ns, bic
lCuuenJl)e(t belTtlbtn unb fein 9Jerf}.\ltnip öU ibr, cinge:
buUt unb bit eede fomit in <2ef)lllf, (im Inagnetlfef)en
165 <ed)hlft, .stat"lep~e, anbern "~ranff)eitetl, Ö. ~. bel' tlleib;
lid,m (fntt"idlung, m~!)e beG ~obelS u. f. f.) ucrfcnft
Wirb, fo &I.cibt. jene i I1Illl au eilt e 5lli ir f I I cl) fe i t belS
~\ltll\.'ibunmtS biefelbe fublCalltieUe ~otillitat 41G dn QS c:
fllbl\5lebcn, bat) in M, fe(,~nb, luiO"wb iIr. ~cU C~
bll6 entmicfeltt, el",,,,,d)fmc, gebilllete 5r>~I~lutiffe\,n l!l, b4~
in jmm SUrr.lltt> ll~5 -;Wti)lm5 l)l:rab!l:I~r;,t ijr, bd)Qlt CIS
mit f~illem ~Ilbaltt blllRr bM '8ci:ll!d:~ i~illt\5 ~urftd},
fel]l1lS, ein f 0 r me (( u ~(Il fd)auCll Ull b ~SilTeIl, tR6 abee
nlcl)t bis 3m" Urt()ci! b~t) ~en.lUOtiel)nS fDrtgebt, \\)oburd)
fein ~1l()Rlr 415 iiul;ere Objcctit'it,lt fur bajfdbe iji, '''tnn
es gtrunb unb luad) fIt. 00 ifr llRS ,Sllbluibuum ble feine
m3irfhcf}teit in fieb ,"ilTenbe ')Xonabc, bRS edbICanf.)4Uen
beG Q)eniutS. ~II bi:fem ~"BiITCII iit baber baG (E()arafte,
rijiiid)e, bau berjdbe ~n()alt, ber "16 ~eritlmbigc ill3irf,
licl)feit objectiu fllr bat) gefunbe mClullGti~\)n ift, um ben
AU tllilTen elS al5 bciol1uenC5 ber ~eqrQllbi9en ~ er In i t ts
(u n 9 in Ibur gall3cn reRlen ~(u5brlitullg be~(irf, in bie,
fcr ~lnmanenl u n m i tt el b ar ~on ibm !3~IUUpt, 9 CI
f cl)" u t tllerben fann. ~ip 'lCnfcf)amn ilr infofern ein
therefore has its threads within him in such a way,

that they constitute what he actually is for him-
self. Consequently, he too would die internally, +
just as these externalities disappear, if within
himself, through religion, subjective reason and 5
character, he is not more expressly self-subsistent
and independent of them. In that he is however, he
is less liable to the form of the condition now being
discussed. - One might cite as an appearance of
this identity the effect that the death of beloved 10
relatives, friends etc. can have on those left behind,
when the one dies or pines away for the loss of the
other. It was the same with Cato, whose inner
actuality was neither more extensive nor sublimer
than the Roman republic, and who was therefore 15
unable to outlive its downfall. Homesickness and +
the like also belong here. +
yy) That which fiUs consciousness is its external
world and its relationship with it. In that this con-
tent is enshrouded, the soul being immersed in a 20
sleep such as magnetic somnolence, catalepy, other
diseases incident to the development of the woman, +
the approach of death etc., the individual's imma-
nent actuality remains the same substantial
totality, although it is now a life of feeling which 25
sees and knows inwardly. Since it is the developed,
adult, cultured consciousness which is degraded
to this state of feeling, it retains along with its
content the formal factor of its being-for-self. Yet
this formal intuiting and knowing does not pro- 30
gress to the judgement through which conscious- +
ness, when it is healthy and awake, takes its content
to be an external objectivity. The individual is
therefore the monad which knows inwardly of its
actuality, the self-intuiting of the genius. Character- 35 +
istic of this knowledge is therefore that conscious-
ness in this immanence should have immediate
knowledge, since it can view the same content as
that which for the healthy consciousness is objec-
tive as an understandable actuality, and if it is to be 40
known self-possessedly involves the whole real
extent of its understandable mediation. This
intuiting is a clairvoyance in so far as it knows
S) e11 f ~ () e 11, "IG Co $lliiffm In ber ungmennten eu&,

jlanti"litat ~eG ~wiuo jft, tlnb fief) im ~i) e f ~ 11 be5 SUI
fammenblll1go b~finDet, ba()er Ilid)t an bit mtibcn ber
"ermittelnDen, einanDer AUßtrlid)etl Q)eblllgungen gebuRs
ben 111, lueld)e DM bejollnene Q)~lvuBtiel)n lIU burd)(4UI
fen ~at unb In ~nfeQung bmn CIS R4e1) feiner eigeneIl
AugerUcf)el1 (finbehl~elt befdlranft ill. SE>iB S)~Ufd)eR 1ft
ober, "'tU In ieitm ~rtibbeit bel' 3nba(t Ilid)t a(5 "er,
ftAnblger Sufammtnbang aU6gel~9t 1ft, aUer etgenen S U:
f ci Hig Pe I t be5 ~tibleno, ~inbilbenlS u. f. f. pr ei 6 9 ~I
9 e ben, «ufjerbem "np In fein eel)auen fr e m b e .mOl':
fieUungen Ci uQd)l)~l') C&ntreten. ~tS ift bnrum uiebt
oUlSbumad)en, ob beITen, walS bie S)eUfebtl1b.ell l'ld)tlg
fd,auen, ID?ebl' 1ft, ober btfftll, In btm ~e ~d) t&ufd)en.-
~bgefd)macfr aber Iit elS , batS ~cbauen biefetS Sujl"nbelS
166 fall' eine ctrbebullg belS @eillt6 unb ftir einen wabrl)afl
um, In ~d) Cl II ge m ein H (frfenntniffe fabi!~en Sullanb
iU ~,dten *) •
•J , lu 0 ~Qt ba' mer~Qltni6 ller ~ r 0 p ~C ae i ~ u n9 ~&er,

~QUpt aum tiliffen bes "efonnenen ~ewu§lfel)n. beffer tri
fannt, a(. "ide IDloDerne, wel4>e Iln Den p[Iltoniilten mort
flellungen "om ~ n cb u f t 11 11 m u f lcid)c eine ~utoric&t fur
i~ren @(Ilu(!en 1111 Die ,Qobeit Der Offtnbllrunsen bell fom,
I1llmhlen ed)llu~n. au b.tben mel)lIcen, IP 111 '0 fllgt
im ltimdull cd. Steph. 111· p. 7\. f) "Damit Ilult Der u 111
u t r nun f ci 9 e Xl)eil Der @)etlc einiscrmllsen Der Illillbrs
"cit tbeilbafcis werDe, I)llbe @}oU Die fe be r gefcbllffen
unD ibr Die ~ a "' e i 11, DU ~ermogtn @}eflebte au baben,
gcg((,en. ~.tfi @}ou bel' menfd)lid)en Unuernunft
DiS \IDeiilllgen gegeben, DIlDon, fugt er btnau, Hl biS ein
~i!1retcbenller ~elt)(ill, Dill! fein befDnnentr IDltnflt dnt6
wllbrbllfttn @}efid)ce. tbeHb-tftig wirD/ fonDern es fel), DIlB
im 6dJlafe Der Q)erftolnD geicffelC Dber bureb Jt r Q n rb ei t
ob~r einen <!nll)ufia6mus l1u~er jid) gebraltt i~. 9\ic:tlcig
ija fd)ol\ \lor 21l1erll ge;.1gt morDen, "au t~un unD 4U
rennen ba' ~einige unD fic:tl felb~, flebt nur Den ~efon,
lIen~n au.1I $' 11 co "emerrt ftbr debdS, fowobl bllll fcib,
liebe fold)cs eid,Jauenll unD :IDijfenll 11(' Die IDt6SIId)reit
~e, \IDllbrbeit Der @eji4>le, Ilber Du Ul1terSCofllnele ber.
fel~en unter lIll' ,ermlnflisc 0cwuli(felJn,
through the undivided substantiality of the genius

and finds itself within the es sen c e of the connected-
ness. It is therefore not bound to the series of
mediating, mutually external conditions which has
to be traversed by self-possessed consciousness, 5
and in respect of which this consciousness is
limited to its own external singularity. Yet since its
turbid nature precludes the content's being dis-
played as an understandable connectedness, this
clairvoyance is exposed to all the contingency 10
incident to feeling, imagining etc., not to mention
the alien presentations which intrude upon its
vision (see later). It is therefore impossible to make
out wh ether what clairvoyants see correctly, pre-
ponderates over their self-deception. - It is how- 15
ever absurd to regard the envisionings of this state
as an elevation of spirit, and as a condition of
heightened truth capable of conveying cognition of
universal validity.*
*Hegel's footnote: Plato's cogOltlOn of the relationship between

prophecy generally and what is known of self-possessed conscious-
ness, was superior to that of many of the moderns, who have
supposed that the Platonic presentations of enthusiasm might pro-
vide a ready authority for their belief in the sublimity of the
revelations ofsomnambulistic vision. In the 'Timaeus' (ed. Steph.
III, p. 71f.), Plato says that God has created the liver and endowed
it with manteia, the faculty of divination, in order that the irrational
part of the soul might also participate to some extent in truth. He
adds, that God's endowing human irrationality with this predict-
iveness is sufficient proofthat no self-possessed person will take part
in a true divination, since the understanding is then shackled in
sleep or transported out of itself by illness or enthusiasm. "The
ancients were correct when they said that it is given only to he who
is self-possessed to conduct and know his affairs and hirnself."
Plato notes, very correctly, not only the bodily involvement ofsuch
envisionings and knowing, and the possibility of the divinations'
being true, but also the subordination of these divinations to
rational consciousness. +
J) ~int lVcfentUd)c ~eflimmung tn bitfem QSeft\b(~,

(,'eil, bem bit 'Perf6nUd}feit be~ ~erflanbet'l unb ~[,
(tn~ mallgelt, Ifl bleie, bau eS eiu SUflAllb bn 'PaHlI
~ith itr, t~(l1fo wie bel' be6 ~il1be6 Im ®uttnlti6e..
~Qt'I hanfe eubject fommt bQ~cr unb flebt l1aeb bitfetn
Suj(llllbe unter bel' 9~ad)t eillts 2(nbcrn, bes cmoge
n(ltfwr6, fo baa in bttlcm pi'l)cbiicben SuiAlI1m,,,b(Ul9 t
6eibtr bQtS ftlbli{llf! Ilicbt Il[6 peri61llicb wirflid)c 31lbb
\ll~ u.lm bll feUlem ilibjeetitHn ~erou~tiel)n bas Q.)cronptl
ftl)11 jentö bt onllenm ,Snbiuibuual6 b"t, b"U bijj '2(111
bm btffm gegwroartige iubjtctiue eeele, b~ffel1 @eiliuS
ifl, ber t6 (lud} mit "sub,,:t erjllUtn 'RIllI. ~"o b"tS rOmf
""mbll(: 3nbluit-uUU1 @eid)mlll:tt, @mid)t, Ne iu bem,
mit Il>dd)~m Cf) iJtllpport iI!. uor!)auben ~lIb, in lid) ictbjt
..
emp~llbet, baB e6 \)on btfim fOllfllgtll gegclll\1artigm '2(nl
fdjauul1gtll unb imtern ~orlhUtllIgel1, abcr a[tS bcu ieil
nigw, welp, itcigt bi~fe fubfl"ntiel[e ~bentitar,
In l\1cld)tr btt .z,ed~, ,,[\I bil Ilud) a[6 COlll:rtrt IU"bl'l)llft
167 immateridl '11, mit einer "lI~ml Du i~l)1I Pljig il1. ~n
bimr f .b(lalitleUW ~0~Htitat il1 bie etlbjwi\,j[at ttlS
$.l)m)ll~ti :1)n6 nm 'iillt, unb t'tC ~11~it,i~ualil i\t bt6 Sh"n,
fen b!\'"r ein Rlhfi.titl)n, nbtr ein [CIW" fldj 11'd)t pral
fent~s, rotrflid>~6; biG formdfe 0dbll bat ba!}tt leint
(frjlHillngw ClIl ben (,flllp~n~ungen, ~orl1cUunStn bett
~(ntltrn, Ii:bt, riecht, fd>llwit, hm, börr aud) im 2(n:
bern. Su b~merrtl1 ift in biei er ~e~itblll1g lIocb, bali
btr 00lllllllmbule Cluf l·i* ~~eiie in dn 93erbaltniti bU
bl\)ci Q;wicn unb oltlciflld,em ~n!)alt ~u jhl)clI fommt, AU
feinem eigwm uub O" Nm ben '))~a911etllcuru. ~tid)e
ctmp~nbun9w ober Q;efid)t~ bieie6 formelle 'l3erntljtuen
lIun ClUt) icmem eigenen ,~\llnml neer nll6 !.\tm Q30rlleUtn
befftll, tnlt bem C6 ill ffiaPPOl't I{~bt, eLl).\It, (lllich"ut utib
aUtu \lliifjm bringt, ifr IlIibet1imlnt. $Ditie Unftci)erbeit
falln Me ,Qudi~ \)011 \~tlw ':täuid)uII9W it\jn, b~grun~ct
* 1827: Die nähere Modification, daß dem Somnambulen dagegen wieder

das Sprechen dessen, mit dem er im Rapport ist, äußerlich ist, und dasselbe
hört, wie auch anderer - aber nur derselben, die mit eben diesem Andern
in Rapport gesetzt sind, - übergehe ich. - Aber zu bemerken ist noch,
daß ...
55) This life offeeling lacks the personality ofthe

understanding and the will, and has the essential
determination ofbeing a passive state like that of
the child in the womb. In this state therefore, the
diseased subject comes to be dominated by the 5
distinct power of the magnetizer, so that in this
psychic connection between them the personally
unactualized selßess individual has as its subjective
consciousness the consciousness of this self-pos-
sessed individual, which constitutes its presence, 10
its subjective soul, its genius, and is also able to
impart content to it. The soul is truly immaterial,
even in its concreteness, and proof that it is capable
ofthis substantial identity with another is to be
found in the somnambulant individual's sensing 15
within itself the tastes and smells presentwithin the
individual to whom it is thus related, in its knowing
of the presence of this individual's other intuitions
and inner presentations as if they were its own. In
this substantial identity, consciousness has only 20
one subjectivity. The individuality of the patient is
certainly a being-for-self, but it is vacant, and to
itself it is devoid of presence and actuality. This
formal self therefore derives what fills it from the
sensations, the presentations of the other, in whom 25
it also sees, smells, tastes, reads, hears. * It has also
to be observed in this connection that the somnam-
bulist is brought, in this way, to stand in relation-
ship to two geniuses and a double content, his own
and that of the magnetizer. Now in this formal 30
perceiving, it is uncertain which sensations or pre-
dictions are derived, intuited and brought to know-
ledge from his own inwardness, and which from
the presenting of the person with whom he stands
in relation. This uncertainty can give rise to various 35
delusions. Among other things, it accounts for the
* 1827: I pass over the more specific modification of the speech of the other
with whom the somnambulant is in rapport also being externat to hirn, and
of his hearing it, as he does that of others, although only of those who are
set in rapport with precisely this person. It has also to be observed however ...
ulmt' ilntmn all'~ tie llotl)l\lcnNge ~erid)t~ttlll)ett, Me

U\lt~r bcn "lClllid)tm ~er eomnllmDulen (lUG ucrjef)ltbtutn
fAnbern unb unter /)rm ffiapport oU \)eri~ieben gcbilbtl
(,,1. ~erronen, 116et' ~r(\nfr,eit~ouffan~e unb beren .f.'eis
lungfSrodfcll, lt'onctmtttel, (luef) roiffcnjef)ilftHef)e unb geis
fliSt Jeatcgorien, u. f. f. oum morfef)dn gctommen ift.
f) }lBi~ in ~(efer ftir,lenbel1 eub~(\ntialitat bel' <Ses
9tnra~ 3um Au~erlief) Dbjectitlel1 nid)t uorl)clIlben ift, fo
(fl in n er l)" l b jeiner jclb(t b(lfS €nbjcct in Meier ctinigs
ftit I in rodef)er Me 't)a.rticularitaten be~ ~tiblcn6 tiers
fef)rounben finb, fo bav, inbem Me ~batigfeit ber eins
tie60rgane eingefef)(afen i(t, bann baG Q;cme('lgeftlf)( fief)
tu ben befonbern ~unctlot.en be~immt unb mit ben ~in:
sern - in~befQnbet'e bel' S)tr';9rube I ~)~agen - gereben,
se~~r~ u. f. f. roirb.
~ e9 re i fe n l)ei~t fut' Me tlcrjUnbigt 9te~t~ion, bie
9teif)e bel' me r mi tt l u 11 ge 11 nwiief)el1 einer ctrid)cinung
unb anberem ~afCI)nl mit roctef)em fit 3ufammel1l)Qngt,
frfel1l1en, ben fogt11annten nattirlid)~n @Sallg, b. b. naef) mers
flilnbt6:@eie~en nnb '8cl'()Qltnijfen (3.~. bel' [allfalitat,
168 ~efS @Srul1t~G u. f. f.) cinjc9cn. ~M @Scftlf)!t,le&CI1, (luef)
wenll t~ noef) bM llU~ formene m3ilTen, rote in bell et'I
ItIAbllten. StranfC)eit55uftal1bcn, &cibcC,Alt, ift gcrabe biefe
Worm bel' U n mit t d &" rf ci t, in roeld)er bie l;tnters
fef)iebe tlom ®ubjectit'etl unb Objtcti\len, t'trl1anbiger
'Perf6n(icf)feit gegen eine aUBcl'licf)e m"clt, unb jel1~ '8m
bAltnijfe bel' ctnblid)fdt 3roifd)tIl benfel&en, nid)t t'orl)alv
ben finb. ~1l6 ~cgrdfen bicfe6 tlcr{)altniglofen unb bod).
l'oUfommen erftlUten Suf"mmenb"ng5 mad)t fief) fe!bfC
unm6glief) burcf) bie ~or"utSfe~tlng felb(t~arlbigcl' 't)erf6n:
Jief)te.ittn gegen einanber unb gegen ben. ,3nb"lt artS eint
objeetitle }lBelt, unb burcf) bie ~or(lu6fe~lIng bel' 1Cbforuts
beit bC5 raumlicf)en unb uhltcrieUcn ~UGCillanberfel)ll~
l\~trbQuJ)t.
S-f... 3m .sufa. au I.
~ ~oben ~it gefast, ~(lJ
a"'efuhf Wonnm be~ magffcfJen ~etbä(tnfffe~ ber füblen"
ben Seele au untnfcfJdbtn f~m, unb ba; bie er ~e bieret Wotl
men bfe fotlltellt Eiubitdi\)UAt bee ~e&ene genannt "'erben
necessary diversity that has become apparent in

the views of somnambulists from different coun-
tries and in respect of people of different culture,
with regard to states of disease, ways of healing
them, means of curing them, as weIl as scientific 5
and spiritual categories etc. +
EE} Since there is no objection in this feeling
substantiality to what is externally objective, the
subject in itself is within this unity in which the
particularities of feeling have disappeared. Conse- 10
quently, since the activity of the sense-organs is
dormant, self-awareness specifies itself into the
particular functions through the procardium and
the stomaeh.
Comprehension, for understanding reßection, 15
consists of knowing the series of me dia t ion s
between an appearance and another determinate
being with which it is connected, of insight into
what is called the natural sequence, in accordance
with the laws and relationships of the understand- 20
ing i.e. causality, ground etc. The life of feeling,
even when it still retains only the formal manner
of knowing incident to the diseased states men-
tioned, constitutes precisely this form of immed-
i a c y, which is devoid of the differences between 25
what is subjective and objective, an understanding
personality and an external world, and of the afore-
mentioned finite relationships between them. AI-
though this is a completely filled connection it is
without relationship, and comprehension of it is 30
impossible in so far as one presupposes personali-
ties independent of one another and of the content
as an objective world, and assumes spatial and
material juxtaposition to be generally absolute.
Addition. We have said in the Addition to § 405, that a 35

distinction has to be drawn between two forms of the magical
relationship of the feeling soul, and that the first of these
forms might be called theformal subjectivity oflife. The con- +
aant. ~lc ectra4Jtung biern • Wom fft in btm eMn-

_~ntaa 3ufa; Im ~uj ßdOIDIIlCII. 3f,t 'akn 'Vit baI)tr
bfc l.eUe Wonn jenet lDagffcr,m .~ä(tniffet IU ktrd4ten,
~ 'oie ru {e ~ujcdi'oftät ber fil~{enbtn eecle. ~ u I
aeuea "it biere ~u~futb,ität, ""I ~fn, fbttt 'on fan !trQUIIlCII,
fo "le ... 3uttanbe bet Sötut unb im &qäItni' bet 3nbi»i-
blUl1lt AU fdnm 8eniut f1mfd)enbm ungetunnten fd-
'laUelleR ~eelenein~eit, ein "hut4 ."iefa4et, fdne
'eiben Selten AU efgent~ülDff4ell !1)lfe~a entlalfenbet
eedenlekn r,mortritt. !1)ie erfk biefer kibtn edten i~ bat
un»ermfttelk kl)iltni' bCf fii~(enben eeele AU beren inbi,ibue8n
mdt unb fubftantidla IBfrftl4feit; 'off I~ite ~dte 'oagegen 1ft
bfe M'ntfttdte ~aiebuns ber ~eele AU i~rer in o~j«tiuell 3u-
ramlltl\~anse ~~cnbm!Bett. !1)a, biefe ~ (5eften IU t $
cinan'oertreten, au gegenfettiset ~d~tt~hbtSfeit Sf#

lall8en, - bleJ mu' a(~ .thaaf~eU kaddJnet "erben, 'on 'oieJ
_ulmfunbatTden / im ~esenra;e Rell 'oie .. 3ufa; IU
169 S.405 &etrdel)tden mtifen ber formeUen Subjedf»itat, fein rolo#
ment be~ objectf'Oen ~ebent fdb~ au~madJt. ~Ieiel)"ie bie (eib$
I1 dJ e Jrranff}eit in bem We~erben eine~ .ersanet ober 6,,~m~
segen 'oie aUgemeine .ßatmonie be~ inbi'OibueUen ~e&en~ &efle~t,
unb fol~ .pemmung unb !trennung mitunter fo "eit fottfel)reftet,
ba' bie &efonbere !t~dtigfeit eine~ (5\)flem~ fiel) au einem, bie
ürige !t~dtigfeft be~ .ergani~mue in ti4J concentrirenben rolittel
~unft, au einem "uel)emben ~e'VädJfe mael)t; - fo erfolgt lud)
im e ee le n{e &en Jrranff}eit, "enn bae &(0; See le n ~ a fte
be~ Drsani~mu~, 'Oon bn @)e\1)alt be~ gei fl igen !3e"u,tfe~nt
unab~sis "erbenb, tief) 'oIe 8undion b~ (e~teren anmaa,t,
unb 'on @)dft, inbem Cf 'oie .ßetrfdJaft über ba~ AU i~m Be~ö#
rise Scdell~afte »ediert, frinn fel&fl nicfJt mädJtig &ldbt, fon,
bnn fel&Cf aur Wom beG eeden~Gften ~G6finft unb bamit bat
bem Bqllnben ~ei~ "efentlidJc oijedille, - bat ~eijt, - bur~
ftuffle&ung be~ Au;erlicf1 @efe,ten lIetmittdte mer~dhnifj aur
"Irf(i~n meu aufgie&t. !Da; bd 6eden~afte segen bcn @)ei~
fdbftftänbiS \1)~ unb fogOt belfen 8undion on fid) teifjt, -
ba»on liegt bie DöSUd)fdt barin, ba; baffel&e ~om @eille ebenfo
sideration of this first form is concluded in the Addition

mentioned. Consequently, we have now to consider the real
subjectivity of the feeling soul, the secondform of this magical
relationship. We call this subjectivity real since at this
juncture, instead of the undivided substantial uniry of the soul 5
predominant in dreams as weIl as in the foetal state and the
individual's relationship with its genius, a life of the soul
emerges which is actually twofold in that it allows distinct
existence to both its aspects. The first of these aspects is the
feeling soul's unmediated relationship with its individual 10
world and substantial actuality, the second is the soul's
mediated relation with its world of objective connectedness.
The separation of these two aspects into mutual independence has
to be regarded as a disease, since unlike the modes of formal
subjectivity considered in the Addition to § 405, this 15
separation is in no respect a moment of objective life
itself. Bodily disease consists of the fixation of an organ or
system in opposition to the general harmony ofthe individual
life. Such obstruction and division sometimes progresses so
far, that the particular activity of a system establishes itself 20
as a centre, a rampant growth, concentrating into itself the
entire activity of the organism. Similarly, disease occurs in
the lift of the soul when the merely soul-like aspect of the +
organism appropriates the function of spiritual consciousness
by freeing itself from it. Spirit then fails to remain in control 25
of itself, since by losing control of the soul-like element be-
longing to it, it sinks itself to the form of being soul-like, and
so abandons that relationship with the actual world which
for healthy spirit is essential, and objective i.e. media ted by
the sublation ofthat which is posited externally. Since it is as 30
different from as it is implicitly identical with spirit, that which
is soul-like has the possibility of becoming independent of it,
unterfef)teben, ~ie an fief) mit i~m ibentffef) I~. 3nbem

ba~ ~elem;afte fief) uom @ei~e trennt, fief) ~ir fid) fett, giebt
baffd&e fief) ben Sef)ein, ~a~ au fe\1n, ~a~ ber @eijl in m~r..
f)eit i~, - nämlid), bie In bn Worm ber .HQemein~eit für"
fief)" felb~" fe~enbe Seele. l)ie buref) iene !trennung en~~e.nbe
Seelenff(\nf~eit i~ aber mit hiblief)er .tranff)rit nlef)t bIo;
au uer gle i ef) en, fonbern me~r ober wenign mit berfel&en \H r "
fnü~ft, ~eil bei bem Sid)lo~rd;en be~ Seden~aften uom
@ei~e, bie bem lettmn ff~o~1 al~ bem etftmn aur em~iriref)en
&ri~ena not~wenblge ~eiblid)felt ftd)· an biefe a~et au,erdnanber<
trdenben Setten uert~eift, fOndef) felber au e*",Q~ In fief) @e:
trenntem, alfo ,tranff)aftem ~irb.
~Ie .tranff)eft~auttanbe, In ~eld)elt fold)e !trennung be~
6etlm~aften uom getfhgen tJewujtft~n ~eroortrftt, finb nun
170 ft~r lftilnlligfaltigu Irt; fl1ft jett .triluft,dt fGnn bi~ AU 'Oflft
~!lftc jena Xrtnnllng fortse~I\. -\)ier in on ,~ilofo"W~elt
~G4tu"9 unfem ®e9m1lo~ ~Ml \\tir aber aicf)t jene un.
NfMuate BaltftigfGftigfeU uon .trGnff)dtefoaneft AU unfo{gm,
fonbma 1lUf bll~ tief) U& ~Ilen Cluf "erf.cme fSeife RCft4lteilk
81lguneine nGelI feinen ,pall\Hformen feftaufeeen. 3u bm
.It"-n, ill wd.R Die; IUgemriae aur <hf~nUUß fommm
fau, "ört baG 6ef)lafw"nbtln, bie .tatalt'fie, bie (int.
tli4'•• g',uiobe ber tleiblief)en :)&genb, t>er 3uft4llo Oer
S •••• suf4aft, illlef) on ~eitUClJla, e&enfo ba 11Igm-
bli4 ecf ~~nbat!t 0 be~, wen. berfdk bie iR !Rebe ilt"
"'abt s,altung ~ ~en' lR ba~ f"..a.r wertleß~e gefunbf,
~maütdtc ~tfe~n ob ta ~af fmMer me~t AUf IUdR~'
fcf}4ft fDIuImbe ft~fk IB!ffm ~.ifqrt; - n~
l6a aaj '"" tftjmlgc 3$nt-, ltIel.n Ull ben anim.lts
fellen 9l.8netitllu' genGlltd ~at, llRkrfucf}t _r~e.. , fotDo,t
ia ;ofma Mfd&e fief) ~ 0u fe (bet in nllea 3nbi'oibuum eat~
ltfddt, alt tu fofmt er tu biqcm b.~ rin anbere' ~.
- - af ~fonbm !Brife ~tt\lor8eb~t ll'irb. lud) .cf)
sei" gc tlrf••n, k'fOllbtff burdJ religiife unb ~litif. (h..
IItGtion, fGJl1l ber fragH. 3ufhmb btt ~mmU1tg ~ Stelav
lcMt ~ lMoell. So &riQte ~ef), aua ~,id, f1Il
and even of appropriating its function. It gives itself the

appearance of being the truth of spirit, that is to say, the
soul which is for itself in the form of universality, by dividing
itself from it and positing its own being-for-self. Although
the disease of the soul which occurs on account of this division 5
is not merely to be compared with bodily disease, it is more or
less linked to it, for since what is soul-like tears itself away
from spirit, the eorporeity wh ich is as neeessary to the
empirical existence of spirit as it is to that which is soul-like
divides itself in two with them, and since it is thus divided 10
within itself, itself be comes diseased. +
Now this division of what is soul-like from spiritual con-
seiousness occurs in diseased states of an extremely varied
kind; nearly every disease can progress to the point of this
division. Here in the philosophical consideration of our sub- 15
jeet matter however, we do not have to pursue the forms of
the disease into their indefinite multiplieity, but merely to
establish the principal forms of the universal which in various
ways shapes itself within them. Sleep-walking, catalepsy, the
period of development in girls, the state of pregnancy, as well as St. 20
Vitus's dance, are diseases within which this universal can
appear, as also in the moment of approaching death, when this
brings about this disintegration oflife into the enfeeblement of
the healthy mediated consciousness, and the ever-increasing
aseendency of soul-like awareness. At this juncture it is 25
however principally the state that has been called animal
magnetism which has to be investigated, both in so far as it
develops spontaneously in an individual, and in so far as it is
elicited there in a particular manner by another individual. +
This state, in which the life of the soul is divided, can also be 30
brought about by spiritual causes such as religious and pol-
itieal exaltation. In the Cevennes War for example, the free
~ Mt frei ~. E5eefcnl)tftc alf _ hi

..... , ~ _ aUIIGl 6d 8rcifm in ~.~. . . »er-
. . . . ~... !I)Qf -,.~ &ii,w follfJcr find,
tdoa " ... bic 6eliIJeIK SeenKe b'.rc, ia 'Del~ datefs
ratt'oie _iIdfIIe ~ns daer 8t114 rei1lCft, daftfJen
.......
ea, abemfdtt dae an »Olt 1MtJ1Wäf.. 3attI* fi4t.
. . biefca »otIAuiip ~qe. ""'c a '" ~ tfe

tilqclnell ~tformen ~a4tm, ia *aI eilt lujm(tunabefv
tmen Nt e.&nWtm .. bef -iediJal ~ ~ aeist•
e l)Gkn ~ fam ~, ClIt l)afjmise &a erinuma, . .
171 r.n früf)cr über ben URtctf4kb iener ktbcn lDeifen bet mer~
l)calten~ bct 9.lleJifd)en &11 feiner ilBelt gcfagt .,olten ifi, - ba,
nGudidJ bat objeethe ~un~tie~n 'oie tlBdt Ql~ eine U,nl
du;erU4e, untnbU4e mllnnigfll4t, aber in aUelt ~rttt
~unften not~"en'oi9 aufllmmn~1l1t8cnbe, ni4tG Ull~
\H r IR t tt elt eI! in ~d1. entl)Gltenbe D6jediuit4t Wci;, unO fufl!u
berfel6tn auf eine i~r entn,rteflenbt, bat &eijt, e6cnfo man It i 8 •
fad)e, befttt.mte, "ermittelte unt not~wen'oi8c iDrife
M'~ilt, ba~ au einet be fl i IR mt en Worm ber 4u~i".D6-
turi'OUcit nur butd) dlt 6 eft i mmte t Siltnetorga ja ~eaie~lt9
~u trema I - aum ~f\>ie( nut mit ben I( u 9en au ftf)cn ~$
l1tG9 ; ,,~ingcgen baf iJ ü ~ ( en obet 'oie f u bi e( ti '0 e meife bef
~iffent 'oie bem 06jecti'Orn mitren ultentb4r1icfJett ~emritdunQ(n
uub ~bia8Ul1iJen gaaa ober ~igfknf Aum !tf1eiL ellt~mt,
uub IuullittelbGr, aum eelf.,id o.ac 'oie .f)iüfe 'oer lugm uab
O~llt ~'t ~mnUtlun9 ~ ~id)tef, tll8 Sd)oore \\\4l1rn~
men fann.
1. !I)ie~ unmiUc(bGft lBi1fm f.lI. Alt'Oö!Mfl in ben fes

genaRRrell IDletG((~ unb !B'ffnfi~(un aur (frfdJdnUftIJ.
!I)lU1lnter \)erftd>t man IDleRfcf)en, 'oie in 911tt~ m«d)ell 31flanbe,
o~ne bie mermiuIlIng ~ @Jefi4tffbtRef, unter beIß ~MMt
befin'olia,ee g)lrtaU ober moffft bemtrfen. ~Q~ nicf)t ftlteac
mOMnnltll fold,er ID?cnf4elt unterliegt ftintlll 3Qleiftl. Wmo~
te t i t ~Qt, nacf) feiner ~ruIl9, QIt lIe~r ., \)ia~llnbert,
emergence ofwhat was soul-like was apparent in the capacity

for prophesying present to such a high degree in the children,
the girls and especially the elderly. Joan of Are is however the +
most famous and remarkable example of such exaltation;
both aspects are apparent in her, the patriotic enthusiasm 5
of a wholly pure and simple soul, and a kind of magnetic
state. +
After these preliminary remarks, we shaH now consider
severaHy the main forms within which aseparation of what
is soul-like from objective consciousness displays itself. In 10
doing so, it will hardly be necessary for us to repeat what has
already been said about the difference between these two
modes of man's relation to his world. Objective conseiousness
knows the world as an objectivity which is external to man,
which is infinitely various, though at all points necessarily inter- 15
connected, and which contains nothing that is unmediated. Since
it relates itself to it in a correspondingly various, specifie,
mediated and necessary manner, it enters into relation with a
specific form of external objectivity only by means of a speeific
sense-organ. It is able to see, for example, only by means of 20
the eyes. The mediations and conditions indispensable to
objective knowledge are however wholly or at least partly
dispensable in the case of feeling or the subjective mode of
knowing, which is able to perceive what is visible immed-
iately, without the aid of eyes and the mediation of light for 25
example.
I. The initial appearance of this immediate knowing is in

the so-called metal and water-diviners. These are people who,
while wide awake, and without the mediation of sight, will 30
detect underground metal or water. It is weH confirmed that
people of this kind are by no means uncommon. Amoretti
informs us that he has discoveredthis peculiarity offeeling in
AIUIt ~ 9'111& gcfunbett 3ttbMbucn tiefe iiem. .licfJfrit be'

iJiifJlmf en~. WIljer Dt1Il DdGll - 8Gfl'cr ~ 'Vn
ml1llJca IRcaf.n IU~ Sala af fUt& 'mIlittlllllt1ffofc IBdf<
e",*nbett, tnbta bat (ettm, ~nll cf tu gtOJer Dtll~ "ot-
~anbat ift, in i~n(. Ue6d6cfblbcn "ab lWneftisung tm8t.
l'dm Wuffucf)tn tlerborgMf QJdIitru - UetoUe, fo wte bef
6Q(aet tl'enben ~nl>hHbutn ge'oad)fcr Irt QU~ bit ~iinfcf1tlrut~e
(\1\. .l)teV ift dne bit Q)tftalt eineT <l\obel ~Ilknk ~Clft1gertf,
I
172 ~I. 4ft btr @abd mlt&d'oen .pänbtn ge~llften \tIirD, llnb r'd1
mit i~rer 6~i,e llacf1 ben eben rma~nten QJegen~än'Den l)in~
untabtegt. ~~ ~trfte~t nd1 babel "on ftfbft, ba, biere ~e\tlei
gunS bt~ .f)olAet nicf)t in biefem ftlbtr irgen'D",ie i~rtn @tttnb
~at, fonbem aUein 'Durd) 'oie (imp~nbun9 'Dt~ 9Jlenfd1en beftimmt
* ",irt>j gleidl",ie aud) bei 'Dtm fogenannten ~enbuliren, - ob~
* Kehler Ms. SS. 83-85; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. I 13- I 15: In neuerer Zeit
haben besonderes Aufsehen erregt Campetti, aus der Gegend des Lago
Maggiore und Pennet aus Mailand, die von wissenschaftlichen Männern
beobachtet wurden. Ritter ist besonders auf den ersteren aufmerksam
gewesen, hat ihn auf Antrieb der Akademie mit nach München gebracht,
diese hat sich jedoch der Sache nicht weiter angenommen. Ritter hat diese
Erscheinung Siderismus genannt, und genaue Versuche an beiden zeigen
überhaupt, daß wenn solche Individuen über Wasser oder Metall gehen, sie
eine eigene Empfindung haben, sie fühlen eine Schwere in den Beinen, so
daß sie Mühe haben, weiter fort zu gehen. Die Empfindungen gehören
eigentlich noch nicht hierher, aber die Stimmungen können Empfindungen
werden, die Empfindung der Schwere hat ihren Grund in der Empfindung,
und so ist es ein Zusammenhang, der hierher gehört. Obgleich man bei den
Versuchen alle mögliche Vorsicht gebrauchte, so haben die genannten
Individuen doch Metalle aufgefunden, die man verborgen hatte. Ritter hat
am Lago di Garda (84) lange Gräben machen lassen, und nur an verschie-
denen Stellen darin Metalle verborgen, der Graf Salis in Mailand versteckte
Metalle in einem frisch umgegrabenen Garten, und sie fanden sie augenblick-
lich. Ritter bemerkt, daß Campetti leichter Wasser finde, als Metall, und
wieder oxidirbares leichter als anderes. Man hat zwar diese Versuche
vielfach angegriffen, aber Ritter und Salis sind verständige Männer.
Campetti ist gesund, und von guter Leibesbeschaffenheit, doch hat die
Witterung auf ihn bedeutenden Einfluß; besonders ist die körperliche Dis-
position wesentliche Bedingung. Sonst sind Personen dieser Art im ganzen
schwächlich, besonders ist Nervenschwäche nicht zu verkennen. Es ist nicht
eine höhere Gabe als das, was der Mensch im gesunden Zustand vermag, es
ist eine Depression des Geistes, die das Körperliche zugänglich macht der
more than four hundred individuals, a good proportion of

whom were quite healthy. Apart from metal and water, some
people will also have a eompletely unmediated sensation of
salt, on aeeount of their being indisposed and unsettled by the
presence of a great quantity of it. When searching for hidden 5 +
water and metals and also when se are hing for salt, these
individuals will also make use of the divining rod, whieh is a
fork-shaped hazel switch. The prongs are held with both
hands, and the end dips in the direetion of the general
objeets mentioned. It goes without saying that the wood 10
moves solelyon account ofthe person's sensation, and not on
aeeount of some virtue residing within it. * The person's
* Kehler Ms. pp. 83-85; cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 113-115: Of recent times,
Campetti, who came from the Lago Maggiore area, and Pennet who came
from Milan, have attracted particular attention, and have been observed by
scientists. Ritter made a study of them, particularly the first, but although
he brought the fellow back at the instigation of the Academy, this body has
encouraged no further research into the matter. Ritter called the pheno-
menon siderism, and careful experiments with both men have made it pretty
evident that such individuals have a distinct sensation when they are walking
over water or metal. They feel a heaviness in their legs, so that they have
difficulty in walking any further. Strictly speaking, this is not the place for
sensations, but general feelings can become sensations, and since it is in
sensation that the sensation of heaviness has its ground, it is a connection
which belongs here. Although every precaution was taken during the experi-
ments, these individuals still located hidden metals. Near Lago di Garda,
Ritter (84) had long trenches dug and only concealed metals in them at
certain points. In Milan, Count Salis concealed metals in a newly dug
garden and they discovered them immediately. Ritter noticed that Campetti
located water more easily than he did metal, and oxidizable metal more
easily than any other. These experiments have certainly been called in ques-
tion for various reasons, but Ritter and Salis are capable people. Campetti is
healthy and well-built, although he is particularly susceptible to the weather.
Bodily disposition is an essential condition here, and on the whole persons of
this kind are generally weakly, nervous debility being particularly noticeable.
The gift is nothing higher than what a healthy person is capable of, but is a
depression of spirit which makes what is corporeal accessible to the strength
g1tid) bo6d, 11ft \JoU ber Wn~enbung mf~ttrer getoUe, a~if~en

blefen eine ge~ttre med)felmirfung ~ottflnben fonn, - 'oie (iml
~fbtbun9 b~ genfd)en immer bo~ ~ou\)tfäd)lid) eefijmmenbe ift;
benn ~ält man, aum ~df"ieI, einen Rol'oenen ming über einem
810' Woffer, unb fd)lägt ber gUng on ben monb b~ 8(Qfe~ fo
oft an, al~ bie _U~r Stunben aefgt; f0 fÜfjrt ~t~ efnafs ba~er,
ba;, tl)enn', aum ~r.>ie[, ber elfte Sd)[QQ 'ommt, unb id) tl)ef~,
bof e~ elf U~r ift, 'oie; mein Witren ~tnreid)t, ben ~enbeI feft,
a~en. - ~o~ mit 'ocr mtnfd)elnat~e be~affnete 8ü~ren foU
fl" aber mitunter ou" tl)eUer, or~ auf ba~ (intbem tobter 9lo,
turbfnse erfttedt, unb namentlid) aur Wuffinbung \)on !Dieben
unb Dötbem gebient ~a&en. So 'Oiel ~~ar[onterie in bm über
biefen ~unft \)or~onbmen (iraä~lungen immer~in fe\Jn mog, fo
fd)einen einige ~Ierbei ema~nte \JQUe bod) @(auben au 'Oerbienen,
- befonbert, aum eeff"iel, ber 8oU, »>0 dn im flebenat~"telt
3aJ}d)unbert leben'ott, be. 90rbe~ 'Otrbä~tiger ftanaöflfd)er ~Quer,
in ben .leDer, in tl)eld)em 'ott Dorb \)etübt ~otben ""'r, gel
fü~rt unb 'oafelbft in Wn9ftfd)~ei, 9erot~en'o, 'Oon btn !.llörbmt
ein 8efü~( befallt, traft 'oeffen tt 'ofe \)on 'oenfd&en auf i~tn
8lud)t eingefd)logenen Wege unb befud)ten lufent~Qlt'orte auf'
fonb, im fiiblicr,tn Wranfreid) einen ber Dörbet in einem ~e'
Stärke solcher Zusammenhänge. Man hat beobachtet, daß Epileptische,
Nervenschwache eine Fähigkeit haben, dergleichen zu fühlen. Beim thier-
ischen Magnetismus wird die große Wirksamkeit des Metalls, des Eisens,
vorkommen. Der gesunde Mensch, der gesunde menschliche Organismus
und das Bewußtsein hat sich von der Natur und von der Erde auf bestimmte
Weise losgerissen. Daß im Menschen eine sympathische Stimmung ist mit
Naturveränderungen, mit solchen elementarischen Unterschieden, wie
Wasser und Metall, dies die Gegenstände sind, für welche sich eine solche
Empfindlichkeit zeigt, ist Factum. Wasser ist das nicht-vereinzelte, nicht-
individualisirte, unter den individualisirten Körpern aber ist das Metall das
Gediegene. Dies ist also im Allgemeinen die Natur solcher Veränderungen.
Bei den Thieren ist dies noch stärker, die Pferde wittern den Nil auf viele
Meilen; Affen und Hunde empfinden Quellen auf halbe Tagereisen, be-
sonders ist dies aber bei dem Schiff der Wüste, dem Kamel, der Fall. So
haben die Thiere auch eine Vorausempfindung des Wetters, sie fühlen
Erdbeben, obgleich sich in der Athmosphäre und dem Boden nichts erken-
t nen ließ; Herden laufen dabei auseinander, Pferde und Stiere stemmen sich
gegen die Erde. Solche Empfindungen charakterisiren sich als sympathe- (85)
tisches Mitgefühl von einem, was in der Erde vorgeht.
sensation is always the primary determining factor, although

in the case of wh at is called pendulation the use of various
metals can give rise to a certain reciprocal action between
them. One holds a gold ring over a glass of water for ex- +
ample, and the ring strikes the edge of the gl ass as often as 5
the dock strikes the hour. The sole reason for this is, that if I
know it to be eleven o'dock for example, my knowing will
suffice to stop the pendulum at the eleventh stroke. - On +
occasions, feeling, armed with the divining-rod, is however
supposed not simply to have served in the discovery of in- 10
animate natural things, but to have led to the tracking down
of thieves and murderers. Although there is undoubtedly a
deal of charlatanry in the current accounts of this sort of
thing, certain cases do appear to warrant belief. There is, for
example, the seventeenth century case of a French peasant 15
who was suspected ofmurder. When he was conducted to the
cellar in which the murder had taken place he broke out into
a cold sweat, and a feeling he had with regard to the mur-
derers enabled hirn to trace the routes they had taken in their
flight and the places at which they had stopped. He found 20
one of the murderers in a prison in southern France and pur-
of such connections. It has been observed that epileptics and those with
nervous debilities are capable of the same sort of feeling. The great efficacy
of metal, or iron, will be considered in the treatment of animal magnetism.
The healthy person, the healthy human organism and consciousness, has torn
itself away from nature and the Earth in a particular manner. It is a fact
that there is in man a general mood of sympathy with natural changes, with
such elementary differences as water and metal, and that these are the
general objects to which such sensitiveness responds. Water is what is not
singularized, not individualized, but among individualized bodies metal is
what is compact. In general, therefore, this is the nature of such changes.
This is even more pronounced in the case of animals. Horses scent the Nile
many miles off, monkeys and dogs sense springs a half day's journey away.
The capacity is, however, most pronounced in the ship of the desert, the
camel. AnimaIs also have premonitions of the weather. They will feel earth-
quakes when nothing can be detected in the atmosphere and the ground;
herds will break up and scatter in all directions as horses and steers bear up
against the Earth. Such sensations give evidence of themselves as a sympa-
thetic (95) community offeeling with what is going on in the Earth.
fiRgni' entbedtc unb btn atoeftrn ROdJ btr f,onffdJen @rmaC

~'t
l\trfoIgte, ~o er umaufe~rm gea~un8en "'utbe. Sold)' 3nbi,
\)i'ouaI ~ot eine fo fdJorfe (lm'finbuns, "'ie ein 'oie S,ur fei.
net .(;emn meifen",ett »ufolgenber .f)unb.
2. ~te a"'eite ~(er au ~drod)tenbe itf.inung bef un,

173 mittdbaren ober fü~(mbtn miffenf ~at mit ber eben 6efJJfod)e'
nen er~en 1>ie6 gemfiR, 'oa6 in beiben ein @egenjlan'o o~n. 'oie
mermittlung 'oef f p eci fi f ~ en S(nne~, auf ~eld)en 'onfeibe tld)
\)orniimli~ beaie~t, empfun'otn ~frb. ßugleid) unterfd)ei'od ftd)
aber 'oiefe a"'eite <!rfd)einung \)on ber njlen 'oaburd), 'oaj &d i~r
nid)t eir. fo gana ~ermittIun9flofeG met~alten, ~ie bd iener er'
ftm jl\lttfin'oet, fon'oern 'cer 6etrefflid)e fveciflfd)e Sinn, enhl)eber
'ourd) ben \)oraus~roeife in 'oer .peragTube tl)iitigcn @emein.
f in!1, ober burd) 'oen ~ afl fin n, erfeet ",irb. Sold)eG \jü~lcn
aeigt ftd) fo~o~1 in ber Jtotole\'fie übeT~au\'t, - einfm 3u,
1tanbe ber ~ä~mun9 'oer .organe, - al~ namentlid) beim 6 d) Iaf:
~ a n'o cl n , einer ~rt \)on fotaIeptifd)em 31t~onbe , in ~dd)em
'oa~ ~räumen ftd) nid)t bIo' burd) 6pred)en, fonbem (lUd) 'our~
06erumge~en QlI,ert unb fonflige .ponblungen entfle~en lä~t, 'oenen
ein ~ielfad) rid)tige~ @efü~l \)on ben mer~ältniffen ber umgcben.
ben @egen1tänbe au @runbe liegt. (Ba8 ba8 (iintreten 'oiefe3
3u1tanbe8 betrifft, fo fann berfelbe, bei einer be~immten 1>i8po,
flUon 'oaAu, 'oUTd) rein äu;erlid)e 1>inge, &Um ~ifpiel, burd) ge'
",ilfe 'oe8 ~&enbG gegqfene Spetfen ~eroorgt&rad)t ",erben. <!bmfo
bleibt 'oie Seele, nad) bem (iintritt biefet 3ufllUlbe8, \)on btn
lufjen'oingen a~~angig; fo ~at, aum ~eifvit(, in ber 9lii~e 'on
Sd)lap»an'oler mönen'oe IDluftf 'oiefel&en 'oaau ~eranla6t, ganat
momane im Sd)(af au f~red)en. mülfftd)tlid) 'ca ~~ätigfeit ba
Sinne in 'oiefem 3uflan'oe i~ aber an bemmen, 'caj 'oie eigend"
d}en Sd}(ap»an'o(er ~0~1 ~ Öl en unb fü ~ Ien; 'ca, 'oagtQtn i~r
~ \19 e, g(eid}\)iel, 0& ee gefd}foffen ober offen f~, flan i~; 'oa6
fomit berjenige Sinn, für ~Id)en \)omämlidJ 'oie @cgtnfla,,'oc in
'oie Aum ",a~T~afttn mtr~ii(tnij beG ~e",u,tfe~n8 nöt~ige ~ nt,
funung \)on mir treten, in bicfem 3u~anbe ber nidJt\)Ot'~
~ an 'c ene n ~ Te nnlt n9 bte Su&jecti"en IIn'c .objtcti'Oen t~3tig
sued the second to the Spanish border, where he was forced

to turn back. An individual such as this senses as sharply as a
dog which follows its master's tracks for miles. +
2. The second appearance of the immediate or feeling

knowledge to be considered here resembles the first, in that 5
in both cases a general object is sensed without the mediation
of the specific sense to which it mainly relates. At the same
time however, this second appearance distinguishes itself
from the first in that its relatedness is not so completely un-
media ted, the specific sense concerned being replaced either 10
by the general sense, which is especially active in the pro-
cardium, or by the sense of touch. Feeling of this kind displays +
itself not only in general catalepsy, a condition in which the
organs are paralyzed, but also in sleep-walking. This latter is a
kind of cataleptic state in which dreaming expresses itself not 15
only in speech but also in walking about, and allows other
actions to take place based upon an in many ways correct
awareness of the relationships between the surrounding
objects. It is to be observed with regard to the occurrence
of this state, that in a person disposed in a specific manner it 20
can be brought about by purely external things, by what has
been eaten on a certain evening for example. What is more, +
the soul is still dependent upon external things after it has
entered into this state. By the sound of music nearby for
ex am pie, sleepwalkers have been induced to recite whole 25
romances in their sleep. In respect of the senses in this con- +
dition, it has however to be observed that although actual
sleepwalkers certainly hear and feel, their eyes are fixed,
regardless of their being open or closed. In this state there-
fore, in which the division between the subjective and the 30
IU ft~n au~ört. lBit fdJon bannft, ~irb im S4J(afuxanbdn

bat trlöfcfJtnbe @ efi cfJ t burcfJ btn @e fü ~ (. f in n \)trtrelen; -
eint &rtrtNIJ8, bit. Ni bea eigentlid1cn ~linben nnr iR strinsc.
174 ftII Uafcmgt er"'ot, ürlgene in ktbtn SaUen ni~t f 0 ~,
bcn .mn. bGrf. alt o' burcfJ I&fha_fung bet einen einne.
-- aÜCftR elnne auf refft ",Pf... iBegt eint tBcrret,Grfung
~II ~ alm, bG ~fe \)id.t.r &10; Daburcf) entftebt, ba; bit
Seele Pet mit 1I1lßC~ter .traft in bcn .fi.(&~nn bineillll'irft.
!l)ltftr kltet bW ed}_nblrr jt~odJ gana unb gar nidJt immtt
rid)tig; ble aurllllllllengefetttn -t)anb(ungm berftl&cn finb eimd
3-f6IUget; fol. ~rrfonen f~rri&tn im ScfJlafmcmbeln mo~l mtl:'
atcr eritft; oft "erben tle itDodJ burcfJ t~r 8cfü~ 6ttrogcn,
inbCIB fit, aum &l(,itf, auf dnem 'ferbe au Pten g(au&m,
mif)rmb fit in bcT ~~t auf einem ~acfJe Pnb. ~ ba mun,
bcrhrcn lIerfcfJ4rfung be' 1ltfü.I'finn,. fommt GM, mie OlricfJ,
_ f.on kaInft, in bm fIltaleptif~elt 3ufhlnbtn 411" ber (8e-
.elnfln. "raigU" in ber (;eragruh au elner l!etllQQ;en
~en ~tigfdt, bGj n bie EttUt be. Q}eficfHEI, bet ~(.
~ ör', ober 4IIdJ bcf 8 ef" IR a cf. ,ertrttt. So 6c~anbelte ein
fnaaö_rcfJer lrat in ~on, IU M 3eit, mo bn t~ierffcfJe !Ragne'
titIat ucfJ 1ricfJt hfonnt ltat, dne franfe $(rfOll, "el6)e Rur
Gn M -6tqgruk 'Ölte unb (0', unb Die in einm eUdJe lefen
fennte, mclctet in einem anbeten 3illllllcr 2elltanb .itlt, ber,
arit b.. 4ft M .ßeragruk bcr franfen 'erfon fte~nben 2.mi,t,·
f..-r-."
~... , auf BtrcmfWtung ~ .ratet, t;mfp eine .lette bQa-r.n
~ !Ptrfonm ia tBmfnbung . , . ltat. SolcfJet itm~
ikfstnt ,on !l)enien(g'1l, in .ldJen c8 eat~anb, Guf
lBdft kfct,rieka ~... ~ r. ~"rtlllm,
.n
baJ fit bAt "eafläabc innult .. fc~en; ober fit "_ten,
ce r. . ".., alt ob S!:a'lea 'on btn 8tseaftUbea autgW
.......,Je.
b-, btR
* ble tmiltnte ktrttung bc8 8tr".GcU
ein fi nn anklangt, fo f)at _an ~f,lele, baß
,",onen bie S,d;cn gef~lIIfclt ~n, Die man ~nen Guf bett
• _ . . kate.
* KehLerMs. S. 124; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. 171: ... man nennt dies auch
Sinnesversetzungen, aber es ist dies nicht ein eigentlicher Sinn, sondern das
objective is absent, that sense for which, in the main, general

objects assurne the distance from one necessary to the true
relationship of consciousness, ceases to be active. As has
already been remarked, the sight that lapses in sleepwalking
is replaced by the sense riffeeling. In those who are actually 5
blind this replacing only takes pi ace to a more li mi ted extent.
It is not to be thought in respect of either of these cases how-
ever, that a dulling of one sense gives rise in a purely physical
fashion to a corresponding sharpening of the other. The
sharpening is brought ab out simply by the soul's casting 10
itself with undivided force into the sense of feeling. This +
sense is by no me ans a completely reliable guide for the
sleepwalker however, so that chance plays its part in the
sequence of his actions. It is true that such persons will
occasionally write a letter while sleepwalking. Their feeling 15
often deceives them however, so that they will believe them-
selves to be mounted on a horse for example, when they are
in fact on a roof. As has already been observed, there is not +
only this remarkable sharpening of the sense of feeling in
cataleptic states, but also such a pitch of heightened activity 20
in respect of the general sense, especially in the procardium, that
it replaces sight, hearing, or even taste. A French physician, at +
the time when animal magnetism was still unknown at Lyon,
treated a diseased person of this kind. This person heard and
read only in the procardium, and was able to read a book 25
held by someone in another room who was, by the physician's
arrangement, put in communication with the individual
standing next to the patient's procardium through a con-
necting chain ofpersons. Incidentally, such sight at a distance +
has been described in different ways by those who have ex- 30
perienced it. They often say that they see the general objects
internally; or they maintain that it seems to them as though
these objects emitted rays. With regard to the above- +
mentioned replacing of taste by the general sense, there are
moreover examples of person's having tasted the foods 35
placed upon their stomachs. *
* Kehler Ms. p. 124; cf. Criesheim Ms. p. 171: Although these are also said
to be transpositions of the senses, they do not involve a proper sense. Feeling
3. t)fc _tUte Irf"UR8 bet unlllÜklllWll lB'fftn. 1ft

175 bie, ~~;, o~ne ~ic IDli~rfun9 irgtllb eint' f, u i fi f~ t n Eins
nte, uut O~llt t.G6on rintm tinaclncn :u,ctle 'tte ~bt" erfol;
gnabe ~~Atigtucr~m bte • em ei nfhsn cf, GU' eilln 1111 (\ t •
fttillatn 'ina,finbung, ein W~Dtn oba ScfJGUt11, eint
~ifitll »on cntd md/t finnlid) ~G~tll, fonbem i.. 9tGUlRt
ober in ba 3tH Wunem, ~~n t*'»a' 3ufinftigc. ober
lhrgGßgcnc. cnrftef}t. l)&glti!b te nun oft fd)\Uierig ift, bie
bio; fubhethun, oUf nid)t 'Dor~anbene ~tgell~anbe bts
sligftdJen .onm ~on bcnjenigen mttioncn au llllferfcf1tibtn, bie
eh\)a6 1Birftid/t. lU U,rna 3nt,ilt ~oben; fo i~ barfn Untnfd)itb
~ier bocft feftall~Q{ten. ~ie tT~er e Vld ber tBi~onen fommt 6\\)Qr
audJ PD Somnilmbul"mu. I »ornomUd) aber in einem ibtmies
senb '~9fifcf)at JtrM!f>rittiauftanbc, aum "eif,iel, in ber Siekts
~itc, felft bei }»Cl'" ~tl»u;tfc'1n, ~or. Clin ~r,icl fof~r
fUitdl»cn tBifioR ijt \Jr. Wi(Olai, btr, im \VacfJen 3ufhmbe auf
bcr Sir. Gubere .(läufer, ale bie 1'Oirflid) bllfel6ft ~ort,aQtnt!t
mit "oUfollUl1lef ~eutli4frit fGl), unb btnnod) \Uu,", bGj !t;irj
IIDr XöUfd,uDg '"'. !I)er 1)orl)cnfo,tnb ,~"ftf. @runb bitfn
"odifd)tn 3IIu~on jtne' fon~ ilodJrofilifdJtn ~bh,,'buum. offen-
baue fiel) k-GburdJ I bilJ Dieftlbc burdJ ba. "nftefR 'Don ~(urisdlt
* an bm tRatroarm befeitfst wllrbt.
Gefühl ist ganz was allgemeines, wir sehen mit dem Auge alle diese Besonder-
heiten, so ist das Gefühl überhaupt das Allgemeine, die besonderen Gefühle
sind dann realisirt in besonderen Organen, particularisirt, aber das Gefühl
bleibt darum doch das Allgemeine, so daß für das Gemeingefühl auch sein
kann das besondere Gefühl, das sonst nur ist für besondere Theile, und der
Allgemeinheit entzogen ist.
* Kehler Ms. SS. 124-125; vgl. Griesheim Ms. SS. 172-173: Das fühlende
Subject, der Genius, fühlt nicht Etwas, sondern sich selbst, Selbstgefühl des
Genius, Inhalt der einem besonnenen Menschen im wachen Bewußtsein
gegeben sein muß, der ihn vor sich haben muß in dem eigentlichen Zusam-
menhang der verständingen Dinge. Aber indem der Genius sich selbst fühlt,
so ist das besonnene Bewußtsein aufgehoben; es gehören Visionen und
dergleichen hierher, doch sind Visionen ausgeschlossen, die nur täuschend
sind, leere Täuschung der Einbildung, die jedoch zugleich bis zur Weise
des Gefühls, der gewöhnlichen Sinnesaffection fort geht. Solche Erschein-
ungen gehören bloß einer Krankheit überhaupt an, wir können unsere
Einbildungskraft spielen lassen, im Wachen und Schlafen, dergleichen
3. The third appearance of immediate knowing is that

which occurs without the assistance of any one specffic sense,
and without the consequent activity of the general sense in a
specific part of the body. It arises out of an indeterminate
sensation, divining or sighting, avision of something not sensibly 5
near but distant in space or time, of something either future or
past. Now although it is often difficuIt to distinguish between
purely subjective visions related to objects not present, and those
which have something actual as their content, this is a dis-
tinction which has to be maintained at this juncture. AI- 10
though visions of the first kind certainly occur in somnam-
bulism, they belong in the main to a predominantly physical
state of disease, such as the heat of a fever, even in waking +
consciousness. Fr. Nicolai provides an example of such a
subjective vision. While awake, he had a perfectly distinct 15
view of other houses along the street than those that were
actually there, and yet was aware that this was simply a
delusion. That this otherwise entirely prosaic individual's
poetical illusion had a predominantly physical basis became
apparent through its being dispelled by the application of 20
leeches to his rectum.* +
is something whoBy general. When we see aB these particulars with the eye,
it is feeling as such which is the general factor. Despite the particular feelings
then being realized or particularized in particular organs, feeling still remains
what is general to them. Consequently, the particular feeling, which other-
wise only has being for particular parts and is withdrawn from what is
general, can also replace the general feeling.
* KehleT Ms. pp. 124-125: cf. GTiesheim lv1s. pp. 172-173: The feeling subject,
the genius, feels itself, not something else. The genius's self-awareness is a
content with which the wakingly conscious self-possessed person has to be
provided, which he has to have before hirn in the proper connection of
understandable things. In that genius feels itself however, self-possessed
consciousness is sublated. Although visions and suchlike belong here, the
merely delusory visions of an empty delusion of the imagination, despite their
progressing into the mode of feeling, of an ordinary affection of the senses,
do not. Such appearances are merely the general side effects of an illness,
and although we can give free play to our imagination when waking and
sleeping, this is not (125) the place for this either. Such imaginings might be
~n unfcrn Gnt.",ologifeJ,m ecttadJtung ~.n wit an

'Ooqug'lDeife bie a'" cUc 11't bcr QHfiontn, - biciaaigm, lDtklJe
fq Guf lDhm., 'O~lIbmC 8cgcnftinbc iqid)tn, - m" luge
8U faft'm. Um bat IBunbe1'61lTC be1' ~ie.a 9c~irigm itfcflda....
gtII au "srelfen , lommt ~ bGrauf an, in ecttetJ ba eftlc fol-
gcabc ~cl)tlS\)unrte feti,u~Gltcn.
~'e Etde ift 'oae Wl1c.bucl)briugutbe, ai. ()(oj in
eÜltll hftnbcrtn ~nbi"ibuum irfftimtk; ben", "",tc lDi"r bereitf
fTtf)a scfagt bo~lt, 1Il1l~ biefelbe Ql~ bie !BIl~1'~it, GI. bie 3beGI
(itöt alle' Batnidlrn, al' bat 9Qn~ .lIse.eine gefaJt
"eftell, bt .,(">tm aUe UntufdJiebc nur G(G ibu 1I '! finb, IInb
.tld)e. nid)t einfeitlg btm Snbeun segenü6nfte~t,
176 fOnbml U Cf ba. Inbue übergreift. ßugleld) a()n iP bit
Ecclc fnbbibudle, "efonbet' htlimmte SeeIe; ~t ~Qt bG~er
manntgfa. ~mmungcn OM &fonbnungcn in ~d); biefel6en
gehört nicht (125) hierher; man könnte glauben, daß diese hierher gehörten,
+ das nicht Träumerei bliebe, sondern Einbildungen, die als Gesichter ersche-
inen, als wären sie wirklich. (Griesheim: aber diese Einbildungen gehören
nicht dem Genius, dem wirklichen Subjekt an, daß in sich als fühlend con-
centriert ist.) Nicolai hat dergleichen Visionen gehabt und sein Geistesver-
wandter Kriegsrath Scheffner, haben Bewußtsein gehabt, zum Fenster
hinausgesehen, und Menschen gegrüßt, und dergleichen, haben gewußt,
daß dies bloß Phantome sind, in Ansehung der Gegenwärtigkeit des Sehens
konnten sie nichts einwenden, aber ihrer Besonnenheit, dem Zusammenhang
widersprachen diese Erscheinungen, sie sahen ihnen zu mit dem richtigen
Bewußtsein, daß sie nur Einbildungen sind. Oder innerlich haben wir eine
Vorstellung vor uns, dies Vorsichhaben ist ein Moment der Leiblichkeit,
und diese kann durch Krankheit gesteigert werden, daß ein förmliches Sehen
wird. Das Auge wird starr, hat zu wenig Kräftigkeit, und unterscheidet
nicht mehr das Wirkliche von dem Vorgestellten. Die Katzen sehen bei
Nacht; es gibt Umstände, daß Menschen mit dem Licht ihrer Augen sich
bei Nacht die Gegenstände umher erleuchten. Der Geheimerath Schulz hat
diese Seite sehr studiert, nimmt an, es sei ein Phosphor im Auge, und es gibt
Umstände, daß dieser Phosphor, der sonst nur schwach ist, gesteigert wird,
um nach außen zu leuchten. - Nicolai bei seiner Verständigkeit, Gelehrsam-
keit hatte nur bestimmte Zwecke, Philosophie ... , Poesie, waren der Prosa
seiner Natur entgegen, da ist die Poesie an ihn gekommen, Nicolai ist curirt
worden durch Blutigel an dem Podex, da ist ihm die Poesie abgezapft
worden. (Griesheim: Goethe erwähnt dieß in seinem Faust.)
Siehe auch Notizen 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider
I5 IC).
I t is however mainly visions of the second kind, those re-

lating to general objects actually present, that have to be
treated in an anthropological consideration such as this. In
order to comprehend the miraculous in phenomena of this
kind, the following points of view have_ to be maintained 5
with regard to the soul.
The soul is all-pervasive, and is not simply that which exists
in a particular individual. As we have observed earlier on,
it has to be grasped as the truth, the ideality of all material
heing, as the wholly universal, within which all differences are 10
only of an ideal nature, and which includes the other rather than
standing onesidedly opposed to it. At the same time however, the
soul is individual, specifically determined, and on account of
this has within itself various determinations or particulariza-
thought to belong here, to be no longer reverie but evident apparitions and

apparently actual. (Griesheim: but they do not belong to the genius, the
actual subject, which is concentrated internally as feeling.) Nicolai has had
such visions, as has his kindred spirit Scheffner, a elerk at the War Office. +
While conscious, they have looked out of the window and greeted people etc.
and yet known that these people were mere phantoms. Although they could
take no exception to what was present to them visually, their self-possession
contradicted the context of the appearances, and their conscious observa-
tion of them was therefore correct, - they knew them to be mere imaginings.
We have before us an internal presentation ofsomething, what is there being
a moment of corporeity, and through illness this presence can be so worked
up that it assurnes a visual form. The eye becomes fixed, does not have the
requisite power, and no longer distinguishes between what is actual and what
is presented. Cats see at night, and under certain conditions people at night
illumine the general objects about them with the light of their eyes. Privy
Councillor Schultz, who has made a elose study of this, suggests that the eyes
contain a phosphorus, and that although it is usually weak, there are condi-
tions under which it is worked up in order to illumine what is external. - +
Nicolai's understanding and erudition were only orientated to specific
purposes. Yet in spite of philosophy and poetry being alien to the prose of
his nature, he turned poetic, and was cured by having a leech applied to his
podex; poetry was tapped out of hirn. (Griesheim: Goethe makes mention of
this in his Faust.) +
See also Notes 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 15IC).
ttf"tintn, aum ~tif~ieI, al~ !triebe unb 9ltigungen. ~iefe ~e'

ftimmungtll nnb, obg(d~ \\on einanber unterfd)ieben, bennod) für
flcf1 nur ehN& .1Igemeine~. 3n mir, al~ befHmmtem 3n~
~ibuum, er~alten biefeIben erP einen be~imm ten 3n~alt. So
.ir~, aum &ifviel, 'oie ~iebe au ben <iltern, ment)anbten, Wreun'
ben u. f. to. in mir inbi\\ibualinrt; benn id1 fann ni~t Wreunb
11. f. to. üb n ~ a 11 ~ t fe~n , fon~em bin not~~enbi8ent)rife mit
bieren Wreunben biefer, an 'tiefem!)rt, in biefn 3eit unb
in ~ierer ~ag( lebenbe Wreunb. .ae 'oie in mir inbi1)ibuan~rttn
unb "on mit butd1le"6ten aagemeinen 6edenbtftimmungen mad1en
meine !Birflid)ftit au& , ~nb ba~er ni"'t meinem ~eUcben übers
laffen, fonbern bUben 1)ielmt~r 'oie 9Jläd)te meineß ~eben& unb
ge~ören au meinem ~irflid}en Se\Jn ebenfo gut, ~Ie mein Jto~f
obn IIdne !6tu~ au meinem leben'oigen ~afe\)n ge~ört. 3d) bin
biefer 8anae Jtrri& »on ~eftimmunstn: biefelben finb mit meiner
3n~i'olbualität »tnt)~fen; jeber elnadne ~unft in biefem Jheife,
- aum ~if~id, ber Umflanb, 'ca, id1 je.t ~ier fitt, - aelgt
fld) bn !BUlfür mejne~ mo~eaenß babutd) entnommen, ba, ef
in Ne !totalität melne~ 6dbftgefüf}l& al& QSlieb einer .ldte »on
eeflimmungen gefttUt fft, ober - mit anbnen morten - »on
* bem 8efü~l bn !totalität meiner !ßirflld)frit umfa,t ~frb. mon
blefn _fnn mitflid)feit, »on bicfer meiner !Bett ~ti, id) aber,
in fofem id1 nUf erfl fü~lenbe Seele, nod) nid)t~ad)e&, ftde&
Sdbft&e~utitfe\1n bin, auf gana unmittelbare, auf gana ab,
fhact ~ofitiu $eife, ba icf), ~fe fd)on bemerft, auf bierem
* Griesheim Ms. SS. 174-175; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 126: Der Mensch hat Aeltern,
Geschwister, sonstige Verwandte, Freunde u.s.w., alle diese gehören zu
seiner Wirklichkeit, sind nicht nur Menschen draußen, außer ihm, sondern
sie, dieser Inhalt macht seine konkrete Wirklichkeit, sein wirkliches Herz aus.
Wenn solche Menschen (175) sterben, so stirbt ihm ein Theil seiner Wirk-
lichkeit, er kann ein festes starkes Herz haben daß sich in dem Verluste
erhält, ihn nur empfindet, die Wunde aber vernarbt: aber es kann auch sein
daß diese Kreise so fest zu seiner Wirklichkeit gehören, daß wenn ein Theil
davon verloren geht, er in der That einen Theil seiner Lebendigkeit, Kraft,
verliert. Die Hauptsache ist, dieß sich bestimmt vorzustellen daß das was als
äußerer Kreis meiner Wirklichkeit erschient, wesentlich Wirklichkeit meiner
selbst ist.
158 d): Innige Einheit - Verlust der Geliebten durch den Tod.
tions, whieh appear for example as drives and inclinations.

Although these determinations differ from one another, they
are for themselves merely a universal being. It is in me as a
determinate individual that they first reeeive a determinate
eontent. It is in me for example, that love of parents, rela- 5
tives, friends ete .. beeomes individualized, for I eannot be
friend ete. in general, but am neeessarily this friend of these
friends, in this plaee, at this time and in this situation. My
aetuality eonsists of all the universal determinations of the
soullived and individualized within me. Far from being left 10
to my diseretion, these determinations therefore eonstitute
the powers of my life, and belong to my aetual being to the
same extent as my head or ehest belongs to my living exis-
tence. I am this whole eyde of determinations, they have
grown into my individuality. Eaeh partieular point in this 15
eirde, the cireumstanees of my sitting here for example,
shows itself to be withdrawn from the wilfulness of my pre-
sentation in that it is situated in the totality of my self-
awareness as a link in a ehain of determinations, or in other
words in that it is embraeed within the feeling of totality 20
incident to my aetuality.* Initially however, in so far as I
am simply feeling soul, and not yet awake and liberated self-
eonsciousness, I am only aware of this my aetuality, my
world, in a wholly immediate and abstractly positive manner. As
* Griesheim Ms. pp. 174-175; cf. Kehler Ms. p. 126: A person has parents,
siblings, other relations, friends etc., all ofwhorn pertain to his actuality, and
are not rnerely people out there, external to hirn, but constitute this content,
his concrete actuality, the actual heart of hirn. When such people (175)
die, apart of his actuality dies. Re can be so firm and powerful of heart that
the wound heals, and he rnerely senses the loss without being broken by it;
these circles can also be so firrnly apart ofhis actuality however, that when a
part ofthern passes away he does in fact lose part ofhis liveliness, his strength.
The rnain thing is the clear presentation that the actuality which appears as
rny external circle is essentially rny own. +
See also Notes 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972; Schneider 158d):
Inner unity - loss of loved ones through death.
S.,unft ~e Seit noer, nier,t »on mir Qgetrennt, noer, nfer,t

01. ein leuJerlt.. gefe.t ~~e, mein mHffen '0011 betfel~m fomU
1I0er, ntcr,t burer, ben @)egenfa. bef eu~iedi'Oen unb t)ij"~n
ab b1ar4 lufl)e~ung biefet .egenra.,. »nlllfttelt 1ft.
177 ~n ~lt~GIt biefe. fd)auenben miITen8 DlÜfftn ",ir nun
na~tr b,pimmen.
(1) .3 utT fl giebt e8 3uflönbt, wo bie erde 'Oon elnrm
~n~e wei; , ben ~t I4ngfl '0 tT ge ff tn ~at , wlb ben ~e im
®ad)en ~d) nid)t me~r in'~ ~twu;tfe~n au bringen 'Oermag.
l)iefe Cirfd)einung tommt in mand)erIei Jtran~titen "'or. !Die
autfaUenbfle (lrfd)tinung biefet !lrt ifl bie, ~nj genf.n in Jhanf-
~titen eine S,rad)e reben, mit weld)et ~e ~d) &wor in ftii~et
~ugenb &efd)öft(gt ~aben, bit fie aber im wadJen 3uflanbe au
f,red)en nfd)t mef7r fA~ig finb. !lud) gefd)ie~t e., baj gemeine
~eute, Die fonft nur ,Iattbeutfd) mit ~eid)tigftit au fpred)tn gel
wo~nt flnb, im magndifd)en 3uftnnbe o~ne !Rü~e ~od)beutfd)
* fpred)en. 9lid)t weniget unaweiftl~aft ift bet ßaU, bn; !Jlenfd)en
in fol~em ßuftcmbe ben niemal8 'Oon i~nen all.wenbig gelernten,
ou8 i~rem l\)ad)tn ~ewu;tfe~n entfd)wunbenen ~~Qlt einer 'Oor
geraumer ßeit 'Oon i~nen bllrd)gema~tm ~ectüre mit 'OoUfommenet
8ertigfeit ~agen. So "drifte, ium ~eifpiel, ~emanb au'
IDoung" 9lad)tgebanfen eine lange e:teUe, '0011 weld)er er wad)enb
nid)tt me~r wu;te. (iin ~efonbn. meth'Oürbige' ~eifpid ift audJ
... KehleT Ms. SS. 125-126; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. 173-174: Bekannte Erschein-
ung, daß Fieberkranke im Stande sind, fremde Sprachen zu sprechen,
Kenntnisse zeigen, die man ihnen ganz und gar nicht zugetraut hat, und die
sie nicht fähig wären, im gesunden, besonnenen Zustand zu äußern. Man hat
ganz auffallende Geschichten z.B. ein Bauer ist in späten Jahren krank
geworden, hat hebräisch gesprochen, als er gesund war, kam es heraus, daß
er als ein Junge öfter einem Unterricht in hebräischer Sprache beigewohnt;
aber er hatte es complett vergessen, erst in diesem Zustand fiel es ihm ein. Es
ist also der Fall, daß wir hier von etwas wissen können, wovon wir nicht wissen
nach der verständigen Weise, der Vermittlung des Bewußtseins; wir haben
solche Kenntniß im Schacht unseres Innern niedergelegt, aber haben sie
nicht, indem wir nicht Meister darüber sind. (126) Doch bringt sich dies wie
zum Dasein, ohne die Weise der Vermittlung, vermöge der ich solche
Kenntnisse in meinem Bewußtsein habe. In der Krankheit kommen oft
Erinnerungen (Criesheim: der Jugendzeit) vor, die in unserem Inneren
geschlafen haben.
has already been observed, this is because from this stand-

point I have not yet separated the world from myself, not
yet posited it as an externality, so that my knowledge of it is
not yet mediated by the opposition between wh at is subjective
and what is objective and by the sublation oftheir opposition. 5
We now have to determine more dosely the content of this
intuitive knowing.
(I) In the first instance there are states in which the soul is
aware of a content it has long sinceforgotten, and which when
awake it is no longer able to recall consciously. This occurs 10
in the case of various illnesses. The most remarkable pheno-
menon of this kind is that in which people with these illnesses
talk in a language with which they have been concerned in
early youth, but which they are no longer able to speak when
awake. It also happens that ordinary people, who in the 15
usual way are only used to speaking Low German, will speak
High German without difficulty when in the magnetic
state. * There is the equally well confirmed case of people +
who, having no waking recollection of a lesson they have had
a long time previously, and having never learnt the content 20
of it by heart, will repeat the substance of it with complete
fluency when in the magnetic state. There was, for example,
the person who recited a long passage from Young's 'Night
Thoughts', of which he knew nothing when he was awake. +
Another particularly remarkable example is that of a boy 25
* Kehler Ms. pp. I25-I26; cf. Criesheim Ms. pp. I73-I74: There is the well
known phenomenon of people who are suffering from fever being able to
speak foreign languages, displaying knowledge one would never have
credited them with, and which in a healthy and self-possessed condition they
could never have given expression to. There are certain remarkable cases of
this, such as that ofthe farmer who in his later years fell ill and spoke Hebrew.
When he recovered, it turned out that in his youth he had often been present
at Hebrew lessons, although he had completely forgotten this and only
called it to mind on account of his illness. There is therefore the case of our
being able to know something not known to us by means of the und erstand-
ing and through the mediation of consciousness. Although we have deposited
such knowledge in the abyss of our inner being, we have no power over this,
and are therefore not in possession ofit. (I26) It is on account ofmy having
such knowledge within my consciousness however, that it dispenses with the
mode of mediation in bringing itself forth into determinate being as it were.
Recollections (Criesheim: of our youth) which have gone to sleep in our inner
being, often come forth during illness.
276 . Hegets Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
dn .lna6e I ber, in fni~flet 3ugenb burlfl ~aen am @e~im "er,

le,t unb beJ~CIl6 o~ I nalfl uob nalfl ba~ @)ebCicr,tni, fo fe~r
"erlor I b~ er nalfl (liner etunbe nilflt me~r ll'U,tt, ll'ae er
ge~lln ~Iltte, - unb 'oft, in IIlOgnetiflflen ßuftGnb ~f.t, ba~
"'bAef)tnij "oUfommm ",iebft ft~idt; bergeftaIt, ba; er 'oie Ur,
facf)e feiner Jtranfr}eft unb bie ki ber erlittenen ",nation 8Cf
brauef)ten 3nftrununte, fo",ie 'oie bGki t~8 .-rmen $nfoneu
• angckn fonnte.
(2) 9locf) ~unbmarer, al~ bat eMt 6etraef)tde miffen "on
eilteIß fef)on in bae 3 nn er eber Seele niebergelegten 3n~alt,
fann ba~ "ermittlun8~lore miffen »on ~geben~eiten nfd)finen,
'oie bem fiilJlenben Subject nod) Ci u' er li ef) ~nb. ~enn rüd.
ficf)tUef) bieret all' eit en 3n~al~ ber fcf)oucnben Seele ll'iff~n ll'ir,
'00; 'oie (ßiflena b~ Weujerlid)en an 9t 0 um IIn'o .3 ei t 9tbulltm,
178 uftb nfer 8U'ö~ftltef)ef "e",u;tre~n burcf) biere 6tiben
Woranm ~ Il.;ettinanbft "nmittelt ifl.
. t auertl bat räumlief) unt 8mte ktrlfft, fo fönnen
Mr 'on bemfelben, in fofern tt'ir maef)et ~e",u;tfe~n finb, nllr
Ilntft ber ~bingult9 miffm, bo; ",ir 'oie (lntfemung auf dne
''''IlIUteUe Stife au~. ~lere ~binsung itlaber für 'oie
fcfJalltnbe eede nicf)t ,)Or~onben. ~ft 9taum ge~~rt nilflt
ber eule, fonbern kr Au,erlief)tn !latur an; un'o fnbtm
~ WeuJerlI. "on bft 6eele etfllJt mirb, ~ört 'o4ffd~e auf,
rhaUef) au r~n, ba cf, buref) 'oie 3bealit6t 'oer Seele \)er"'an.
belt, me'ocr tief) feh nod) Ultt iuJerlicf) bleibt. menn ba~ft
.,. frde, tertlbbige l'emu;tfe~n aur Woran 'oft bIo, fü~lenben
eetle ~ft, fo itl bat Subie" nief)t lße~r on ben !taulß
setnbeR. tkif~feIe 'oUfer Unab~nai8feit 'oer 6eele "om 9taume
tlnb in g* !lenge "orgerommeu. 6ir müffen ~terbei a'" ei
waue unterfcfJefben. f1ntmeber ttnb 'oie ~egeben~ften beni fef)luen.
ben eubjede obfolut iu'erlief) u1lb "'erben o~ne aUe k.
llittlang "on t~ gemujt, - o~r ~e ~oben im @)egent~U für
* KehleT Ms. S. 126; vgl. GTiesheim Ms. S. 174: Puysegur behandelte einen
Jungen, der gefallen war, und stumpfsinnig, daß er im Stande war, die
Umstände seines Falls zu erzählen, nach und nach so ihm die frühere Erinne-
rungen gekommen sind.
who had had to be operated upon in early youth on account

ofhis having injured his brain by falling, and who gradually
lost his memory to such an extent that he no longer knew
what he had done an hour before. Put into the magnetic
state, he recovered his memory so completely, that he was 5
able to give an account not only ofthe cause ofhis illness and
of the instruments used at the operation he had undergone,
but also of the persons who had taken part init. * +
(2) The unmediated knowledge of events still externat to
the feeling subject can appear to be even more wonderful 10
than this knowledge of a content already lodged within the
soul, for we know with regard to this second content of the
envisioning soul, that the existence of what is extern al is
bound to spate and time, and that our ordinary consciousness is
mediated by these two forms of extrinsicality. 15
With regard,jirstly, to wh at is spatially distant from us, in
so far as we are conscious and awake, we can only know
something of it on condition that we sublate the distance in a
mediated manner. The envisioning soul is not bound by this
condition however. Space is of external nature, not of the soul, 20
and in that it is apprehended by the soul this externality
ceases to be spatial, for it is no longer external either to itself
or us once the ideality of the soul has transformed it. Con-
sequently, when free and understanding consciousness sinks
into that form of the soul which is mere feeling, the subject 25
is no longer bound to space. There are many instances of the
soul's independence of space. Here we have to distinguish
two cases. In the one the events are absolutely external to the
envisioning subject, who knows of them without any media-
* KehLer Ms. p. 126; cf. Criesheim Ms. p. 174: A youth who had become dull-
witted on account of a fall, was so treated by Puysegur that he was able to
give an account of the way in which he had fallen, and by and by to recover
earlier recollections.
hftlk r40ll bie Wom d1tef 3 nner If ef) en, alfo rine' i~m
'Uef)tfuabell, einet tBmafttelten baburcf) au er~tm Clngefan~
p, " ' fIe auf 9ClnA o&iectbe Irt "on einem anbuen eu~~
tme SC...,t ~, a';'ffcf)m ~l4em unb bem fcf)oumbtn 3n,
Nltbua dne ro "oUftAnbige eee(endn~it betk~t, '00' ~'ienfge,
'"' i1l baD oij«tt»en ee~u~tfet1n bef firftmn ift, auef) in 'oie
ecde bd ~tmn einbringt. !Die burd) boe ee..u'tfe\}lt efne.
Gnbnn eUjeet. "",,,füdte Wom 'oe' SlJwent ~Q&en "ir
ttft f,öter, hi bell eigentlid)en mQgnetffd}fn SaftGnbe, au k~
ttacIJten. ~ier bCIfJegen mitTen "ir uut mit bem n~er~&~n~
teil WaU bef bnrcf)aat "nm U t( un g.1o f eR IBffftn' "Oft rAm.
1111 ferneR Au'erlfcf)en lkgeknfJdten kfcfJAftfgen.
'-'tffviele "on biefer mrife 'oe' ecf)ouen' foanntn in Alteren
Seiten, - in Seiten thie. me~r feelen~aften 2e&en., - »tel ~äu'
tiQer \)or, GI. in ttr neumn 3eit, ~o 'oie StI&fijtänbfQfelt 'oe'
179 M1ta"'igen ~_tf~lt' fIfJ ""'t ~t cnMfctdt ~at. 1)it
ntd)t fdrdJ"'eg bee ~~1Uft1 k bft !6flt au 8ri~enben alten
~~rotlttett trAa~lm Iftancf)ett ~ ac~ötfg'n 8cl1J. ~(bem
'~Iltlt bt. im !Retum Intfmtten fanlt fibrigenG, ~Ib eitt bunfte'
tef, 'illb ritt ~eaere' ee~""fetJn flottfinben. !Diefn mJed1fel fn
ber Mlet"tit btt C!cfJaume Idate fief), aum eeif,fr(; Oft dntm
gabcfleti, bi' , O~1tt ~, fic bIl ~.n 3uftonbe (lhMe bo\)on
"'' 'te, dnen"mbtt m e,onlett f)Gtte, unb bte in t~tclft oOtU,
fe~n, 4nfonge nut UhbeutlttIJ, bann der beutlfcf) biefen "rubtt
in e{11m e,itale fo~, - barauf benfeffitn tobt unb gt&ffttd i -
n~~er jebo~ "feber leknkltg au n&licfett glClUbtc, - unb - ..ie
~tf} r.,atn trgd - bCtttIl ticfJtia Befe~en ~otte, bO' i~r "tuber
n1ltf1td} aUf 3dt ieme Scf)ouen. in einem e~ftl1l fn !Bi1aabdl~
gf~fen ~r; - ,,~r,nb fit ~ bagegen b4tin, bCl' fit bmfd.
ben tobt au fcl)m meinte, geim ~atte, bo nfd7t blcfcr tmlbcr,
fonbern ,Ine ClIlbctt ~erron neben bemfel&en au fener Seit aePor6
bttt WIlt. - 3n e,canfcn unb 3toUen, "oba' !latutldt11 bet
DellfcfJen ClUgeMelner ijl, 111' ~ef une, fint> rol. @efief)te, "'ie
ba' ekn mDa~te, tuimetttltd} hi 8tllUen unb \Jrtunben, il1 t9f.
aug etltf etttfmd. ßTeunbe unb ""tten, "*' 9lJefltfdtentt.
fftcnfo, ~te k bie ecbinßUng be' Shuac., n~t ~cf7
tion. In the other however, the subject has already come to

know them in the form of a being which is internal and there-
fore not alien to it. This being is mediated in that it is known
in a wholly objective mann er by another subject, between which
and the envisioning individual there is so complete a union 5
of soul, that that which is in the objective consciousness of
the first also penetrates into the soul of the latter. This form
of vision, media ted as it is by the consciousness of another
subject, has first to be dealt with later, in our consideration
of the magnetic state proper. At this juncture however, 10
we have to concern ourselves with the first of these cases,
with entirely unmediated knowledge of spatially distant ex-
ternal events.
Examples of this kind of envisioning are much commoner
from earlier times, when the life of the soul was more pre- 15
dominant, than they are at present, at a time when the
understanding consciousness is so much more developed.
Many a case of this kind is to be found in the old chronicIes,
which are not to be too readily charged with error or false-
hood. Incidentally, there can be a vacillation in the lucidity 20 +
of consciousness when it is divining what is distant in space.
This variability in the cIarity of the vision was apparent for
exarnple in the case of a girl who had a brother in Spain.
When she was awake she knew nothing of this, but in her
clairvoyance, indistinctly at first, but then clearly, she saw 25
hirn in hospital. She saw hirn dead and dissected, but then
thought she caught a glirnpse of hirn alive again. It later
turned out that she had seen correctly. At the time of her
vision her brother had in fact been in hospital in Valladolid.
She had erred in thinking that she had seen hirn dead, but 30
another person next to hirn had died at the same time. - +
In Spain and Italy, where the natural life of man is more
general than it is with us, divinations such as this are by no
means infrequent. In these countries it is in the rnain wornen
and friends who are in rapport with absent friends and hus- 35
~~ +
In the second instance, the envisioning soul raises itself
drr.at f.uenbe eute l.eUnt k ~ie Mingung btr getto

~Oll , . ~ "" Btft~, ~Qj ble eule, • autt- btt
etl)Quen', e•• bard) bie ,ufl.fftllt .9dt Clt1f U)rmt .~n
~. ,...f8 Ilaffemtet fIdJ ättckr gegmllJlttfg 1II0.n fab,
~11td' 1ft itbod) f4t Me motttcIan8 bit \}rage, O~ ~
Denf4 G1lct bd ~utcfI bte alfl_fuse 3dt ~n ~. 8drmte
11. IU wtffca ~e. luf bleft !rase ... Mr wor..,
'*
an trWkbmr. Sw6t'oel1l Sufi f. ., ~, tDie bd ~or'
fteUmbe hlJtf'n,n ~dp Irrt I IteRtI ktrdk kt _r kf,"'
. . 8cfIaen dner ~ ttrc duatUcr,·, IntfnRUR8 bm 'ei'"
ffcf)en _ . enalld) entrikcfttll . . .~ fit tftHf et1fmt cd'
ba. lBtfrm 'on mcm~en fJIIt, - fo bit morftcUang
180 in gld" ~wn befangen i~, fnbm fie llltint, ein 'DoOf01111-
IlCIl. ~cf)mt unb Mfl&n'oig beftUmntet tlBiffen bet 3 u f ü n f ti ,
8en l»iJ'oe ttroat fe~r -6o~et ft\)n, unb man ~abe 1id) für bat
~rm einet fold)en tlBfffmt nod) XroftgfÜnben umaufe~en.
Ull9tft~rt lIIuj 'Dielme~r gefogt werben, ba; cf aum mera\'Odfdn
fangWDeitig (C'qn mürbe, feine Scf1idfale mit 'DölIiget ~e~mmt~eit
IOqcr &U \'Oifien un'o 'oiefelbtn bann, 'on mei~e nad), faatmt unb
fon'Dcrt 'ourcf1auleben. (lin ltorauf\'Oifien '0 ie f et Irt ge~ört aber
IU ben UlUIlÖglicf1fdten; benn ~dienige, \'Oof nut erj't ein 3 u,
'inftise., olfo ein bio; In"ricf1"fe~enbet ifl, - !Da. 'onn.
gOf nid)t 8tsenfton'o 'oe' \'Oo~rne~menb tU, '0 etftän'oiS en
8e\'Ou~tfe"nf ",erben, ba nur bat (iriftiHn'oe, bat aur <lin,
ael n~ eit einef fi n nHcfJ @e 9en \'0 &r t i gen @e(angte m~rge.
n01lUlCn wirb. .Unbingt 'DmIlog ber menfd)lid)e @eift ~d) i't&er
'Ocl6 outfd)li~lidJ mit bn ~nnlid) gegenn,öttigen (iin&dn~ett &c~
f_ste Stifen &U er~eben ; bie 0 bf 0 lu t e (!r~ebung 'oarftkt
tm'ott aber nur in bem &csuifenben (irfennen 'oe& (i~t"
8en patt; 'oenn bat <mise \'Oit'o nid)t, \'Oie 'oaf ~nnlid) iinadne,
Ion 'oelll mecfJfel 'oef (intfte~enf unb merge~en~ ergriffen, t~
~ meber rin Itergangene~ nod) ein 3ufünftiget, fon'omt bat
i&cr ~if 3tit er~Qbme, aUe Unterfd}iebe 'oerfelben alt QUfse~o"
()ene in ~d) ent~altenbe a&f 0 (u t @egen~&rtigt. 3m magnetifcf1en
3uflcmbe 'oagegen !rum bio; eine bebingte <irl)ebung über 'oa~
lDitrm 'oet unmittelbar @eßenmartlaen erfolgen; ba& in bierem
above the determination of time just as it does above that of

space. We have already seen that the soul in the visionary +
state can recall something which is completely removed
[rom its waking consciousness through the lapse of time.
Presentative thinking is hoWever more interested in the q ues- 5
tion of man's also being able to know clearly wh at is sep-
ara ted from hirn by future time. We can elucidate this ques-
tion as follows. Firstly, it is to be observed in connection with
the previously mentioned vision of a singularity wholly
removed from the corporeal eye through its distance in 10
space, that presentative thinking deludes itself by regarding
this as in so me way superior to knowledge of the truths of
reason, and, similarly, that it is involved in the same error
when it is of the opinion that a completely certain and
understandably determined knowledge of the future would 15
be in some way immensely sublime, and that one has to look
around for consolations on account of one's not being in
possession of it. On the contrary, it'has to be observed that
it would be frightfully boring to have exact foreknowledge
of one's fate and then proceed to live out the course of each 20
and every detail of it. Foreknowledge of this kind is in any +
case an impossibility, for what is still a mere futurity and
hence a mere implicitness is quite incapable of being the
general object of the perceiving and understanding consciousness,
since what is perceived is simply what is existing, i.e. wh at has 25
achieved the singularity of being sensuously present. I t is true
that the human spirit is able to raise itself above knowledge
concerned exclusively with the singularity of what is sensu-
ously present, but it is only in the Notional cognition of the
eternal that this elevation is absolute. V nlike the sensuously 30
singular, the eternal is not affected by the vicissitude of
arising and passing away, and is therefore neither a past nor
a future. It is, rather, the absolute present, raised above time,
and containing all the differences of time as sublated within
it. In the magnetic state however, there can be no more than 35 +
a conditioned rising above knowledge of wh at is immediately
3u~ iidJ offenb,mnbe tl!orou.mffen be6ie~t iid, immet nUf

auf ben ci naelnen Jtrrif 'oer (iriflma be6 .peUfe~enben, &tfon..
bert auf beffen inbi\'ibueUe .trann,eitfbi6po~tion, unb ~at, -
n>at bie ~orm betrifft, - nid}t ben not~~enbigen 3ufam:r
men~an9 unb 'oie be~immte ~en>ineit bet objediuen, \)er~
ftänbigen ~e~u'tfe\)n6. ~er .ptUfe~en'Oe ift in einem co nce n-
t fit te n ßuftOl1bt unb f<vout 'oiej fein einge~üUtee,. .,rQsnontef.
~eben auf concentrirte ißeife on. ~n ber ~efUmmt~eft
'Oiefee ~"ncentrirten ~nb oud) 'oie tieftjmmllngm beG milu me f
181 unb ber 3 eit ale ei n9e~ ü (( t e ent~alten. ~r ~dJ fd&tr jebo~
lnerben biefe ~ormm be6 Iu~einanber \)on ber in i~l't 3nna..
lfdJfeft ~erfunfenen Seele 'oe6 .peUie~enben nidJt erfa,t; ~ie, ge~
fdJie~t nur \)on Seiten 'oe' feine ~irflidJfeit iidJ a16 eine du,er;
IidJe inelt gegenübetilcUenben obiecti\)en ~e~u'tfe~n6. ~i\ aber
'oer .peUfe~enbe au gleid) ein morftellenbe6 ift, fo mu; a
jene in fein concentrirtet ~eben d n 9 e~ ÜIlt en ~eftjmmungen
audJ ~ er a u 6~ eben, ober - n>at ~affelbe ift - feinen 3u-
panb in 'Oie ljormen bet mdU met unb ber ß eit ~ i nIl U ••
fe,en, benfelben über~au~t nad) ber !Drife 'Oe6 ~CldJen ~e
~u,tfe~nt au'legen. .pierClUt er~eUt, in ~dd}em Sinne bat
Q~nenbe Sl'f1auen eine mermittlung ter 3eit in fit!) ~at, n>ä~rcnb
baffel&e anberetfeitt bfefer memaittlung nil'f1t be'Oarf unb eben be"
n>egen fä~ig ift, in 'Oie 3ufunft ~oraubrlngen. !Da' Qua nt um
'Oer in bem angefdJauten 3uflanbe liegenben 6ufünftfgen 3dt ifl
aber nid1t etwat für ft~ ~efleel, fonbern eine Wr t unb in ci f e
ber Qualitdt bet gea~nten ~n~alt., - etwat au biefer Qua.
lität ebenfo @e~örlse', n>ie, aum ~eifl>id, bie 3eit ~on brei ober
~ier Xagen aur ~efiimmt~eit ber matur bet ~ieber' ge~ört.
~el' .peraue~eben jene. Beit'lunntum. befte~t ba~er in einem ent.
n>icfelnben (iinse~en in 'oa~ ~ntenft\;le bee @ef~auten. ~d 'Oie-
fer (innuidlung ift nun unen'otil'f1e Xiiufl'f1ung möglidJ. ~iemal'
n>irb 'Oie 3eit \;Ion ben {)eUfe~enben genelu Qngege&tn, meiflen~
t~eil' ~er'tlen 'Oidme9r 'oie auf 'oie Bufunft fiel) btaie~enben lu~~
fagen foldJer IDlenfd)en AU Sd)anben j aumal, \llenn biefe Sd)auun#
gen au i~rem 3n~alt tireigniffe ~aben, 'Oie ~om freien mißen an-
bera ~erfonen ab~ängen. ~o, 'Oie .ße"fe~en'oen in bem fraSH-
present. The foreknowledge which reveals itself in this con-

dition never relates to anything beyond the clairvoyant's
singular sphere of existence, and is often a matter of his
individual disposition in respect of illness. In its form it lacks
the necessary connectedness and determinate certainry ofthe objec- 5
tive and understanding consciousness. The clairvoyant is in a
state of concentration, and it is in a concentrated manner that
he intuites the veiled potentialities of his life. The deter- +
minations of space and time are also held enveiled within the
determinateness of this concentration. Immersed in its inward- 10
ness however, the clairvoyant's soul does not apprehend
these forms of extrinsicality for themselves. This is accom-
plished only through objective consciousness, which posits
its actuality over against itself as an external world. Since the
clairvoyant is also presentative however, he too has to bring out 15
the determinations enveiled within his concentrated life, in
other words, to set out his condition in the forms of space and
time, and so to assume the manner of waking consciousness
in his general exposition of it. From this it is evident, that
although in a certain sense a divining vision involves a 20
temporal mediation, it is precisely because it is also able to
dispense with it, that it is able to penetrate into the future.
In itself however, the quantum of future time involved in the
intuited situation is not fixed in any way, but is a qualitative
mode of the content divined, something pertaining to this 25
quality. Aperiod of three or four days, for example, pertains
to the determinate nature of afever. In order to bring out this +
quantum oftime, the intensive nature ofwhat is intuited has
to be developed by means of investigation, and in this de-
velopment there is every possibility of deception. The clair- 30
voyant will never give the precise time, and the assertions of
such people with regard to the future tend for the most part
to discredit them, particularly when the conte nt of these
envisionings depends upon the free will of other persons. It
is only natural that clairvoyants should so frequently delude 35
d)en "'11ft ftd, fo oft tQufdJen, ijt ga1ij natüTIidJ; benn tie fdJauen
ein ßufiinfdge~ nut natf1 i~tet ga1ij unbeftimmten, untet biefen
Umftanben f 0, untet anbeten UmftAnben anbet~ btftimllten au'
fälligen (fmllfinbuns alt, unb legen bann ben geftf1auten ~~alt
auf ebenfo unbetHmmte unb anfällige tileife au~. Inbmrftit~
"nn allet'oingf ieb~ bQ~ QJotfommen nd) ~irflfd) &e~liti9cnber
182 'ie~et 8e~ör'8cr, ~ö"fl ~unberkm ."ungen unb iBifionen
ht.... nid)t QfleUQnet ~etbcn. So finb ~erfoncR bur~ bie
~nulß bd RadJf)er ~irlli~ ctfolsenbcn Clin~r'ef einef .paufea
ob« daer ~cfe ClUfs-"* unb ._ mtrlatren be~ 3immet. obet
bei 6aufef getrieben ~o,",. Eo follen au~eUen au~ ed)iftU
»on btIn nicr,ttauf.nbc" .orsefii~t cine' 5tume' befallen ~r.
ad.-
ben, toB . . . . . N' "er(länbige "e~u;tfe"n n~d) gaf fein ln-
&merft. lucr, ~itb &e~aulltet, ba; \lieIe genfd)en ble
5tunbe i~ft' Xobef \)or~et sefast ~a&en. iOoraü8litf1 in ben
fcfJottir.n .pocr,lanben, in .poUanb unb in tile~~aten finben
~ ~iutise "'tflltele \lon I~nungen bc~ ßufiinfdgen. ~er08#
bet. bei ben fd)ottif.n Q)ebirg'be~o~nem ifl ba' QJermögen bef
fogeRannten a~eUen Q)efidJt. (second sight) nod)
jett ~tt eeltenef. alt bierem mermögen begabte ~etfonen
fe~1 fi~ b0 " " eI t, er&U«en fid) in QJet~ftniffen unb ßuftan.
~It, '" -..un fie erfl fllatet fe"n ~erben. ßur tJrflärung biefe'
~u,,'Detkten ~f}dnonaen' fann \Jolgenbe~ gefagt ~erben. tilie
Ulon bellnft ~at, ifl ba, seeemd sight bi 5d)ottlaltb frül)et~in
* 'Oie( ~äufi9et g~efen, al' ;e.t. Wilr bat (inijte~en beffelben fd)cint
* KehLer Ms. S. 128; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. 176-177: Ahndung im Voraus,
des eigenen Todes, des Todes von Freunden, Vorahndung aber auch vom
Tode anderer Personen, die ganz gleichgültig, dies kommt noch vor an
Individuen in Westschottland und den Hebriden, und früher häufiger, das
zweite Gesicht genannt, auch kam dies in Westphalen vor. Engländer haben
dies untersucht, alle Data sorgfältig gesammelt, in Kiesers Archiv Auszüge.
Bei diesem zweiten Gesicht wird bemerkt die Erscheinung, daß die Augen-
lider des Sehenden aufgerissen sind und seine Augen ganz starr sind, so
lange er das Gesicht hat, es sind aber nur ganz einzelne Individuen, die dies
haben, sie sehen einen Leichenzug, oder eine Leiche auf einem Tisch ...
(Criesheim: u.s.w. Es wird ein Fall erzählt wo ein solcher Seher) 13 Lichte auf
einem Kirchhof (sah), und nach einem Sturm ist ein Schiffscapitän mit 12
Mann todt an den Strand geworfen und da begraben worden, die also nicht
Volume T wo: AnthTopology . 285
themselves in this respect, for it is only in accordance with

their entirely indeterminate and fortuitous sensation that
they visualize a futurity, and since this sensation is variously
determined according to the various circumstances, they
then proceed to give a similarly indeterminate and fortuitous 5
exposition of the envisioned content. It cannot be denied
however that very remarkable divinations and visions of this
kind have actually been fulfilled. People have, for example,
felt compelled to leave a room or a house after waking up
with the premonition of a collapsing ceiling or building, and 10
the collapse has then actually occurred. Skippers are said to +
be surprised on occasions by the foreboding of an approach-
ing storm, when the understanding consciousness still sees
no signs of it. Many people are also reputed to have predicted +
the hour of their death. There are numerous instances of 15 +
the future having been divined, most of them deriving from
the Highlands of Scotland, Holland and Westphalia. Even +
today, and particularly among the inhabitants of the
Scottish Highlands, the faculty of wh at is called the second
sight is still quite common. Persons gifted with this faculty 20
see themselves double, glimpse themselves in relationships and +
situations in which they will only find themselves later on.
One might attempt to explain this remarkable phenomenon
as follows. I t has been noticed that the second sight was
formerly much commoner in Scotland than it is today.* It 25
* KehLeT Ms. p. 128; cf. CTiesheim Ms. pp. 176-177: Certain individuals in the
west of Scotland and the Hebrides have premonition of their own death, of
that of friends, and even of persons who are a matter of complete indiffer-
ence to them. This is called second sight, and used also to be commoner in
Westphalia. The English have investigated it and carefully collected all the
data, extracts from which are to be found in Kieser's Archive. It has been +
noticed of people who are actually in possession of it that their eyelids are
wide apart and their eyes quite fixed. Only a very few individuals possess it
however. They might see a funeral procession or a corpse on a table (Criesheim: +
etc. There is a case on record of one who saw) thirteen lights in a churchyard,
and after a storm a ship's captain and twelve men were washed ashore and
fOlladJ dn cigcnt~iiadidJn Stanb.,unft btr gcifli... Cint\»icftung

+ o"'.enbiS All f",l1, - unb Itl'ar da \)om .sutto.be btr 9101)-
I)tit _ "011 km 31lpank sro," ttUbung gldd}mi'ie entfernter
Stab,unft, auf tl)eld)fm 'oie Denfd)cn fdlc 0 11 ge mei ac n
3'"'" "",oIgen, fonbern ~d} mar fit i~rc inbhihcllen.-
~t1liffe intmffiren, - t~rc ,"fiUigc., hfonbcrcn 3ltflfc,
o.,c fJ"'iiUlt4Je CiiaJd)t in bic 9lalur ber AU N~nbelnben ~n
~tAitfc, in trAacr 9l~g bef .lt~rg~ra4Jten autfü~ftn,
- rollit, _ bie Cidcnnmi; bct llIefIRdnca unb 9lot~lICllbi
. . nkfiilRlllCri, ~" nur .u tlinaclncm unb aufälligem
lIefd)iAia4n. .a~ bur" bkfe kfuRfen~t bc' 8dftd in
'oaf ib\tclnt »ab 3.fällige f,,"1U11 bie !JlfnfdJea a- S4autB
eiIn 1104 in beI 3ufRuft ".r-scnen efna,tnn "',kR,.ft,
lIef. . .-, .,nn ~c i~n.. ~ 9Id~f"e ", oft hfd~gt &U
183 tl'trben. - Ci' \)ertle~t ~d} Inbt; bei bitfcr, \\)ie bd ä~nlicf)en
(trf4Jdnungen, \)on ftlber, ba, bie ~~ilofo.,~ie nid}t barauf au's
ge~en fann, alle dnadnen, ~äufig nid)t ge~öri8 beslaubigtelt, im
8esmt'eil iu;np atl'effd~aften Umpänbe erBären au \\)oUen; tl)lr
minen une \)idme~r in ber .,~Uofo.,~ifd)en ~ttrad)tuns, ~ic tl'ir
Im Dbigen gd~an ~aben, auf 'oie -1ief\)or~ebun9 'ocr bei bm frass
lidJen CirfdJeinungeD fePAul)altmben .pauptgetidtt,.,uJtfte k('d}rdnfen.
(3) md~renb nun lief bem IInter !lummer (1) lIetrCldJteten
SdJauen 'oie in i~re ~nnerlid}feit \)erfd)loffene Seele nur einen
i~r f dJ 0 n llß 9e~ Öl i 9en ~u~alt fid) tl)ieber geglntl'ärtig ml14t,
- lInb "'d~renb bogIgen bei bem unter 9lummer (2) lIef.,rod}e'
nen Stoffe bie Seele in ba~ SdJCluen dne' einadnen ä u; er Ii ,
d)ln Umpanbee ~trfenft iP, - fe~rt biefelbe brUten. in bem
fd)au~nben ~iffen \)on i~rem d gIn en ~ nne re n, \)on ~rcm
Sedtn, unb .tör.,eraupClnbe, ClU. ifner ~eait~Un8 auf ein .CU'
;erIid)e', AU ~cfJ felber iurit". l>iefe Seite bt' <54Jaued ~4t
in den Umkreis gehörten, der ihm besonders nahe lag. Dies Vorauswissen von
Zufälligem ist merkwürdig; die Voremfindung des Todes, des eigenen oder
des Todes der Fremden, ist durch eine Menge von Beispielen constatirt.
Winkelmann, der 1769 bei Triest ermordet wurde, (Griesheim: (hat) in
Briefen geäußert (daß) er) hat die Vorempfindung gehabt, es war ihm nicht
wohl, er hat es nicht aushalten können, hat geahndet, daß ihm etwas
bevorstehe.
Volume Two: AnthropoloKJ . 287
seems therefore as though a peculiar stand point of spiritual

development, as removed from the primitive state as it is
from that of advanced culture, is necessary to its occurrence. +
Rather than pursuing universal purposes people are interested
only in their individual relationships, and follow out their 5
contingent and particular purposes by indolently conforming
with time-honoured practices, and failing to acquire any
radical insight into the nature of the relationships to be dealt
with. Untroubled by knowledge of what is universal and
necessary, they busy themselves only with what is singular 10
and contingent. I t is precisely on account of this immersion of
spirit in wh at is singular and contingent, that people often
seem to be able to envision a singular event still concealed
within the future, particularly if it is not a matter of in-
difference to them. - Nevertheless, in this case, as in that 15
of similar appearances, it goes without saying, that phil-
osophy cannot attempt to explain all the individual circum-
stances, many of which are insufficiently attested or even
highly suspect. In philosophical consideration we have to
proceed as we have above, and to confine ourselves to 20
bringing out the main points to be kept to in respect of the
appearances in question. +
(3) In the envisioning considered in the first section, the
soul is still confined to its internality, and simply brings llP
before itself a conte nt already belonging to it. In the material 25
dealt with in the second section on the contrary, it is im-
mersed in the envisioning of a certain external situation. In
the third instance it abandons this relation to an externality
and returns to itself, to visionary knowledge of its own
inwardness, of the state of its body and soul. This aspect of 30
buried there. They see people, therefore, who do not belong to their irnrne- +
dia te circle. This foreknowledge of what is contingent is curious; the presenti-
rnent of death, of one's own or that of strangers, is confirrned by a host of
instances. Winkelmann, who was rnurdered near Trieste in 1769, sensed it
beforehand; he (Griesheim: said in his letters that he) did not feel weB, was
unable to bear the situation, and had a prernonition that sornething was
about to happen to hirn. +
einen fe~r ~eiten Umfang unb fallit IUBld~ au einer bebeuten<

ben .t(arf)eit unb ~e1timmt~eit gelangen. «it~a~ \loUfommen ~$
ftfmmte~ unb Sli~tige~ ~et'Den ie'Dod) 'Die .peUfel)fllt-eIt tIbet i~ten
för"etli~en ßuflanb nut bann anaugeben \lermögen, ~nn blefd.
ben me'Oidnif~ gebllbet ~nb, fomit in i~rem ~a~en ~e~u;tf~n
eine genaue .tenntni; ber ~atur 'Oe' menf~(j~en "rga1t~mu'
be~,en. ~on. ben ni~t mebidnif~ gebifoetelt .peUfe~enben bage-
gen barf man feine anatomifcf) unb ""tiologifcf) \löUig ricf)tigcn
Wngaben ematten; fo(.n ~erfonen ntitb e' im ~egent~il äu.
;eTfl fd)~er, 'Oie (oncentritte Q(nf"auung, 'Oie fie "on i~rem .lör,
~tauflanb ~ben, In 'Oie ijorm 'Oe' uerflclnbfgen !Denfene au über.
fe,en j unb ~e fönnen ba~ \)on i~nen QJef.ute bocf) immer nur
in 'oie ijorm i ~ r r " - bat l)ei,t, - eine. l1ttl)r ober \ » .
unRaren unb ultntiffenben ~ad)en ~\»uJtf~n' er~ebeß. -- &
~Ie aber bei ben ntrf~tebenen ~eUfe~enben :;)nbi\libuen '00' uns
mittelbare UBiffen 'Oon I~rem .tör~ef8uftanb ein fe~l' 'Oetfc:f)it-
bene' ift, f0 ~crrfcf)t autf) in 'Dem fc:f)tucllben «irfennen t~rc'
184 geiftigt1t 3nneren, fonto~1 in ~eaug auf 'oie ijorm, al. in lBe~
treff be~ 3n1)alt~, eine gro;e ~erf~ieben~eit. ~ bIen 9laturen
tobt im ~cUfc~n, - '0<1 'Oie, ein ßuilanb 'Oe• .pet'Oortretene ber
Subflantfalitdt ber Seele ift, - eiRe ijüUe eblen <impjinbene, lf)r
~a9rc8 Selbft, 'Ocr beffete ~df! be~ IDlenfd)en aufgefd)loffen unb
erfd)eint i~ntn oft al. btfonberet <S~u,gtlfl. ~ i eb ri 9e ~en~
f.n ~ingegen offenbaret' in ienem ßuflank i~re Niebrigfeit unb
übetlaffen tief) berfelben ol)ne mücfbalt. 3nbi'Olbuen nOIl mit t •
(erem m.\ertf)e enblfef) befle~en ~d~renb bee .peUfef)en8 f)üu~g
einen fittli~en .ta~f mit ~ef) feIber, ba in tierem neuen ~eben,
in biefem ungeflöften inneren <Sd)auen, ba8 ~ebeutenbm uttb
<iblm ber «f)araftm ~eroortritt unb fid) gegen ba. ~ef)leTf)afte
betfdben \lemid)tenb fe~rt.
4. Xlem fef)llUenben mJiffen non bem ei gen en gei~igen unb

fö~erli~en ßuflanbe rel~t ~~ nl8 eine \) i er t e &rfd)dnung bM
~eafe~enbe «irfennen eineß fremben Seelen ~ unb .törllerauftanbee
an. Xliefer ~aU ereignet pd} befonber8 im magnetird)en <Sem.
nambuliemu~, \l'tnn burd) 'oen 9ta~~ort, in tt)eId)en baß in \lie.
envisioning has a very wide range, and can at the same time
attain to considerable clarity and distinctness. However,
clairvoyants are only able to give a completely distinct and
correct account of their bodily condition when they have had
a medical training, when in their conscious and waking state 5
they have an exact knowledge of the nature of the human
organism. CompletelY correct anatomical and physiological
accounts are not to be expected from clairvoyants with no
medical training. On the contrary, such persons will have
the greatest difficulty in transposing the concentrated in- 10
tuition they have of their bodily condition into the form of
understandable thought. They are confined simply to raising
wh at they have envisioned into the form of their own awak-
ened consciousness, which is more or less confused and unin-
formed. - However, just as the individual clairvoyants vary 15 +
greatly in their immediate knowledge of their bodily condition,
so also do they differ widelY' both with regard to form and
content, in their intuitive knowledge of their spiritual in-
wardness. Since the substantiality of the soul is manifest in
the state of clairvoyance, in noble natures it reveals a wealth of 20
noble sentiments, the true self, the better spiritual side, and
often appears to them as a special guardian spirit. It is a +
state in which base natures reveal their baseness however, and
abandon themselves to it unreservedly. Finally, mediocre
individuals, in astate of clairvoyance, are often ethically at 25
odds with themselves, since in this new life, this serene inner
vision, there is an emergence of the more important and
nobler aspect of their character, which turns destructively
upon their failings. +
4. Visionary knowledge of one's own spiritual and bodily 30

state includes as a Jourth appearance the clairvoyant cogni-
tion of someone else's state of body and soul. This case is
particularly incident to magnetic somnambulism, when
feil 3ufhanbe ~efinb(j. Su{)ject mit einmt anberen Subjtcte g~'

fett lOOtben ift, 'oie kiberfritfgen ~e{)en'n,~n berfef6tn glricf1faUl
IU rinn dnafsen 8e~men "nb.
5. imicf1t en~(j" biefer Sla."ort beI ~ocf1Pen ~rab 'oft

3nnigfrit un_StArk, fo fommt fünften. 'oie <irfcf1dnllng »or,
NJ bot f4auenbe Subject ni4t {)(o; »0 n, fonbern i Il rinem
anberen Suijecte tud;, f~aut unb fü~lt, o~ne birecte lutmerf'
(_feit auf 'oa' anbere ~1l'oi\)ibllUm alle ~gtgaiffe beffelben U n ~
.. i ttel h t mit eID, fin '0 et, 'oie (fm.,~nbungen ber frem'o(n 3n,
'illbualitit alt feine eigenen in "4~at. mon 'oiejer tirfd)ei-
DUng finbtn "" bie aujfallenbfkn edf"iele. So kl)anbelte dn
fmtI~cf)er .•tat. at1'ri ffcf1 gegenfeitfg fe~r liebenbe Wrauen, 'oie
tn kbeutenber (fntfernuug 'oie kiberfddgen .lran!f)eüfiuflAn'oe bt
185 * tinan'oer cm'fan'ocn. .f>ier~n fann aud) ter \laU gerc~net werl
ben, wo dn Sol'oat 'oie Ingp feiner ~on 9tdubern gebunbmen
lnuttn, tro, einer aiemlicf1m (fntfernung »on i~r, in fol~n
Städe unmittelbar mitem,fan'o, '00; er o~ne meUere. au il)r au
eUen ~d) un"'i'oerPe~{jcf1 ge'orungen fü~Ite.
!l)ie im .obigen bef,rod)enen fü nf (frfd)einungen ftnb 'oie
.pau.,tmomente beG fd)nuenbtll ~iffen~. :tliefelben ~Qben
rdmnltlid) '0 i e ~epimmung mit einan'oer gemein, 'oa~ fte ftd) immer
auf 'oie inbi\1i'oueUe mdt 'oft fü~(en'oen Seele be~ie~en. l)iefe
~eaie~ung begrünbet jebocf1 unter i~nen feinen fo untrennbareR
3ufQmmen~ang, ba~ fte immer aUe in (finem un'o btmfeIben Sub,
jute ~er»ortreten mfl~ten. 3roeitenG ifl jenen (frfd)einungtll Qud)
l) i t; gemeinfaUl , baß biefelben fot\\o~( in \lotge '~\}ftfcf1er .lranf,
* Griesheim Ms. S. 176; vgl. KehleT Ms. S. 127: Beispiele finden sich in der
Geschichte des animalischen Magnetismus sehr häufig, der Geheimerath
Kluge giebt viele dergleichen an. Ein alter Freund hat mir ein Beispiel von
einem jungen wahrheitsliebenden Arzt mitgetheilt, der mit seiner Schwester
in so enger Verbindung des Gemüths gestanden, daß ihn entfernt von ihr
Angst und Unruhe überfiel sobald sie krank wurde und ihn mit Sehnsucht
herbei wünschte. Descottes hat zwei junge Frauen behandelt die sich sehr
liebten, von denen jede das Schicksal der anderen, ihre eigenen Krank-
heitserscheinungen und die der anderen auf mehrere Tage vorauswußte.
Dergleichen Fälle kommen besonders im Zustande des magnetischen Som-
nambulismus häufig vor.
through the rapport in which the subject in this state stands

to another, there is as it were a merging of the respective
spheres of life.
5. Theflfth and final appearance occurs when this rapport

reaches the highest degree of intimacy and strength and con- 5
sists of the envisioning subject's not only knowing oJ another
subject, seeing and sensing it, but of its knowing within it,
having an immediate sympath:J with all that happens in respect +
of this other individual, experiencing its sensations, as its
own, without paying any direct attention to it. There are 10
some most remar~able instances ofthis. A French doctor, for
example, treated two women who were very fond of one
another, and who experienced one another's illnesses when a
considerable distance apart. * Another case that might be +
instanced here is that of the soldier whose sympathetic ex- 15
perience of his mother's anguish at being tied up by robbers
was so immediate and so strong, in spite of his being some
distance away, that he instantaneously felt irresistably com-
pelled to hurry to her. +
The flve appearances mentioned above constitute the 20
principal moments of visionary knowledge. The determination
of their always relating to the individual world of the feeling
soul is common to all of them. The connection between them
based upon this relation is not however so indivisible that
they must all invariably occur in one and the same subjtct. 25
Also common to these appearances is their being able to
occur, both as a result of physical illness and in otherwise
* Criesheim Ms. p. 176; cf. Kehler Ms. p. 127: Exarnples ofthis are legion
in the history of animal rnagnetism, and Privy Councillor Kluge has col-
lected a great number of thern. An old friend told me of a young and vera-
cious doctor who was dispositionally so elose to his sister, that when sep-
ara ted frorn her he was troubled and disturbed as soon as she fell ill and
longed for his presence. Descottes had under his care two young wornen who +
were very much attached to one another, and each of whom knew several
days ahead what the fate ofthe other, as weIl as the features ofher own and
the other's illness would be. Cases such as this are by no means uncornmon,
particularly in astate of magnetic somnambulism.
~eit, alt au", ~ fon~ gefunbtn ~erfonen, llennöge einer ge-

ll)iffm befonberen !Di~\)ofttfon entfte~m tönnen. 311 beibell wauen
~nb iene (irf"dtUlUgen u nm i tt elh re 9laturau~iinbe; nur ale
foI~e ~a&ell rufr fte bi8~er betra~tet. Sie fonnen aber au~ ab 1
fi~tli~ ~er\lorgetufen ruerben. ~enn biefj gef~ie~t, bilben fte
ben eigentli~ell animalif~en IDlagnetiemu8,
mit rueldJem ruir une jett au bef~dftigen ~a&en.
!Ba~ aunii~tl ben 9'lamen " a n i mali f ~ er IDl a9neti 81
mueil betrifft, fo f~ berfelbe urfl'tünglid) ta~er ent~(mben, baj
!Jh 8mer bamit angefangen ~at, mit IDl ag n ete n ben mogneÜs
f~en 3uftanb au errueden. ~a~~er ~at mlln jenen gzamen bei-
be~alten, rutil aud] im t~ierifdJen IDlagltetiemue eine UR-
mittel6are gegcufeitige ~eaie~ung arueier (iri~enaeR, ruie im u n~
or 9ani f ~ en IDlagnetiemu&, ftattfinbet. lufjerbem ift ber frag-
lid)e 3uftanb ~ie uno ba IDle&mtriemu&, (5o(arfemu8, Xd,
lu r i &mu&genannt \l)orben. Unter bieftn brei ~nennungen ~Qt
jebo~ 'oie etfierruii~ltte für ftd) nid)t& ~eaeid)nenbe&; unb 'oie bei.
ben leeteren beaie~en ftd) auf eine bnr~aU8 Cl nb er e (5.,~iirt, al,
auf 'oie te& t~ierifd)en IDlagnetiemu&; 'oie geiftjge ~atur, \l)el~e
bei biefem in ~nfl'tud) genommen \l)irl:l, ent~iilt nod) 9an3 ~nberef
186 in fh{J, ale b(~ folarif~e unb tellurifcfJe mloenente, - al.
~iefe 9all& a&ft tCl ( te n ~e~immungm, 'oie ruft bereit& I. 392
an btt llodJ llf~t aum inbi\lfbueaen eubjrct entrufcfelten Aawtli1
.n Seele betra~tet ~aben.
(itfi burcfJ ben ei gen tU dJ en animGlif~en IDlaQneti&mu& i~
bd allgemeine 3ntereffe auf 'oie magnetir~en 3utlänbe gerf~tet
ruorben, ba man bur~ benfel&en 'oie DadJt er~alten ~at , aae
mogU.n Wonnen biefet 3uftänbe ~eraut&u&ilben unb au ent1
~icfeln. !Die auf 'oiefem !Bege a&fi~tlidJ ~et\)L!rgebracfJten (i"
r~einungen linb iebo~ ni~t \letfdJieben \lon 'ocn f~on &efpro~t'
nen, au~ o_ne a:oncurrena be& eigentli~en Qntmalif~en Dagne$
titmtl~ erfolgenben 3ufiänben; bur~ t~n ~irb nur ge fe • t, rua~
fon~ al& u nm itt Cl &a r er gzaturaupanb "'or~"nben i~.
1. Um nun aUl.'ötbe~ 'oie mu gli cf1 fe it einn abft~tlicf1en
.f)et\lor6tingung be& ma9netif~en 3u~anbe& au begreifen, brau-.
• n \l)it un~ ltur an !Datljenige AU erinnern, rua& ~Ir alf· ben
healthy persons, by virtue of a certain particular disposition.

In both cases they are immediate and natural states, and
hitherto we have only considered them as such. They can
also be evoked deliberately however. When they are, they
constitute animal magnetism properly so called, and it is with this 5
that we now have to concern ourselves.
Firstly, something about the name 'animal magnetism',
which originated in the first instance in Mesmer's having
begun to induce the magnetic state by means of magnets. The
name was subsequently retained, since in animal as in inorganic 10
magnetism there is an immediately reciprocal relation be-
tween two existences. On occasions the state in question has +
also been called mesmerism, solarism, tellurism. The first of these
designations is in itself of no significance, and the other two
refer to a sphere completely different from that of animal 15
magnetism. The content of the spritual nature involved in
animal magnetism does not consist merelY of solar and
telluric moments, of the completely abstract determinations
already considered in connection with the natural soul,
which is not yet developed into the individual subject 20
(§ 39 2 ). +
It was through animal magnetism properly so called that
general interest in magnetic states was first awakened, for it
was this that facilitated the eliciting and developing of these
states in all their possible forms. The appearances deliber- 25
ately brought forth in this way do not however differ from
the states already dealt with, which will also occur with-
out the concurrence of animal magnetism properly so
called. Animal magnetism simply posits what is otherwise
present as an immediate and natural state. 30
1. Now first of all, in order to comprehend the possibility
of deliberately inducing the magnetic state, we have only to
remind ourselves of the Notion we have adduced as being
8tunbhgritf bitfe. gonaen Stonb"unft. bn Stde ongegeben 'Clt

. . ~ _gnetif. ßuftonb ifl eine .tronf~eit; bmn, ,"nIl
ihr~au"t bot &fen ba Jtronfl)tit in 'oie ~rennung einet
~fonberm S.ttem. btt "'rganftmut 'Oon bem ollgemeinen ",.'
fiologifcfJen Yen gefe,t "'erbm mu', unb tl'enn eben boburcfJ,
H' ficfJ ein hfonbere' S'1ttm jenem aUsememen 2ehn cn t,
fu mbt t, 'on atmotif. "rsonitmu' ficfJ in feiner WnblicfJfcit,
"'nmael)t unb .~nsigfeit 'Oon einn fr emben (f)etl'alt borf
fldIi; - (0 hftImmt fiel) iener allgemeine eegriff ber .lrol\fl
~ in tk&ug auf ben masnetifcfJen ßuflanb nA~r auf '0 ie
Seife, '00; in bfefn eiQentf)iimUeI)en .lron~t &tl"r.n meinem
fuhn,ofien unb meinem "ael)en Sqn, a"'if.n andner fü~,
hnben tlaturhbenbishit unb meinem 'Onmittdten, 'On;
flAnbisen ee"u'tfe,n ein enel) cntfle't, ba, - ba jetef
lIenfel) bic ebtnemannten beiben Seiten in fiel) fel)lttjt, - IU'"
in bem sefu~ Dmfel)en aIImtnet ba IJUglid}hit nleft
~ntf1tlten 1ft, der ni"'t in allcn 3nbi'O~utn, fonbtrn nur ia ~ftf
187 jenigen, tlttl"'e bCl4U dne () er0 nb ne .mlge ,.n, aur Wriflena
foat, unb erft.~ iR fofem er IU' feiner Döglicf}feit in bie mirf'
llel)feit tritt I au ettlto' Jrron~ftem ",i~. lBenn ficfJ Iber mein
feelenf)ofte. 2.n 'Oon meinem 'Oerflin'ofgm "e"'u'tr,.n tttlUlt
anb Nffen QJefcf)ift übernimmt, bii~ icfJ meine, im \lerflänbiQen
l'etl'U'tfe9n "'uradnbe Wreif)dt dn, 'Ontine iel) bie SA'fgfeit, micfJ
einer flußben .c","1i au 'Oerf"'''r;en, 1Mbe 'oiefn 'Oidme~r un,
temiirfiß. mie nun 'on '00 n f er., Cf en t fh ~ en'o e IIlsnetif"'e
ßuflan'o in 'oie .()~ängigfeit \Ion einer frem'oen ~"'alt IU t I
f '" I ä9t; fo fann aud) umgefr~rt \Ion tinrr du; er Ii cfJ rn @ e~
l1) alt b.er "n fIn 9 gemad)t, unb, - inbem biefelbe micfJ bei btr
a1\ f i '" in mir \lorl)an'oenen ~rennun8 mdnet fü,lenben 2ebtnt
unb meine' brnfenben ~e"'u~tf,.nt erfa;t, - bfefer tmad) in mir
aur t.riflena gebrod)t, fomit ber masndifcfJe ßUflClRb fünfllid)
b~irlt ~en. ~ebed) fönnen, "'ie bereit. ange'oeutet, nur biel
jtnigen 3abt'Oibuen, in tl'ellf1en eine befonbtre ~it"ofition au bie-
fem ßuflGn~ fcf>on \)or~anben i~, leicf>t uab bauemb ~ol'ten
l1)er'ren; ",o.gen !Jtenfd)cll, bie nut turd) befonbne .lranfl)tit
in ienen ßuftGnb fommen, nie 'Oomommene Ql'o.,ten finb. ~ie
fundamental to the whole of this stand point of the soul. The

magnetic state is an illness, for the essen ce of disease in general
has to be posited as residing in thc dividing off of a particular
system from the general physiologie al life of the organism.
It is precisely on account of one particular system alienating 5
itself from this generalIife, that the animal organism ex-
hibits itselfin its finitude, impotence and dependence upon an
alien power. Consequently, the more precise determination
of this general Notion of disease with regard to the magnetic
state is that in that this is a disease, there is a breach be- 10
tween my soul-like and my waking being, between the life and
feeling of my natural being and the media ted understanding of my
consciousness. Since these two aspects are common to everyone,
it is possible for this breach to occur in even the healthiest of
people. However, it is not in all individuals, but only in those 15
who have a particular endowment, that it comes into existence,
and it is only in so far as it passes from possibility into
actuality that it becomes an illness. The freedom rooted in +
my understanding consciousness is however lost to me when
my soul-like life divides off from this consciousness and 20
assurnes its functions, and by losing the ability to disengage
from an alien power, I become subject to it. The self-pro-
ducing magnetic state may be initiated by an external power,
just as it gives rise to dependence upon an alien one. In the
former case the magnetic state is produced artificially, in that 25
the external power brings the brcach into existence by laying
hold of me through the separation of feeling life and thinking
consciousness implicitly present within me. As has already
been indicated however, only individuals particularly pre-
disposed to this condition can easily become confirmed 30
epopts. People who only fall into it on account of a par- +
ticular illness are never perfect epopts. Another subJect is
fttmbe @.)e\tolt ober, \\'e[d)e bell lUagnetif.n SomnatnbuliGmu'

in einem Subjeete eraeust, i~ ~au"tfäd}lid) ein Cl n'0 er e' S d ~
jeet; inbe, finb aud) ftqneimittel, \)oraiglid) ~nrenfrQ1lt,
- au" mJ a ff U O"Cf IDl eta {{, - im Stanbe, iene @e'"lt
aU'auü&en. ~d aum magnetifd)en SomnaMU'muG bi'4'onirte
Subjed \)nmag 'oa~r fief) In 'oenfd&en an \)erfc~en, tnbem ~ fiel)
in -.gisfrit \)on folef)em UnorgGtdfdJen ob" llegda&ilirclJal
begibt-). - Untn bell 9.nittdn aUf ~orbriJtguns 'oe' 1M8ne,
188 tir~en 3u~anbe~ i~ befon'otr, au«) 'oa' ~aquet 3u ettoä~nen.
!)affelbe befie~t in einem @efiije mit eiferuen Stangen, welef)e
\)Oll bell au magnetifirenben ~erfonen ben'i~rt ~er'oen, un'o bil'oet
'oa' 9Ritttlglieb a~ird)en 'oem IDlagnetiftur unb ienen ~erfonen.
lB~renb ü&nlJau"t IDl t ta ({ e aur ~ r 9ölJ un 9 'oe' magnetlfd)en
3ufianbe' bienen, bringt umgefe~rt @ 1a' un'o Sei '0 e eine i f 0 ~
t I fr en'o e mJirfung gel\)or. - Uebrigen~ ~irft 'oie Jtraft 'oee IDlagne~
tifeurt nid/t nur auf IDlenfef)en, fon'oern aud) auf XlJim, aum
~eif~iel, auf -l)un'oe, 3ta~en un'o ~ffen; 'oeun ee ifi ga n! a 11.
gemein ba' fulenlJafte, - unb a~ar nur 'ou feelen~
~ofte, - ~eben, ~dd)e~ in ben magnetifd)en 3ttfian'o \),r.
f,.t ~er'oen fann, g{eid)\)iel, ob bafielbe einem @d ft e angel}öre,
,,'Ocr nilf1t.
2. mJa' aU) ei t en' 'ofe tt f t unb mJ elf c be~ IDlagndlfifen~
betrifft, fo lfi blefelbe \)erfd)te'oelt. @e~ö9nlid) ~irft 'oer IDlagne~
tifeur 'ourd) ~erü~ntng. mJit im @al\)anl'mu~ 'oie IDletarIe 'ourd)
*) t>ltlOon ~a&cn fd}on bit @)d}utaatrn ber ~on901en .Intnillii;

bringen ~d}, "enn ~e "ti'fagm IIIoUen, bur'" gtlllilft QJrlriinfr In lIlag"e-
~t
lir",. 311'a.b. ~41felk gtf"it~t iU btIIl nilllli"m 3ID" n." Irtl bei
bta 3.~imt. itlI4. ".~nlid}rt .Ilt
IIIa~rfd}rillli" au" bei bm Dl'o.lrl 1\1
t)d~~i plttlgefunbe", 1110 bit "rie~trm, über eilte ~ö~lt o.uf fintlt :l>rrifu;
gcf"', in tiae oft IIlilbr. aUII"lr. GHl AII4 ~tftigt ~ft 6rri~ ab ja
bitfem 3u'Clnbt IIlt.r ober IDntitH arli,ltIittf ion. It~'i, IIItlcIJ, ,.,It
be., fit btt Infd}4uulIg brr fu&nantitlhn 2tbtu'~"~iiltllifft b" gricclJifd}'1t
lJoU" "b,nb,n "ri,~rrn Ilu'gtl'gt lIIurben.
t Kehler Ms. S. 136; vg. Griesheim Ms. S. 188: Puysegur und andere (Gries-
heim: Franzosen) sind in Ansehung eines solchen Apparats so weit gegangen,
daß er Bäume magnetisirt hat, Stricke davon ausgehend, mehrere IOO Kranke
haben sie in die Hand genommen, sind zum Theil in Schlaf verfallen, andere
nicht, aber an vielen hat sich der Verlauf der magnetischen Kur durchge-
macht.
usually the alien power which engenders magnetic somnam-

bulism in a subject, although medicament, especially henbane, +
and water or metal, are also able to exercise this power. The
subject disposed to magnetic somnabulism is therefore able
to get itself into this state by resorting to such inorganic or 5
vegetable substances. * - In respect of the means used for
bringing about the magnetic state, special mention must
also be made of the baquet. This consists of a vessel, with iron
rods which are touched by the persons to be magnetized,
and constitutes the intermediary between them and the 10
magnetizer. While metals in general serve to heighten the
magnetic state, glass and silk have the opposite effect ofbeing
insulators. t - Incidentally, the power of the magnetizer acts +
not only on man but also on animals, dogs, cats and monkeys
for instance. This is because it is quite generally life which is 15 +
soul-like, and what is more only such life, and regardless of its
belonging to a spirit or not, which can be put into the mag-
netic state.
2. It is to be observed in the second instance, that there are
various methods and means of magnetizing. The magnetizer 20
usually employs touch. J ust as in galvanism the metals work
* Hegel's footnote: Even the Mongolian shamans know this; when

they want to prophesy they get themselves into the magnetie state
by means of certain potions. The Indians still do' this, and to the
same purpose. Something similar probably also took plaee with
the Orade at Delphi, where the priestess, plaeed over a eave on a
tripod, fell into what was often a mild but sometimes also a violent
ecstasy. In this state she emitted more or less articulate sounds,
and these were interpreted by the priests, who were intuitively
alive to the substantial relationships in the life ofthe Greek people. +
t Kehler Ms. p. 136; cf. Criesheim Ms. p. 188: Puysegur and others (Criesheim:
Frenchmen) have gone so far in respect ofsuch an apparatus as to magnetize
trees, fixing lines to them wbieh several hund red patients have taken into
their hands. Some of them fell into a sleep and others did not, but the mag-
netie eure ran its course in many of them. +
2g8 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
1lnmitteU,ann «ontatt auf rinan'Dcr ll'irfen, fo an'" ber 9llagne~

lifeur auf 'oie au ma8neti~rcnbe $erfol'. ~aG in pdJ gefdJIofi'ene,
reinen !Billen an fldJ au ~alten fA~ige magnetiflrenbe Subied fann
jc'oocfJ mit Cirf'olg nur unter bcr ~e'oln8un9 o\)eriren, 'oa; baf,
fd&c bell entfdJiebenen ~iO'en ~at, fdne .traft bcm in ben magne~
tifcfJm ,3uftan'o an bringenben SUbjeete mitant~en, - 'oie babei
gegen einanber fle~enben all'ei anbnaUfdJen S~~änn bnrdJ ben
.d bcG DagneüpnnG g(ei"fam bt (line au fe,en.
~ie na~erc meire, ll'ie ber Uagnetifcur o~erirt, iP 'Oor,
nAmli" ein f8 efl rc i dJ en, b"G lnbe, fein "irflidJeG f8erü~rm au
fe\1n braucfJt, fon~em fo ger"e~en fann, baj babei 'oie (;"nb beG
9agneüfeurG 'Oon 'oem .tö~er ber magnetifdJen $erfon ei\\'a einen
300 entfernt bleibt. ~ie -tl"nb "irb 'Oom .to~fe na" 'oer 9llal
9fngrube, nn'o 'Don 'oa nacfJ ben irttemitAten ~inbell'egt; "obei
baG 3urücfflrticl}en forsfaUis &11 'Oermei'oen iP, ll'eil bur" bafi'elbe
189 ft~r IcI"t Jtramvf tntitel)t. ,3l1ll.\dlm f,mlt j.'llt ~alltrelW~lIn!J
in \,jel grö,mr (5ntfernllllS. a:~ in r:~r anscge~C11m. - nämlid)
in rer (5ntferlUlI1S 'DOll eilliSell 6d)t'ittm, - mit ($'rf~(s ~ltl1hh1)t
reerten; befon'oet~, \\)(1111 t~r !Ral'Vl'rt ilt)~'n cinOclcircr iit; in
roelrf}em ijilUe ric Jttaft i:'e~ 9)~ll!l!1etifmrö in nSd,jta ~l'lbe l'ft
All gro~ fe\]n un'o be~~all' llad>tl,eiligc ~irfu119cn l>cn'~rbrintlcn
ll'ür'oe. !)b 'oer IDlagntti;eur in einn beftimmtCll ~!1tfcrnuntl l1L'd)
~irffam ifl, - k'aö fil~lt rerfelbe 'ourcl} dne gc~iifc m!Jrl11~ in
feiner .panb. mid)t in allm ij3Uen ifl aber 't\l~ in 9r~~mr o'ter
geringerer ma~e etfo(gen'oe ~eftreicf)el\ l1öt~is; \liclme~r fann rurcf)
blo~e~ ~(ufIegen 'oer (>anz., namentlid) auf ben Jt~~f I auf 'om
!}lagen ober 'oie (;tr&srube I 'ter l11aglldifcf)e m'W~llItt eingeleitet
ll'er'oen; oft beDllrf C6 'ollaU nur eille~ J)al1t'orud~; (l~e~~alb man
'(IenIl aucf) mit mecf)t jene ~t'un'oerbQrm ~eHlIn9en I k,je in ben
\'erflf1ie'otn~en .athen ~on ~lrieftern un'o t'on anbeten :Jn'oi\li'oum
'ourd) (>an'oauflegung au m3cge gebrad)t je\,n foUen, auf 'om Imi<
malifd>en 9Jlatineti~mll~ beaogen ~at). rolitunter iit aud) eiu ein.
aiser ~lid un'o 'oie lutforberung be~ 9Jlagl1ttiieur~ aum mag!1e:
tifd?en eid)laf ~inreid)el1b, biefen All be\\lirfen. ~a, 'oer blojie
@Iaube un'o mine foU biefe m3irfllng A11\\)eilen in gfo8t.r ~ntfet<
Dung ge~abt ~aben. {>auptfad)lidJ fommt e~ bei biefem magifm.m
on one another through immediate contact, so too does the

magnetizer upon the person to be magnetized. Since themag- +
netizing subject is self-contained, capable of remaining in
possession of its will, it can operate effectively only on con-
dition of its being able to determine volitionally the com- 5
munication of its power to the subject to be brought into the
magnetic state, - for it is thus that the act of the magnet-
izer posits the unity as it were of the two distinct animal
spheres involved.
To be more precise, the magnetizer operates principally 10
by means of stroking, although there is no need for any
actual touching to occur, since he can work by keeping his
hand about an inch from the body of the magnetic person. He
moves his hand from the head to the pit of the stomaeh, and
from there to the extremities. Stroking backwards is to be 15
carefully avoided, since this can very easily give rise to
cramp. On occasions this movement of the hand can be
effective at a much greater distance than that mentioned. It
can work at a distance of several paces for example, especially
when the rapport is already established. In this case the 20
power of the magnetizer at elose quarters would often be too
great, and would therefore give rise to harmful effects. The
magnetizer knows from a certain warmth in his hand whether +
or not he is still effective at a certain distance. This procedure
of stroking at some distance or another is not necessary in 25
every case however, for magnetic rapport can be established
merely by placing the hand on the head for example, or on
the stornach or the procardium. Simply pressing the hand is
often enough, and it is therefore justifiable to regard animal +
magnetism as connected with those miraculous cures which 30
in almost every age are said to have been effected by priests
and other individuals through the laying on of hands. Some-
times merely a single glance and a command from the mag-
netizer is enough to induce magnetic sleep. Faith and will +
alone are even supposed to have occasionally produced this 35
effect at a great distance. The main feature of this magical +
~tr~altnt~ barauf an, ba~ cin Subjtct auf ein i~m ein ~rtll)eit
unb Sdbftftänbigfeit bt~ m3ilItn~ n a ~ jt t l) en be~ ~lIbi1)i[)uUnl
\uirf~. Se~r fräftigt Drganifationtn üben blll)er übet f~road/t
!laturen bit gtö~te, - oft eine fo un\\li~etftel)li~e @eltlalt aUf,
ba~ bie le~tmn, ~e mögen \\loUen ober nid}t, rurd} tie Hfkrert
aum magndif~en S~{af gebr~t roerOtn rönnen. ~ue bem tben
angegebenen &runbe finb ~Qrfe DAnner Aum !nagnetiftwl weib,
* lid}er ~erfonen befen'cere geeignet.
* Kehler Ms. SS. 133-134; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. 183-185: Die Hervorrufung
dieses Zustandes durch einen Anderen, wie ist sie zu fassen? Diese Stimmung
muß angesehen werden als diese Tendenz so in sich zusammenzufallen,
zusammenzugehen, die Energie, Differenz des Bewußtseins so in sich zusam-
menfallen zu lassen. Wenn diese Tendenz vorhanden ist, so ist sie näher
so zu bestimmen, daß wenn sie zum Dasein kommt, das Individuum sich
befindet in der Weise einer substanziellen Einheit mit sich, in sich con-
centrirt ist. Am Organismus haben wir zu unterscheiden, die Animalität
überhaupt, die animalische Lymphe, dies animalische Wasser, das die
Quelle aller besonderen Gebilde ist, die sich darin unterscheiden lassen, in
die sie alle zurückgehen, und aus der sich alle nähren. Das Individuum ist so
(Criesheim: nun) in der Disposition zu dieser Neutralität seines Bewußtseins
und seines physischen Zustandes, gleichsam die Weise eines Duftes, Schattens,
wie man sich Gespenster vorstellt, Erscheinendes, sich Vermittelndes, und
doch Ununterbrochenes, Körperloses in sich, Atmosphäre, das ist dann die
Weise der Existenz, die Disposition dazu ist vorhanden, und wird durch
das Magnetisiren nicht hervorgebracht, sondern nur hervorgerufen, zur
allgemeinen Weise des Daseins gebracht. Der Duft diese physische Seelen-
haftigkeit ist vorhanden, und der Magnetiseur setzt sich nur mit dieser in
Beziehung. Er selbst ist als lebendiges Individuum an sich, auf substanzielle
Weise diese fühlende Identität mit sich, die ununterbrochene Einheit seiner
Körperlichkeit (134) worin ebenso sein geistiges Bewußtsein vorhanden ist.
Das ist das Gemeinsame zwischen beiden, das Allgemeine, die ununter-
brochene Continuität der Animalität. Der Magnetiseur stellt sich in diese
Athmosphäre hinein, das fließt zusammen, denn es sind Ununterbrochene,
das nur sich zu berühren braucht, um Eine Einheit auszumachen. Was das
Nähere betrifft in Ansehung der Vermittlung, so kann dies sehr mannigfaltig
sein, zu Mesmers Zeit, und sonst auch hat man den eigentlichen Magnet
gebraucht, und es gibt Dispositionen, wo die Application eines Magneten dies
stille Insichsein hervorruft. Der Magnet, das Metall ist das Gediegene, sich
selbst Gleiche, nicht Organisirte;... (Criesheim: gleichsam die Schwere für
sich, es ist das Schwere, das Unorganische, nicht in sich Differenzierte. Alles
andere ist schon zur Differenz) materielles Fürsichsein, Discretion gekom-
men. Die Application des Metalls, und das magnetische Eisen ins besonders
ist homogen mit der Art der Disposition, die angegeben ist; aber die eigent-
liche magnetische Manipulation ist nichts als das Nahekommen einer
Volume Two: AnthTopology . 301
relations hip is that a subject works upon an individual

inferior to it in respect of freedom and independence of will.
It is therefore the extremely powerful organizations which
exercise the greatest infiuence upon weak natures, and this
infiuence is often so irresistable that the latter can be put into 5
a magnetic sleep by the former regardless of their willing it
or not. I t is for this reason that strong men are especially
adept at magnetizing female persons. *
* KehLeT Ms. pp. 133-134; cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 183-185: How is the calling
forth of this condition by means of another person to be grasped? The gen-
eral mood has to be regarded as this subsiding or withdrawing inwards, as
thus allowing the energy, the differentiation or consciousness to subside into
itself. This tendency is to be determined more precisely when it is present,
as the attaining of determinate being, as the individual's finding itself in
substantial unity with itself, as concentrated into itself. In the organism, we
have to distinguish general animality, the animallymph or water, the source +
of all the particular formations which allow themselves to be distinguished
there, that into which they all return and out of which they all nourish
themselves. It is thus that in this disposition the individual (Griesheim: now)
has being in respect of this neutrality of its consciousness and its physical
condition, in the mode of an aura as it were, a shade, as ghosts are imagined
to be, as something appearing, self-mediating, and yet uninterrupted, in
itself incorporeal, an atmosphere. This is then the mode of existence, the +
disposition to it being present, not elicited by the magnetizer but merely
called forth, brought into the general mode of determinate being. The aura,
this physical soul-like being, is present, and the magnetizer merely sets him-
self in relation to it. As a living individual, he hirnself is implicitly the sub-
stantial mode of this feeling self-identity, the uninterrupted unity of his cor-
poreality, (134) within which his spiritual consciousness is also present. I t is
this that the two have in common, that is general, that constitutes the un-
interrupted continuity of animality. The magnetizer immerses hirnself in
this atmosphere, which ftows together, for there is present an uninterrupted-
ness which only has to be touched in order to constitute a unity.
There is a great variety in respect of the more precise nature of the media-
tion. An actual magnet was used in Mesmer's time, and has been since, and
there are dispositions from which this still being-for-self is called forth by the
application of a magnet. The metal of the magnet is compact, homogeneous, +
without organization;... (GTiesheim: gravity for itself as it were, for it is
gravity, what is inorganic, lacking in inner differentiation. Everything else
has already assumed differentiation), material being-for-self, discretion.
Although there is homogeneity in the application of the metal, and par-
ticularly of magnetic iron, to the disposition already mentioned, the mag-
netic manipulation itself is nothing but the mutual approaching of both
3. ~er ~ ritt e ~ier 411 befpred}tnbe !punft bdrilft t·ie burd)

baG IDlagnetifaen ~eroorgebrad}telt mir fun 9ett. müct,ld)tlidJ
'Iliefer 1ft. malt, uad} ben \'ielfad}en ~ierüber semad}ten ijrfa~rull:
sm! je,t jo lIoUit&n~i8 im meinen, k'a, 1'l1e ~"'rfommtn \\'Cjmtlitt,
190 neun CltfdJdnungflt ·ba~ei 81,,* lIIC~r AU ertVarttn 'e~t. ZlIU
IUn :b(c tirfcl)dlW1lgen tle' t~lcrif"CIl !Ragntti.tmt' fn t~rn
!lGil'ttot htr"~tm, fo tnu' mOn fl4 "om6mUd} an bfe AUnen
!.laQndlfftift ~Utn. Unter ben Wranaofen ~akn tldJ DAnner
~on cbdfter 8epnnung unb Sr&Jtn eilbung mtt beln t~lerlrcf}ett
"ned'lIu, ~er""fd9t unb bchfelkn mit rdntIR Sinn ktrad}'
tel. tBotailgUd} Mbfeltt unter btcfen DAnnern ber @)tneral, ~leu~
&mant 'u"fcgure genGn"! AU ~bm. !DrIIn bie 1)eutfd}rn
'41) ~uiie Akt Ne maltgel~4fttn X~eorien ber Wranaofell luftig
114~, fo fann man "'tnigfkn' in "elug auf bm Ilnlmalifcf)m
Degnttitlllu' be~Q..,ten, bG; bie ~ef eetrad}tung brffer&en \Ion
~ fJrcanaofen ge.rllud}te litt" !RdQ~~'tu tima' »tel «itfreuU,
fJmt fit, alt bd nld1t felttltt @)etr&umt unb bat eknfo rd}ltfe
",ac fqmc ~f)eoretipren beutfcfJcr 8de~rtcn. (llne broud)bore Au,
Jnll. ClIGfflflcation bn irfd)dnungen beG t~'erifdJtll gagne:
ti.mut t,at .t (u 9t gegekn. mon l) an@) ~ er t , filtem &U\ler,
(arflg.n unb aus(el~ gebclltfenrtidJett, fn on neuepen !P~llofo,~lt
gtMMkn Donne, finb bfe ntQgndifdJen Jharen in Worm efneG
* XagMd)f kfd}tiehn ",ol'Oen. .u" ,tu( edJeHing, ein "tll-
oer ~ ,r,uofo~~n, ~at einen X1)eU felnn mOBnetir4en (irfO~1
Athmosphäre und des Anderen; es braucht sehr wenig um diese Einheit zu
erhalten, Hände auf den Kopf legen, oder die Herzgrube, Striche von oben
nach unten, ohne daß Berührung nö~g ist ...
* Griesheim Ms. SS. 192-193; Kehler Ms. S. 139: (Griesheim: Ein Freund von
mir, einer meiner ehemaligen Zuhörer, jetzt ein angesehener Staatsmann im
Königreich der Niederlande, hat mehreres darüber bemerkt was man auch in
+ Kiesers Journal findet.). (Er) erzählt, er hat während des Schlafs der Pat-
ientin, ohne daß die Patientin es sehen konnte, eine Prise Tabak genommen,
+ hat langsam hinuntergeschnupft, sie hat genißt aufs heftigste, über Prickeln
der Nase geklagt; oder ein Pfefferminzküchelchen; auch ein Glas Genevre,
den anderen Tag, sagte er ist sehr unangenehm, dieser bittere Genevre den
ich im Munde habe, und nach dem Erwachen hat sie nicht davon ge-
wußt, aber noch den Geschmack davon. Man gab ihr ein anderes Pfeffer-
minzküchelchen, was sie viel zu scharf fand. Auch sonst schmeckte sie mit
ihm - wenn er aß.
3. The third point to be discussed here is that of the effects

produced by magnetization. As a result of the variety of
experiments that have been made, the effects of magnetiza-
tion have been so completely explored, that the occurrence
of essentially new appearances is no longer to be expected. 5
If one wants to consider the appearances of animal magnet-
ism in their naivety, one has to keep mainly to the older +
magnetizers. Among the French the most noble-minded and
highly cultured of men have concerned themselves with
animal magnetism, and brought clearness of mind to their 10
consideration of it. Of these men, Lieutenant General
Puysegure in particular deserves to be mentioned by name. If +
the Germans frequently make merry over the defective
theories of the French, it can be affirmed of animal magnet-
ism at least, that there is much more to be said for the naive 15
metaphysics the French employ in their consideration of it,
than there is for the inveterate dreaming of German savants,
whose theorizing is not infrequently as warped as it is lame. +
Kluge has drawn up a superficial but usable classification of
the appearances of animal magnetism. Van Chert, a reliable 20 +
as weIl as ingenious man, versed in the new philosophy, has
described magnetic eures in the form of a diary. * Charles +
Schelling, a brother ofthe philosopher, has also made known a
atmospheres. Very litde is needed in order to maintain this unity, the placing
of the hands upon the head or the procardium, stroking downwards without
touching being enough... +
* Criesheim Ms. pp. 192-19'3: Kehler Mr. p. 139: (Criesheim: A friend ofmine,
he attended my lectures some time ago, and is now an eminent statesman in
the Kingdom of the Netherlands, has made many observations, which are
also to be found in Kieser's Journal). He teIls how, while a female patient
was sleeping, he slowly took a pinch of snuff without her being able to
see hirn do so, and she sneezed violently and complained of a tickling in
her nose. On another occasion he did the same with a peppermint-drop and
a glass of Hollands geneva. She said that the bitter taste of the geneva she
had in her mouth was very unpleasant, but although she still had the taste,
she knew nothing about this after she had awakened. She was given another
peppermint drop and found it far too sharp. She also tasted other things
with hirn when he ate.
rungna hrannt gemadJt. - S" ~d über bie auf ben t~ierifcfJen

Bagnetftmut hatglt. ~ittera*ur unb iber ten Umfang unfner
.t....tnt; klfeIben.
WadJ bieren ~otlAufi8rrittn "'enben ~it unt ieet AU eIner
mam edtocf1tung ber mognetffdJen Clrf.inungen felbet. !l)',
nlcfJfk aUg~ne lBidung .bet gosneti~rtn' 1ft bot fBn,
finfen ber magndlfdJen 'erfon in bm Bu1tanb '~ref ringel
~6I1ten, untnfdJhUlofen ~clturle&en', - bat ~el;t,
.f
in ben S cfJ I a f. ~af (iinneten beffelben h&dtf)nd ben ~egfnn
bct IIICIgnetifdJe. 3uftanbe.. ~ebod) ift 'oer edJlaf ~ierbd nid)t
bllhflau. not~nttRbiR; aulf) o~nt t~Jt föanen Inagnetifd)t .tuten
cuttecfi~rt 1Mbm. ~ier notl1Yoenblg ~att~nbt1t mu; I -
~o"~ RUf ~ E>eI6~ftan'oiOnHtben 'off na,Jnben'oen EieeIe,
191 'oie $ n n nun 9 'onfdben \Ion bm \lennittdten I ucrftänt-igttl 'lk
um;tffl>n. lla. 3~eite I \Va' ~it ~iet AU betrad)ten ~aben, bel
trifft bie '~t>fiol09ifd)e Seite o~er ~a~e bef magndifd)en Bu<
flanbet. -6iefÜber mu; gefagt lNrben, '00; in j(ll(m 3uftallbe
bit $~Atigfeit 'Der na d) au; tn gerid)teten ,[)rgane an 'oie i nll e•
rt n ,[)rgone llbergel)t I - '00; 'oie im 3ufton'oe 'oet \~ad)ell unb
\lnftänbigen ~t~uftfe\}nf \10m @e~ ir n au'geübte X~äti9hit ~d~.
tenb 'oe' ma9lietifd)en Somnambuli.mu. bem 9l e"t 0bu et ion' ,
hftem an~eimfäUt, ~dl in biefem 3uflan'oe 'oa' ~e~lI;tft\)n aur
einfad)en, in ftd) ununtnfd)ie'oenen 9latütlid)feit 'oe'
Seelenleben' ~ernntergefe~t ~it'o, - biefet einfa~en 9lo,
t1'hlidJhit, ~iefem einge~üllten 2eben aber bi( nad) au,en
ge~enbe Scnfibilitdt ~iberf"ri~t; ~oge9tn bat nadJ innen
9de~tte, in ben eillfadJften animalifd)en ,[)rganifationen uor~m"
fcf)en~e unb bie Wnimalitdt übtf~ouvt bil'oen'oe 9tevrobuc,
t ion' f" ft eIR \Ion imem finge~üUten Seelenlem. burcf)auf un·
trmlWot ift. Wut biefem @runbe taUt alfo ~d~renb bet magndi.
f~en Somnambulitmuf 'oie Wir!famfdt 'oer Seek in bae @e~irn
'oe' nVTOhethHn S\}~emt, - nämlid) in 'oie @anglien,
biefe \lidfacf) ~mnotden Unterleibtneft'en. lla; llem fo fe\), ~at
\) a n -6 er mon t em"~tn'oen, nad)bem er n~ mit Solbe \Ion ~ iI ,
fe n f fa u teingerieben unb Saft \Ion "irfem .troute eingenommen
~atfe. &iner ~(f~reibllng nQ~, \Vor i~m au IDlut~e, al' ge~
part of his magnetic experiments. - So much for the litera- +

ture relating to animal magnetism, and for the extent of our
knowledge of the subject.
After these preliminaries we shall now turn to a considera-
tion of the magnetic appearances themselves. The first 5
general effect of magnetization is that the magnetized person
is immersed in that state in which he is enveloped in his undiffer-
entiated naturalliJe, in other words, falls asleep. It is falling
asleep which indicates the beginning of the magnetic state.
Sleep is not absolutely necessary to it however, for magnetic 10
eures can be brought about without it. At this juncture it is
simply necessary that the sentient soul should become
independent, that it should be separated from mediated, und er-
standing consciousness. The second factor to be considered
here is that of the physiological aspect or basis of the magnetic 15
state. It is to be observed that in this state the internal organs
ass urne the activity of those directed outwards, that the
activity which in astate of waking and understanding con-
sciousness is exercised by the brain, devolves during magnetic
somnambulism upon the reproductive system, since in this state 20
consciousness is degraded to the simple, inwardly undijferen-
tiated naturality 01 the life oJ the soul. Whereas outward-going
sensibility contradicts this simple naturality, this enveloped life
however, the inwardly directed reproductive system, which pre-
dominates in the most elementary animal organizations and 25
constitutes animality in general, is completely inseparable
from this enveloped life of the soul. It is for this reason that
during magnetic somnambulism the activity of the soul
descends into the cerebrum oJ the reproductive system, into the
ganglia, the variously nodulated abdominal nerves. Van 30 +
Helmont discovered this to be so after he had rubbed hirns elf
with ointment of henbane and taken the juice of this plant.
According to his description it was as if his thinking con-
fein 'oenfatbd ~en)U'tfe"n au' ~m Jtopfe in ~n Unterld6,

namentU4 in 'oen 9asen, Ul\'o e' fd1ien f~m, 01••b frin ~en.
fen ~ei biefa merfe.ung an 6cfJ4rre SnD'nne unb mit einem k.
* fon'on. angme~mtn ~ef6l)1 »munbm fe". ~Iefe «oneentJation
'oe' &e1en[eben. im Unterldk bctJacfJtet ein krü~tn fJanAi~,
fd1er Bagnetifm 01' a~c\ngi8 \)on bm Umpan'oe, bO, ru~Wl'o
be~ m08uetffd1en 6omncunbullemu. bat ~{lIt In 'oer 8egtnb 'on
-DnAgmbe fe~r ~6ffi8 bleibe, ou" ruenn 'oo!felk in ben übrigen
X~eilen Alljaft \)erbldt fet1. - !J)ie Im mapetifd1en Buflanbe
erfolgen'oe unQewö~nli"'e (irrtgllAQ 'oe' tRe~obu,tion'f"fttm. ,elgt
192 ~ct, am ni~t nur iu Der geiftigen 80rm 'oe' e"auen', fORl
bern QU~ in 'on fi nn fi d) er en @epolt be~ mit srö,em o'on
geringerer ~b~Qftigftit, befonbert bei ~eibfict,en $erfonen, n"'GI
d}en'oen @erd1led1tftt'iebee.
9laef) biefer l\orr.3mUcf) \' ~"f i 0 I0 8if d) en l'etraef)tung 'oe.
animoUrcfJen IDla8ndi~mu' ~akn ~ir nä~n au bepjmmen, ..,ie
bierer 3upan'o rü"fid)tlid) 'oer See le befd)affen I~. mie in ben
ft'ü~er betJacfJtden, \)on felber dntreten'oen mognetijd)en 3uflän.
~en, - 10 auef) in 'oem abftd)tUd) ~ernor8ebracr,ten animaUfcfJeR
!Jlagneti'muG, - fcfJaut 'oie in i~re ;,'snnerlief)feit \)erfunfme erde
i're inbi\)ibueUe melt nid)t auju [id), fonbern in ficfJ felht
Gn. ~ieJ ~criin-'en oer eeele In ~te ;,'snnerll"frit fann, "'fe
fdJon kmerft, - fo au fasen, - auf ~albem mege pe~en blei,
ben; - bann tritt fein \5 ~ I0 f ein. ~a' meit er e i~ akr,
ba; bo. ~eben nad) aujen 'ourd1 ben ScfJlof fl äna li d1 obgebro~
* Kehler Ms. SS. 122-123; vgl. Griesheim Ms. SS. 169-170: Solche Zustände
sind die, die durch Gehirn betäubende Mittel hervorgebracht werden
können. Zaubertränke und Zaubermittel, narkotische Getränke, schwarzes
Bilsenkraut, Hexensalbe, mit denen sich solche Leute in Zustand einer
äußeren Erstarrung setzen, wodurch die innere Vorstellung, die sonst in
+ ihnen fixiert war, beweglich wurde. Van Helmont hat Versuche an ihm
selber angestellt; er hat Absud von Digitalis ver-(123)schluckt, und be-
schreibt, es sei ihm gewesen, als ob sein ganzes wesentliches Denken vom
Kopf in die Brust und dann in den Magen gegangen sei; er habe die klare
Vorstellung gehabt, er denke in der Gegend des Magens, und mit einem
besonders angenehmen Gefühl.
IS8 d).
sciousness passed from his head to his abdomen, namely to

his stomach. This displacement also seemed to him to
sharpen his thinking and to be accompanied by a particu-
larly pleasant feeling. * A famous French magnetizer has
taken this concentration of the life of the soul in the abdo- 5
men to be dependent upon the fact that during magnetic
somnambulism the blood in the region of the procardium
remains extremely fluid, even when its incrassation in the
other parts is excessive. - The unusual stimulation of the +
reproductive system which accompanies the magnetic state 10
displays itself not only in the spiritual form of vision however,
but also in the more sensuous shape of the sex-drive, which be-
comes more or less active, particularlY in female persons. +
After this predominantly physiological consideration of
animal magnetism, we have to determine more precisely 15
how the condition is constituted with regard to the soul. In
the spontaneously occurring magnetic states considered
previously, as in animal magnetism which is deliberately
induced, the soul is immersed in its internality, and intuites
its individual wOrld within itselj, not outside. As has already 20
been observed, this immersion of the soul in its internality
can stop half way so to speak, and not give rise to sleep. This +
can go further however, so that the life involved with exter-
* Kehler Ms. pp. 122-123; cf. Criesheim Ms. pp. 169-170: These are con-
ditions which can be elicited by brain-numbing substances, magic draughts
and potions, narcotic doses, Black Renbane, unguent of Enchanter's Night-
shade, by means of which such people put themselves into a condition of
external torpescence, so that the internal presentation which was otherwise
fixed within them becomes mobile. Van Helmont performed experiments on
hirnself; he drank extract of Digitalis, and describes how it seemed to hirn as
though the whole of his essential thinking moved from his head to his chest
and from there to his stornach. Re had the clear presentation of his having
thought in the region of his stornach, and it was accompanied by a par-
ticularly pleasant feeling. +
See also Notes 182o-18!n ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 158d).
.n ~ir'o. lud) ~i 'oiefem Ibbnd)tn fann ber mnlauf 'on

1IGgnetifcfJen ~fcfJdnungtn ftiU~e~en. ijbenfo möglid) i~ je'oocfJ
* M lte~rgang 'oee magnetifcfJen S d} I afee aum -6 e11 f e~ t n.
~fe ""fflen magnetifcfJen $nfonen ~er'otn in 'oiefem 6cfJauen
flcfI 6ttlnbm, o~ne ~cfJ beffelben au erinnnn. ,,& .peUfe~en ~ot$
~n i~, ~at ~d) oft nnr 'oUld) 311faU geaagt; ~Qu~tfäcfJlicfJ
fommt boffel~ aum morfd)efn, ",enn 'oie mdgndif. $erfon »om
DagnetiftUl angere'llet kVir'D; o~ne feine Inrtbe ~ür'oe biere »'ell
t IdcfJt Unln nur gefd)(afen ~aben. "bgleicfJ nun 'oie .nt~orttn
ber .peOfe~'oen ~ie dUe eiuet anbeten ~dt au fommen fcfJef~
* Criesheim Ms. S. 18g; vgl. Kehler Ms. SS. 136-137: Der Zustand kann wie
gesagt beim Schlafe stehen bleiben, aber er kann auch weiter gesteigert
werden zum Zustand des Hellsehens d.h. daß der Magnetisirte in seinem
Schlafe Bilder, Anschauungen, Vorstellungen, wie"Träume hat und daß er
dann davon spricht. Meistentheils ist es Zufall wenn ein magnetisch Schla-
fender sich in dem Zustand des Hellsehens befindet, es ist meistens der Fall
daß sie nun selbst anfangen zu sprechen und dann bei der weiteren Unter-
suchung antworten. Mesmern selbst ist das Hellsehen nicht be,kannt gewesen,
er ist noch nicht darauf aufmerksam geworden, erst Puysegur sein Schüler,
ein Oberster von der Artillerie, ein edler braver Mann, hat es beobachtet
und hat seine Bemerkungen und Erfahrungen in mehreren Schriften
bekannt gemacht.
t Criesheim Ms. SS. 182-183; vgl. Kehler Ms. SS. 132-133: In dieser Rück-
sicht ist zu bemerken, daß der Zustand des animalischen Magnetismus
gewöhnlich ein hervorgebrachter Zustand (183) ist, aber er kann auch auf
natürliche Weise vorhanden sein, selbst bis zum Hellsehen. Die Seele ist in
dieser Weise in ihrem Gefühl concentrirt, geht über zum besonnenen Bewußt-
sein und fällt wieder zurück in jenen Zustand. Der Mensch kann wochen-
lang in demselben sein, er kann darin perenniren, sich bewegen, essen,
trinken, sprechen, arbeiten und doch nicht bei sich sein, er ist scheinbar bei
wachem Bewußtsein, in der That ist er es aber nicht. Dieser Zustand tritt
besonders ein bei jungen Frauenzimmern, es ist eine Hemmung die vorz-
üglich bei den Entwicklungsperioden statt findet und die Persönlichkeit ist
dann eine gedoppelte. Man hat Beispiele von Personen die längere Zeit in
einem solchen Zustand waren. Herr von Strombeck, Oberappellationsrath im
Hannöverischen hat einen solchen Fall beschrieben, wo ein junges Frauen-
zimmer sechs Wochen lang in diesem Zustande war, sie that dabei alle ihre
Geschäfte, und obgleich sie etwas verstört war, so nahm man sie doch für
besonnen, nach Verlauf der Zeit erwachte sie zum Bewußtsein und hatte
keine Erinnerung davon. Ein solcher Zustand kann also natürlich entstehen
und gewiß sind viele Personen die man für verrückt genommen und in
Irrenhäuser gethan hat nichts anderes gewesen als in einem solchen somnam-
bulen Zustande.
nality is completely interrupted by sleep. Through this inter-

ruption the course of the magnetic appearances can also
come to astandstill, although it is equally possible that there
should be a transition from magnetic sleep to clairvoyance. * +
Most magnetic persons will find themselves in this state of 5
vision without recollecting it. Clairvoyance has often dis-
played its presence only by chance; it usually becomes
apparent when the magnetic person is spoken to by the mag-
netizer, and ifhe had not been addressed he would probably
simply have continued to sleep.t Now although it seems as 10 +
though their replies come from another world, clairvoyant
* Criesheim Ms. p. 18g; cf. Kehler Ms. pp. 136-137: As has been observed, the
condition can remain as a sleep. It can also be heightened into that of
clairvoyance however i.e. the magnetized person can have images, intuitions,
presentations, as weIl as dreams, and then talk about them. For the most
part, it is by chance that a person in a magnetic sleep finds hirnself in astate
of clairvoyance. It is usually the case that such persons begin to speak of their
own accord, and then answer in the course of the subsequent conversation.
Even Mesmer knew nothing of clairvoyance, for he failed to detect it, and it
was his protege Puysegur, a colonel in the Artillery, a gallant and noble
person, who first noticed it and made his observations and experiences known
in a number of writings.
t Criesheim Ms. pp. 182-183; cf. Kehler Ms. pp. 132-133: It is to be observed
in this connection that although the condition of animal magnetism is
usuallyelicited, (183) it can also be present in a natural manner, and even
as clairvoyance. The soul is here concentrated into its feeling, passes over
into self-possessed consciousness and then falls back into the former condi-
tion. A person can be in this condition for weeks, perenniating in it, moving
about, eating, drinking, speaking, working, and yet not all there; although
apparently in a condition of waking consciousness, not so in fact. This con-
dition is particularly incident to young women, it is a lapse which takes place
temporarily during their developing periods, during which time they have a
dual personality. There are examples of people having been in such a con-
dition for an extended period. Mr. von Strombeck, a judge of the Hanoverian
high court of appeal, has described a case such as this in which a young
woman was in such a condition for six weeks. During this period she did all
her jobs, and although she was somewhat disturbed, she seemed self-pos-
sessed. She awakened consciously in due course, and could recollect nothing.
Such a condition can therefore occur naturally, and it is quite certain that
many persons who have been regarded as deranged and placed in madhouses
have simply been in such astate of somnambulism. +
11m, fo finnen bfere 3nbb)~ucn bocfJ tlon ~mt "firm, nHlt fit
oll oijccd'OCf ~u;tfetn finb. ,Oft f,re'" fle babcJ »on ~ma
~ ~ultft\Jn AU4 "fe »on dnn anberen ~ctfOR.
IBmn bat .oeUfdJm tid1 kft{aunta mnoi&fcU I geHn bie mague-
tifd}m terfoncn (frflöruugen ükr il)Ttn Id&lid1en 3upanb unb
Der i~r gd~igtf 3nnm. 3~fe Clmpfinbungen finb akr fo unf
nar, '* bie tBorptOungm, \te14e ber l'on beIß Untctf4ieb 'orf
.orDen ullb 1),mfdtll Rid1tf llliffen'or ~Unbt ~on ben lu~n\'in9tn
193 r,at; baf fm .oeDfe.,u fJrf4aute "irb oft e~ uad1 dnigm tagtn
narrr, - 1ft jrbodJ nie fo beudid1, ba_ bCltfelk nid)' crft 'orr
W,,~(egung &rbürfte, ~ie ben mag1tCtifd)rn ~erfonen aNr au.ucll
gä nalid1 miJglüdt, oft \ten~enf fo f".&olifd1 unb fo bqaff au~.
röUt, baj birfrlbe i~"1'fri~ llIiebtr eine lu'legung bur" baf
'Derfhinbige ~elllu;tfe"n bef 90gnetifeurf n6~fg moef}' ; buge.
ftott, ba_ bo' (fnbTefuitat bcf magnetifd)en edtaum. md~e~lf
AU' dnn mannfgfacf}m 9ifd111ng \)on ~lf'" unb 9lief}tigem
bepe~t. ~odJ llijt tid1 anbmrrdt~ nicf)t leiug1tCn, bClj bie 06eU.
fe~ellben Illllldlen bie 9lCltur unb ben tBerlouf I~m .tmnffJdt fe~r
kftlmmt augebm; - baj fie gftl)ö~ulid1 fe~r gCftAU "'Iren, '»Clun
U,re ~on,'men eintreten llICTben, - "au ab "ie loftge pe
be' magnetif.n Sd}lof' kbürftn, - "fc lCl1tße U,re .traT bCluern
llIirb; - unb baj btefd&en enblief) mitunttr einm bcm l'eqt4nbf.
gen &llI..,tfrt1n 'DieDeid1t nod1 un&efannten 3ufo~ns 1"1.
f4Jen einem .priImtttd unb bmt burd} btefet 111 &efdögenkn Uebel
mtbt&fcn, fomit rine bem Ir,t f.np fd1_imge .priIuuSlrid}t 1114'
.n. 3" biefeT ~ie~un9 fann mon bie .()cllfe~nbtn lrit ben
~~itrm 'Dtrglritf1en, ba biere bunf) ~n 3nfHnft • bie i~nen
~Ufamen ~tn8e kle~rt 1Mbtu. !Ba. abn btn llIdtmn 3n",,*
be' üfidJtlid) mesten o6ellf"cn' an&dGnst, fo mud1m """ fGua
au kmcrfm, boj bt biefem, - ~ie im nat6di4m 06eDfcr,m, -
~ie Seele mit btr IDio9tngruk au Icfen unb IU ~öffn Mlll4ß.
9har .3 Wein le i "oUen _Ir ~imct nodJ .mor~&m; ncimfi4
nfhn', bCl; ~otleRise, Wo, ouJtr bell 3ufammm~ange be'
fdP4ßthllcn 2c&en' ber mGgnetifd)m ~on liegt, burd1 btn
fOllnambufen .3u{tonb ni"t &erii~rt \ti1'o, - ba; tid) ba~T bat
.orDre"n, aUII &ifpiel, nid)t ouf bat ~1tCIl btr .mit einem (Ic.
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 3 I I
individuals can know of what they are as objective con-

sciousness. Nevertheless, it is also common for them to speak
of their understanding consciousness as if it were another
person. When clairvoyance is more determinately developed +
the magnetic persons will provide explanations of their 5
bodily condition and of their spiritual internality. Their
sensations are however as indistinct as are the presentations
of extern al things known to the blind, who are unaware of
the difference between brightness and darkness. Wh at is
seen in clairvoyance often becomes clearer after a few days, 10
but it is never so distinct as not first to require interpretation.
On occasions the magnetic person will interpret it with such
utter incompetence however, or at least in such a symbolic
and bizarre manner, that the interpretation has to be re-
explained by the understanding consciousness ofthe magnet- 15
izer. F or the most part therefore, the final result of magnetic
vision consists of a motley mixture of what is false and what
is true. It cannot be denied however that clairvoyants some-
times specify the nature and course of their disease with great
accuracy, for they usually know precisely when their par- 20
oxysms are going to occur, when they need magnetic sleep
and how much, and how long their treatment will last. What
is more, they will occasionally discover a connection be-
tween a remedy and the malady it cures which may still be
unknown to the understanding consciousness, and so facili- 25
tate a healing that would otherwise have taxed the physician. +
Clairvoyants may in this respect be compared to animals,
which are told by their instinct what is beneficial to them. +
With regard to the further content of artificially stimulated
clairvoyance, we hardly need to observe that here, as in 30
natural clairvoyance, the soul is able to read and hear with
the pit of the stomach. We want to make only two more
points in this connection. Firstly, that the somnambulistic
state does not impinge upon that which lies beyond the con-
text of the substantial life of the magnetic person. Conse- 35
quently, clairvoyance does not extend to forecasting the
3I 2 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
Mn ~etCulttoaunenbcn ~otterie&Q~lell erflrftft, unb ü&m,QU~t ai,,*

au riQenfüdJtiam 3~dtn kllu,t \Mbm fann. Inbne, Q(~ mit
fol.n .ufäDiQtR ~b'Qtn, ~rf)i(t ef ~ bGsegtn mit sr";'n
mcUkgeknf)eUtn. So ttnR, aum t\rif~ie(, eraa~lt, dne SOIRI
nomb"le ~be CUlI fBerUtnb M ecl)lad)t bei '-'dU WUi411ce fit
194 gnju irGItGttoa cwtgmIfm: "Borgen mt'b ~erjcnige, ~l~er
•• fo ,>lcl Qcf"abd ~t, ellbMbn burd) 8i. obet bur~ 'Dat
~lMbt untetge~n." -!Da &l»eUe ~iet nod1 au emäl}llmbc
~1IIIft , btr, M', bG btc Stele tm -6eUfe~en dn ,>on i~ttm
M'(lbbfgen ~~. a6 Bef dJ nUt CD e' &bm fü~rt, bit.
.fMUfd>enbtn bda· flma.1l .pan4cfMt \)on ~em, \t'Q~ ftt im
IIlCIßldif.n Somnambulit_ grfdJcwt l)akn, n~ me~r l»if-
fca, - bei' " ic~ auf dnm 1hmlItge ba\)on ein ~iffen k-
to.... fhntn., btban tie nälllli~ ,>on bem ~dJauten träumen
*"
ab tidJ bGna iII lBo.n ber !trAume erinnern. lud) I«;t fidJ
morf~ a- ~ dne (friRIlCfUIIß an bat (i)cf~te k~
widm, unb A'»Gt ll~r auf bh IBdfe, baJ ber .rat ben .Ir,""
Im ~rcQ ~nt ~ .autta.t aufgibt, fidJ bat &l)altm
bct • 1IICIßIIdifcfJen .authmbe "Oll ~nen Ci_nbenen fett ,>o~
an.....
4. . . .,hrhn' ben engen 3ufammen~4Ing wb
bie 1"Anglghh bCf magnetifdJen 'ufon "on bem
gag R eti fe Uf ktrltft, f0 ifl, au;'r bem in ber tlnmnfung &11
.. 406 unter 'bu_er d in '-'etreff ber (e i &li dJ en Stite jeltet
ßufG1lllAC"'g. Q}efogttn, ~ nodJ anauf1l~ren, baJ bit ~eU"
fr~ 'erfOR a~tt bl06 btn gagntdfeur, anbere 3nbi\)ibueR
tCII .,ör
aber nur bcnln, ,"nn blefe mit ienem in 9la~\)ort flt~It, &U~,
tmIIOß, - &u~m febod) beI~ "fe b4G .~d)t gÖJlaUd)
Mfiert, - _ baJ fmet, bei blefem au'fcl)lie,rldJen ~tkntau,
f~gc ber .ognedf.n 'erfon lIit bell D09lUdfeur, ber
erttmn bGG tlcni~rhDerben \)on rinn brittclJ ~ott ~ÖdJft ge-
fä~", lM'ben, «On\)Ulfiomn unb .tatQ(tl>~e eraeugea '4nn. -
9lAdticl)tHd) bd Ill'ifd)en bell 9Jlo9ndifeut ultb ben ma9"dlf~
~onelt kfte~nben 9ef fU 9en 3ufQllUl1C~9~ akr, fonnm
wok It~ mtl6~ntn, ba,
'oie ~dlfe~btn oft burdJ bQ~ au _
a,rigcll nmtenbt ~fffm bef Dagnetifrutt 'oie 81l~f9ftit n~a(tt1l,
Volume T wo: Anthropology 3I 3
winning nu mb er in a lottery for ex am pie, and can in no way +

be used for egoistical purposes. It does relate to great world
events as it does not to such matters of chance however.
We hear for example of the great exultation with which a
somnambulist cried out on the eve of the battle of Belle 5
Alliance, "Tomorrow, he who has done us so much harm,
will perish by lightning or the sword." - The second point +
to be mentioned here is that since in clairvoyance the soul
leads a life which is cut off from its understanding con-
sciousness, clairvoyants when they first awake no longer 10
know anything of what they have envisioned during mag-
netic somnambulism. By dreaming of what they have en-
visioned and then recollecting these dreams when awake,
they can however acquire a knowledge of it in a roundabout
way. A partial recollection ofthe vision mayaiso be acquired 15
on purpose. It can be brought about if the physician pro-
poses to the patient while he is awake that he should firmly
resolve to retain what he experiences when in the magnetic
state. +
4. We now have to supplement wh at was said in section 20
d) of the Remark to § 406, with regard to the corporeal aspect
of the magnetic person' s dose connection with and dependence upon
the magnetizer. In the first instance the clairvoyant person is
able to hear only the magnetizer, the mediation of whose
rapport with other individuals is necessary if they also are 25
to be heard. On occasions however, hearing will be lost as
completely as sight. When the magnetized individual has
this exclusive and vital connection with the magnetizer, it is
moreover highly dangerous for hirn to be touched by a third
person, for this can give rise to convulsions and catalepsy. 30 +
With regard to the spiritual connection subsisting between the
magnetizer and magnetic persons however, it mayaiso be
observed that on account of their acquiring knowledge
possessed by the magnetizer, clairvoyants often acquire the
.r.
3'4 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
. . . •• tdcnllC1l, Me nlcfJt alllittdhr reIM innn,

toll ~1IC1I
UcfJ MIt; - NI Je -1114, ..,. ,.nc bfrcdc fim,
195 ""~1tftQ, aum tkifpiel, 'Ne bie U~r i~, an,uge~n 'OmRigm,
mofmt bcr gagmtifeur Akt' b!efen ~unft <»Clti~it ~at. ~tc
.tennm';.ber frogUclJen innigen <»emeinfamfeit ~a'rt unt "or
M Xf)orf)rit 'Cee (fl'ftaunene über 'oie "on ben .ßdlfel)mben mits
8l.
unter au&gefromte 1Bd~t,eU ; fe~r ~du~9 gt~ört ~iefe 9Bei~~eit
efgentftcfJ nid)t ben mognetifclJelt ~erfonm, fo. bem mft t~nen
in SfI1\',ort fidj befinbenben 3nbi'Oibuum on. - bfefer QJe.
meinfomfeit bre mt f fe n e fann, - ~ronbcrt bei längerer Sort,
fe,URg bee .f)eUfef)ene, - bie magnctifdje "erfon au bem aagne.
tifm aud) in fonttige geifüge etale~ungm fOllDlm, - in er,
ale~ungen, bei ~1d1en ee fid1 um gonier I idbmfcfJcaft uab 11)0,
rafter ~an'oelt. moraüglidj fann 'oie (litelfeU 'on .f)eUfef)en'om
leidjt erregt mer'oen I mettn mon ben We~ler ~ge~t I fie glllu6m
&u macfJm, 'oa; man i~n !Rebelt gro;e tBi4tfgfcit Nilege. !Dann
mer'om 'ofe Sonmombu{en "on ber Sltd)t befoUen, ii~r mw
un'o 3ebee alt f~red1en, oudj .mn fit bo\)on gG1' frine tntf,,,e'
.n'oen Infd1auungm t,abm. 3n biefem SaU ~at 'Oae .f)eDfe~m
'oUfd)aU~ trinen 9lu.en, 'Oielme~r ~'rl) 'oaffdbe 'oann au eimae
~ebenf(id)em. ~o~er 1ft unter ben !Ragnttifeuren "ldfacf1 Ne
St"cage kf,rod)en morben I ob man bca. .f)eUfe~n, - menn te
'Oon fdkr ent{tan'oen 1ft, - auebilben 1mb erf)a(tm, - entgegm.
gefetten SaD~ obficf1tlhr, ~erbrifü~ren I - ober 06 mon im @C.
gmtt,ri( baffelbe au "er~lnbern ftrekn Iml;. 8fe ftf}On enva~nt,
'ommt bca" .f)eUfe~en 'ourcf1 me~tfa.e QJefrllgtmerbm 'on magD,.
tifd1tn ~rfon aum morfcf1ein unb aur (lhtmidlung. lBfrb nun
na" bm 'Oerfdjie'oen~rn QJegmflQn'oen gefragt, [0 fllnn 'oIe magD"
tir. $erfon ~dJ leid)t AerftrtUen, 'oie 9Ud1tung auf fi" feiM
me~r ober ~nlger lIerlieren, fomit aUf ~'Adcf1nung l~ .trollf-
~it, fomfe aUf Ingabe ba bagegC1l au ge6roud)enbm !Rittel minI
ber fä~ ~er'o,n I - ebett 'oaburcfJ oM bic ol;ri(ung ~'oeutmb
\)eraÖQem. ~e;1)o(6 tRU; 'on 9)tognrtifeur M frillen Sragen ba~
~rrtgm ber Wteffrit un'o ber 3erftreuung 'on maanet(fcr,m $erfOIt
mit 'on grijtcn morjidjt ~ermel'oen. momAadid) "Nt tatf ~er
196 _agnetifeur fidJ nicf1t fdnerfcite in ein mtr~A(mt; 'oer 'b~Qngi9'
Volume Two: Anthropology . 3 1 5
aptitude for knowing something which is not a matter of

their own immediate and internal vision. Without any direct
sensation of their own for example, they are able to tell the
time, provided that the magnetizer knows it for certain. If +
we are aware ofthe intimate association in question, we shall 5
avoid being taken in by the clairvoyants who occasionally
parade what they know. It is very often the case that this
knowledge belongs in fact not to the magnetic persons, but
to the individual with whom they are in rapport. - Apart
from this association of knowledge the magnetic person can 10
also enter into further spritual relations with the magnetizer,
particularly 9.uring more prolonged clairvoyance. These
relations can involve manners, passion and character. It is
particularly easy to excite the vaniry of clairvoyants if one
makes the mistake of letting them believe that one attaches 15
great importance to their effusions. Somnambulists then
develop a mania for speaking about everything and anything,
even if they have no corresponding intuitions. In this case
clairvoyance is not only completely worthless; but in so me
respects objectionable. It is for this reason that magnetizers 20 +
have often discussed whether clairvoyance ought to be culti-
vated and fostered when it arises of its own accord and
brought about on purpose when it does not, or whether one
should attempt to check it. It has already been observed that +
it is through the repeated questioning of the magnetic person 25
that clairvoyance is elicited and develops. Now if the ques-
tions relate to all and sundry the magnetic person can easily
become distracted, more or less lose track of herself, and so
become less eapable of specifying her disease and the means
to be used in eountering it. This will delay a eure consider- 30 +
ably. When putting his questions the magnetizer has there-
fore to make every effort to avoid arousing vanity and
distraeting the magnetic person. I t is of prime importance +
however that the magnetizer should not allow himself to slip
rat 'Oft bet ml1Qftetif~en ~nfon gtl'at~eft laffen. ~iefer Uebel1

tMnb 'Gm fri~in, '" 'oie !JaQlldifeure i~re eigene .traft me~r
cnqmngten, ~Quflstl' ,or, al~ feit ber Beit / ",0 biefel~en 'oa~
~qud au -66(fe ne~men. ~''oeln ~~rau~ 'eIerte :;)nfh'ument~
.. bet Dagntdfeur t\)(ntger ih 'oen Bu~anb 'oer magnetifd)en ~et.
rOll »enDicfelt. ~od) QU~ fo fommt no~ fe~t ,tel auf ben @ra'o
bet StArfe ~ <Bemüt~8, 'oe8 &,ataftn8 un'o 'oe~ .töfl)tf8 'oer
.agnctifeure an. ~~en 'oiefe / - ",a8 befon'oere bei 9lid}täraten
bet WGIl ifl, - in 'oie ~Qunen 'oer magnetifd}en ~tffon ein I be:
~n ße ni~t 'oen IDlut~ be8 ~iberfvred)en~ un'o 'oe~ ~ntge9en:
~beln~ gesen biefd~e / un'o tf~ä(t auf biere ~eife 'oIe magne:
iifcl)e ~nfon ba8 @Jefü~1 eine8 flatftn i~mfeitigen <iint\)irfen~
auf ben IDlagnetifellr; - f0 übedi,t ~e ncl), t\)ie ein »eraogenee
.ttn'o, edlen t~ten ~aunen, befommt 'oie fon'oeriatflen <iinfäUe,
~ bm IDlagnetifeur bet\)ujtl08 aum ~eflen, un'o ~emmt 'oa'onret,
U,n ~ng. - ~ie magnetifd)e ~tl'foll fann je'ood) nld)t blop
in --faa f6Jle6Jten Sinne au einer get\)ijfen llnab~4ngf9feit fom:
men, f01lbetn fit be~lt, ",enn ne fOllfl einen nttli~en ~~arafter
~t, au6J iII magnetifet,en Buflanbe eine ~efligfeit 'oe8 nttliet,en
~It, an t\)((cl)er 'oie ewanigen unreinen I~~ten 'oe8 IDlagne.
tifeUlt fd)eitem. So erflirte, aum ~tif"iel, eine IDlagndinl'te,
bGj fit 'oer auffor'oerung 'oe8 9Jlagnetif(ur8, nd) »ot ibm au ent:
t 1Idben, ni6Jt au Qebor~en ~raud)e.
* Kehler Ms. S. 144; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. Ig8: So schient es bei der Kranken
gewesen zu sein, die Herr von Strombeck behandelte, der man alles zu gefallen
that, was sie verlangte, sehr gewissenhaft, und die zuletzt die abentheuer-
lichsten Dinge verlangte.
t Griesheim Ms. S. Ig6; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 142: (Kehler: Diese Abhängigkeit
hat eine Grenze, die magnetisirte Person ist im ganzen sehr sittlich und
religiös bestimmt), es ist ein Zustand der Sammlung der Menschen in sich,
t diese Stimmung nimmt für die Einbildungskraft vielerlei Formen an,
besonders daß sie sich vorstellt sie stehe unter Leitung eines Schutzgeistes,
sie hat das Gefühl von Abhängigkeit. Dieß wird im religiösen Gefühl zur
Abhängigkeit von einem Höheren, einem Engel. Eine Hellsehende in
Straßburg hat Gettert als ihren Schutzgeist angegeben, sie hat ausgesagt
daß sie Unterredungen mit ihm gehabt hätte, er habe ihr Erinnerungen,
Ermahnungen gegeben. Die verstorbenen Aeltern oder solche Personen vor
denen sie Achtung gehabt haben sind es häufig die ihnen erscheinen, denen
sie ihre Anliegen anvertrauen und von denen sie Unterricht erhalten wie sie
sich benehmen sollen in Rücksicht ihrer Sittlichkeit, ihrer Religion, selbst in
Volume T wo: Anthropology . 3 1 7
into the relationship of being dependent upon the magnetic

person. This deplorable situation used to occur more fre-
q uently when magnetizers used more of their own power, than
it has done since they have had the baquet at their disposaI.
The magnetizer is less involved in the state of the magnetic 5
person if he uses this instrument. Even when it is used how-
ever, a great deal still depends upon the magnetizers' force-
fulness of disposition, eharaeter and physique. If, as is so often
the ease with those who are not physicians, the magnetizers
explore the moods of the magnetie person and laek the 10
strength of mind to eontradiet and oppose her, she for her
part will in this way beeome aware of having a strong
inftuenee upon the magnetizer. Like a spoilt ehild she then
abandons herself to all her moods, entertains the oddest
faneies, uneonsciously hoaxes the magnetizer, and so hinders 15
her eure. * It is not however only in this bad sense that the +
magnetie person can attain to a certain independenee, for if
she already has a good eharacter, she will also retain a firm-
ness of ethical feeling in the magnetie state, and so thwart the
possibly impure intentions ofthe magnetizer. When a female 20
magnetie was asked by the magnetizer to undress before hirn
for example, she declared that there was no need for her to
obey·t +
* Kehler Ms. p. 144; cf. Griesheim Ms. p. 198: This seems to have been the
case with the patient handled by Mr. von Strombeck. Everything was done,
great care was taken to please her, and in the end she was asking for the most
fantastic things.
t Griesheim Ms. p. 196; cf. Kehler Ms. p. 142: (Kehler: This dependence has
a limit, for on the whole a magnetized person is ethically and religiously dis-
posed to a considerable extent), the condition being one in which people are
inwardly collected. Being so disposed assurnes many forms for the imagina-
tion, particularly that of the person taking herself to be und er the guidance
of a guardian spirit, having the feeling of being dependent. In religious
feeling this becomes dependence upon a higher being, an angel. A clair-
voyant in Strassburg maintained that Gellert was her guardian spirit. She
said that they conversed together, and that she had received rem inders and
admonitions from hirn. It is often their deceased parents or such persons as +
they have looked up to who appear to them, to whom they make their re-
quests, and from whom they receive directives as to how they ought to
behave in respect of their ethical activity, their religion, even in respect of
3 I 8 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
5. ~ fünfte unb fe.te !punft, bm nm ~dm anfmQ{i~

f.. _.etitlaat au ~n ,*", Ntrifrt bell dgentli.n
• a-r -- IIIG8ndtfcfJ~n ~, - bic 06dlung. "'ne
3weIfd -trea "fde, in ältem 3dt ger."ne 06dfuagen, bfe
_ aIf 8aabn htracfJtete, für nkttf Iabmf angef~m wer-
bei, aIf für IBfdungm bct ufaoUr. . Dagndieaaa'. IBir
.... der nlcl)t n6~, une auf rohlJe .. MI !1)nfd ferner
d"'_ BuberscfcfJfllkn &u knafa; .a fa
. . . . . . . .t
.... ßcU ..... bell ~ Diuml ." ble
Beziehung auf die Krankheit und ihre Kur. Viele Individuen haben bei der
magnetischen K~r schoene Wirkung in Rücksicht ihrer religiösen Gefühle,
der Ruhe des Gemüths. Der Magnetiseur muß dieß unterstützen und es hat
großen Einfluß wie er gestimmt ist in dieser Beziehung. Puysegur magneti-
sirte eine junge Frau, er gab ihr aufwas sie zu thun habe, aus Scherz nöthigte
er sie ihn mit einem Fliegenwedel zu schlagen, sie that es mit Widerwillen,
er sagte nun, sie sei genöthigt alles zu thun was er haben wolle und ob sie sich
z.B. wohl entkleiden würde. Sie entgegnete: Nein so weit geht ihre Macht
nicht, niemals werden sie mich zwingen meine Kleidung abzulegen, obgleich
ich sie geschlagen habe mit Widerwillen, weil sie es befahlen.
* Griesheim Ms. SS. 198-199; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 144: Wir haben nun noch von
der Heilung durch den animalischen Magnetismus zu sprechen. Die Weise
derselben ist nicht anders zu fassen als wir Heilung von Krankheit über-
haupt genommen haben. Bei jeder Krankheit findet eine Hemmung statt,
wodurch ein Moment ein Organ, eine Thätigkeit des ganzen Systems
Selbständigkeit für sich erhält, eine Widersetzlichkeit dagegen, ein nur
ideelles Moment zu sein. Diese Hemmung ist im lebendigen Organismus ein
Isoliren einzelner Momente desselben, aber sie kann auch einen allgemeinen
Gegensatz in sich fassen, so daß in der Hemmung auf der Seite des sich
isolirenden Moments das fühlende Subjekt in seiner Totalität hineintritt, daß
das fühlende Subjekt sich isolirt gegen das gesunde, besonnene freie Bewuß-
tsein. Der kranke Organismus ist immer noch lebendiger Organismus, er ist
noch Totalität, die so auch das besonnene Bewußtsein erhält, außer densel-
ben ist aber auch ein Moment gehemmt und dieß (Kehler: zunächst physio-
logisch anthropologische) Moment enthält in sich die ganze empfindende
Seele.
Die Wiederherstellung, auch in Rücksicht dieser allgemeinen Weise der
Krankheit, besteht darin daß die Hemmung unterbrochen und die Allge-
meinheit der Seele, ihre Durchsichtigkeit Idealität hergestellt wird, so daß kein
Moment als nicht flüssig (199) ist. Der animalische Magnetismus bewirkt nun
in Rücksicht auf die Heilung die Sammlung der Subjektivität, der fühlenden
Subjecktivität in sich, diese Sammlung ist eine Trennung und so eine
höhere Steigerung der Trennung der fühlenden von der besonnenen gesunden
Subjektivität.
5. The fiftk and last point we have to touch upon in con-

nection with animal magnetism concerns the specific purpose
*
of magnetic treatment, - kealing. There can be no doubt
that many of the eures brought about in earlier times and
taken to be miraculous have to be regarded as nothing other 5
than the effects of animal magnetism. There is however, no
need for us to search the gloom of a distant past for such
tales of wonder, for in more recent times men of the most +
illness and the curing of it. With many individuals, magnetic treatment has
had a fine effect in respect of their religious feelings, their peace of mind. The
magnetizer has to go along with these, and his own disposition in this respect
is of great importance. Puysegur magnetized a young woman, told her what
to do, and jokingly ordered her to flap him with a fly-brush, which, re-
luctantly, she did. He then said that she was obliged to do everything he
wanted her to, and that he might, for instance, ask her to undress. She
replied, "No, your power does not extend so far. Vou will never force me to
take off my clothes, although I did hit you against my will, because you
ordered me to."
• Griesheim Ms. pp. 198-199; cf. KehLer Ms. p. 144: Now we still have to say
something of healing by means of animal magnetism. The way in which this
takes place is to be grasped as the same as in disease in general. In every
disease there is a stoppage, whereby one moment, one organ, one activity
of the whole system assumes an independence of its own, and instead of
being only a moment of an ideal nature, becomes refractory. Within the
living organism, this stoppage is an isolating ofits single moments, but it can
also include within itself a general opposition, - the feeling subject in its
totality so entering into the stoppage on the side of the self-isolating moment,
that it isolates itself from the healthy, self-possessed and free consciousness.
The diseased organism is still a living organism, still a totality, and a totality
which also contains self-possessed consciousness. Outside this totality how-
ever, there is also a moment which is stopped, and this (KehLer: initially
physiologieal, anthropologieal) moment holds within itself the whole of the
sentient soul.
Restoring to health, as also in respect of the general mode 01 illness,
consists in so breaking down this stoppage, in so establishing the universality,
transparency, ideality of the soul, that there is no non-fluid moment. In
respect of healing therefore, animal magnetism brings about a collecting
together of subjectivity, of feeling subjectivity, within itself. This collecting
together involves dividing, through which it heightens the division between
the feeling and the self-possession, the health of subjectivity.
197 magndifd)e ~e~anb{UnB fo aa~lrdd)c.ßdrultllen ~olIbrQ~t ~or~

ben, ba~, ~et unbefangen banlkr urt~Ut, an ba X~GtfGdJe ber
* .pdlfraft be~ GnfmalifdJen 9Ragnetf~mu" nfd)t me~r a~dftfft fann.
if ~Gnbelt fld) bQ~er ieet nUT nod) barum, bie In unb iBdfe,
~ie btr 9)losnetifmUf 'oie .peilung \'oUbringt, Gufiuatfgen. 3u
btefem inbe rönnen ~ir boran erinnern, bap fd)on bie g~~n.
lid)e mebiebtifcl)e JtUT in bem ~efettigen ber 'oie Jtranft)eit auf$
.macl)enbtn .f;emmultg ber 3\lentttat bef .nimalifd)en ~ebenf, in
'oem mieb~erfteUen bef ~n. ~d) 'flüffis f~ftf bte .Drganifmuf
$
l!efie~t. ~f~ 3tel ~irb nun bei beT magnetif.n ~e~anblung

babur~ endcl)t, ba; ent\Ueber Sd)laf unb .peUfe~en, ober nur
über~a~t dn me~nfen bef inbi\libueUen ~ebellf in ~cI) felber,
dn 3urücffe~Ttn beffdben au feiner dnfacl)eft Illgemein~eit ~ers
~orgebr(ld)t ~fr'o. ~ie ber lt il tür If d) e Sd)lilf eine Stärfung
bef gefunben ~ebenf be\l)irft, \l)ei! er ben gan3en IDlenfd)en auf
ber fd)\l)adJenben 3trfl'lftterung ber gegen bfe lu,en\l)elt geri~$
teten ~äti8feit in 'oie fubftantieUe Xotalität unb ~armonie bef
~benfauri'tcfnimmt ; - fo i~ aud) ber fd}(a f~ aft t mag n~.
* Kehler AIs. S. 118; vgl. Criesheim Ms. SS. 163-164: Windischmann, 'Ueber das
was Noth thut in der Medicin', fordert, daß der Arzt ein Priester sei, ein
frommer Mann sei (Criesheim: ein gut katholischer Christ), in dem physischen
Sinn, daß körperliche Krankheit nicht etwas so äußerliches sei dem Geist,
sondern daß der Arzt, als einer der Körper kuriren müsse, sich an die Seele
wenden müsse, sich ein Verhältniß geben müsse zum Mächtigsten im Geist,
dem Religiösen im Menschen, was er sich nur geben kann, daß er selbst
religiös wird. Dies Verhältniß findet daher statt auf einer Stufe der Bildung,
wo der Geist sich gegen seine Leiblichkeit noch nicht auf diese Weise sich in
sich reflectirt, frei gemacht hat, in unserer Zeit wo das Subject reflectirter ist,
sind die Krankheiten körperlicher und leiblicher, daher kann man sich nicht
wundern daß wie Windischmann sagen würde, die Heilart geistloser, gottloser
ist, auf körperliche Wirkungsweisen bedacht ist. Man kann sagen, die
Medicin ist nicht einer Ungehörigkeit anzuklagen deshalb, weil diese
Trennung des Leibes und der Seele stärker ist. Aber es ist auch ein Kranker
gesetzt, wo die ganze in die Körperlichkeit versenkte Seele, das Gefühlsle-
ben, die fühlende Seele, die Seele, die ihre Realität wesentlich in ihrer
Leiblichkeit als solcher, ihrer unmittelbaren Leiblichkeit hat, sich unter-
scheidet, entzweit von dem Geist, nicht bloß vom Geist als solchem, sondern
von der Leiblichkeit, die Organ des Geistes ist. Wir unterscheiden also
Körperlichkeit, die der Seele durchgängig ist, und die es nicht ist, so ist
es ein Unterschied der Leiblichkeit mit einer Seele und dem leiblichen Geist,
sofern es der Geist ist, der sich in der Leiblichkeit geltend macht.
unimpeachable integrity have brought about such an abund-

ance of cures through magnetic treatment, that whoever
judges without prejudice can no longer doubt the healing
*
power of animal magnetism. All we have to do therefore is
to indicate the manner in which magnetism effects a cure. It 5
should be remembered that even an ordinary medical cure
consists of overcoming the obstruction in the identity of
animal life constituting the disease, in restoring the internal
fluidity of the organism. Now this is 'achieved by magnetic
treatment either by inducing sleep and clairvoyance, or by 10
eliciting a general immersion of the individual life within
itself, its return into its simple universality. Just as natural
sleep strengthens healthy living being by withdrawing the
whole man from the enervating dissipation of active co m-
mitment to the external world and restoring hirn to the 15
substantial totality and harmony of life, so the state of +
* KehLer Ms. p. 118; cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 163-164: Windischmann, in his
work "On that which is Necessary in Medicine", requires of a doctor that
he should be a priest, a devout person (Griesheim: a good CatholiC Christian).
He is thinking here of what is physical, and maintains that since bodily ill-
ness is not something external to spirit, a doctor has to take account of the
soul if he is to cure the body, has to cultivate a relationship with what is
mightiest in spirit, with what is religious in man, and that he can only do this
in that he himselfbecomes religious. This relationship is therefore established
at a level of culture at which spirit has not yet reflected itself into itself in
this way, has not yet liberated itself. The subject in our time is more reflected,
illnesses are more corporeal, more a matter ofthe body, and it is therefore not
surprising that, as Windischmann would say, the mann er of healing should be
less spiritual, less godly, concerned with bodily modes of operation. One can
say that this sharper division between body and soul is no reason for accusing
medicine of an inappropriate approach. A person is also ill however, if the
soul which is wholly immersed in corporeality, the feeling soul, the soul
which has its essential reality in its corporeity as such, in its immediate
corporeity, distinguishes itself, separates from spirit, and not only from spirit
as such, but from corporeity, which is an organ of spirit. It is because of this
that we distinguish between the corporeality which may be permeated by
the soul and that which may not. There is therefore a difference between
corporeality with a soul, and corporeal spirit in so far as this is spirit which
makes itself effective in corporeity. -t
ti f ~ e Buftanb, wtU butd) benfelben ber In nd1 entiwdte .orga-

nl~mu~ aUf iin~eft mit n~ gelangt, bit 5Ban~ ber ",Ieber~au,
fUHenben @efunb~lt. !Do~ bar( ~on ber anberen Sdte ~ierbri
nlcf)t au'er ~d)t gdaffen wet'oen, wie iene im magnetif~m Bu,
flanbe ~or~anbene ~ 0n cent rat Ion be~ e~nnbenben ~e&cn~
f~mftit~ felber au etwa~ f 0 @In f d t i g em ",men fann, ba;
fie nd) gegen ba~ ii &rige organ If d) e ~e& en unb gegen ba~
f on ~ig e 5Be",uj t f e\)n franfl)aft &efe~i 9t. 3n biefer !)löS'
lid)feit liegt ba~ 5Bebenftld)e einer Ilbnd)tlid)en ~orrufung jener
~oncentration. m3it'o ble merbol'l'elung Der ~rfönlid)felt AU fe~r
gefieigert, fo ~anbclt man auf eint Dent B\l)etfe bet .pdlung "'"
berfl're~enbe art, ba mlln eine Xrennung ~e~or&ringt, bie gröjet
ifl, al~ biejmige, weld)e mlln ~urd} bie IItllgnetlfd)e ,tut btfeitl.
gen wia; 5Bri fo lt,,~orttd)tiger ee~(l1t~tung t~ ble ~efa~r ~ot·
~anben, ba' fd)wcre .trifen, fittdltertld)e .ttA.Jftl)fe dnk«en, 11ftb
198 ", ~tI: biefe (irfd)einungen craeugenbe @fgmfa, nld)t &10; Sr,
.,ml4 blribt, fonbern au4 auf \)fdfGdJe 2Beife ein @)egenfa~ tat
fomnwulen ~u'tf~n fel&er ",irb. .~t man bagegen fo
»ort'i4tig AU 1Berft, bel; man bie im magnetfr.n Bu~anbe flat*,
flnbc. ttoncentratfon bd e~finbenben ~nt nid)t ü&ertrel&t;
fo ~ man an berfd&en, ",ie fcfJon kmerft, bie QSrunblClge 'oef
~aung ber @)efunb~eit, unb ilt im Stanbe, bie ~e1,
lung bGbutcfJ au \)o1lenben, bll; man 'oen no~ in 'oer ~ f en n1t n 9
fle~nben, Cl&er gegen ftin concentmte~ 2e&en mad)tlofen ü&ri,
Stn .orgClftl~mut in biere feine fub~antie"e @In~eit, in biere fefne
efnfClcfJe .parmonie mit ffd) fel&er, na cfJ unb na cf) , aurüdfü~rt
unb bmfel&en baburd) befci~igt, fefner in 11 eren @In ~ eItun,
befd)Gbet, ~If) ",leber In ble ~rennun9 unb bm @egenfao
daaulGffen·
+ r) e e ( & t1 9 e f II b l.
§. 407,
oa) ~fe ftlMenbe ~otQ!it&t ill al~ 3nbi~fbuQlitat I~es
fentlief) biji, fief) i.n ~d) felbf( oU untcrfd,eibm unb 3u m
magnetic sleep constitutes the basis of a restoration of health by

facilitating the inwardly disrupted organism's return to
unity with itself. The other aspect of this ought not however
to be disregarded. This .concentration of sentient life into itself
which occurs in the magnetic state, can itself assume such a 5
onesidedness, that it establishes itself in morbid opposition to
the rest 01 the organic life and the remaining consciousness. It is the
possibility of this that makes the deliberate eliciting of this
concentration somewhat hazardous. If the duplication of
the personality is forced too far, one frustrates the purpose 10
of healing by eliciting a division greater than that one is
attempting to overcome by means of the magnetic treatment.
Careless treatment such as this is dangerous, for it can
occasion severe crises and frightful cramps. Wh at is more,
the conftict which gives rise to these appearances, rather than 15
remaining simply corporeal, can also enter in various ways
into the somnambulistic consciousness. If one proceeds care-
fuHy however, so that one does not force the concentration
of the sentient life occurring in the magnetic state too far,
one has in this state, as has already been observed, the foun- 20
dation for the restoration of health. Although the organism
in general is still possessed by the division, it is powerless with
regard to its concentrated life. One is therefore able to
complete the eure by gradually leading it back into this its
substantial unity, its simple harmony with itself, and so 25
enabling it, with its inner uniry unscathed, to enter anew into
division and opposition.
ß) Selj-awareness +
I) As individuality, the essence of the feeling totality

is to divide itself internaUy, and to awaken to the +
Ur t ~ d ( in f i cf) O" ernhlcf)~I1, \lad, roeld.lem fie b t i 0 IV

b er c ®efllC)le [}at unb al6 eu bje c t tn ~cbie[}llllg auf
biere ibre ~cirlmmungen ilt. ~M eubject alG iolebet)
* fe~t bitreIben alu {eine <Ycftible in ricf). 'it:s iir in biere
+ Q;efonbed)cit bcr <Emp~nbul1gm \Hrfenft, lInh ouglcid)
fd)(ltpt et< burcf) bie ~bcalit&t beo ~efolluert1 ~d:> barin
mit ~d) (115 iubje,til.1cm (finG bllfammen. (tt< ilt auf biefe
m3riie ® e(b It 9 e f 11 () ( - unD irr biü bU91~id) nut' im bel
t fonbqn ®efu(}l,
Zusatz. Die fühlende Subjektivität ist die Totalität allen Inhalts und
die Identität der Seele mit diesem ihrem Inhalte, frei ist sie nicht, auch
nicht gebunden, es ist nur eine Schranke für sie vorhanden. Was wir
Genius geheißen haben ist instinktartig, ist thätig auf bewußtlose Weise,
ist ein Gegensatz besonderer Bestimmungen. Andere Gegensätze fallen
in die Reflexion, in das Bewußtsein. - Vor uns haben wir hier die
fühlende Subjektivität, sie realisirt sich, ist thätig, geht aus der einfachen
Einheit als Lebendigkeit heraus, diese Thätigkeit gehört zur Bestimmung
der Lebendigkeit, sie erweckt den Gegensatz in ihr selbst, aber sie hebt
ihn auch auf und bewährt sich dadurch, giebt sich das Selbstgefühl,
giebt sich ein Dasein. Diese Thätigkeit ist die Äußerung des Triebes,
der Begierde, ihre Bestimmung, ihr Inhalt wird Trieb, Neigung,
Leidenschaft, oder welche Form er erhält.t
* 1827: die Bestimmtheiten der Empfindungen (- sie bestimmen sich

nachher weiter als äußerliche, oder als Resultate und Befriedigungen eines
innerlich Bestimmten, eines Triebes-) als seine Gefühle ...
t 1827: psychisches bestimmtes Subjeet mit noch ungeschiedener Geistigkeit
und Leiblichkeit.
t Criesheim Ms. S. 203; vgl. KehleT Ms. S. 148. Siehe auch Notizen 1820-1822
('Regel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider 15Ia): Macht des Andern über
mich, etwas gesetzt in mir, was in ihm ist - a) unmittelbar Kind, ß) durch
eine Vorstellung vermittelt - begriffliche Epidemie, y) durch Magnetismus,
ö) Arzneyen - Wein, Opium.
Geistig, magisch - Diese Abhängigkeit macht den Übergang zur Verrük-
theit aus, - denn sie setzt die Selbstständigkeit der Differenten da sie von der
Vorstellung ausgeht. Epidemie wie des Wahnsinns - nicht machtlose Identi-
tät, sondern von der Selbstständigkeit aus den Vorstellungen herabfallen, und
itzt etwas Fremdes in sich setzen. So auch Krankheit aus Angst - Tod aus
Schrecken, Wunderthaten. Übergang des Einzelnen ins Allgemeine d.i. eine
Beschränkung (Negation) zum Allgemeinen meines Selbst machen.
basic internal division by virtue of which it has

particular feelings, and is a subject in relating to
these its determinations. It is the subject as such
which posits* these wi thin itself as it s feelings. It is
immersed in this particularity of sensations, and 5
at the same time, through the ideality of what is par-
ticular, combines with itself in them as a subjective
unity. It is in this way that it constitutes self-
a wareness, and at the same time, it does so only in
the particular feeling. t 10
Addition. Feeling subjectivity is the totality of all content and the

identity of the soul with this its content. Although it is not free, neither
is it bound, wh at is present being merely a limitation of it. What we
have called genius is instinctive, active in an unconscious manner, in
opposition to particular determinations. Other oppositions fall within 15
reflection, within consciousness. - Wh at we have before us here is
feeling subjectivity, which realizes itself, is active, proceeds forth from
simple unity as liveliness. This activity belongs to the determination of
liveliness, and although it awakens opposition within itself, it also pre-
serves itself by sublating it and so endowing itself with a determinaie 20
being, with self-awareness. This activity is the expression of drive, of
desire, its determination or content being drive, inclination, passion,
or whatever form this content is given.t +
* 1827: the determinatenesses of sensations ( - whieh subsequently deter-

mine themselves further as external, or as results and appeasings of an inner
determinate being, an impulse -) as its feelings ...
t 1827: in the psyehie, determinate subject, with its spirituality and eorporeity
as yet unseparated.
t Griesheim Ms. p. 203; cf. Kehler Ms. p. 148. See also Notes [820-[822
('Hegel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 15Ia): This other has power over
me in that what is within it is posited within me, a) immediately in the
child, b) mediated by means ofa presentation as in a eoneeptual epidemie, e)
by means ofmagnetism, or d) medieaments such as wine and opium.
This is a spiritual, a magical power, and this dependence eonstitutes the
transition to derangement, for since it derives from presentation, it posits the
independenee of differentials. An epidemie s.ueh as that of insanity is not a
matter of powerless identity, but of relinquishing independenee on aeeount
of presentations, and so of positing something alien within oneself. This is also
the case when anxiety gives rise to illness, fright to death, when miracles are
performed, - there is a transition of the singular into the universal, so that I
make a limitation or negation into the universal of my self. +
§. 408.
* PfJ) Um ber U n mi tt cl b a rf e tt, in ber bael '\~d&ll'
gefalbl nOd) befUmmt ill, b. i. um beel ro~oments ber ~cibl
Ud}rei~ luiUen, bi, barin nod) ulIgefct,iebel1 \)on ber @eiflig/
feit ifl, unb inbem auc() baG @efllbl felbfC ein beron~ercf,
~iemtt fine particulAre ~trleiblicbung ilt, ill bas obgleicb lum
199 "crIlAnHgen5ael1luätfel)ngcbilbm e;ubj W, noef) be: .t •. a n fs
~ eit fAI)ig, baD es in ehm 5a efon b CL' () e i t feilles eelbfl'
geft$)16 &eb,men bleibt, luelef)e e6 nicl)t iur 3bca(it1t iU
t $erarbeiten unD iU tiberwinben tmmag. ~a5 erfl\Ute
o e I bott beG \lerllAubigeo 5aenHltjtfel]nG ill bas eubject
Gis in fid) cOl1fequenttG, naef) fe"ler Inbi\)itlueUen eteUun9
unb bem SufammenQange mit ber Au~el"ll, ebenio inner.
~alb ibm geo~bncten m3elt fi~f) orbnenbes unb baltenbes
5l;eluuptfel]n. ~n einer befonbern )l;tt1immtbeit ober &el
fangen bleibenb weist e6 fold)em ~nbalte nid}t bie tlerflAl1I
~igi: eteUe unb bie Unterorbllung an, bie t~m in bem
\nbiuiblleUen IBcltf1J\lrme I wt!d)el1 ein eubjeet itt, iuge:
t6rt. ~G~ eu&;ect &efinbet fid) Guf biere ~tife Im m311
, Ir fp ru d) e feimr in ftlnem faewufitfelJn ft)fhmatiflrren
~otQlitAt, unb ber bcfonbern in berrelben nid)t flllifigen
unI> 11idlt ein I unb untergeorbneten faellimmtbeit, - b't
lhualdt b eU.
R;el ber ~ttr4cr,tung btr ~trt't'dt~eit Ifl gfdd)fttl('

hf ttu6gebillme, \)erllanbige 0el1lu\3tiel)n bll ttl1ticiJ)iren,
b)cldlt6 ell~jW 'bt1glticb 1\4 IIh I i cl) C6 eel&1l b tf
e eI &tlg c f al ~ 16 111. ~n bitftr fa:flnmnun" ifl cf fa.
'ig, In ben m3ttltripr ud> itilm flh fid) freim eubjtctll
t)hAt unI> einer fa~'onbtrbtit, wtld)e b,U"illll nld)t itlttll
",'rb unb im etlbllgtf'lblt fell bleibt, ~u \)trfllUm !l)er
Q;titl ij1 frei, UIII) -bll"rum ftlr fieb bkitr .~raI1H~~it nid)t
* 1827: Die Krankheit des Subjects in dieser Bestimmung ist, daß es gegen sein
verständiges Bewußtseyn im Selbstgefühle und damit in der Besonderheit einer
Empfindung beharren bleibt, ...
t 1827: Was im vorherigen §. als abstractes Selbstgefühl bestimmt ist, ist im
concreten Menschen (wie §. 406.) das erfüllte Selbst seines verständigen
Bewußtseyns, - das Subject als in sich ...
Volurne T wo: Anthropalogy . ~2 7
§ 4°8
2)* On account of the immediacy within which +
self-awareness is still determined, i.e. on account of
the moment of corporeity there which is still un-
detached from spirituality, and since feeling itself is
also a particular and hence a specific embodiment, the 5
subject which has developed an understanding con-
sciousness is still subject to disease in that it re-
mains engrossed in a particularity of its self-
awareness which it is unable to work up into ideality
and overcome. t The conscious and understanding 10
self has its fulfilment in a conscious subject which is
consistent in itself, and which governs and conducts
itself in accordance with its individual position and
the connection with the external world, which is no
less a matter of internalorder. In that it remains 15
constrained within a particular determinateness
however, it fails to assign to such a content its approp-
riate and understandable place in the ordered scale
of the individual world system of a subject. The sub-
ject therefore finds itselfinvolved in a contracliction 20
between the totality systematized in its consciousness
and the particular determinateness which is not
ßuidified and given its place and rank within it. This +
is derangement.
As in other cases, in the consideration of cl e - 25

rangement there has to be an anticipation of the
understanding consciousness, the subject of which
is at the same time the natural self of self-
a war e n e s s. In this determination, such con-
sciousness is liable to fall into the contradiction 30
between the being-for-self of its free subjectivity,
and a particularity which does not assume its ideal
nature there, and remains fixed in self-awareness.
Spirit is free, and for itself it is therefore not
* r827: In this determination, the subject's disease consists of ltS remaining

persistently in self-awareness, and hence in the particularity of a sensation, in
opposition to its understanding consciousness ...
t r827: In the concrete person (as in § 406), what is determined as abstract
seif-awareness in the previous § is the fulfilled seif of the person's understanding
consciousness, the subject which ...
fAbig. (ir ijr ~on frtibmr '))MllpIH)I-.r alu e e t 1e, al~

~ i 11 9 betrad,tet \~orben, unb nur allS ~ing, b. t. ,,11$
m(\ törl i cb e~ unb e t \) e11 b e~ ift tr ber ~trrUdtbeit,
btl' ficb in n)m fttU)alrwbeu \Znblid,feic, jabig. $!)e61
wegen tft fie eine ~rnntl)tit be6 IPit)d,iicbcn, ungmcnnt
b(~ fe:blld ca uab l"St i l1i!1CIl; bel' "2{nla\l9- fann mtb~
llon Du einen ober bel' anbern eeite aUISAugebcn icf)ti:
neu unb ebenlo bie S;;lcilullg.
~ls 8eiunb unb. b&fonl1et1 ~Qt bas eu&jc~t bQf$ präs
fente Sll(rouÜtic\)ll tm gtorbntten ~otatirat feincr inbl:
,tbucUen m3c t, Ul beren e\)ftem eG tebtll ~orfommtlll
~en befonbcrn ~lIbalt ber <tmPfi nDul1 8, ~crfttUung,
~r9itrbe, ffielgung u. f. f. fu bju mi lt, unb an ble
,erftanbige ettUe befIelben einorbnet; eS ifl' bel' ber tl
200 f d)C nD e @ e n iu 6 (Iber biefe ~eioI1Drrbeiten. (fG 1ft
ber UnmlcbicD role beim ®ad)m unb ~rAumen, abt~
~ier fnUt Der ~r(\um il1nerl)alb bes $adlens fclbft, fo
ba~ er bem roirtltd)en e c!bftgciIH)( al1gel)ört. ~rrrbum
unD bergltid)m ift ein in jenen objccti\)tn Suiammenbang
(onieq:unt aufgenommener ~nba{t. (ftS ift aber im \Eon:
mten oft fd)l\ler öU fagen, wo er Clnfdngt m3A~n~1I1l ~u
nm·~tl1. eo tann eine ~eftlgt aber i()fem ®tbalt nad>
*
gerillgfögigt f~ibtnfd)aft bt6 S;;laO"tjj U. f. f. gegtn bie
\)orQlltS~tliel?wbe ()6b~rt ~eil)nnwl)tit unb s"alt in fld) a(s
ein 1(uii~l'fi(bit\)l1 beG m3al)nAnl1t~ erfcb~il1tll. !l)itf~r cnrbMt
aber wtfentlid) bm ~ß i b er ip ru d) CIIltlS Ittbhd), i et) e n b
gcroo .. btlHn ~~iul)l\) 9 ~ gen bie ~otalitat bcr ~ermittl
t lungw, roeld)e bM conmte ~eroll~tle~lIl ift. ~er ~cift
AIs nur fe\) e n b bctltmmt, in iofem ein fo(d)~5 et\)1l
unaufgdöll in feinem Q)erouptfet)n i 11, itl franf. - ~e~
,Sn()alt, bcr in bieftr ieiner mllturticf)feit frei roirb, finb
bit felbllilid)tigen ~eflimmungen bes j)erbU15, <titetfeit,
etolb unb bie anbern felbenid)aften, unb <tinbilbullgen,
S)ojfnun3ett, Eiebe unb S;;laü betS l6u~ic(t6. ~ieie6 ~rr,
bhd)e roirb frei, inbem bie '~madjt b.cr Q)cfoJlIll'ln!)eit unb
* Der folgende Satz erstmals r830'

t r 82 7: So ist der Irrthum ein im Bewußtseyn unmittelbar bleibendes, ein
Seyendes, und der Geist als nur seyend bestimmt, ist theils noch abstract ...
susceptible to this malady. In its earlier meta-

physical treatment it was regarded as a soul, a
thing however, and it is only as such, that is to
say as a natural being, that it is liable to be
deranged by the fixation of the finitude within it. 5
Derangement is therefore a psychic disease in that
it is both corporeal and spiritual, and both its in-
ception and its cure may seem to derive in the main
from either of these aspects.
In that it is healthy and self-possessed, the subject 10
consciously pervades the ordered totality of its
individual world in that it subsumes into the
system of it each particular content of sensation,
presentation, desire, inclination that occurs, and
places and orders them by means of the under- 15
standing. It is therefore the dominating genius
of these particularities. The difference here is like
that between waking and dreaming, although in the
case of derangement it is a waking dream and
therefore belongs to actual self-awareness. Error 20
and the like is a content consistently taken up into
this objective connectedness. In actual fact how-
ever, it is often difficult to say where it shades into
insanity.* For instance, if a trifte gives rise to pas-
sionate hatred etc., when one expects a greater 25
degree of self-possession and control, this might
welllook like an outburst of insanity. It is essential +
to insanity however, that there should be a con-
tradiction between a bodily feeling which has
assumed being, and the totality of mediations 30
which constitutes concrete consciousness. t Spirit
is diseased in so far as it is determined merely as a
being which has not been dissolved in its con-
sciousness. - The spiritual content liberated in
this natural state consists of the self-seeking de- 35
terminations of the heart, of vanity, pride and the
rest of the passions, and of the imaginings, hopes,
love and hate of the subject. This earthiness be- +
comes rampant once what is natural is no longer
* Following sentence first published 1830.

t 1827: Error is therefore a being which persists in consciousness immediatefy;
and determined as merely being, spirit is still in part abstract ...
beG llUgemeinel!, tier tbtoretiid,en otler morllliid)en @rlll1bl

fa~e über tlaG matlirl~d)e l1ad)llIvt, \)on lueld)tt' tlaffelbe
+ fonft unterroorfc~1 unb \'\erflccft gel)altcn luirtl; tlenn ClU
pd) \.lOd)llnben ilt biB Q)öfe in bem ~trAcn, I\\til bieielS
alG unmittelbor nattlrlid) unb ielbliijd) i11. <r6 ije tier
66ie QSellillG beG i))LCIljd,el1, ber in tier ~errtltftl>dt bml
fd)enb rotrb, aber im @cgenia~e untl im ®iberiprud)e
gegen tlaG ~effere unb ~~rltanbige, bM im ~)~ettid)en
eugleid) ilt, fo ball biefer 3ujlallb 3muttung nnb UlIglüct
belS Q5eitleG in ibm ielbll ilt. - ~ie roC\l)rl)C\fte p fl) d) i,
f d) e 5Dd)C\nb(un9 1)lllt barum aud) tlen Q; efid)t6punft
fell, bajj bie ~muctt()eit nid)t abjlrC\cter ~ crl u je bel'
~erllunft lueber lIad) bel' <eeite bel' -SllteUigcn& il0d) be$
~iUm6 unb jemer Sured)lIullg6fal)igfeit, jonbml nur
201 ~mudtl)eit, nur ~ßii)eriprud) in ber \lod) \.lorl)anbenen
mtrnullft, rote bit pit,d)lfd)e .~ra!1fbeit nid)t abllracter,
tI. i. !l!luölid)er merluI1 bei: Q;efunbl)cit (ein fold}er roare
bcr ~o.,), jonbcrn ein ~\3ib~riprud) in il)r i{t. ~ieie
mcuid)licl)., b. i. ebmf" lUol)lll.lollenbc al6 \.ltrllllnfligc
~(I)(\lluluIl9 - i}) i ne I tmbient bit böd)jle llllerftllllun~
fllr bie ffierbiell!1e bie er um fit ge~C\bt - fe~t ben StrI1H.
ren AllS ~erllt1nftigt~ \'orC\u~ unb ~at ~ieran ben fellen
J}41t, an D~m fie ir,n nad) biefer ®elte erfaffen fann,
mie Mcf) Der ~dblid)feit Oll bel' 1!tbenbigfeit, tueld)e alt>
fold)e nod) @cfullbbeit in ~d) elltbAlt.
Sar.... BUf <iTlQutentng 'oe~ obtn~e~en'oen ~afaOTC\~~en

möge no~ ~oigen'oe~ bienen:
~mit0 im ,3ufa& ~u 5. 402 i~ 'oie mUf ü tf t ~ eit aI~ 'oie
a~ eI t e unter 'oen '0 r ei <int~itflung~jlufen aufgefa,t tt'or'oen,
ttld~e 'oie fü ~ Ien'o e e ee( e In i~rem ~amllfe mit 'oer ltnmlt.
tdbarleit i~re0 fub~antienen ~I\~a(t~ 'ourd}täuft, um pd} ~\1 'oer
im ~ ~ uor~i1n'oenen ftd}. ClU f: fid}" be aie ~ en'o en ei n fad) en
S u6j ecti uit ä t ~u er~eben unb 'oCl'ourd} i~m feIb~ uoUfommen
mäd)tig unb berou,t au ~er'oen. llitfe unren iujfaffung 'ofr
mmüdt~eit 41& einer in 'oer 'lntttlitflung 'oa Seelt not ~ ~ en"
'0 IS ~eft\ortfdtn'oen ~onn ober Stufe i~ natürli~t1il)dfe nid)t f0
au 'l'er~e9en, Ill~ ob 'oamit be~Cluvtd ~ürtt: i e'0 U @ei~, ie '0 e
completely subject and subservient to the power of

self-possession, of what is universal, of theoretical
or moral principles; for since the heart in its
immediacy is natural and selfish, this evil is impli-
cidy present within it. It is man's evil genius which 5
gains the upper hand in derangement, although as it
does so in opposition to and in contrast with his
better understanding, spirit is here in astate of
distraction and distress. - The truly p s ychic treat-
ment of derangement therefore holds firmly to the 10
view that it is not an abstract loss of reason,
either in respect of intelligence or of the will and
its responsibility, but that it is literally derange-
ment, i.e. not the absence but merely a contradic-
tion of reason: just as physical illness is not an 15
abstract, that is to say an entire loss of health,
which would in fact be death, but a contradiction
involving health. Pinel deserves the greatest credit +
for his furtherance of this humane treatment, which
is as benevolent as it is reasonable. By presuppos- 20
ing the patient's rationality, it can take as firm a
hold of him spirtually as one can of his bodily
nature by treating his vitality as the presupposition
of his physical health. +
Addition. What follows may serve to elucidate the above 25

Paragraph. In the Addition to § 402, derangement has already
been interpreted as the second of the three stages of develop-
ment through which thefeeling soul passes as it struggles with
the immediacy of its substantial content in order to com-
plete its mastery and consciousness of itself by raising itself to 30
the simple self-relating subjectivity present within the ego.
Naturally, our interpretation of derangement as a form or
stage occurring necessarily in the development of the soul, is
not to be taken to imply that every spirit, every soul, must pass
332 . Regels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
Seele httiffe burd1 biefen Bu~anb äu~~er 3miffen~rit ~in~lItcf1'

ge~en. (line fold)e ~e~al1~hlng \\)äre (benfo un~nnfg, de ehN
'Oie WnnQ~me: ~ei{ in ~er 9ted)t"\,~ilofo~~ie bQ~ ~u#
&re cl) en al~ eine not ~ \\) enbi 9e (lrfd)einung 'Oe~ menrdJlf~en
~iUen~ &etrad)tet \\)irb, be~~al& foUe ba~ ~ege~ell \)on !Jerm,
d)en au tinfr ltn\)ermdblid)en 9lot~\Venbi9feit für feben Clfn-
aeIn en gemad)t \Verben. :DilO ~er&red)en unb bie ~errülft~rit
ftnb (lrtreme, \Veld;e ber ~enrd1engeift Herbau"t im ~et·
lauf feiner ~nhviddung au übcminben ~at, bie jtbod') nid;t in
je'Oem IDlenfd)en QI6~rtf(me, fonbern nur in bn~flalt \)on
~erd)ränft~eiten, 2ftt~iimnn, X~or~eiten unb \)on
202 ni"t ,erhed)erifd;er ScfJulb erfcfJeinen. !l)irJ 1ft ~iRrd:
d)clb, um unfere eetrad)mng bet IJmüdt~eit al~ dftft ll'tfent#
'''n .antll'icflungfIh1fe ber Stele au u"tf'ertfgfn.
. . aM 'DIe ~eflimmung bef 'hgtlff~ 'On !Surüdt,
~eit ktrifft, fo 1ft f"on im BUfa. au 1.405 bat (if8ent~üm:
IidJe biefef 3uftanbf, - im UnterfcfJle'O \)on bem, auf bft uflen
bet brei (lntll'icf{lIns~~n 'On fü~enben Seele \)on une ktrcul):
teten lIlosnetif"en Somnomhlf'mut, - bCl~In aagegt:
&eil "otot", ba; III ber merrücft~eU bat Seelen~(lfte au
bem 0bi e( ti\) eIl et\Vu;tfe~n nld)t me~r bQf IBerl}dltni; dnet
bio; lhrfd)hbentll, ron~ bat einet biTeet Clntstgtn:
ß ef t , te Il ~(lt , unb bej~al& ft" mit ienem eewu;tfe"n nict,t
me~t \) er mI f cfJ t. !l)ie ma'r~it blefer "ngQbe moUen wir ~icr
butdJ eme 10dtm "uteinCl1lbcrfetung batt~un, unb bQbutd) &u#
gtefcfJ bic \)unünftige 9l0t'~enblghft bet \JottgonSf
llnfmt &trca4tuns \)on be1t mG SIt etf f cfJ en .3 u ft ä nb en aur
tBndclt~ett hmeifelt. l>te i 9l0~\Vmbisfrit ienef \JortQang.
liegt der ba, bclJ bie Eeete fd)on Cln fi~ ~er m,Hberf.,tucfJ
1ft, da 3n'Oi,tbueUd, Itnaelnet Hnb _o~ auslefcfJ mit ber ,
aUg eaetne. 9ratJrfeele, mit t'utSdftana umnitttlkt iben-
tifcfJ an f. . ~lefe tn bet t't "ibuf"ucfJellben Worm ber
~bentUlt ulfHtmbe Clntgegenfetung muJ ClI. Cllttge:
genf •• ung, al' mlbnr,tu" gefe,t \1m'be1t. ~trJ ge:
fdJit~t atl in ber tBen6c1t~eit; bm., etfl in berfelkn trennt
ficfJ bIt eu' i u tb HU bet &de nid)t bloJ 'OOn ~m, im
through this stage of extreme disruption. To assert that it

must would be as senseless as assuming that since crime is
treated as a necessary manifestation of the human will in the
Philosophy of Right, it is an unavoidable necessity that every
individual should be guilty of it. Crime and derangement are 5
extremes which the human spirit in general has to overcome in
the course of its development. In most people however, they
occur not in their extreme forms, but simply as limitations,
errors, stupidities, and as oifences of a non-criminal nature. We
have said enough to justify our consideration of derange- 10
me nt as an essential stage in the development of the soul.
With regard to the determination of the Notion of derange-
ment however, it has already been indicated in the Addition
to § 405, that the characteristic which distinguishes this
state from the magnetic somnambulism we dealt with as the 15
first of the developmental stages of the feeling soul, is that
wh at is soul-like in it no longer relates to objective conscious-
ness as mere(y 4ijferent from it, but as what is direct(y opposed to
and therefore no longer mingles with it. We now propose to
demonstrate that our exposition al progression from magnetic 20
states to derangement is matter of rational necessity, by indicating
the truth of this statement in a more extended exposition.
This necessity lies however in the soul's already being
implicit(y contradictory, for while it is as an individual and
singular being, in its immediacy it is at the same time identical 25
with the universal natural soul which constitutes its substance.
This opposition, which exists in the soul in the contradictory
form of identity, has to be posited as opposition, as contradiction.
The initial occurrence of this is in derangement, in which the
subjectivity of the soul not only first separates itself from its 30
substance, with which it is still immediately identical in
SO •• llthli'm.' uoct unaaitttlbGr IIlit i~f fbmtif. . ~d$

flana, foabmt foannt in biretten Qhaellfot sescll bWfe, -
in .teen lBi~ttf~fUcf1 mit ~m .Dbiutt'Den, - wirb baI
h.t4 F rda formellen, letten, abpfCl'hn (5.ubjedi\)ftdt,
- 11. 1IClca;t fi41 in 'oicfn ~rn (f i n fe itf afe it 'oie "ebeutung
einn "Cl~f_aften (fin~eit 'oeß Subjutben unb .Db-
i tettln an. !Die ill bn IJtmicft~eit ~c~bme CItn~eit Dltb
Xftnmang ~ eben genannten ents~genßei(ttfll Selten iP 'oo~
203 noell eine u n ~ 0 llf 0 mment. Bu i~rtr \)oOfOmmentll @t~lllt gt l
mot biefe (fin~eit unb biefe !trennung nur im ~ tt nü n f ti gen,
im ~itfltd} objutiutn ee~u'tfe"n. ~enn fd} mid} aum
\) u nÜn fti gen ~enfen er~oben ~ilbe, bin feil ni~t nur f11 r
mid1, mir gegen~änblid1, alfo eine fubiectiue 3bentitdt
btG (5ubjectiuen un'o .obi,'ti»en, fonbern i~ ~a&e ~weitenG bkft
3bentitdt 'Oon mir abgefd}ieben, al~ eine wirfli~ objecti'Oe
mir gegenüberge~eUt. Um ~u bierer \)oUfommenen !trennung ~lt
gelangen, mu, 'oie fü ~ Ien be Seele i~re U nmlt leIb arfel t,
i~rt 9la tü r lid} fel t, 'oie ~eib Hd}fei t übeminben, fuetU fe~el1,
ftd} ~ueigen ma~en, ba'ourd) in eine 0 bi ec t h e ~in~eit beß 6ub.
icctiuen unb .objediuen umbilben, unb bamit fowo~l i~r ~nbmG
auG befien unmittelbarer 2bentität mi~ i~r entlaffen, aIG allgleicl}
fid) feIber uon biefem 9(n'omn befteien. Bu biefem Bide ijl aber
'oie Seele auf oem Stan~vunfte, auf ~eIcfJem wir fte je~t beI
trad)ten, nod) nid)t gelangt. 3n fofern [te 'Ourülft ijl, ~ä(t
fie uielme~r an einer n 1I r f d j ec ti \' en 3bentitdt beG Subjecti.
'Oen unb .obiecti'Oen a I~ an riner ob je ct i'O en (fin~eit biefer bt{$
ben Seiten fe~; unb nur, in folern [te, neben aUer ~Qn~eit
unb QUellt ~a~nfirm, bod) aug(efd) nod) 'Oernünftio i~, alfo Quf
einem an '0 er en, alß bem feit au betr4~tenben Stanb"unfte fle~t,
- gelangt fte au einer 0 bi ec ti uen (iin~eit b~ Subjectf'OfIl
unb .obiecti'Oen. 3m ßII~anbe ber eigentlid)en memilftf;\tft ~nb
nämlid) beibe meifen beß en'oltd)en @ei~eG, - einerfritG bQ~
in ~d) ent~idelte, \) etnii n ftig e tie" 11; t f e~ n mit feiner
ob je, ti '0 en ~elt, anbemfdtG baG an fid) fe~~altenbe, t n ftd)
felber feine .objectiuität ~a&enbe innue <im\)finben, -
jebe für fid) aur !t 0 t a fit ät, au riner ~ er f ön Ud) fe it QuGgt#
somnambulism, but enters into direct opposition to it, into com-

plete contradiction of what is objective, ami so becomes a purely
formal, empty, abstract subjectivity. In this onesided state, it
assurnes itself to be a true unity of what is subjective and what is
objective, so that in derangement the unity and separation of 5
the two sides just mentioned is still incomplete. This unity and
separation only achieves completeness of form in rational
consciousness which is actual!J objective. When I have raised
myself to rational thinking, I am not only a subjective identity
of the subjective and the objective in that I amJor myself as 10
my own general object, but I have also disengaged from this
identity by setting it over against myself as an actual object-
ivity. In order to achieve this complete separation, the feeling
soul has to overcome the corporeity of its immediaC:J, its natural-
ness, by positing it as of an ideal nature and so transforming 15
itself into an objective unity of the subjective and objective by
appropriating it. By so doing, it releases its other from this
immediate identity with it, while freeing itself from it. At
the standpoint at which it is now being considered however,
the soul has not yet achieved this goal. In so far as it is de- 20
ranged, it cleaves to a mere!J subjective identity of the subjective
and the objective rather than to an objective unity of these two
sides; and it is only in so Jar as it is still capable of rationality
amid all its folly and insanity, that it has another stand point
from that now to be considered, and achieves an objective 25
unity of the subjective and the objective. In the state of de-
rangement proper, the two modes of finite spirit, - the
internally developed, rational consciousness with its objective
world, and the self-involved inner sentience with its objectivity
within itselJ, - are each developed into the distinct totality 30
of a personality. The objective consciousness of the deranged
bilbet. ~Q~" bi ect I\' e ~etuu,tfet>R bet lJem'idtm adgt ~~ auf

bie DlanRigfa(tigpe ~rt; ~e roiffen, a.~., N, fie im 3tre~aufe
fiQ j - fie fennen i~re ~ufn'arter; - roiffen aucf1 rüdfi~tIi~
"Rbaer, ba, biefd~en ~Ilmn finb j - macf1en fid> ü~r i~re gel
genfeitige 9larr~eU hl~ig; - \\)erben au aUerlei mmi~tun9en ge'
204 braudlt, Initunter foger AU Iufit~crn ernannt. ~bef aug!dd1 tra u'
m c n flc ro a ~ eR 'D un'D ~nb an eine, mit i~rem obiectil:lm ~e'
rou,tf'" ntd)t au »ttrinigenbe &e fon 'D er e m"r~eUun9 9ebon n t.
~leP ~ road)~ XrAunun ~ot eine metroau'otfd)aft mit 'Dcm
1!omncaahli&mll&; Augleld) unterfd)e\'Det fid) iebod, ba~ (f~n
»on beDl fetteren. ~1'tn'D Im S" mn a m~ u li ßmuß 'oie bef,
ten in Wiutm ~nbi~buum l:lor~onbel1m ~erfönlicf)feittn
einanber nid)t berü~rtn, 'Daß fomnombule ~etuußtfe\,n
\)idmeI}r \)Oft 'Dem ro a~e n ~etuußtfe~n fog etre n n t i~ \'a, I
feine ~ btrfe.n I>on bem n nb er en tueiß, unb 'oie .3 tu ei ~eit

'oer ~erfhli«,feiten au«, alß eine .3rod~eit ber 3u~
fUnbe erfcf)efnt; - ~n'D bagegeß In ber eigentlicf)en mer'
rüdt~elt 'DIe anHlerlei ~erfönlid)feiten nicf)t Aroeierld
3uflanbe, fonbern In (finem un'D bemfelllen .3l1flanbej fo
to, biefegegen einanber ne ga ti \) en ~erfönlicf)feiten, - ba~
fetlen~afte IIn'o baß Mfläu'oige ~erou;tfe\)n, - fid, gegenfei.
Hg hrü~f('n llllb »Oll eillanbn roiffen. !la& l:leTrücfte
eubiect I~ ba~tr In 'Dem 9le 9 ati \)e n f ei nn f e1b er ~et fl d);
- ba& ~ti,t, -- In feinem ~eroußtfe~n i~ unmittelbar bae 9le~
gatloe beffelben tlor~anben. !ließ 9legatil:le roirb l:lom memicften
nid;t übetrounben I - bQ~ .3 ro ie f a ~ e in rod.& er aerfäUt,
I
ni~t AUf (fin~eit ge~racf)t. .obg(ei~ an fi~ ~in unb baffelbe

Subictt, ~at f"lgliif, cer merrütfte fitf> benno~ nid)t Il(~ ein mit
fi~ ftl~er ülmcin ftimmen'ot0 in fi~ ungdrennte&, foobern al&
I
ein in aro eie r lei ~ er fön lid, f ei t en au~einanbetge~nbe& Subs

ieet aum @rgcnftllnbc.
!ler be~immte Einn blerer 3miifen~eit, - 'oieft& ~ei~
f i cf) f e~ nß 'DrEI @eifte0 im 9l e9a t i l:l en feiner felber, - {)e'o"tf
einer nod, roeitmlt Q'nfu\idlung. 2eneß 9l e9a ti I> e bdommt tn
ber merrütft~eit eine conmtm ~ebeutllng, al~ baß 9legatil:le 'oer
6ede in unferet biß~erisen ~drad)tung ge~abt ~at; tuie oucfJ
shows itself in the most diverse ways. They know, for ex-
ample, that they are in an asylum. They know their atten-
dants, and they also realize that those about them are fools.
They make fun of one another's folly. They are given all
kinds of tasks, and on occasions are even appointed as over- 5
seers. Yet at the same time they are in a waking dream, spell- +
bound by a particular presentation which cannot be united
with their objective consciousness. Although this waking
dream has an affinity with somnambulism, it also distinguishes
itself from it. In somnambulism there is no communication be- 10
tween the two personalities present in the one individual,
somnambulistic and waking consciousness being so segregated that
neither is aware of the other, and duality of personality also
appearing as a dual state. In derangement proper however,
the two personalities occur not in two but in one and the same 15
state, so that the two mutually negative personalities, the soul-
like and the understanding consciousness, are in mutual
communication and know of each other. The deranged subject
is therefore with itself in the negative, which me ans that its
consciousness has the negative of itself immediately present 20
within it. The deranged person does not overcome this nega-
tive, there being no unification of the duality into which he
falls. Consequently, although such a person is implicitly one
and the same subject, he is aware of hirnself as a subject
which tends to diverge into two personalities rather than accord 25
and inwardly cohere with itself.
The specific import of this disruption, of spirit's being with
itself in the negative of itself, stands in need of a further de-
velopment. In derangement, this negative assurnes a more
concrete significance than that appertaining to the negative 30
of the soul in our preceding exposition; and, similarly,
bot etifid)fe\)n be& @riflt& ~Iff in nMm erfiilltmn SiAltt,

205 a(& Da6 bi~~(r au Stanbe gtfommene 5ürftd,fn'lI bn e~dt ge.
nommen Werben mu~.
3undd)jl ijl alfo jeneEl für 'oie ~nüdt~dt .raftHiftif~t
~ ega ti ~ e \)on anbtrartigem 9legati~en t'er eede ~u UfttfT 1
fd)el'oen. 3u 'oem <!n'oe f5nnen wir bemtrfell, 'oa" \l'enlt MT,
A· ~., ~ ef d) wn Ii d) feit eIt ertragtn, wir aud) in einen, 91e<
gatroen bei un& felber ~n'o, 'oe~wegen aber nod) feilte 9larrm AU
ft\)ß braud)en. ~ie~ werben wir erfi bann, wenn ~ir beim VI:
tragen 'oer ~efd)wer[id)feittn. feinen nur 'ourd) 'oalfrlbe All end:
~'oen tlemünftigen 3wed ~aben. So wirb man, A.~., dne
Aur Sedelljlärfuug nad) 'oem ~eUigeu @rabe unternonwcne metf(
für eine 9lan~eit anfe~cn 'oürfelt, \teil rold}e ffieife für 'ocn hod
tlorfd)webeu'oen 3wed gonA lInnii~, alfo fein uot~\tlen'oige' 9)lit,
tel für 'oelfen <!mid}ung ijl. ~ue gleid)em @run'oc fann b00
mit ftied)en'oem jtörper 'ourd} ganAt ~anber aU~gefia{)rte !Heifen
ber ~ n'0 Ier fitr eine mem'idt~eit Hflärt werben. lla& tn 'oer
mem'idt~elt ertrligene 9legatiue Ijl alfo ein fold}ee, In .ld;em
nur 'oaG em~ fin [I en'o e, nld)t aber baß tI n jl dn'o i 9e ua'o \' n:
n ü nf ti 9e ~ewu,tfe\)n ~d) wie'oerfinbd.
~ bem tlerritdten Bujlan'oe mad}t aber, wie fd)on eben se:
fagt, 'oa0 9l e9 Qt i tl e eine ~ejlimmun9 aue, wdd}e fotl'ol)1 brm
fulen~ofttn, wie bem 'Oerjlän'olgen ~ewu,tfe'l in bereu
gegenfeitiger ~eaid'llng aufommt. Xlitfc ~eAle~un9 jener beiben
dnnnbn entgegengefe.teu 9Beiftn bee ~cI fid)f e~n' DcG @elfttG
bebarf gleid}fQU~ einer nd~mn «~araftcri~nmg, bamit ~iefd&e
.ni~t mit 'oem mer~altni, tlemed)felt Werbe, in ~m 'ocr &(." e
~nt~ltm un'o 'oie X~or~eit &U bem objecti'eu, 'Ounünf.
ti ge tt t\eWlt,tre~n tle~en.
Um 'oie ren ~nft au erld"tem, woUtn "'ir 'Doran erinnern,
'oa~, inbem 'oie Seele ~ e"' lt , t fe \, n ~ir'o, für ~e 'Durd) 'oie Xnn,
mlUg 'oe' In ba nQtüdi~en Seele auf 1I1lmittdbare ~rife ma,
einigten 'oer ~tgenfa, tiMe fu.bjuthell ~tnfen& unb 'oa
th u, er li d1 (d t cntfttl)l; - 6\N i 9B d t en, 'oie in ~ 0 ~ r •
206 lIeit &\Nf mit elnanbet ibentif~ ~ll't', (ordo rerum atquo
spirit's being with itself has to be regarded as implying more
at this juncture than it does in respect of the being-for-self
hitherto attained by the soul.
In the first instance therefore, the negative characteristic of
derangement has to be distinguished from another kind of 5
negative encountered by the soul. The distinction will be-
come apparent if we note, for example, that although we are
also with ourselves in a negative when we end ure hard-
ships without their being essential to the pursuit of a rational
purpose. For example, a journey to the Holy Sepulchre 10
undertaken for the purpose of fortifying one's soul might very
weIl be regarded as a folly, since it is in no respect conducive
to the end envisaged, and is therefore irrelevant to the
achievement of it. It is for the same reason that the Indians
who make crawling journeys across whole countries may be 15 +
said to be in astate of derangement. In the negative endured
in derangement therefore, it is not the understanding and
rational but simply the sentient consciousness which rediscovers
itself.
It has already been observed of the deranged condition 20
however, that the negative within it constitutes a determina-
tion appertaining to both the psychic and the understanding
consciousness in their mutual relation. In order to prevent its
being confused with the relationship of mere error and stupidity
to objective and rational consciousness, this relation between 25
these two opposed modes of spirit's being with itself also needs
to be characterized more precisely.
In order to clarify this point, let us remember that in that
the soul becomes consciousness through the separation of what
is immediately unified in the natural soul, it encounters the 30
opposition between subjective thinking and externality. In truth,
it is certainly the case that these two worlds are mutually
* idearllm idem est, fagt S pi n0 aa) I bit jtbod} bem &lo~ Te ~

fl f( t h tn btn ~ett'u,tf~n, beln enb lf cf} en ~enftn I al~ re ( ~
f tn tlfd} \) errif1ieb tn e unb gegen einanber f elb ~~ii nbiß e (f.
fd)einen. Somit tritt Ne Sede, al~ ~ ere u fj t fe" n, in bie
Sl'f>Gre b(f ~nblid} feit unb Bufdlligfeit I be~ Sid). f tlber.
äu,nlid}en, fomit ~ertinadten. mJa0 iCf} auf biefem Stanb~
~unft ~i;, ~a8 reei; id} a" tl ad] ~ al~ ein ~mi"adte8, UnI
'Omuittelte8, folglid] al8 ein Bttfällige8, alt! ein @(ßebene~, @e.
funbcne8. ~a8 ~nbene unb intpfunbene \)er\\'anbde idJ in
!hrfhllungen 1mb madJt bajftlbe auglda, au einem öllfjer{f.
~rn QJe9rn~anbe. !Dlefen 3n~alt erfenne ia, bann aber, -
in fofmt bit X~tißftft mdne8 ~er~anbe8 unb meiner ~er~
n.nft ßd) auf benftlbtn rid}ttt, - 3ug1dd] a(~ ein nid}t bIo;
htaaelte8 unb Bufällige8, fonbtrn al8 IDloment dne8 gro.
fen 3ufammen~ang~, al~ ein mit anDerem 3n~alt in un.
enbHd)n ~ n mittlu n9 6te~enbe~ unD burd} biere ~ermittlllng
aa ehoa8 ~ot~tt'tnbigem m3erbenlle8. 9l1tT reenn icf} auf bie
eben angegebene Wrt \'etfa~rt, bin iCf} bei ~ er ~ an be unb er.
~ ter milf1 erfüUenbe 3nI,alt feinerftit~ ble ~orm ber 0 bfee.
ti~ftat. mit biere Objecti\)Uät ba~ Biel mtine8 t~eorttf.
f d) Ul etrtben~ 1ft; fo bllbd biejdbe aua, ble 9lorm mtine~ ~ r a f·
tifcf>rn ~r~ltm8. m3iU fdJ ba~er meine 3roetfe unb 3n;
turHtn, - alfo \)on mir au~g~~enbe ~o~eUungell, - au~
t~1'n 6ubjecthftät in ble Objuti\>ität \ltrfeoenj fo mu,
f~ .tr, \»enn fd) \)tfftlinbig f('1n foU, ba~ IDlaterlal, batl mir
9tgenübtr~e~tn)H !Dafe"n, in reeld}tm id1 jenen 3n~alt
AU ~errclrflicf}en beabfid}tige, f 0 ~orpeUfll, rcie baffelbe in 2Ba~r.
~ft ip. (lbenfo aber, tt)ie »on ber mit gesenübe~e~rnben Ob;
jecti»ität mu~ f~, um mld, ~e~änbig ~Il bent~men, dne ri~tige
!JotfteUung UR mit ftlbn ~aben, - b\l~ ~d~t, - eine foId)e
~~un9, bir mit M ~otGlität .mn 9ßirftf~fdt, - mit
207 meinet umn'oUd} kflimmten, \)On mdnem fubpantitUtn ~n unt
t(rfd,iebenen 3nbi'oc'buaIität übereinfiimmt.
6o\l)o~( übn mid1 fdbft, reie über 'oie Wujen\lWlt fann fd)
* Notizen /820-/822 ('Heget-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider ISIC): Sub-

stantielle Identität ordo rerurn et idearurn.
identical, ordo rerum atque idearum idem est says Spinoza, * +

but to merely reJlective consciousness, to finite thinking, they
appear to be essentially different and independent of one another.
It is thus that the soul enters as consciousness into the sphere of
finitude and contingency, of self-externality, and so of what is 5
singularized. Whatever I know from this stand point I know
primarily as a singularization, as unmediated, and so as some-
thing which is contingent, given, discovered. What is dis-
covered and sensed I transform into presentations, while at the
same time making a general externat object of it. In so far as I 10
bring my understanding and reason to bear upon this content
however, I also know that it is not simply singularized and
contingent, but that in that it assumes necessity through
standing in infinite mediation with another content, it con-
stitutes one moment of a great connectedness. It is only when I do 15
this that I have understanding, and that the content which
oe cu pies me has, for its own part, the form of objectivity. This
objectivity not only constitutes the goal of my theoretical
striving, but also forms the norm of my practical conduct.
Consequently, if I want to exercise understanding in trans- 20
ferring my aims and interests i.e. presentations originating in
me, from their subjectivity into objectivity, I have to have a true
presentation of the material in which I have to actualize this
content, the determinate being with which I am confronted.
Similarly, if I am to act in accordance with my understand- 25
ing, I have to have a correct presentation not only of the
objectivity with which I am confronted, but also of myselj, -
such a presentation as tallies with my actuality in its totality,
with my infinitely determined individuality as distinct from
my substantial being. 30
Now I can of course err, both with regard to the external
* Notes 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 15IC): Substantial

identity, ordo rerum et idearum.
midJ nun aUn'oln.. ifru. Un~erpan'olge IDlenr.n l)aben

leere fubjceti'l'e motfteUungen, unau~fü(,rhre IBünfd)t,
Die ße gIei"~1 Ur 3ufunft au rcaUnten ~offcn. Sie bornirea
ßdJ auf gana '0 neinaeltc 3ll'ecfe unb 3ntnetfen, f)alttn an
ci n reit i Reil 8rabfä~n feft, unb fommen baburlt mit Dn
mitftldJfelt I1 3" t ef~ aH. Iba 'oiefe ~ 0r nir t ~ eft , fOrllle
jener 3fft~unt fiab noct; nid)t8 Wenüdte~, ll'cnn 'oie tla,
~nbigen ,usld4 ll'iffen, '00' ~r Sub i ec t h ef n 0 cl) nt d) t
objcctb ",Pin. 3ur mertjidt~eit ll'irb 'on 3rrt~um tnb
~ ~o~t ntt in 'oe.. 8aU, ll'o 'on !Renfd1 feine nur fub,
i tC *h e Worfttfhmg alt ob ie cl '" ßcl) 9 c9u ll' är tf 9 au ~bm
SIGubt unb geau bfe mit berfelbcn in mJfberf~ru" ftcr,tnbt
"Ir fli d) e .D • jce ti ~ it ä t fe pbä H. ~n merfÜdten " ibr
bio, SubjediWf gona eknfo gell'i" ll'ic '008 .oijectivt; an f~rer
nur fubi«tf~ morfteUung, - aum "eir~id an 'ocr iinWl'oung,
'0 i efCI 9Jienf4, 'ocr ße nid)t ßnb, in ber !t~ot au f~n, - ~a,
k1t fic 'oie 8e"t;beit i~rer felbp, l)angt i~r Se9ß. menn
"'" 3emanb mmüctte8 fl>rid)t, fo fit immer '00' (itfte ~Iffj,
ba; man t~" on ben gonaen Umfang feiner mer~AIt,
niffe, on feine unnete mJirfli"feit mnnert. .f)Qlt n
baM, - "gfeid) alfo jener ollietti\le ßufamment,aRs 'OOT ftine
"&
f8«fleUung Qebr~t 1ft unb 'l'on i~m gmujt ll'lrb, - ntd)t'~
beftoll'enlger on feiner faffd)en morfkUußQ fe'; fo unterfitgt
&nüdtr~n eine' fo(d)en !Jlenfd)m fdRem 3~lfel.
lu' 'oem eben 8efogten fo(st, t-a' lt1(Ul 'oie '0 er rücfte mor-
flieUU1IQ eine »om merrüdtm fir ~G' ((ollnett' unb mtl'r~
u"ee aaaef~ne (eere W&~r4Ctfon unb blo'e g~alfcf)'
hit nennen fGnn; bemt, ll'it "'ir seft~en ~a6m, ~rb eHn in
jener ~otftelbmg »on 'on co ner et t1l !ß Irf It dJ ft i t bcf mn·
riilcen obpf4~irt. !,lenK, a. tt , td,l, ber id) tin .tönig 3"
208 fe\111 wa* e1ltftmt bin, beMOd) mld) für einm .Iönlg l)aUe; fo
~at biefe ber !tota(itAt meinet mlrftid)feit ll'i'oerfl>re~n'oe 118'0
bej~Q(b 'OeRÜdte WortleUung burd)au8 feinen an'omn @runb unb
3nf)alt, a(8 'oie unbe~lm mte a ({ gemei ne IDU gfi a,feit, 'o11j,
- bG überf}:1u.,t ein 9JltnfdJ ein .lößig ft\)n fann, - gerabe
'dI, - biefer kpiatmte !Reufd), - ein Jtönig tt)Qre.
world and with regard to myself. People of no understanding

entertain empty, subjective presentations, wishes which, though
unfulfillable, they still hope to realize at some future date.
They confine themselves to completely singularized aims
and interests, ding to onesided principles, and are therefore at 5
variante with actuality. Yet neither this limitedness nor this
error will constitute derangement if those lacking in understand-
ing also know that their subjective presentations have as yet no
objective existence. Error and stupidity only become derange-
ment when a person believes his simply subjective presentation 10
to be objectively present, and dings to it in spite of the actual
objectivity by which it is contradicted. To the deranged, what is
simply subjective is just as much a matter of certainty as
what is objective. Their being centres upon the simply sub-
jective presentation from which they derive their self-certainty. 15
They might imagine, for example, that they are someone
else. Consequently, when someone speaks in a deranged
manner, one should always begin by reminding hirn of his
overall situation, his contrete actuality. If, when he is brought to
consider and to be aware of this objective context, he still 20
fails to relinquish his false presentation, there can be no doubt
that he is in astate of derangement.
It follows from this exposition that a presentation may be
said to be deranged when the deranged person regards an
empty abstraction and a mere possibility as something concrete and 25
actual, for we have established that the precise nature of such
a presentation lies in the deranged person's abstracting from
his concrete actuality. For example, if I regard mys elf as a king +
and am very far from being one, I am entertaining a presen-
tation which is deranged because it is a total contradiction of 30
my actual condition, and has no other ground and content
than an indeterminate and general possibility, i.e. that since a
man in general can be a king, I myself, this specific person,
am one. +
~ - em rol.' _alten an dner mit mehler (onuc,

te. IDirfUcr,Irit un»erelnHrcn kj'onbcrcn QJortteUung in mir eRt#
'a
~"a n n, - "»on liegt ber (8 run b bOTiIl, "~ fd)aunid)~
gIR. dftracte., »"mmen unhftillllnte., "~ aHni
.dfdieeu 3ntaIte offenfte~Ulbe'3d) .m. 3n fofern id)
~"' Wa, fan 14 IIfr bie (eerften tBorfkUungen ma", mtd),
* .. &, fir dlmt .oullb ~en, (bo~ genf.n In .ounbe ~
,"lIbelt "'_ tbtb, fo...t ja in gär.n »or), - ober mir
dUilbm, "' I" IU fU ceen »ermöge, ~f( ~la. genug "lU
etabc 'nb. So"ie'" bCIßCQfn tonneh. 3" ..,

»td}onbca ift, unb "'" anbere leMibe lBcfen IU fliegen im
" •• te @cbcmfcn »on ber Birfli"fdt er~lte, - ro.tz ...,

.e-
a. e., fa bell (ettenDi.ntell WaU an lItine EcfJ"cre bcnfc, ro

f4c '4 bie l_ösHIIfdt mdaef SliceCll' dn. !Iut ber Be a f clJ
adaat baau, " in fcner »oUfOllllCllen •• ft nett 0n be. ~ clJ
an afaiJca· !DaburcfJ ~t er, fo IU fClQfn, M' mone"t bcr
Ilaatdt ullb bet Bal)nthtne. !Diefe .lnnffJdt entltilfdt ti4
_ ta bcm conueten, 'efonnuen e~u~n ur
gell, ~arrbcn., dfhutn 3"

in fofen, al' "felk au bell »o~ kf"~CIt .~n .. i"tt"
.nullterfinft. !D1IhfJ
bicJ -6mlltcrflnfrn »erlicrt ". conmte 3c6 bW üfolutc DacfJt
ikr ~ !Ja.le e"fttlR feiner ~, - • ~e ~"
fdt eil, aUd aß bie Seele .to.cnbe an ~c rt4tc Stelle au
feten, b, jeber fdRCl' tBor(ldlunsm flcf) fd.er ulUo •• cn
8csu"irtig au .... , - Ii~t ~" »fn d_ 'efnbncn
nur füjcdi»en tBorftdlung gerusen n4"', ..,in .,.... bfc"
feiM all~tr ftcfJ ge6racf)t, au' bem WUttd'llllft feiM'
209 IlUrflid)feit ~u'au~ßerüdt, unb klommt, - ba aU9ltii~ e'
nocfJ ein ~ewu,tfe~n feiner mJidli"leit be~a(t, - owd IDlit-
ttlpunfte, - Den einen in bem 9h~ ftinet 'Ouftäntigen
~u,tfevnG, - ben onbnen in feiner »enücften tlSorfteUuns.
3n Dem 'Oemidten ~ewu~tf",n tte~t bit Q bft r ac t e ~ II St ~
mein~eit beG unmittelkren, re~enbell ;scfJ litt eilln »on ber
* Criesheim Ms. S. 239; vgl. KehleT Ms. S. 171: Ein (Kehler: Sohn des Prinzen)
Conde fing oft an, unwiderstehlich zu bellen wie ein Hund, bei Hofe Ludwig
14 durfte so etwas nicht vorkommen, er trat dann an ein Fenster und
machte Grimassen, als ob er bellte, ohne dieB laut werden zu lassen.
The reason for my being liable to ding to a particular pre-
sentation in spite of its being irretrievably at odds with my
concrete actuality, lies in my being initially an ego which,
since it is wholly abstract and completely indeterminate, is open
to a7ry kind of congenial content. In so far as I am this ego, I 5
can entertain the emptiest of presentations. I can regard
myself as a dog for example, * and in fairy-tales men have
indeed been changed into dogs, or I can imagine that since +
other living beings are able to fly and there is room enough, I
too have this ability. To the extent that I become a concrete 10
ego however, I become aware of impossibility in that I think
about actuality in a determinate manner. In the last-mentioned
case for example, I realize I cannot fly when I think of my
weight. It is only man who is able to apprehend hirnself in
this complete abstraction of the ego, and this is why he has the 15
prerogative, if one may so express it, of folly and insanity. Yet
concrete, self-possessed self-consciousness is only subject to this
disease in so far as it lapses into the impotent, passive, abstract ego
just mentioned. Through this relapse the concrete ego
abdicates from absolute power over the whole system of its 20
determinations, gives up its capacity for assigning all that is
encountered by the soul to its rightful pi ace, for remaining
completely aware of itself in all its presentations, and allows
itself to be possessed by a particular and merely subjective
presentation, by which it is driven out of itself from the centre 25
of its actuality. And since at the same time it still remains con-
scious of this actuality, it acquires two centres, the one in the
remnant of its understanding consciousness, the other in its
deranged presentation.
In deranged consciousness there is no resolution of the 30
contradiction subsisting between the abstract universal being of
* Griesheim Ms. p. 239; cf. KehLer Ms. p. 171: A (KehLer: son ofthe) Prince of
Conde often found it impossible to prevent hirnself from barking like a dog.
Since this sort of thing was not acceptable at the court of Louis XIV, he
used to go to the window, and without barking aloud, puH faces as ifhe were
doing so. +
~ota1tt4t bct inidlid)frit abgeriffenen, fomit '0 er ein aclt cn mor-

peUnng In unaufgelöflem mfonh,rud). ~eG ~mu;tf~n
iP ba~r nid)t \\)o~~fte~, fORbem im 9legClti'Oen btt 3"
blei6enbeG }8eiftd)fe~n. <iin ebenfo unClufge(öpn infoerfl'rud)
flmn-
~errfd)t ~ier &\\)ifd)en iener 'Oereinae(ten morflfUnng unb bn

abfiueten ~((gemein~eit beG 3d) einerfeltG, - unb ber
in fid) ~ClnnonifdJen totalen mUrflfdJfeit onbererfeitG. .f)ier#
auf ~Ut, bA; ber 'Oon On begreifenben mernnn ft mit
Slcd)t 'OCtfod)tene ~Cl~: in d i d) ben h I bd ffi t1) 0 h, in
Oem meniicften einen tlerriicften Sinn nf)Qlt, unb AU ebNt
gerobe fo Un\t)o~rem \\)irb, \\)ie bie tlOl1l Unuerpano beG
merpClnbeG jenem Sll~e entgegengefleUte ~e~ou"tuug ber Clb,
f 0 Iu te n QJ ef d) ie'0 en ~ eft bet Subiccti'Oen unb Dbj"ttuen.
mor biefem Unu erfio nbe, \t)ie 'Oor ber mer riicft~eU, l)at
fdJon 'oie bloße <im.,flnbung ber gefunben Seele ben mor~
aug ber mnniinftigfeit, in fofern olt in berrelben bie \t)frflidJe
<ib,~eit beG Snbjecti'Oen unb Dbjeetftlen 'Oo~Clnben ip. !Ble be,
reUt oben gefogt ll'orben ift, er~a(t iebod) biefe <ifn~eU i~re '000-
fommene Worm erP in ber begreifenben mernunft; benn
°
nur, \t)ClG 'Oon '0 ie f er gtblld)t \l)fto, ifl fo\t)o~r frintt 5 r 11,
\t)ie feinem 3 n ~ 0 lt e nodJ ein mQ~ref, - rine '00 Hf 0 mmene
(jinf)eit be. (!J 0'0 Cl cfJ te n unb beG Set) tn ben. 3n ber mtr,
riicft~elt baQCgen nnb 'oie <linl)eit unb ber UnterfdJieb bet Sub-
jedi'Oen unb Dbiecti'Oen no<f1 ehUoG b,o; Wo r md (e t, ben con,
mten 3n~ClIt ber mirflidJfrit WutfdJlieJmbet.
~et 3ufClmmen~Qngt t»egen unb aug1tfd) au nod) grö"rtr
mttbeutlidJnng ..oUen \t)ir Oll oiefet SteU( Cit",ot, i)Q' fd}on in
210 obentte~enbnn $at'llgr",,~en unb in ber Vlnmerfung ~u bemfelben
lRe~rfad) berii~rt ",otoen ift, in aufammenge'ordngtmr unb - \t)0
m6glkf} - beftfmmterer Worm \t)ieber~oltn, - ",it meinen ben
'uult, '00' bit IDerriicftl)eit ",efelltlt~ o(~ eine au gl eid) gei ~
~fße unb {dMi~e .tranf~eft um be~k\)iUen gefa~t ",erben
mu8, \t)eU in i~r eine ned} gOlla unmi tt e1bar e, no~ nid}t
bur~ 'oie uncnblid)e metmitthmg ~iltburd)gegangene <iinl)tit 'oe~
Subjeett'Oen unb Dbjedi"en ~errfa,t, - baa 'Oon ber merrücft~dt
6ettotlene 3d), - fo fcfJorf 'oiere S.,lte 'oea Sdbfigefü~(& aua,
the unmediated ego, and a presentation singularized by being

disconnected from the totality of actuality. This conscious-
ness is therefore not truly with itself, but remains engrossed in
the negation of the ego. An equally unresolved contradiction
prevails here between this singularized presentation and the 5
abstract universality of the ego on the one hand, and the internal
harmony of total actuality on the other. This is why the propo-
sition, 'What I think is true', which is justifiably maintained by
Notional reason, is given a deranged meaning by the deranged, +
and so becomes just as untrue as the counter assertion, deriv- 10
ing from the understanding's lack ofunderstanding, ofthe absolute
separation of subjective and objective. Even the mere sensation
of the healthy soul, in so far as it has present within it the
actual unity of the subjective and objective, is superior in
rationality to this lack of understanding as it is also to derange- 15
ment. As has already been observed however, this unity first
assumes completeness of form in Notional reason, for it is on!J
what is thought by this that is true in respect of both its
form and its content, and so constitutes a complete unity of what
is thought and wh at iso In derangement on the contrary, the 20
unity and the difference of the subjective and the objective
still have a merely formal significance, and exclude the con-
crete content of actuality.
Bearing in mind the context here, and in the interest of
clarification, we now want to repeat in a more concise and if 25
possible a more precise form, something which has already
been touched upon several times in the preceding Paragraph
and Remark. The point has been made, that derangement
has to be grasped as essentially an illness of both the spirit and
the body, because the unity of the subjective and objective, 30
which is still wholly immediate and which has not yet passed
ft'JR mag, - nocfJ ein 9latürUcfJeG, UnmittelbareG,

$c,cnbeG i', -folgllcfJ in iI,m baG ltntufcfJhbene alG
tln e e" enb ee fett \»dOcn fann; ober, - nocfJ bcftimmtet, -
'DelI in bcr mmi~it ein bem objediucn ~\»u;tfe"R beG mn-
nlftm \»l'onr,"...bcf bcfoRbnee GJefü~1 ale etl»aG t'>bjecti"e'
tJCgm imce ec.u;tf~n fcttge~oltcn, nicfJt tbeeIl gcf~t
.tft, - bicJ GJcf6I}I folglicfJ 'oie GJcftalt eiRee e e" en '0 cn, fo,
mit ~ et , ( IcfJ en ~at, - babutcfJ aber In bem fBmiicftm elne
JOlI feiltem objccti"elt ~e\»~tfc"n nlcfJt Abcmunbtne 3\» cl ~ eit
bcf ESe,nG, eiR fe"eRbet, füt 'oIe "miicfte Seele aUf fcften
6fJrcmfe '»erbellbn UlttnfcfJieb ficfJ ~motbringt.
Sd faRn 'oie glei"fa", beultG in obigcm ~llra8tll,~eR
aufgel»orfene Wtage betrifft, me 'on ~eift 'ollall r.mamt, tmüdt
AU fC9"; fo fann, ew;et btt bllfelbft 9Cgebenen "ntl»on, f1ier nod)
Nnctft \»ntcll, 'oa; jene Wl'age fcfJon bae "on ber eeele auf
bereit fe.ioer intl»idlungeftllfe ltoc{J Itl"t eneicfJte fette, objecti\1C
~a.:fe\)ft "otlld.fe.t; unb ba; an 'ocr SteUe, \»0 ultrere ~
tra"nmg fett fte~t, \)ielme~r bte umgcfc~tte Wtage Ba beant,
l»Often ift, - nämllcfJ 'oie iJta8c, .ie 'oie In i~" 3 n net IIcfJ-
fc it ein 9cf" 10 ff en e, mit i~m inbi\)iWeUen m3c1t unmittelkr
ibcntif. Seele ewe bem b(o; formellen, lemn Untnfd)febe
bee C5ubje!ti»cn Ullb t'>bjectioot aum \»itflid)en UntnfdJiebe
biefet betben Sdten, unb bimit 6mn \» 11 ~ t ~ 11 f tob jce tt »tu ,
"ctftänblS'1t unb Mniinft'aen ee~u;tfe"lt ge(anot. ~Ie .nh~ort
211 ~iemtf ",irb in ben (t~ten 'Oin ~QrQ9rat'~tn 'ee~ erjltn X~riJt~
ber ~e~re »om fubjedi\\en @ti~e gtl1eben l'l'cr'CIen .
• ue !l)emjenigClt, ",oe fiber '(Iie ~ot~l~enlYig'eit, mir bem
na tür Ii If) en @Jei~e '(Iie ,,~j(ofo,,~ifd1e ~etrad}tun9 bf~ fllbjecttuen
~f~ee an beginnen I &U .nfang Neftr litt ~ r 0 ~ 0 log ie gefagt
l'l'orben tP, un~ auö bem im DbigCll nalf} aUen @Seiten ~in en'#
mdelten 0egriff ber menilltt~dt rtlirb übrigenf faUfam dn~
leucfJten I l'l'arum 'okfelbe \) 0 r bem ge fun 'oe n, \) U pan '0 i 9t n
~l'l'uJtre~n abge~Gnbe(t ",erben mu', obgleidJ ~e ben merftanb
aur morau ~fe tu ng r,at, unb nidJtö Inbmö ift, ale bae rtu,
Jnfh beG.lr a nf~eite au ~an '0 ce, tn l'l'ddJen jenet \'erfinftn
faltn. mir ~iltten 'oIe (itörtemng biefe~ 3u~anbee rdJon in 'on
through infinite mediation, prevails within it. Regardless of

how acute it may be as a point of self-awareness, the ego
affiicted with derangement is still a natural, immediate entity
which merely iso Consequently, that which is different from it
is liable to become fixed within it as a being. Stated more 5
specifically, since in derangement there is a fixation upon a
particular feeling, wh ich so confticts with the deranged per-
son's objective consciousness that the feeling is not posited as
rif an ideal nature, but has the shape of being, of something
corporeal, there arises in the deranged person a duality of being 10
which is not overcome by his objective consciousness, a
difference in being which for the deranged soul be comes a
fixed limitation.
The question of how it is that spirit comes to be deranged
was also raised in the above Paragraph. We may supplement 15
the answer given there by observing that this question
al ready presupposes the fixed, objective consciousness which
has not yet been reached by the soul at this stage of its
development. What is more, it is rather the converse of this
question that has to be dealt with at this juncture: How does 20
the soul which is confined to its inwardness, wh ich is immed-
iately identical with its individual world, emerge from the
merely formal, empty difference of the subjective and objec-
tive to the actual difference of these two sides, and so into
truly obJective understanding and rational consciousness? The 25
answer to this will be given in the last four Paragraphs ofthe
first part of the doctrine of Subjective' Spirit.
It will moreover be sufficiently clear from what was said
at the outset of this Anthropology about the necessity of be-
ginning the philosophical consideration of subjective spirit 30
with natural spirit, as weIl as from the Notion rif derangement
which has now been developed above in all its aspects, why
the treatment of derangement has to precede that ofthe healthy,
understanding consciousness in spite of its presupposing und er-
standing and being nothing other than the most extreme state rif 35
illness into which the understanding can lapse. The exam-
ination of this illness had already to be concluded in Anthro-
9(nt~ro"o(ogle abaumo.n, weil in bemfdbcn ba~ Sulen,

~afte, - ba~ natüfltd}e Selbft, - bie a&~racte for,
meile Subjecthftdt, - über ba~ objetthe, \'uniinf.
tille, (Oneretf 0ewu;tftt}n 'oie .perrf"aft befommt, - ble ~,
trad}tung be~ ob~ra(ten, natürlicf)en edllfle~ abtr ber 3)ot,
fteUung be~ conereten, freien @eifte~ »orange~en muJ.
l)omit iebod) biefer \jortgang 'Oon etwa' _adem au btm bar-
felbe, ~er !lllöglid}feit nad}, ent~aftenben (ionmten nldJt 'oa~ "n,
fcljen riner »ereinAdten unb be,~alb bebenfttdJen <irfcf)dnung ~aw,
fönnen wir baran erinuern, 'oa, in ber !Jh dJ t• ., ~ iI 0 f 0 ~ ~ i e ritt
a~nlid}er \jortgang ftatt ~nben muß· .ud} in biefer ~Iffmfd}aft
beginnm wir mit etwo~ Wb ft ra (te 1ft, - nllmlidJ mit ~m ~h,
griff bee mJiHene; - fcf)reften bann AU ber fit einem Au,
, er Ud) en l)ftfet>n erfolgen'oen ~rwirfflcfJtms be. nod) a bpr IU ,
ten mliUene, Aur 6.,~are 'oee formdien ~cd)te' fort; -
ge~en barauf AU '(lern aue bem au,mn l)tfe~n in f i cf) rt fl e( ,
lirten mliUen, bem ®ebtetc ber !noulität über; - unb fo..-
mfn enblid) britten\~ A" bem bi efe bei btu 0 b ft ra ct en IDlo,
mente in ~d) '0 er d n fgc nb c n unb barum (ODer ete n f jtt, I
Ii cf) cn 2BiUen. - :;)n ber ~vbiire bn EI t t IIcf) f eI t ftlbtr fangen

wir Nnn ",'e'on \Ion einem 11n mi tt c' h rc n \Ion 'oer RQ.
I
212 tütU"en, unentwidelten @eftalt aR, ",dd)e 'oer fittli~

CBeift in ber lSamilie ~at; - fommen barauf pa bet in ber
bütQ erlid}en @ef eil fd}a ft erfolgenben (! n ta l'ei un9 'oer ~tt<
lid)tn Subftana; - unb gelangen aule~t au lXt tm S t aa t e 'OW
~anbmer (i f n ~ eit unb mJ a ~ f ~ eit jenn kiben einfettigen Ww
men bet fittn.n <Beifte.. - Wu~ ~iefnn @angc unfem ~~
trad}tung folgt le.~ocIJ nicf)t im 9IlnbejUn, ba~ ",Ir 'oie SI t t f
lidJhU Alt etwaG ber 3dt nad} S~ätnem, al~ 'oa~ med)t
uRb ~le 9Roulität macf)en, - ober 'oie \jamilie unb 'oIe bÜf f
gnltdJe <8efcllfd}aft für et",ae bel:' Staate tn ber mlhf:
li d} h it mo fG 11 Qe~ e111) ee erflörtn ",oUten. mielme~r wllfen
~lf fd)f wo~(, b~ 'oie <5ittl IdJfeit bie <8runblage beG 9hd}~
teG unb ber IDloralität i~, - fowfe, Da, Die \jamiHe unb
bie bürgnli roe Q)ef eU f cf) aft mit i~ren wo~lgeorbneten Un:
teqd}le'ocn fmon ba' mOf~an'oenfe~n beG etaate~ \)Ot(lU~'
pology, since in this state what is soul-like, the natural self, the
ahstract formal suhjectivity, gains control of the ohjective, rational
concrete consciousness, while the consideration of the ahstract,
natural self has to precede the exposition of concrete, free spirit.
However, in order that this progression from something 5
abstract to the conerete whieh eontains it as a possibility may
not appear to be somewhat singular and therefore suspeet, it
might be helpful to remember that a similar progression has
to take plaee in the Philosophy of Right. There too we begin
the scienee with something abstract, the Notion of the will, and 10
subsequently progress to the aetualization of the still abstract
will in an external determinate being, the sphere of formal
right. We then proeeed to will reflected into itself from out of
external determinate being, the field of morality, and eome
thirdly and lastly to the ethical will, whieh unites within itself 15
both these abstract moments and is therefore concrete. - In the
ethical sphere itself, we begin onee again with what is immed-
iate, with the natural undeveloped shape of ethieal spirit, the
family, proeeed to the sundering of the ethieal substanee in
civil society, and finaHy reach the unity and truth of both these 20
onesided forms of ethieal spirit in the state. - The proeedure
employed here in no way implies that we have attempted to
present what is ethical as oeeurring later in time than right and
moraliry, or to aecount for the family and civil sociery as some-
thing which actually precedes the state. On the contrary, we 25
know very weH that what is ethical eonstitutes the foundation
of right and moraliry, and that the weH ordered distinetions of
thefamily and civil sociery already presuppose the presenee ofthe
fe.eu. 3n 'oer ~l,tlofo~~ifd)en Cintkl'idlung k~ Sittft,

~ Snnen kl'ir jt'ood) nid)t mit 'oem <5 ta at e Mginnen, ba in
biefeat itnt~ ~d) au feiner '0 n(re te fh n ~onn entfaltet, bef
."fang bagegen not~kl'eltbigemeife etkl'a~ IbthQc:te~ 1ft. •u8
°
biefeat ~runk mu9 audJ ba~ IDl er ali f dJ e ~ t bem <5 I ttI I ~
d) eR 6dfOdJtet kl'erbfn, obgleid) ienee gekl'iffermaa~e" nur 018
eine Jh an f ~ ei t an biefem iidJ ~el'\)ort~ut. lue 'oem nämlidJen
°
8runbe f)akn n>ir aber aud) in bem an t ~ 1'O ~ log i f dJ en @e~
biete 'oie mer r ü d tl, ci t, 'oa 'oiefelbe I - kl'le kl'if gefe~en, -
in einer segen 'oa~ c:onnete, obie,"'Oe ~ekl'uJtfet1n 'oe~ mw
riidlen ftfl9~41tenen Ibftrac:tion beik~t) '001 blefem ~u,t,
fe'9n au mttern ge~Clbt.
.piennit kl'oUen kl'lr 'oie ~emfl'fungen fdJlieJen, 'oie n>ir ü&et'
ben ~riff 'oef ~dl~eit übtf~a~t 'ier au mad)en ~atten.
!B~ abtr 'oie b efon '0 er en • t t en be0 'Omüdten 3uftan,
°
k8 ankla.ngt I f unterfdJei'od lnan biefelben ge~ö~nlid) nid)t fo~
~0~1 nadJ einer in n U' en ~eftimmt~~it I ale \)ielme~f nad) ben
tl eu ~ eru n 9en biefer Jb'anll,cit. ~ie~ ift für 'oie ~~ilofop~ifd)e
213 ~trad}tun8 nid}t genügent-. eogaf 'oie tJetrüdtf)tit ~bkn "'ir
a(~ ein auf not ~ ~ en '0 i Ae~ unb in fofern 'Otmünftigt 9Beife
in f t d) U n t er f d) je '0 en eG au emnMn. Ciittt not~\\)enbiQe U~
terfdJei'oung biefeG Seelenauftan'oeG läjt iid) aber Rittt \)on bem
be fon '0 er en 3 n~ alt 'oer in ber mmüdtfJeit \)or~an'oenen for,
menen ~in~eit bee 6ubiecti\)en un'o .objedi\)en ~erleiten; 'oenn
jener 3n~a(t ift et",a~ unenblid) IDh n nt 9falt i 9e ~ un'o fomit
3 u f iH Ii gee. iBir mflffen 'oa~er im @egent~eil 'oie an bet mer.
t'Üdt~cit l}ef\)ortretenben gana aIIg emein en \j 0 r mu n t er f d) ic 'D e
in'e tluge faffen. 3u bern 3\\)ede ~aben \\)ir 'oafauf aUfÜd lU
\)cmeifen, baß 'oie merrüdt~eit im .obigen al~ eine mer f cl) 10 f •
fen~eit i;.e~ @ei~e~, al~ ein 3n'ficf>.\)erfunfenre~11 6e.
aeidJnd ",or'oen ift I beffm Ci i gen t ~ ü mlidJ ft i t, - im Q)egen'
fave gegen 'oa~ im 60mnambuliemu~ \)or~anbene 3n ~ ~d). fe\)n
'oe~ @ei~ee, - '0 ar i n be~ef}t, mit 'oer tIDirflid}feit nid)t rne~r
in u n mit t el bare m 3 u f a mme II ~ an 9e ~d) an be~nbtn I f01\11
'oern ~d) ~on betfelben eII t f d) i e'o en ab 9etu n n t au ~aben.
~i~ 3n. ftd) • 'Oerfunfellfet1n i~ nun einerftit~ 'oa~ Q( 119 r •
state. We cannot begin with the state in the philosophical de-

velopment ofwhat is ethical however, for while the beginning is
necessarily something abstract, in the state it is the most
concrete form of what is ethical which unfolds itself. It is for
this reason also that what is moral has to be considered before 5
wh at is ethical, although to a certain extent the former only
be comes prominent in the latter as an illness. As we have seen, +
derangement consists of an abstraction to which the deranged
person holds fast in the face of concrete objective consciousness,
and this is therefore the reason for our having had to deal 10
with it prior to objective consciousness, in the anthropological
field.
With this we shall elose these observations we have had to
make on the Notion of derangement in general.
The particular kinds of derangement are usually distin- 15
guished in accordance with the manifestations of this illness
rather than an inner determinateness, but this is inadequate
to philosophical consideration. We have to recognize that
even derangement differentiates itself internally in a necessary
and therefore rational manner. But the particular content of the 20
formal unity of subjective and objective present in derange-
ment, since it is an infinite multiplicity and therefore con-
tingent, provides no necessary foundation for the diagnosis of
this state of the soul. We have therefore to fix our attention
not upon this, but upon the wholly universal differences ofform 25
which emerge in derangement. To this end we have to recall
that derangement has already been displayed as spirit which
is confined, spirit which has lapsed into itselj, which contrasts
with the being-in-self present in somnambulism, in that its
peculiarity consists of its no longer having an immediate con- 30
nection with actuality, from which it has quite definitely sep-
arated itself.
Now spirit's self-immersion has two aspects, for while it is
mf i n f in i f bf r 1ft ber ~errüdt~tit; an~ererfeit8 bilbtt baffelk,

-~enn e8 bti feiner Unbt~immt~eit, bei feiner ~eu~cU
bleibt, - eine be fon ber e Irt be8 \>errüdten 3uflanbe8. !Jlit
biefer ~abrn ~ir bie ~etrael)tung ber \)crfel)iebenen Wrttn \)on
~eftÜdt~eit au beginnen.
Wenn aber iene8 gan3 un~e~mmte 3n: nd) • fe\1n einen be.
~ i mm t e n 3n~alt befommt, fiel) an eine bIo; fllbjecti\)e be fon.
bue QJorftellung fettet lUlb biefe für d~a8 .objecti'Oe' ntauat,
- bann arigt fiel) bie a~ ei t e ~orm bef 'OeftÜdten 3D~anbe8.
!Die britt f unb kvte .f)1l U ~ t f 0 r m bieier Jtranff]eit tritt
~er\)or, ~enn!D die n i ge, ~a8 btm ma~ne bei' Sede en t.
gegen~e~t, ghid)falf8 füt biefelbe i~, - ~enn ber~.
fÜllte feine bio, fubiecti\lc morftdlung nrit feinem obieen\)tn 'Be.
~~tfc\]n \) erg Ici d)t, 'Nn 4~ifd)en beiben befinblidlen f d) n et.
tenb en @cgenf i1 ~ entbedt, unb fomit an bem un9lücftf~1l
214 t8efü" feine' !Bibcrf~rucfl8 mit fid) felber gelangt. .pier f~en
mit bie Seele in Oflll me'r ober ~enigcr ucra\l)eißung8l)ollen
Streben, fidl ClU' bcm fd)on in ber a~ ei te n 80rm ber ~tr.
rii.cit \)or~nbenen, bort aber fa uID 0 bcr garn i d) t ge "
fii~lten 3\l)fer~alt aur unneien ~bcntität mit fid), aur
inneren .pumonie btf in cem <itnen IDltttd.,unft feiner ~fdl
lietrrit unerfd)itterltd) be~i1rrenben Stlbftbc\»u,tft\Jne ~teber ~er'
lufällen.
ettrcld)ten ~ir jeet bie eben angegebenen brei .p au., t f 0 r •
• en ber mmüdt~rit ct~a8 nä~er.
1. !Du 'Blöbfinn, bie 3er~reut~eit, bie 8afelef.

!Die erpe jener brei .pau~tformen, - ba8 gan~ unbePimmte
3n, ~d), 'Oerfunffnfe\]n, - erfdleint aunäd)~ ale
b e r tl I ö b f i n u.
!Derfelbe ~t Ucrfd)iebene ®e~altcn. ije gibt na tür li d) en
~löbnn". !Diefer i~ IIn~ri(bar. morniimlid) g(~ört ~ierl,er !Da9~
ienige, ~(l8 man ire ti ni 8 mll~ nennt; - tin 3u~anb, bft
t~t f~orClbifd) \)()rfoanmt I t~til8 in ge\l'iffen @egenben, btfoq,
bert in eogtn X~ä(trn lInb an flml\>~gen .orten enbtmifd) i~.
!DIe ireUl\' ~nb ml~eftGftde, \)Crfrüp\>elle, ~ätt~8 mit .Kröpfen
the universal in respect of every kind of derangement, when it

retains its indeterminateness, its vacuity, it also constitutes a par-
ticular variation of the deranged state. It is with this that we
have to begin our consideration of the various kinds of
derangement. 5
When this wholly indeterminate being-in-self acquires a
determinate conte nt however, cottons on to a merely sub-
jective and particular presentation to which it attributes
objectivity, the second form of the deranged state becomes
apparent. 10
The third and· the last main form of this illness occurs when
that which confronts the delusion of the soul at the same time has +
being for it. Here the deranged person compares his merely
subjective presentation with his objective consciousness, dis-
covers the sharpness of the opposition between them, and so 15
aequires the uneasy feeling of being self-eontradietory. Here
we see the soul striving more or less desperately to re-
establish itself by overeoming the discrepancy whieh, although
there was very little or no awareness of it there, was already
present in the second form of derangement, - to restore its 20
concrete self-identiry, the inner harmo'!)' of the self-eonseiousness
whieh persists imperturbably at the one central point of its
aetuality. We shall now consider more closely these three
main forms of derangement.
I. Imbeciliry, absent-mindedness and desipience

The first of the three main forms, the wholly indeter- 25
minate state ofself-absorption, appears in the first instanee as
imbeciliry.
This has various forms. There is natural imbecility, whieh is +
incurable, and whieh consists in the main of what is ealled
cretinism. The oeeurrence of this eondition is partly sporadic 30
and partly endemie in eertain areas, espeeially narrow
valleys and marshy districts. Cretins are misshapen, deformed
be~aftet" 'DUld} »öUig ßu\)ibcn ~end}t~au~'onlCf auffallm'oe gtJl$

fd}en, beten unaufgtfd}lolf.tllC <Stele t~ oft nur alt 91lllA unartis
NUrten ~en bringt. - @(ujer biefel1l natürli~en ~lö'ofinn fin'oet
ti~ okr aud) fol4)er ~lö'oftun, in \u(4)en beT 9Jle"r~ 'our~ uns
»etf.ulbetea llnglücf o'oer 'ourd} eigene Sd}tdb »ertinft. mücfs
fl"'tIi~ bea erftmn WaU~ fü~rt $ j n e( 'olle ~eifl>iel einn bU~'o,
finnig @tbornen dn, 'omn Sttl~flinntsfdt, \\lie man gIClU~te,
\)on einem äujerft l)eftigelt C5~relf ~eml~\'te, \Ue(d)en i~re IDht~
tn, ~~Tetl'o ~iefe mit i~r f~lt'anger \\laI, ge~a't ~atte. .oft
'ft 'oer ~(öbftnn rine go(ge 'on 9t Cl f er ef; - in \\le(~m ~aUe
bte .prilung ~~d)jl lIn\\la~rfd)einlid) \Uirll; - oft enbigt aud) 'oie
Ci p ne l' f ie 11ft 'Dem .3uftanbre 'oe~ ~lö'ofUln~. ~er ndmUd)e
215 3ujlanb \\lirb aber ni~t \Ueniger ~äufi9 'ollrd) 'oalS Ufbermaa~ l'er
Wu~fd)\\ldfungen f)erbeigefiit,Tt. - 3n ~etreff (let ~rfd)dnung 'oeG
~Iö'oftnn~ fann n~ trroö~nt \Utr'oen, Da, 'oerfdbe AUlt'eilen ale
S t ar\' f ucf} t, ,d~ eilte ~omommtne ~a~mung 'oer fÖfl>erlid)en \\lie
'oer gtiftigen Xf)ätigtett ftd) offenbart. - ~er ~lö'o~nn fommt
itbrigen~ nict,t bio, ale ein bClunnber, fonbern oud) ale ein »or-
übngel}en'ocr .3ujlan'o »or. So »erfiel, i. ~., ein ~lIQlänber ift
eine 3ntmffelongfeit Ort alkn ~ingen, nft Oft 'on ~oliti', 'oOIl
an feinen @efcfJ~ftel! unb an fdnn Wamitie, - fa" 1)0\' ~d)
~illfe~enb, ftiU, - fl>racfJ 3$e lang fein mort un'o 3fi9tt eine
@(&geßuml>ft~eit, 'oie eG A\\lrifdI)oft matt,te, ob n feine ~\\lU "nb
~inbcr fenne obn niel)t. !Derfd6e \\lur'De 'oa'ourcf} tle~ei't, '00'
ein Wn'oeter, genau f0, \Uie er, geflei'oet, fitt, i~m gepenü6er fc~te
UA'o i~m IUte na~macfJte. ~ej bracf}te ben .franfen in eine
gt\\laltige WUf\'egung, bu\'~ \\lelcf}e befftn lufJntrffamfeit auf Icu-
'm~ ~n,",G gea\\lungen, 'oer 2n ~ ft~ ~erfllnftne bauemb aua
$
~cfJ ~erau~ getrieben \\lurbe.

~ie 3er~reut~eil
i'
~ine \\leitete 9)lo'oi~catton 'oer in 9ltbe fte~tn'oen er~en 4}aU\)1'
form be~ \lerriicf1en 3ujlan'oee 'oie .3 er ~ re lt 1~ ei t. ~efdbe
bejlt~t in etnem Wid)tI"iffeft "on ber unmittelbaren 8e-
9 en \\l art. ()ft bilbet 'oit~ 9licfJt\'Utffen ben infnng bee ma~n
finn~; 'ood) gibt te au~ eine, ~om 2Bqnfinn ft~r mtfcrnk,
ß\'O~arti8e .3aflretlt~eit. ~tefe fann eintreten, \\lenn bcr @djl
Volu7TUI T wo: Anthropology . 357
persons, often affiieted with goitres. The eomplete stupidity

of their faeial expression is striking, their closed soul often
being ineapable of anything but wholly inartieulate sounds. +
- Apart from this natural imbeeility, a person may beeome
imbecile, either through no fault of his own or by bringing 5
it upon hirnself. Pinel eites an example of the first ease, of a
eongenital imbecile whose dull-wittedness was thought to
have been brought about by her mother's having sustained a
very violent shoek during the pregnaney. Imbeeility is often +
a eonsequenee of frenz.y, in which ease a eure is extremely 10
unlikely. Epilepsy too, often terminates in astate of imbe-
cility, although the state is no less frequently brought about +
by exeessive debauehery. - With regard to the occurrenee
of imbecility, it ean also be mentioned that it oceasionally
manifests itself as catalepsy, as a eomplete suspension of both 15
bodily and spiritual activity. - Wh at is more, imbeeility +
occurs not only as a permanent but also as a transitory con-
dition. There is for example the ease of the Englishman who
lost interest in everything, first in polities, and then in his
affairs and his family. He sat motionless, looking straight in 20
front of hirn, said nothing for years on end, and exhibited a
stupefaction whieh made it doubtful wh ether he knew his
wife and ehildren or not. He was eured by someone who
dressed exaetly as he did and sat in front ofhim copying hirn
in everything. This put the patient into a violent passion, 25
which forced hirn to pay attention to what was about hirn,
and drove hirn permanently out ofhis state ofself-absorption. +
Absent-mindedness
is a further modifieation of the first main form of the state of
derangement now under discussion, and eonsists of not 30
knowing what is in the immediate vicinity. This non-awareness +
often takes the form of incipient insanity, although there is
also a lofty absent-mindedness which is very far removed
[rom such astate. This can be brought on by profound medi-
~ tiefe 9Jlebitationen .,.. bcr ~adJtulfl aUee lItrgleidJun~,

tlIdfe Unkbel&tenben UgeaOQd ttht. So ~atte • r dJ hlu bc G
eillft ~dJ bcrmaaJen in eine geometrifcfJe lufgabe lIerticft, ba, er
~rmbme,rmr ~ alle aberen !l)inge Mgcffc. AU .,.n
fdJim, nb auf ~iefcr Q:on«ntfatton friuef C8eiflc' aKf dnen
einA1gCR ",nrt mit ~t ~QUe gmfren ,,"ben n1U;te. !Die
ci gen t li dJ e 3erfh'eutr,eit _ i~ dn mcrtinrm in 9Q n a d"
fhactet eel&~gefai~(, meine Una,Atigfdt bef kfonnenen,
oijea. ~"', in dRe nriffcnlofe Ungegcn\VClrt be.
216 "ef ki fOlcfJen !Dillßen, bel r»d~ bafct&e gegeullIArtig fe".
foUte. !lo' in biefem 3u~anbe hfinblid)e Subiect lIemed)felt
im eintet•• waa feine tlIQ~re Stellung mit rinn falfdJen, unb
foJt 'oie hjmn Ua~Anbe auf eine dnfeitige tBelfe, nidJt naef)
ber totalität i~rer eeaid)ungen, auf. (lin ersöen""e eeifvid
»on biefem Sedenauflanbe iP, nta \lielen anberen ~eif~ldtft,
ein fronaa~fcf1tt @raf, ber, alf fti ne menüde am JtronltudJttt
~ngen blieb, bomber mit 'oen anberen Wn~tfenben ~etalidJ lad)te,
llnb ~cf1 umfdJaute I um au entbecfen, ~effen $müde fortgerijfen
fe", ~er mit fa~ltm .Io~fc b.~e. (lin Qnbm~ ~ier~er ge~ö,
rigtf ~rir,iel liefert !le~ton; biefer @}ele~rte foll ein~ ben
Winga einet ~ame ergriffen ~abm, um benfdben al~ ~ftffen~
tlovfn au 8c6raucf1eR. Sofcf)e 3trftreut~dt fann ~o(ge \lon \lfe'
km Stubire. r"n; ~ ßnbd ßd) bei @ele~rten, - aumQ( bei ben
elner frii~en Beit ange~atenben, - nidJt felten. .pdu~g mtfte~t
'oie 3crtttcutt,eit jebodJ INdJ bann, tlIenn ~enfd)cn ~d) überaU ein
~o~cf .nft~en geben ~oUtll, fo(glid) i~fe 5ubjecti\lüdt bt~änbi9
\lot lugcn ~bel\ unb barii&tr bie .Clbjfctroität \ltfgefien.
* ~ie Wardei.
~er 3erfltcut~eit fk~t bit an ~Hl t m ein ~Iltereffe ne~mtnbe
gafdd ßCgcnüba. ~iefdk tntf.,ringt au~ bem ltn\'ermögen,
bit "ufmet!famfrit Quf {rgenb ct~ ~h~immte~ AU firiren,
unb ~t in 'ocr .Il'1nff)eit be~ X Cl u me{n ~ \'on einem ~e$
gmttobt aum anbenn. !Die, Hebe{ i~ mtinent~eil6 un~eilbQr.
!lamn bkfct 1ft fitlb 'oie aUerbefdJ\l)erlid)flen. ~ i ne ( trad~(t
* Notizen 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider 15Ia): Faseley
- Zerstreutheit - Aufmerksamkeit nicht festhalten.
tation, by spirit's withdrawing its attention from all that is

comparatively insignificant. For instance, Archimedes on one
occasion was so occupied with a geometrical problem, that
for several days he seemed to have forgotten everything else,
and had to be aroused by force from his spirit's being thus 5
concentrated upon a single point. In absent-mindedness +
proper however, there is a lapse into completely abstract self-
awareness, self-possessed objective consciousness is inactive,
and spirit is ignorant of its absence from the things that
should concern it. In this state, the subject mistakes its true 10
position in a given situation, and grasps the external circum-
stances not in accordance with their total context but one-
sidedly. Examples of this state of the soul are legion. There
is an amusing one of a French count whose wig got caught
on a chandelier, and who laughed heartily with the others 15
present as he looked about hirn for whoever it was that had
lost his head-dress and was exhibiting a bald pate. Newton +
provides us with another of these instances. This savant is
supposed on one occasion to have taken hold of a lady's
finger in order to stop his pipe with it. Such absent-minded- 20 +
ness can be the result of excessive study, and is not infre-
quently to be found in scholars, especially those at horne in a
former age. However, it is by no me ans uncommon for +
absent-mindedness to arise from the constant desire to be
looked up to; since people pre-occupied with this never lose 25
sight of their subjectivity, they forget wh at is objective.
Standing in contrast to absent-mindedness there is the
state of
desipience, *
in which an interest is taken in everything, and which sterns 30
from the inability to fix attention upon anything d4inite. It is
an illness which consists of flitting about from one general
object to another, and for the most part it is incurable. +
* Notes 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' vol.

7, 1792: Schneider 15Ia): Desipience
- absent-mindedness - not concentrating for any length of time.
\)0" cinca fDl~ eubj«te, baf dlt 'OoUfommene~ ~bbilb »cf

~ot lNt. ~ fogt: ,,~icj Subjeu Itä~rt ticf1 mit lInb übet'
ftfll»ftlnlt ~ mit fdnem @qdJ~.. 0S(ci~ bQtQuf mQcf1t bQf'
fc1bc tf ndt eilltm .n~mll tkafo. JtOlUmt biep ~nbi"ibuum bt
eilt 3immn, fo fe~rt ee bcuilt lUe~ 11m, fcf1üttdt unb "etfeet
Stü~e un'o Xffdje, o~ne ~Qbri eine befonbete Ibftcf1t au 'OenQ'
tf)en. .laum ~ot moa ~Il~ .uge \\)C9sett'on'ot, fo ijl biep Subjed
ftflon cwf 'on knadjbartelt ~ollltnQ'oe I un'o 'oafdbjl ebtufo att'ecf-
217 (~ &efd}äftigt I nm Im 3fnmter, ~l(,ul'otrt I ",irft Steine "'(g,
rallft Jttäuttt cme, ge~t ~etter I unb fe~rt um, ~~nt au tlIitTtn,
~""l&." - 3mmer tntfllrin9t ~it iJofeiei ou~ rinet Sd}tt'öcf)t
'oer 'oie @efQmmt~cit 'oer morjleUungeu ~ufomml!nbQften'om $haft
'oeö ~erjlänbigeft ~e~ußtfe~n~. .päu~g leiben 'oie tjQfdnt'tn aller
fm.on (UR Delirium> - Qljo nid)t blo~ om ~li d) t tlI i fi en :, fon.
btm Qn 'oer bett'ußtloftn merfe~Tung 'te~ umnittdblu @egtn.
",ärtigen. So ",jel tiber 'Oie er ~ c ~ au l> t f 0 TIn 'oc~ ",mfuf.
ten 3ufhm'o~ß.
2. ~ie att'eite 4)Qu\)tform bdftl&e1t, Me tlgent!icJ,c

9lQrr~dt
t.ntfle~t, ",enn baß oben 1ft feinen ~rfdJie'oenen IDlobi~clltiontn

betrQd}tete 3n. fidJ. "'erfdJ(otTenft~lt 'oe~ nlltürlicf}en @ei~e" ehlen
bdU mmt en ~n~Qlt bcfommt, unb 'oiefer ~n~QIt aur f t ren m0 r.
ft e11 u n 9 bQburd} ",irb, bQ~ 'oer feiner fd6~ nod) llid)t ~ol(:
fommen mäcf}tigc @eif} in benfe1ben ebt' n f 0 f t ~ r ~er~llft, ",ie
er beim ~(ö'ofinn in fid) fdbu, in 'otn a6gntn'o fdner Un:
be~immt~eit 'Oet'funfen fjl. ~o 'Oie eigentlld)t mlln~eit be:
sinnt, i~ fd}tt'ef, Illit @enQuigfeit ~u fagen. ~an ~n~d, ~um
~eif~iel, in !leinen Sta'oten ~eute, bef~n'cer~ ~eiber, 'oie in einen
äu~erjl befd)ränften jhei~ ."on \>articularen ~ntmfftn 'oermllajen
\lenunten ~nb, unb ~d} in biefer i~m ~ornirt~eit f0 be~Qglid}
fii~len , baß ",ir 'oerg!eid}m 3nbi\.'ibuen mit 9led)t na r r j f cl) c
IDlenfd)en nennen. 3ur mQn~eit im en se re n Sinnt 'oe~ m.lor.
te~ ge~ört Qber, 'oQ; ber @ei~ in einer ein Acl n en bIo 6 j u b;
jecti."en mo~eUung ftecfm Neibt lIn'o bitfdbe für ein .objec.
ti"'e~ ~alt. ~iefer Seden~uftlllll> tül)rt meiftent~ti10 bQ."olt ~el',
Pinel gives an account of it, instancing a complete personifica-

tion of chaos: "The person floods me with his blather as he
approaches, and immediately afterwards does the same to
someone else. When he comes into a room, he changes every-
thing around, jogging and shifting chairs and tables to no 5
apparent purpose. You have scarcely taken your eyes offhirn
when he is out on the nearby walk, talking away as aimlessly
as in the room, tossing stones out of the way, pulling up
plants, walking on, turning round, and not knowing why." - +
The overall co-ordination ofpresentations is accompanied by 10
the understanding consciousness, and desipience always
sterns from a weakness here. It is not uncommon for desipient
persons to be already suffering from delirium i.e. not only
non-awareness but also unconscious distortion of what is im-
mediately present to them. So much for the first main form 15 +
of the state of derangement.
2. The second main form oJ it is folly proper,

and- occurs when the self-absorption of natural spirit, the
various modifications of which have just been under con-
sideration, acquires a specific content which becomes afixed
presentation. This fixation takes place when spirit which is not 20
yet in full control ofitselfbecomes as absorbed in this content
as it is in itselJ, in the abyss of its indeterminateness, when it
sinks into imbecility. It is however difficult to say where proper
folly begins. In small towns for instance, one comes across
persons, especially women, who are so immersed in an ex- 25
tremely limited round of particular interests, and so at horne
with their trivialities, that we are justified in saying that they
are foolish. In its more restricted meaning however, the word +
foolishness involves spirit's being obsessed by a single and
merely subjective presentation, which it regards as objective. For 30
the most part the soul gets into this state when the person is
ba; bn !llenfd>, GuG ltn3ufrieben~rit mit bn mkfltd)feit, Pd>

in frine euij«tl»ität »erflflfie;t. tBomcimlid) 1ft Die ~tibenfd)aft
ber <iitelfeit unb be6 .polflmut~G bie Uqad1e ~iefeß Eicf>s
iR-fld)-dnf.,innenG ber Setle. !S)tf fo in feine ~nnerlid)'dt fid1
dnnijtmbe Q)d~ »erUnt Hiln IcI~t t-a" mtrftArabni; ter !Dirf.
218 U4kU uub fintet _~ ar in feineA fubjcctiwR morfltllullgen au-
ttd)t. ~i blcfem ller"kest 'ann btc \) öHf 8e 9l 0 rr ~ eU Wo
eilt..... !S)enn, faD. In biefe. dnflcbkrifdJen ee)Uu~tf",n 1061
da ~ebenb'8hU »o~Rben i', fommt batfclbc leid)t ba~,
ficfJ itp dnta 3qaU aue ncl) au f"affen, unb bie; bIo; Sos
j«tl»c alt I . ' ()6jcctf»elS Qn4Ufc~en unb au fir ire n. &ä~
Mb ninllKfl, . . l»ir 8efe~en ~Gkn, beim ttlöbfinn uub aa"
hi. ber Waftlet bie eeele nicl)t bie .traft 6ep,t, et)1)a' 8e-
fU.mte' fettau~ alten, arist bagesen bie eisentlidJe Wau-
f) cit t-ie; mtrmögen, unb 'e)Udft eben baburdJ, ba; fie nod)
tte)Uu;'tfe~n ift, - oa' fomit in i~r nod) dne thtnfd)ei$
bJl n9 ba Seele \)on f~rcm fcfIsc)UoTbentll 3nl)alte ~attfinbd•
.o~(dcl) baf)tr ba' "c)Uujtf",n ber Wanen cinerfcitG mit jcnt1l1
3a~(t l'mMcl)fen 1ft, fo tranfcenbtrt batrclbe bodJ anbmrfeite,
\mIIIöge feiner aIlg emclau n !taM, bat hf 0 nb er Cft 3n,olt
"ur
ber \)mitften tBorftcllung. ~ic Wanen 'aben bc;'a{6, - ne f
ben mtfbr4t1Jeit in etaic'ung cauf (llatn ~unft, - au-

glricl) ein guk', (onfequcnteG ~u'tf",n, eine ricl)tIgc luffatfuRQ
bfr !s)iRQc IInb bie Wci~isfelt einet »erttänbigen .pal1bcln~. !Da-
bu~, unb burcl) bie aal;trautflJe Suti~s btt 9lamn arirb
e~ lllallct, ba; man mitunter einen !lamB ntd)t foglrid) GII
folcl)cn erfnmt, ob ba; man nGllltntUcfJ barücr 3ll)rifcl .aa,
ob 'oie .peilung 'Der !tarrf)elt gclunSCß ifl, bte ~oe(affung bet
* Q)cIttc~franfen ba~er Irfolsen fann.
* Criesheim Ms. S. 225; vgl. Kehler Ms. SS. 162-163: Es ist nicht leicht zu
erkennen ob Menschen verrückt sind oder nicht, weil sich die fixe Idee oft
sehr versteckt, häufig sind kluge Leute darüber getäuscht. In England ist der
Zustand der Verrücktheit sehr häufig und es giebt da eigene Ärzte die sich
nur auf seine Behandlung legen und doch kommt oft der Fall vor daß sie
verschiedener Meinung sind. Ueber den Zustand des Lord Portsmouth waren
z.B. die Ärzte sehr im Widerspruch, daß er nicht klug war, ist wohl zugege-
ben, die Behandlung die er sich von seiner Frau gefallen ließ, seine Liebha-
dissatisfied with actuality, and so confines hirnself to his

subjectivity. The passion of vanity and pride is the main
reason for the soul's spinning this cocoon about itself. Spirit
which nestles within itself in this mann er easily loses touch
with actuality, and finds that it is only at horne in its subject- 5
ive presentations. Such an attitude can soon give rise to
completefoolishness, for ifthis solitary consciousness still has any
vitality, it will readily turn to creating so me sort of conte nt out
of itself, regarding what is merely subjective as objective, and
fixing upon it. We have seen that the soul in astate of imbe- 10
cility or desipience does not possess the power to hold fast to
anything definite. Foolishness proper does possess this faculty
however, and it is precisely by means of it that it shows that
since it is still consciousness, it still involves a distinction between
the soul and its fixed content. There are therefore two aspects 15
here, for although a fool's consciousness has fused with this
content, its universal nature also enables it to trans ce nd the
particular content ofthe deranged presentation. Consequently,
together with their distorted view of one point, fools also have a
sound and consistent consciousness, a correct conception of 20
things, and the ability to act in an understanding mann er. 1t +
is this, combined with their suspiciousness and reserve,
which sometimes makes it difficult to recognize them immed-
iately, and gives rise to doubt as to whether or not they have
been cu red and ought to be released. * 25
* Criesheim Ms. p. 225; cf. Kehler Ms. pp. 162-163: It is not easy to decide
whether people are deranged or not, for the fixed idea is often by no means
evident, and even experts are frequently deceived. The state of derange-
ment is very common in England, but although there are special doctors
there, concerned exclusively with the treatment of it, they will often deliver
differing judgements. The doctors expressed very conflicting opinions on the
condition of Lord Portsmouth for example. It was admitted that he was some-
~tt Untnfd)hb btt 9lamR unter cfnnbn ..,t~ ~'l

fa~ bUfd) 'oie IRCluigfaltigfett btt iBorfltUullgen kfHmmt I bie
fl4 fit i~nen fUtten.
3Uf unbefU •• te~en ~~t faM bef ~e6enGUn~
btu; gered}nd rM'ben, l1)enn bnfel&e ntd)t bard) ben ~erlup
geltebtu, Qd)tull!l~l1)ertlJcr ~erfonen un'o flttltcfJer ~~dltniffe l'tf'
anla,. ..,iB. ~fr litt 6e pt mmte, gnlliblofe (ifel Gm ~&m i1t
nicf>t @hid)giHligtdt gegen 'oclfelllc, - bettn bei btefer er,
trAgt man 'oae ~ebt., - fOllbmt l'~ bte Unfa~iQhU,
219 ee AU ertralJen, - dn -t,;in: un'o ~rfd}n>anfen Al~ifd}rn lief
jldgung unb 'oer ~bntigung gegen Watt , \I'Q~ 'Der mirflidJfdt
ange~ört, - ein @eb«nntfe\>n an 'Die fire motfteUung ~l.In 'Der
OOiberlid}feit bee ~e6ene un'o aug1eid) ein -Dinaue~rebm iiber 'Diefe
~orftdlun9. ~on 'Diefern , o~ne aUen \lernünftigen @run'o ent<
pan~enen miber..,iUen gegen bie mirffid}ftit, - \\lie aud) \lon
anbmn OOeifen ber ~arr~eit, - \\ler'tlen ~oraU981\leife bie (!ng~
(ä n ber befallen; - ~ieUeid}t um i;e~\\'i(Ien, ..,eil bei 'Diefer 9l~
tien 'oae merftodtfevn in 'oie fubjedi'Oe ~efl.lnber~eit fo \'l.Ir~m,
fd}en'o ip. Senet ~ebeIt0über'oru, crfd)eiltt bei ben (!nglänberu
'Ol.Itndmlid) «Ie 9R el a n d) 0 Ii e, - alG 'oie~ nid)t 311f lleben'ois,
reit beG !lenfene 1m'o bcö .pllllbel1l0 fOlllll1tl1'oe beftänbiot .f)in.
brüten 'oee @eI~ee über feinet ullolülflid)en ~~orftenung. ~u~
'oie fern 6edenau~an'De tnt~idert ftd) nid)t feiten ein unbearoing<
barer Xtieb aum 6dbjbRotb j 3uroeilen (>at 'olefet Xricb nur 'Da,
'ourd) 'OtrtUgt roet'oen fönnen, 'oa~ 'oer mCl'3rod~un06'OoUe ge..,a(t:
farn aue fid) ~trane9etiffen ll'ur'ot. 61.1 cqä~lt man, ~ttm ~ei:
f\)icl: ein (fngldn'oet fe~, al0 er im ~eOTiff l\hlT I ~d} in 'oeT
X~emfe AU etfäufen, »011 9länbern angefaUelt kt'otben, ~abe [td)
Qufe ~lenperPe geroeQrt, 1Ino 'ourd) bQ~ pUS~Iid) emad)enbe @e:
fii91 'Oon 'oem ~ertf)e beG ~e('CI1G aUe felbfhll~rhrifd)en @ebanffll
'OerIoren. ~in an'omt inglän'oer, 'oer ftd) ge~enft ~atte, befam,
dIe er »on feinem !lienet Il.I6gefd)nitten \NT, nid)t nur 'oie 9?ci:
berei Glocken zu läuten, besonders bei Leichenbegängnissen, wofür er sogar

?ie Pence annahm, sprachen dafür, aber die Narrheit war schwer zu best-
Immen.
The difference between fools is mainly determined by the

multifariousness of their fixed presentations. +
World-weariness, when it is not occasioned by the loss of
persons loved and worthy of respect, and by ethical relation-
ships, can be regarded as one of the most indeterminate forms of 5
folly. To be indifferent to life is to put up with it. When life
gives rise to indeterminate and unfounded disgust however, the
capacity for putting up with it is lacking, everything pertaining
to actuality elicits a fluctuation between desire and aversion,
there is a concentration upon the fixed presentation of the 10
repulsiveness oflife and at the same time a drive to overcome
it. Like other forms offolly, this aversion to actuality brought
on without any rational cause is particularly incident to the
English, the reason being perhaps that ossification in sub-
jective particularity is so prevalent in this nation. Among the 15 +
English, this world-weariness appears principally as a
melancholy, in which spirit, instead of initiating liveliness of
thought and action, dweIls constantly upon the presentation
ofits misfortune. Not infrequently, this state ofthe soul gives
rise to an uncontrollable impulse to suicide, which on 20
occasions it has only been possible to eradicate by forcibly
driving the desperate person to snap out of hirnself. There is, +
for instance, the case of the Englishman who was about to
drown hirnself in the Thames when he was attacked by
robbers. While defending hirnself for all he was worth, the 25
sudden feeling that life was worth-while put an end to aIl
thought of suicide. Another Englishman, who was cut down +
by his servant while attempting to hang hirnself, recovered
what odd, this was evident from what he put up with from his wife and his
fondness for ringing heUs, particularly at funerals, for which he even accepted
the pence he had earned, hut it was difficult to prove hirn a fool. +
gung aUIll ~eben, fon'oent auIV 'oie .«ranf~eit 'oe~ @ti4e~ ~Ie'oer;
'oenft er 409 ienem ~Iener bei 'oeffen mel'abfd,ie'o.tng a~ef !'pence
ab, ~eil 'oaret&e o~ne ben ~efe~l feille~ .pmen ben fraglilVen
Stfiä anfcl)nitten ~atte.
~n eben gefcl)ll'oeTten, aUe ~ eb en'o Ig fci t ab tö bten 'Den
unbe~lmmten &tfhdt 'oea l)errüäten Seelen~uft~'oe~ fle~t eiltt
mit lehn'olgen ;'sntnejicn un'o rogar mit ~d'oenfd)aft
l)(;bun'oene nnen'olid}e IDlenge einen l) er ei n; elt en 3n~aU ~a,
ben'oa ~an~dttn gegenüber. l)iefer 3n~alt fJällSi t~tl(~ l)on 'oer
be fon '0 eft n 1! ci '0 e1\ r d} Q ft ab, alt! 1l'C' '"
~ie 9tanl]eit ~n'
220 '\)OfQtsangtn iP; er fann je'oocfJ aud) aufälligerlueife 'ourd) d\Va~
anbm~ bepimmt fe"n. ~er n~ne ~aU \Virb , aum ~eif\Jid,
bei 'oenjenlgen 9lanen allgenommen \Verben miiffen, 'oie ~d} f1lr
@o tt, ~'r <.a. ~ r i p11 ~ ober für einen jU n t S ~~altm ~aben.
I
~a [e{\tm ~aU 'oa9tgm \Vlrb ftattfinorn, ~enn, aum ~eifVltl,

~Qnen ein @erfte nf 0 r n oller ein ~ u n'0 311 fe~n, ober einen
fIDage SL ilft ~eibe AU ~aben l)frmeinen. ~n ~ei'oen ~aUen aber
~at 'on bIo ~ e ~an fein b ePImIU t e~ ~ e\V u ~ t f e~ n l)on 'oem
a\Vifd)en feiner firm morpeUung lIn'o 'oer Dbjectil)Uat ob\Valten~
'Den fIDl'oetf\>TlIelIe. 91ur \Vlr \Villen \)on 'olefem fIDi'oerfl>TUd};
follVer %m felbft ",it''o l)on bem @efül}{ feiner inneren 3mtf-
fenl}eit nid)t gequält.
~rft "'enn
3. 'oie '0 Ti tt e ~au\>tform 'oe~ l)mülften 3upan'oe~, - 'oie

X0 trI] d t ober 'oer fID al] n f i n n
~orl]an'oen ifl, ~Qben ruir 'oie ~rfd)einung, bop 'od l)enüäte 6ub.
itct f ether \Ion feinem Wukinan'oagtriffenfe"n in a"'el Pell ge~
genfeitig ~erfvred}eftbe ~eifen be~ ~eruu~tfe~nö ruei~, - bQ~
'oft @ei~e~hQnfe fe Iberben fIDibafprud} Alllifd)en feiner nur fub.
jedil)en '8orfteUung unb bef ~jedi~ität (eb~aft fül](t, unb 'oe~
noell l)on biefer morfteUung nid)t .abau(afl'en l)tmlag, fon'oem bie~
fdbe \>urd;au~ aur gnirflid}feit mad)en, ober 'o(l~ mJirflid)e l)er·
nid}ten \Via. ;'sn 'oem eben angegebenen ~egriff 'oer XoUl]eit liegt,
'oCl~ biereibe nidJt au~ einn her en ~ i n bil bu n 9 au entfvrin.
gen brau!!)t, fon\>nn befolwm burd) 'o(l~ ~dTOffell"'abtn l)on
not only the inclination to live but also the disease of

avarice; for when he finally paid the servant off, he deducted
twopence on account of his having cut the rope without
being ordered to do so. +
In contrast to the state ofthe souljust delineated, in which 5
liveliness is extinguished by the indeterminate form of derange-
ment, there are endless varieties of fOIlY in which a singular-
i;:;ed content excites lively interest and even passion. Although
this conte nt depends partly upon the particular passion in
which folly originates, it can also be brought about acci- 10 +
dentally, by something else. Examples of the first kind are
provided by those fools who have insisted that they are God,
Christ or a king. The second kind occurs when a fool takes +
hirns elf to be a barley-com or a dog for example, or thinks he
has a wagon in his stomaeh. In both these cases however, the 15 +
fool as such has no definite awareness of the contradiction existing
between his fixed presentation and objectivity. Only we know
of this, the fool himself being untroubled by any feeling of
inner disruption.
Only with the occurrence of 20
3. madness or insaniry, the third main form of the state of

derangement,
do we find that the deranged subject itself knows of the dis-

ruption of its consciousness into two mutually contradicting
modes. Here, the spiritually deranged person himself has
a lively feeling of the contradiction between his merely sub-
jective presentation and objectivity. He is however unable to 25
rid hirnself of this presentation, and is fully intent either on
actualizing it or demolishing wh at is actual. The Notion of
madness just given implies that it need not stern from a
vacant imagination, but that if an individual dweIls so con-
9TO fj t m Un ßIü tf, - burdJ eine !B en ii tf un 9 ber fnbitli'ouelltn

mJelt dne~ Denfd)tn, - ober bUTd) bit ge~a1tfame Um$
f e~ run 9 unb baG ~uG ~ ben $ \Jugm $Jtommen beG aUgemrinen
~elt~uilanbeG ~e~irft merben fann, faU~ b~ ~bl»l'ouum mit
fdneln @elltÜtl)e au~fd)litjlid) in ber !B er 9a n gen ~ eit lebt unb
t-a'ourd) unfiÜJig "'irb, ~d) in 'oie @Ißen~art AU ~n'oen, \Ion
~dd,er eS ndJ aurütfge~o;m unb auglti~ gebunben fü~(t. So
221 fwb, Aum ~eifpiel, in ber franAölljd)en ffit'\'olufion bura) bm Um.
ftura faft aUer bürg(fli~en !Ber~ältniffe \.lide ~enf~CI\ roa~nftnniß
ge\l'orben. ~iefelbe ~irfung \\lirb oft in 'rcr fürd)'erlit1)~m ®eije
bur~ religiöfe Urfad)en beroirft, roeull In IDlenjd) in ilbfolute
Ungemi;l}eit bamber, ob er »on ~ott 311 (&Jl\abcn QlloellOmmCll
fet>, »erfunten i~.
~a0 in ben m3afm[lnuigen 'Oorl)an'otllt Qkfül)l f~rer innmn
ßerriffen~eit fanu aber fO\l'o~1 ein rubigH 5d)mcr~ fe~n, al~
aud) Aur mlut~ ber mun u nft gegeIl 'oie Un'Oernun ft unb
biefer gegm jene fortge~en I fomit aur 9l a ferd werben. ~enlt
mit ienem unglüdlid)en @efül)le »erbinbd ~d) in ben m\l~ltnltni:
gen fe~r leid)t, - nid)t bIo, eine 'Oon ~ i nb il 'oll n gen unb
@rillen gefolterte ~t>pod)onbrifd)e Stimmung, - fon~rn
\lud) eine mi,trauifd)e, falfd)e, nelbifd)e, tüdifd)e unb
b06~afte @eftnnung, - eine (gr9rimmt~eit iiber i~r @e r
~emmtfe~n burd, 'oie fte umgebenbe 9ßil'flid)feit I über ~ieienigtn,
»on weld)en fte eine ~efd)ränfun9 i~m~ m3iUen~ crfal)ren; -
~ie benn \lud) um9efe~rt »e q 09e11 ~ 9Renfd)eu, ~1t'oinibuel1, 'oie
Irree au el'troten ge\\109nt ftub, - all~ i~m fa fe In'0 en ~ i:
genfinnigfeit leid)t in m3Q~nfinn gcrat9eR, wenn il)nen tel'
bae ~Ugemeine wollenbe 'Ocrniinftioc ®iUc einen ~Ilmm entoe;
gm~eUt I ben i9re ~d) bäumenbe 611l1jeclitlitiit nid)t ~u iibnfprin<
gen ober au 'ourd)bred)en im Stanbe ift. - ~n jebem ~ellfd)en
fommen ~n~üge \)Olt ~öearti9feit ~0r ; ber ~ttlid)( ober INnig:
~ene fluge 9Jlenfd) ",d~ biefelben ictod, ~ll unter'orüdcn. 3m
mll19nftnn aber, ~o eine befon'one morftellung ÜbH 'Ccn
'Oernünftigen @ci~ 'oie 4,1mfd)l1ft Qn ftd) rei~t, - ba tritt iI ber,
~ au l' t 'oie ~ efon b er ~ ei t 'oe~ 6ubiecte ungeaügelt l)cr'Oor I -
bll Werfen fomit bie au jener ~ef~nbergeit ge~ören'ren na tür li:
tinually upon the past that he be comes incapable of adjusting

to the present, feeling it to be both repulsive and restraining,
it can easily be brought ab out by a stroke of great misJortune,
by the derangement of a person's individual world, or by a
violent upheaval which puts the world in general out of joint. 5
One might instance here the amount of insanity brought
about through the overthrow of nearly all civil relationships
during the French revolution. Religious causes often have +
the same effect in a most frightful way, when a person falls
into absolute uncertainty concerning his being received into 10
God's grace. +
In the insane however, the feeling of inner disruption can
with equal facility be either a tranquil pain, or progress into
theJren{)' of reason raging against unreason and vice versa. For
this feeling of uneasiness combines very easily in an insane 15
person, not only with a hypoehondriae mood which torments
hirn with imaginings and erotehets, but also with a suspieious,
deceitful, jealous, spiteful and malieious attitude, Jury at being
restrained by the actuality about hirn, as wen as with those
through whom he experiences a curbing of his will. Con- 20
versely, individuals who have been spoilt, who are used to
getting their own way by obtinacy, easily slip from desipient
caprieiousness into insanity when they are checked in the
interest of what is universal, opposed by the rational will,
their unruly subjectivity being unable to overreach or break 25
through that which opposes them. - Although flushes of ill-
nature occur in an of us, the ethical or at least the sensible
person knows how to subdue them. In insanity however, a
partieular presentation wrests control from the spirit of ration-
ality, and since the general partieularity of the subject emerges 30
unbridled, so that the natural impulses of this particularity as
"CU Ullb burd) Sieperion ellt~icfelten Xt leb e ba~ ~odJ 'ocr \)Oll
'Dem ~ a4 r~Clftallsemeinen iniUen all~s(4entm fittlid)en
~efeee ab, - ba ~ell fols'id> bie fillftmn, unttrirblfd)en
9lJa"te ~e~ -6traen~ frei. :l)ic Cirgrhmnli)cit hr iBIlI,Ilf!lllliotn
222 mrb oft au dnn fötmftdJen euer, t, Inbtren AU f er, ab en, -
iG fOßGt au lI"n ~lö,"cfJ m»Cl4)ellben DOfblu~, ~eldJe 'oie
'oClt'on ifgtiffenen, - tro. be~ e~ in i~nen \)~Clnbenen Vlbß
f...tt \)or 'oan Rof'oe, - mit utrmiberfkl,UdJer QJcn,alt a~in9t;
fri6ft !l)irfenisen _I~rinsm, 'oie \)on ",nen fon~ adrtlicfJ geliebt
lDefben. - !Ble fo eben ansebeutd, f4)lltjt iebodJ 'oIe ~~artt9~
fdt 'on ".nfgen morollfd)e unb ~ttlidJe @}efü~le nl",t au~;
\)Ielme~r fönnen biere Q)efü~le, - eben wegen 'oet UnSlütH ber
BG~II~nnisen, ~gen be~ in biefen ~mrd)enben un\)ermfttel,
tell Q)egenfGoe., - eine er~J~te S,annuns ~a~n. $tnel
f"St GU'briidllcfJ: er ~be nirsenb' liebe\)ollere ®atten unb tBäfer
gcfe~m, al' im XolII)Clllfe.
Sa. 'oie ,"h fIf d) e eeite be~ lBa~n~nn' betrifft, fo adgt
"dt ~fis ein 3ufGlmltn~ang 'oer Irfd)dnung beft'e~n mit afb
gemeinen tlCltmdnbtrungen, nClmmtllcfJ mit bem ~ M
+ @JoBne. ee~r ~~ ob fe~r falte 3a~tefaeft 6bt In 'oiefn ee-
aid)ung befonberen (ifnpu; au.. .u6) ~Qt man ~~r9mommm,
MJ bti .nn6~ungeR \)on <Sninntn unb bei ßT~en &lttemnge-
wecfJffln \)orüberge~cnbe f8ellnru~isunsen unb tfuf'1taUungen ber
* lBa~nfinnfgfn erfolgen. ~ tfnfe~uJt9 ber ~~R~,a:ioben Abn
i1l 'oie ~obG~tuJt9 stm««)t \\)oTben, ba; ber ma~Jtfinn \)or bellt
funfae~nkl1 ~11~ft ni«)t dnautreteR ,flcgt. srücftid>dtcfJ 'on fon$
ftigen fÖl'\)trlid)tn meTfd>ieben~iten ',d; man, ba; bd 11lR'fm,
lIu'falöfen Dmfd)cn mit fd)~Qt'atn .paaten 'oie InfAUt t!on
9tofmi SenJ~icfJ ~efti9er ~nb, al~ bei bfonbtn 'erfoRen. -
3R ~R okr bfe meTriicft~t mit dnn Unsef:mb~t bf'
~mmf~~em~ &ufammcn~än9t, - ~ftj f11 ein ~unft, *1cf1er
bem 8W be' \)on au;eu betracfJtmbm "rate~, \me bef "nato~
IMn , fRtge~t.
* Notizen 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider 154a).

weIl as those developed by reflection throw off the yoke of

the ethicallaws deriving from the trub universal will, the dark
infernal powers of the heart have free play. The fury of the
insane often becomes a positive mania for harming others, and
can even Bare up into the desire to murder. Those possessed by 5
this, though they mayaiso have a horror of doing such a
thing, are irresistibly driven to kill even those who otherwise
are very dear to them. - As has just been indicated how- +
ever, the ill-nature of an insane person does not prevent his
having moral and ethical feelings. On the contrary, it can be 10
precisely the misery he suffers, the domination of the un-
mediated opposition within hirn, which heightens the intensity of
such feelings. Pinel says quite definitely, that nowhere has he
seen more affectionate partners and fathers than in the mad-
house. 15 +
With regard to its physical aspect, it may be observed that
the appearance of insanity is often associated with general
natural changes, notably the course of the sun. A very hot
and a very cold season will exercise a particular influence in
this respect. It has been observed that approaching storms 20
and sharp changes in the weather are followed by temporary
disturbances and outbursts among the insane. * In respect of +
the periods oflife however, it has been observed that insanity
does not usually set in before the fifteenth year. With regard +
to other bodily factors, it is known that fits of frenzy are 25
usually more violent in strong muscular persons with black
hair than they are in blond individuals. - To what extent +
derangement is connected with a lack of soundness in the
nervous system is however a point overlooked by both the
physician who considers derangement from without, and by 30
the anatomist. +
* Notes 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 154a).

!lit -6eilung ber menücft~dt.

!ler k~tc ~unit, ben tui! in ~etrtff be~ m!a~nfinR~, tuie
bn merrüdt~eit, au befl'nd)en ~ben, beait~t fia, auf ba~ gtgen
bettle Jtrl1l1n,ri"aU~\\n'De lln&lIlt!enbenbe.p eil UHf a~ t't n. !l)affel&e
223 i~ t~eil8 l>hfifcb, tf)ri(~ "f\)d)ifd>. ~ie n~m eeitt fann
a~tilen für fi~ aUein Cl1l&reid)rn; mtiflene \ttht jtbtl~ bebei
bit 3u~ülftnQ~me bef ~f\1~tfa,rn ~e~anblung nöt~ig, rie I~rn.
feit~ gld~faaß mitunter für fief> allein au genügen »ermag. <ihtla~
galta allgemein ~nn>enbbart~ läjt fid, für 'oie V~ ~ fi f d) e (seitt
ter 06dlung nid}t angeben. !l)a8 babei AUf ~ntutnblln9 fom.
menbe gebiduifd}e ge~t im @egent~etl fe~t' ilt'~ ~m~irifdJf, fomit
in'~ Unftd}m. (So »tel fte~t inbeffen fefl, baj ba~ frü~er in
~eblam gebraud)te merfaf;ren »on QUen ba8 fd)(ed)ttfle i~, ba
baffelbe Quf ein »iefteIja~rlid) 'OeranftQ(tete8 aUgemeineG !>uta,.
lariren(afftn bel' m!a~nfinnigen befa,ränft tuat. - ~uf l>~\lftfa,tm
~ege finb übrigen~ @eifleMranfe mitunter gnabe bura, lla~jtnfge
gei,eilt tuorben, n>aG im (Stanbe ifl, 'oie merrüdt~eit bei !l)enen,
'oie fie nia,t ~Ilben, ~tr»0t'aubrin9tn, - nämlia, bura, l}tfttge~
~atlm auf ben .to~f. \So foll, a. ~., ber &erü~mte Wlont,
f QUe0n in feiner :3ugen'D auf jene ~eife »on Stllm~ftinni8felt
* befreit tuorben fe\ln.
* Criesheim Ms. S. 234-235; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 169: Die Heilung des Wahn-
sinns ist theils phisiologisch theils ganz medizinisch, aber sie hat auch eine
andere Seite die psychische, und beide müssen mit einander verbunden sein,
indessen können sie auch getrennt angewendet werden und doch vollkommen
wirken. Die medizinischen Mittel gehen uns hier nichts an, obgleich die
Heilung oft ganz medizinisch sein kann. Es kommt dabei Aderlassen, Pur-
giren, Tauchbäder u.s.w. vor. In England wurde vor einiger Zeit über eine
Irrenanstalt eine Untersuchung angestellt wegen des schlecten Zustandes, es
befand sich dabei ein Aufseher der zugleich Arzt und Apotheker war und der
hatte nichts weiter angewendet als vierteljährlich eine allgemeine Purganz. -
Es giebt hierbei gewaltsame Mittel z.B. ein plötzliches ins Wasser Werfen, es
sind die sogenannten heroischen Mittel, Tauchbäder auf den Kopf um einen
frappanten Effekt, einen Schreck heranzubringen. Solche Mittel haben
zuweilen geholfen, zuweilen aber auch getötet, sie sind manchmal zufällig
eingetreten und haben geheilt, z.B. Blödsinn. Der berühmte AIonifaucon war
in seiner Jugend blöde und stumpfsinnig, er fiel eine Treppe herunter und
auf den Kopf und von der Stunde an ging ihm der Witz auf. Coxe, ein
Engländer, erzählt (235) von einem Menschen welcher wahnsinnig, bei
Volurne T wo,' Anthro/Jolo.f!Ji . 373
The healing of derangement

The last point we have to deal with in connection with
insanity and derangement, is the healing procedure to be
adopted in respect of these diseased states. It is partly
physical and partly psychic. On occasions physical treatment
alone is sufficient, but in most cases it has to be supple- 5
mented by psychic treatment, which can also occasionally
effect a cure unaided. Nothing can be cited as being uni-
versally applicable to the physical aspect of healing. The
medicinal know-how employed is for the most part of an
empirical nature, and therefore lacks certainty. What is cer- 10 +
tain however, is that the procedure formerly employed in
Bedlam, confined as it was to an institutionalized and general
purging of the insane once a quarter, is quite the worst. - +
Incidentally, a heavy fall on the head, precisely the physical
procedure liable to bring about the derangement of those 15
who are spiritually healthy, has occasionally brought about
the healing of the spiritually ill. The celebrated Monifaucon
for example, is said to have been cured of dull-wittedness in
this manner in his youth. * +
* Criesheim Ms. pp. 234-235; cf. Kehler Ms. p. 169: In part, the healing of
insanity is physiologieal, entirely medicinal. There is also a psychical side to
it however, and both aspects need to be combined with one another, although
they can still have a complete effect ifthey are applied separately. Although
healing can not infrequently be entirely medicinal, we are not concerned
here with the medicinal means, which involve blood-letting, purging,
plunge-bathing etc. In England, some time ago, a lunatic asylum was in- +
vestigated on account of the bad conditions prevailing in it. There was a
supervisor there who was also doctor and apothecary, and who did no more
than purge all the patients four times a year. - There are some violent
means available, such as suddenly throwing the patient into water, the so-
called heroic means of ducking the head in order to produce a telling effect,
fright. Although means such as these have been helpful on occasions, they
have also proved fatal. They have occasionally healed imbecility, for ex-
ample, after occurring by chance. The celebrated Montjaucon, who was
imbecile and dull-witted in his youth, changed in no time at all after he had
tumbled downstairs and fallen on his head. Cox, an Englishman, gives an
account (235) of a person who, although he was insane, combined derange-
~ie -6 'Q U ~ t fad) c

bleibt immer 'oie ~ f \) d) i f d) t ~e~Rb:
tung. ~ätrenb 'oie fe gegen ben ~ i Ö'0 f i n n nid)tt aU~AuridJten
MmG9, fann bitfelbe gegen 'oie dgentlid)e 9lau~ eit unb ben
~ 0 ~ n fi n n ~au~g mit <irfolg wimn, weU bei blefen !Seelen-
Au~änben nod) rine ~e6enbigfelt bee ~ewu,tfC\)n& ~at~nbtt, unb
neben ber auf eine be fon '0 er e morjleUung ~d) beafe~l1beft mer:
riidtl}tit nod) ein in feinen ühi gen morjleUuRgeft Mnünftige.
~emu,tfe\)1,1 be~e~t, ba~ ein gcfd)icfter <Seelenar!t AU einer @ e:
\'Oalt über iene ~efonber~eit au entQ)Icreln fä~i9 ip. (~Iefen in
ben ~amn unb in ben ma~n~nnigen tlor~anbenen mep tlOIl
mnmmft alt 'oie @runblage ber .priluRg aufgtfa,t unb nad) bk:
fer Wuifalful1g 'oie ~e~anbhln9 iener @)d~etfranf(n dngnid)td
au {,aben, iP befonber8 bat mt1"oien~ ~ Inel' 0, beffen Sd)rift
itber bm frQglid,m @e9en~Qn'o für ~Q~ ~epe erflört wnben
* mu~, bat in biefem 8ad)e eri~Irt.)
mor QUen ~hlgen ,.,mmt ce ~eim vf"d>ifd)ell .pdh\erf~rm
224 bUGIlf an, ba; IRQll bat ßutra uen ber ~mn gewinnt. ~af:
[e(be fann erwo.n ~erbcn, weU 'oie merTÜcftel1 nod) nttUd)e
mkfcn ~nb. Im nd>erjlen aber Wirb man in ben ~en~ i~re8
seiner Verrücktheit aber höchst verschmitzt und verschlagen war, er war

ein Schlosser und konnte alle Schlösser aufmachen, auch solche wo man es gar
nicht für möglich hielt, eines Nachts hatte er so sein Zimmer geöffnet, war
auf das Dach gestiegen und fiel herunter, zerbrach sich ein Bein und beschä-
digte sich den Kopf und von der Zeit an hat sich keine Spur von Wahnsinn
mehr an ihm gezeigt.
* Criesheim Ms. SS. 235-236; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 169: Die Hauptsache ist die
psychische Behandlung, darauf ist man erst in unserer Zeit aufmerksam
geworden, und hat sie mit Verstand angewendet, besonders hat Pinels Werk
diese Wirkung gehabt und der Geheimerath Langermann (Kehler: in seiner
Anstalt in Baireuth) hat das Verdienst (Kehler: in Deutschland) ihm zuerst
gefolgt zu sein. Die psychische Behandlung kann auf Narren, dagegen auf
Blödsinnige, Cretins nicht angewendet werden, da ist der Funk der leben-
digen Kraft des Bewußtseins nicht hervorzuheben, bei der Narrheit hingegen
ist besonders die psychische Heilart von der höchsten Wichtigkeit. Der
Grundsatz dabei ist, daß die Wahnsinnigen, Verrückten, Narren, Melanchol-
iker, Hypochonder doch noch immer vernünftige, moralische Menschen
(236) sind, die moralischer Verhältnisse, der Imputation, der Zumahnung
fähig sind und die an diesem Punkte des Wissens von Recht und Sitte
gefaßt werden können.
The primary concern is always the psychic treatment. Al-

though it is ineffective in the case of imbecility, it can often be
successful when dealing with folly proper or insanity, for
since consciousness still has a liveliness in these states of the
soul, and together with a derangement dwelling upon a 5
particular presentation there is also a consciousness which
is rational in its other presentations, a skilful doctor is able to
develop the patient's mastery of this particularity. It is the
merit of Pinel in particular to have recognized the founda-
tion of healing in this residue of reason possessed by the 10
foolish and the insane, and to have conducted his treatment
of them accordingly. His book on the subject in question
must be regarded as the best work extant in the field. * +
The most important thing in the psychic treatment of the
deluded is to win their confidence, and since the deranged are 15
still ethical beings, this is not impossible. The surest way to +
ment with extreme artfulness and astuteness. He was a locksmith, and- was
able to open any kind of lock, even where one would never have thought it
possible. One night, he got out of his room, climbed onto the roof, and fell
off it, breaking a leg and injuring his head, and from that time on he showed
not the slighest trace of insanity. +
* Criesheim Ms. pp. 235-236; cf. KehLer Ms. p. 169: The primary concern
is the psychic treatment, of which one has become aware in our time, and
which has been applied with understanding. This has been due to a great
extent to the work of PineL, Privy Councillor Langermann (KehLeT: in his in-
stitution at Bayreuth) having had the merit of being the first to follow hirn
(KehLer: in Germany). Psychic treatment can be applied to fools, but not to +
imbeciles and cretins, within whom it is impossible to encourage the spark
of the living power of consciousness. In the case of folly however, the psychic
method of treatment is of the greatest importance. The basis of it is that the
insane, the deranged, fools, melancholics, hypochondriacs, are still rational,
moral beings, capable of the moral relationship, of imputation, of being
appealed to, and of being dealt with at this point of their knowing what is
right and ethical.
&m41KuG bllnn gelllngen , ~enn mllll gegen ~e &ltar ein offe.

ntf ~ene~men beobacf1tet, jebod) biefe .Dffen~dt nid}t in einen
bheeten Wngriff auf bie!)emhfte morjteUung au~arten Iä~.
Win ~eif~ie( l'on biefer ~e~anblungGlteife wb »on beren gIüll'
licf1em (irfoIge erAä~lt $in eI. (iin fon~ gutmüt~iger rolenfd]
~urbe l'errullt, mu,te, - ba er toUeG, ~n'DeTen möglid)emeife
f.'olicf1eG jeug macf1te, -eingef~ent ~erben, geriet~ 'Darüber
in mut~, ~arb be;~alb gebun'oen, »erfiel aber in einen nod) ~Ö$
~Ten QJrab l'on f1t~ierei. ~an bra4te i~n ba~er nad} einem
~ra,aufe. .pm {je, ~d} bet Wurf.r mU bem t(nf~mm(lng in
ein fU~ige" QJefpräct, ein, gab beffen \)erfe~rten Weu;eTungen
uad), befinftigte i~n 'DaburdJ, befa~I 'Dann 'ollf ~öfen feiner ~an$
'otn, fü~rte felber i~n in feine neue .mlol)nung, unb ~eilte biefen
@ei~fftonfeR burd} ~ortfebllng eineG fold}en me*~ren~ in gana
furaer 3eit. - 9lad)bem man baß mettrauen ber 3mn ~d} er-
...otben ~at, mu; man über ~e eine gerecf1te \1 u tor it ä t &u gc'
~innen unb in i~nen ba~ @efü~l &u emeden fud}en, ba; eG
ü&er~aul>t emaG m3id)tige~ unb mlürbige~ gÜlt. ~ie menÜlften
fü~'en i~re gei~ige Sd}\\läd)e, i~re Wbl,ängigfeit »on ben mer$
uünftigm. ~a'Ourd) i~ eß ben S!e.tmn möglid}, ~d) bei 3tnen
in 9lef~ect au fe~ell. :;.'Snbem 'oer menüdte ben i~n ~e~anbdn~
ben ad)tell (emt, befommt er bie Wä~i9feit, feiner mit ber .ob,
iectll'ität in mliberfl>tud) &q"in'oUd}en Subiectll'ltät @e ~ a (t an'
iut~ul1. 60 (ange er l>ie; no" nicf1t »ermag, ~aben ~nbm
~icfe QJe~lt gegell i~n au!auü6cn. menn 'oQ~ memidte ~d),
aUlA ~dfpiel, ~dgem, irgenb «""Ilf &U eien, obeT ~enn fle
fogGT 'oie ~inge um ~dj ~er aerttören; f0 \}ertte~t eG ftd}, 'oa~
fo (itltilG ni~t gebulbet werben fllnn. 58efonberß muj mlln,-
lDG' hi \}OrDe~mm $etjollen, a. 58., bei &tors 111., oft ft~t
fd)\\'ierig i~, - ~en <iigen'oünfd ~er .pod?ll1ut~hQtren tll"
225 'OlIr4) beugen, ba~ man biefen i~re ~b~llnsiSftit fü~(bilr mad>t.
~on bitfem ~aU lIni> 'Dem babei 311 beohd)tent'cn merfaf)ten ~n.
'(ld (tdl bei ~ i 1\ eI folgenbco miubeilcno\\ltrt[\c ~tifl'i~l. G'm
9Jltllid)' ber fid) für 9)?Il~ome'o ~idt I fIlm fM 3 1mb al1focblafm
1Ii1d) bern 3rren~allft I ~.Icrlallgtc ~lIlbigllng, fllUtc t5glid} dne
rolenge merbannl1ng0: 1111'0 ~o'['e~lIrt~eile, Ullt- tobte auf eine
overeorne any distrust on their part is however to be per-

feedy frank with them while taking eare that this openness
does not slip into a direct eritieisrn oftheir deranged presenta-
tion. Pinel gives an aeeount of this rnanner of treatment and
of its sueeessful outeome. An otherwise good-natured person 5
beearne deranged, and on aeeount ofhis madness, whieh was
potentially dangerous to others, had to be eonfined. The
eonfinement enraged hirn, so that he had to be bound, and
this heightened his frenzy still further. He was therefore
taken to a madhouse. The governor spoke ealmly with the 10
new arrival, and quietened hirn by deferring to anything
unusual in his utteranees. He then ordered hirn to be untied,
and personally accornpanied hirn to his new apartment. By
a eontinuation of this treatment, the governor eured the
patient of his illness in a very short time. - Onee one has 15 +
gained the eonfidenee of the deluded, one rnust try to obtain
a proper authority over them and rnake them feel that there
are things of general worth and importanee. The deranged
feel their spiritual weakness, their dependenee upon the
rational person, and this rnakes it possible for hirn to win 20
their respeet. In learning to take notiee of the person treating
hirn, the patient aequires the ability to restrain by force that
of his subjeetivity whieh eontradiets objeetivity. So long as
he is still unable to do this, others have to use this force in
order to restrain hirn. It is quite evident for exarnple, that a 25
situation in whieh the deranged refuse to eat anything, or in
which they even destroy the things about them, eannot be
tolerated. One has here to humble the self-eonceit of the
haughtily foolish in order to rnake thern feel their dependence,
a task whieh is often very diffieult when one is dealing with 30
persons of rank such as George 111. Pinel gives the following +
noteworthy exarnple of such a case, and of the proeedure
observed in the treatment of it. A person who believed hirn-
self to be Mahomet arrived at the asylum full of pride and
pomposity, demanded homage, spent his days in passing 35
numerous sentences ofproseription and death, and raved in a
fou'Oeraine meife. i)bgldd} man nun feinem ma~nc nid}t \\l{.

berf~tad), fo unterfaste man i~m bod) bd loben a(~ ehl'IlG
llnfd)icflid}e3, f~mte i~n. ba er nid)t se~ord)te, ein unb mad)te
i~m über fein ~etrasen mor~enungen. (h 'Oerfvrad) ftd) au bef:-
fern, \\lurbc {o~sdaffen 'Oerfiel aber \\lieber in Xobflld)t. ~e.t
I
fu~r man biefen IDln~omeb ~eftig an I fllmte i~n 'Oon 9lelltm

tIn unb erflärte i~m, bn~ er fein (irbarmtn me~r AU ~O~ll
I
~abe. ~bgmbetermaa~en (je~ ftd) jebod) bie iJrau be~ @(lIfft~er6

'Oon i~m burd) fein ~e~entlid)e~ ~itten um iJrei~eit emcid)en,
forberte 'Oon ",m ba~ fefte merfvTed)en, feine ~rd~eit nid}t 'Durd)
Xobtn IU mi,braud)en, \\lcil er i~r 'oa'ourd) llnanne~mlid}feitell
'OtTUrfad)en \\lürbe, unb mad)te i~n (06, nad}bem er jenee mer-
fvred)en 9dei~d ~atte. mon biefem @(ugtnblid an betrug er ~d)
gut. ~efam er nod) einen infnU 'Oon mut~, fo \\lor ein ~lid
'oer Iuffe~erill ~inrefd)en'o, i~n in feine .tammer au treiben, um
'0 ort fein Xoben AU 'Oerbergen. l)iefc feint !d)tlln9 'Oor jener
~rau un'o fein miUe, über feine Xobfud)t au ftegen, ~eUten i~n
* in fed)~ IDlonaten \\lie~er {)er.
mie in 'oem eben erAä~lten \JaU gefd)e~en i~, mu~ man
übe T~ a u\l t I bei aUer bi~rotiltn gegen 'oie !8mü~ten not~\\len'oig
rocr'oen'oen etrellge, immer bebenfen I 'Da, blefelben roegen i~rer
ROd) nid)t gAnalid) ae~öTten !l3eTnÜnft{gfeit rine ri'ld~d)~'Ooae ~e~
* Kehler Ms. S. I 72; vgl. Griesheim Ms. SS. 239-240: Boerhaave, daß allge-
meine Epilepsie in einer Pensionsanstalt epidemisch geworden war; (bei
Irrenanstalten ist oft eine ganze Reihe von Geistlichen, die um die Irren
waren, in eine Schwachsinnigkeit des Geistes befallen). Epilepsie ist zwar
keine eigentliche Verrücktheit. Boerhaave sah, daß es mehr von der Vor-
stellung ausging, ließ nach vielen Versuchen, die Drohung (Griesheim: der
Mädchen) machen, daß er Kohlenbecken und eiserne Zangen vorteuschte,
und sagte, er werde die erste, die epileptische Anfälle haben würde, damit
zwicken. (Griesheim: Die Furcht davor machte dem Uebel ein Ende.) In
einem Kloster hielten sich die Nonnen für Katzen und fingen an gewissen
Stunden an zu schreien, wie Katzen, der Vorsteher drohte, er werde Gren-
adiere kommen lassen, und die erste, die schrie, von ihnen durchpeitschen
lassen, (Griesheim: diese Drohung bewirkte die Heilung durch Angst vor den
Grenadieren, jetzt mögte dieß Mittel vielleicht nicht mehr helfen.)
Siehe auch Notizen 1820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' Bd. 7, I972: Schneider
I s8d) : Anstekung der Epilepsie: Mädchen, Börhave: auch durch Vermittlung
der Vorstellung.
sovereign manner. Now although his delusion was not

called in question, he was forbidden to rave on account of its
being inconvenient, and when he did not obey he was con-
fined and reproved for his behaviour. He promised to behave,
was released, but then fell to raving again. This Mahomet 5
was now addressed very sharply, eonfined onee again, and
told that he need expect no more merey. It was then arranged
that the governor's wife should appear to be touehed by his
fervent entreaties for freedom. She asked hirn to promise
faithfuHy not to abuse his liberty by raving sinee this would 10
get her into trouble, and after he had done so, she released
hirn. From that time on he behaved weH. If he fell into a
rage, a glanee from the governess was enough to send hirn to
his ehamber to eoneeal his raving. After six months the
regard he had for this woman and his determination to 15
eonquer his tendeney to rave had led to his reeovery.* +
This ease is of general signifieance in that it shows that
although it is sometimes neeessary to be firm with the de-
ranged, one must always remember that sinee they still
possess some rationality, they deserve to be treated thought- 20
* Kehler Ms. p. 172; cf. Griesheim Ms. pp. 239-240: Boerhaave gives an account
of a general epilepsy which became epidemie in a boarding-school. Inci-
dentally, it is not uncommon for a whole series of clergymen attending
the patients in a lunatic asylum to become weakminded. Epilepsy is cer-
tainly not really a derangement. Boerhaave saw that it derived from the
presentative faculty, and after numerous attempts to eure it, threatened
(Griesheim: the girls). He placed a brasier and iron tongs before them, and
said that he would use the tongs to pinch the first one who had an epileptic
attack. (Griesheim: Fear of this put an end to the trouble.) The nuns in a +
certain nunnery regarded themselves as cats, and at certain times of the day
began to miaow. The warden threatened to bring in grenadiers to lash the
first one who made such a noise again (Griesheim: and this threat, by invoking
fear of the grenadiers, brought about the eure, although such a means might
not be of any help today). +
See also Notes 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 158d):
Epilepsy catching: girls, Boerhaave: also by means ofpresentation. +
~anblu1lg ~crbieItCn. ~ie gegen 'Diere Ungfüdfict,en anauroen'Den'De

@C\~t 'Darf 'Dff~«lb niemal~ eine «nbm fet,n, alG eine fold)c,
'oie aug{tid) 'oie mor«lifd)e ~ebeutung dmr 9er ect, te n Strafe
~ot. ~ie ~cn ~o&en nod) ein @cfü~l ~on Xltm, n'a~ nd)t
unb gut i~; ~e \\)iffcn, a.~., '00; m«n In'c>eren uidlt fd)iloen
226 roD. ~. fann i~nm 'od e~l«f1te, bat ~e "tlangen ~abelt,
~tf8cfleUt, augcred)net ullb an i~nen &epraft, 'Die @md,tig$
ftit 'on gegen ~e 'OeTl}ä1tgten Strafe il)nen fa;lict, gemad}t \\)er;l
btn. !I)a'ourdJ emeitat man i~t beffm~ SeI&~, un'D, inbem
!I)ieJ 8efd}ie~t, gnoinnen ~e .sutrauen au i~rer ei gen en ~ttli<
.n .traft. 3u 'oiefnn $Ullft gelangt, \\)trben ~e fä~i9, burd,
btn Umgang mit guten 9Jlenfct,en »öUig au genefen. murd} eine
~, ~od)mütl>'ge, »eräd)tlid)e ~e~anblung ba gegen f(H1n 'oaG
mOToUfd)e Selb~gef1l~1 'oft' ~errlidten leict,t fo ~arf \lerle,t \\'e1'$
ben, '04; fie in 'oie ~öd)~e OOut~ lInb ~obflld)t ßerat~el1. - ~ud,
bGtf mon nict,t 'oie lln\lor~ct,tigfeit be8e~en, ben ~etriidten, -
nomentlid) ben 1'eligiöfen 9lomn, - frgtnb ~t\\)oG, boG i~rer
~rbte~t~eit aur ~eftätfung bienen rönnte, no~e fommen alt (af<
fen. ~m @eoent~eil mu~ man ftd) bemü~en, bie mmüdten auf
an'oere @e'Danfen au bringen uub fte bamber i~re @riUe \lergeff'ell
~u moct,ell. mit, ~üfftg\\'e1''oell ber firen morjteUung \l)irb be<
fon'oere bobltl'd) meid)t I ba; man 'oie ~rren nöt~i9t, MJ jleiftts
unb \lomämlid} fÖTl'erlid} au befd}äftigen; 'Durd) 'oie ~ rb eit \l)er<
'Den ~e auG i~m franfen Subjecti\litiit {,nauG geriffen un'D au
btm OOirfltd}en ~ingetrieben. ~a~er i~ ber ~ilU \lOfgefommen,
w; in Sd}ottlan'o ein !ßäd)ter \\)egen ber .peilung ber 9lamn
&erü~mt \\)utte, obSleid} fein ~etfa~ten ein3i9 unb aUein ba Ti n
lIqtanb, ~o~ er 'Die ~arren au ~alben ~lIeeuben ~or einen ~lflug
f~annte unb bi0 ~ur ~öd}~en ~rmübun!l arbeiten He,. - Unter
btn aunöd?ft auf ben ~ f i b \\)il'ftnben IDlittdn ~at ftel> \loraüglid,
bie S ct, 11 uf f I ~i mtrriidttn, - lIamentlid} bei Xobfüd}tigen, -
o{e ~tiffam emiefen. ~urd) baG 6id), .pin ~ lInb ~ .perbe\\)egen
auf M Sct,aufel wirb ~r OOa~nftnnige jd)winbelig un'D feine fil'C
* ~otfte"uns rct,\\)onfen'D. - Se~r \lid faun aber aud} 'Du1'd) \.' (ö ~ <
* Criesheim Ms.
S. 235; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 169: Coxe hat besonders die Mittel
der Schaukel und der Trille angewendet, besonders wenn die Narren
fully. It is for this reason that the coercion which has to be

applied to these unfortunates ought always to be of such a
kind as to have the moral significance of a just punishment.
The deluded still have a sense of what is right and good, and
know for example that one should not harm others. If they 5
do anything wrong therefore, they can be made aware of it,
treated as accountable, punished, and made to see the justice of
the punishment me ted out to them. In this way their better
self is extended, and through this they gain confidence in
their own ethical capabilities. Having come so far, they 10
become capable of recovering completely by associating with
good people. If they are treated in a hard, arrogant, con-
temptuous manner however, their moral self-awareness can
easily be so violated that they fty into the most furious raging
and raving. - One must always be very careful, especially 15
in the case of those affiicted with religious folly, not to allow
anything to come their way which might confirm their
distorted views. On the contrary, the attempt has to be made
to get the deranged to think about other things and so to
forget their crotchets. This ftuidifying of the fixed presenta- 20
tion is brought about particularly weIl by getting the deluded
to occupy themselves, spiritually and especially physically.
Work gets them out of their diseased subjectivity and con-
fronts them with what is actual. This is what happened in
Scotland, where a farmer became well-known for curing 25
fools, although his method consisted of nothing more than
yoking them by the half dozen to a plough, and working
them until they were tired out. - With regard to remedies +
acting primarily on the body, the swing has proved to be
particularly effective in healing the deranged, especially 30
those with a tendency to rave. The insane person becomes
giddy by moving backwards and forwards on the swing, so
that his fixed presentation is loosened up.* - However, a
* Griesheim Ms.
p. 235; cf. KehleT Ms. p. 169: Cox has made particular use of
the swing and the shaker, particularly when fools are delirious or raving. -t
11 ~ e~ un'o fla~ fiint»h'fen auf 'oie ~ 0 r fl e1I un9 'oer mcr~

ricfka für 'omn ~ie'oer~trfleaun9 gdeifld t»er'oen. ßt»ar fmb
- "mell ~ft mi;troulfdJ, \\)Wl ~e meden, 'Da~ man 'Damad)
tJG"ttt, ße tiM i~ftr ~ren ~orfltaUn9 aball~rfl1gen. 3ugleict,
227 fmb ~t ieb"~ bumm un'D (affen ~dJ leid)t übtrrafdJtn. gon fann
~e ba~er nidJt felten 'Da'DurdJ ~eilen, k1a~ man in f~re ~trbrt~t,
~eft ein~ugt~en ~~ ben SdJein gibt, lInb bann "I~~lid) (!tt»a~
t~lIt I t»onn 'Det ~rrüdte eine ~tfrtiung \Ion feinem eingebil'oe.
tm Uebel er"lidt. So t»ur'De befallntlid) ein (ingldnbcr I ber einen
~eut»agen mit 'Oier ~ffr'Den im ~tibe AU ~aben glaubte I non \li($
fem ~a~nt 'outd) einen !t~t befreit I 'oer k1ur", rie merjid)erung,
bQ~ er jenen ~Qgen unb jene ~ferbe fü~le, bQ~ 3utrauen be~
Q~rrüdten oet»Qlln, - i~m bann einrebde, ein gnittd Aur mer.
f(cinerung jener 'Oemltintlid] im IDlagtn nd) be~nbenbfn 'J:linge
all befteen, - au(e~t bem @eiflt~franfen ein ~recf)mittel gab lInb
i~n allm ~enflef I,inQu~bred1en Iie9, al~, auf meranflaltllng 'oe"
~rAte~, unten Aum ~aufe ~inau~ ein ~ellt»agen fll~r, t»dcf}rn
'on mmüdte au~gebrod1en AU ~aben meinte. - <iine anbete ~tift,
auf 'oie ~em'i"t~eit ~ei(enb AU t»irfen, be~e~t k1arin I ba~ man 'Die
9larren bet»egt, .panblungen ~II 'OoU&ringen, \lie eine llnndttd.
bare ml'Derlegung 'oer ci gen t ~ ü mIi cf) en ~arr~tit ~nb, !Ion
\~dd)er ~e gC\lIagt t»er\len. So t»urbe, ~. ~., ::Seman\l, ber ftd)
einbilbete, glöferne ~ü~e All 1)abell, l'lIrd) eiuen 'Otrfldlten !Raub.
aufaU geheilt, 'Da er bei bemfelben feine ~iiße am ~(ud)t ~öd1fl
* braud)6ar fau'c. ij'in ~n'cmr, 'cer ft~ für tobt ~ie(t, bewegunge$
tobsüchtig sind oder rasen, diese Anfälle von Tollheit werden dadurch
beschwichtigt, der Kranke wird schwindlich, die bestimmte Vorstellung
vergeht, Furcht tritt ein und die Heftigkeit verschwindet. (Kehler: Bei dem
vorigen König von England, dem man immer mit der größten Achtung
begegnete, zwei starke Pagen, gegen die und seine Ärzte er oft sehr unartig
war, festgeschnallt auf einem großen Stuhl, da ist er in die Höhe gegangen
und richtig geworden.) Das Physische ist so ein eigner Kreis, die Mittel sind
dabei nicht zu berechnen. Das Blutlassen kann z.B. helfen aber es kann auch
schaden.
* Criesheim Ms. SS. 241-242; vgl. Kehler Ms. S. 173: Eine große Anzahl von
Verrückten wurde es sonst, jetzt nicht mehr, durch religiöse Vorstellungen,
die Hauptsache bei ihrer Heilung war ihnen diese vergessen zu machen, sie
für anderes zu interessiren, Bibel und geistliche Bücher zu entfernen und sie
sudden and telling attaek upon their presentation ean also do a

great deal toward euring the deranged. Although fools are
very mueh on their guard onee they sense that one is attempt-
ing to put them off their fixed presentation, they are not
exaedy bright, and are therefore easily taken unawares. In 5
the ease of an imagined illness for exampIe, it is often the
ease that the derangement ean be eured by appearing to
adopt the person's distorted view, and then suddenIy doing
something which gives hirn a glimpse of what it is to be free
of the malady. There is for example the ease of the English- 10
man who was of the opinion that he had a haywain and four
horses inside hirn. A doetor cured hirn of this delusion by
assuring hirn that he eould feel the wagon and horses, and
after thus gaining his eonfidence, getting hirn to believe that
he was in pos session of a means for reducing the size of the 15
objects supposed to be in his stomaeh. He then arranged
that as he gave hirn an emetic and got hirn to spew out of
the window, a hay-wain should pass by, so that the patient
thought he had vomited it. - Another way of helping to +
heal derangement consists of getting fools to do things which 20
directly contradict the peculiar folly with which they are
afHicted. For example, someone who imagined he had glass
feet was eured by the staging of a pretended robbery, during
which he found his feet extremely useful for getting away
on. * Another person, who eonsidered hirns elf to be dead, re- 25
These attacks of madness are quietened by these means, the patient becomes
giddy, determinate presentation is eliminated, fear sets in and the violence
disappears. (Kehler: The former king ofEngland, who was always treated with
the greatest respect, but who was often very rude to his attendants and doc-
tors, was strapped by two pages to a great chair, and the rage he then fell into
cured hirn.) The physical is therefore a particular sphere, the means of +
which are unpredictable. Blood-letting, for example, can be helpful, but it
can also do harm.
* CTiesheim Ms. pp. 241-242; cf. KehleT Ms. p. 173: Although this is now no
longer the case, a lot of people used to become deranged on account of
religious presentations. The main factor in curing them was getting them +
to forget these presentations, to take an interest in something else, to deny
them access to the Bible and devotional books and bring them into contact
lo~ ~ar unb nid}t~ effen ~oUte, erlangte feinen merftanb auf
'0 i e 2Beife ~iet>er I 'oa~ man, fd)einbnr in feine ~an~dt einge:
~enb, i~n in einen Sarg legte unb in eine @ruft ~radJte, fit
\~dd)er ftd) ein a\Witer Sarg un'o in 'oemfdbfn ein anbmr IDlmfd)
befan)l, ber altfan9~ ~dJ tobt ~eUte, ba(b aber, na~bem er mit
jenem memictten aUein gdaffen ~ar, ~d) aufrid)tde, biefem fein
~e~agtn baTÜ~er allebrüctte, 'oa, er jeot @efeUfd1aft im Xobe
~abe, - enblid) aufftan'o I »on \)Or~anbenen S~dfen aJ, unb
'Dem ~d) 'ollfÜbtr "'tf~ull'oembtn merrüctten f49te: er fe~ fd)on
lange tobt un'o ~iffe ba~er, ~ie ce 'oie Xobten mlld1en. l)er
meniictte beruf)tgte fid) bei bitftr \lJerfid1eruu9, a, unb tranf
ßleid)fIlU~, lIn'o ~urt>e gd,dlt. - IDlitunttr fann 'oie 9lani1t1t
228 AU'" burd) ba~ u nm i tt el ba r auf 'oie morfteUllng ~irfenbe
mort, - burd) einen 2BiO, - ge~eilt ~er'oen. SI' genne,
B. ~., ein ~d) für ben ~ej(jgen @ei~ ~altenber 9larr babllrd),
ba; ein anbmr 9lClrr &u i~m fagte: \uie fann~ benn ~u ber
~emge @ei~ feun Y ber bin ja id). (lin ebenfo intmjfantee ~ei:
fpie( ift du U~rmad)er, ber ftd) einbilbete: er fe~ lInfd)ul'oig guil:
(otinirt ~or'oen, - ber 'oarüber !Reue eml'ffnbenbe !Rid)ter ~abe
btfo~len, i~m feinen jfol'f ~iebtr au geben, - burd) eine 1m.
glüctlid)e memed)felung fetJ il)m aber ein frember, »lei fd1(ed1te:
m, Au,etft unbraud)baret jfo~f aufsefeet ~orben. ~.((e biefer
Watt dnft 'oie ~tgenbe »ertl)eibigte, nad) ~dd1et bet ~ej(jge
~on"ftu~ feinen eigenen abgefd)lagenen Jto~f gero~t ~at, - 'Da
entgegnde i~m ein anbeter 9laTr: ~u (iranarr, - tl'omlt foU
benn ber ~ef(fge X>ion~ftue gero,t ~aben, - dtl'a mit feinet
an neue Gegenstände zu bringen. Durch das (242) Interesse was sie dafür
fassen, wird ihre Verwirrung, die geistige Seite der Krankheit, dieß Grübeln
zunächst entfernt. Aber die Widerlegung kann auch direkter statt finden. Es
ist eine bekannte Geschichte daß in Göttingen ein Narr sich einbildete er
habe Beine von Glas und nicht gehen wollte indem er fürchtete sie zu
zerbrechen. Haller leitete die Kur so ein, daß er den Kranken beredete sich
in einen Wagen tragen zu lassen und mit ihm spaziren zu fahren, mit
mehreren Studenten war verabredet den Wagen als Räuber anzufallen,
dieß geschah, Haller sprang aus dem Wagen und entfloh, als der Kranke
dieß sah, folgte er ihm und lief über das Feld bis er aus dem Gesichte der
vermeintlichen Räuber war, so war er durch eigenes Schrecken widerlegt
und geheilt.
rnained rnotionless and refused to eat, recovered his und er-

standing in the following manner. Sorneone else, pretending
to share in his folly, placed hirn in a coffin, and took hirn to a
vault where there was another person, also in a coffin, who
pretended at first to be dead. After the fool had been there 5
for a while however, the other person sat up and said how
pleased he was to have cornpany in death. Then he got up
and ate the food he had by hirn, telling the astonished
newcomer that he had been dead for sorne time and therefore
knew how the dead went about things. The fool was taken 10
in by this assurance, followed suit by eating and drinking,
and was cured. - On occasions folly can also be cured +
verbally, by a witticism which bears directly upon the presenta-
tion. There is, for example, the case of the fool who insisted
that he was the Holy Ghost. "That is impossible," said 15
another fool, "for I am the Holy Ghost' , . And by this the
fellow was cured. An equally interesting case is that of the +
watchrnaker who irnagined that he had been unjustly
guillotined, that the repentant judge had ordered that his
head should be returned to hirn, and that by an unfortunate 20
mistake he had been given another head, much worse than
his own and quite useless. On a certain occasion this fool was
defending the legend according to which St. Denis had kissed
his own head after it had been struck off, when another fool
rounded upon hirn as follows, "What a prime noddy you are. 25
with new general objects. Their confusion, (242) the spiritual side of their
illness, their brooding, is removed by means of their new interests. Such a
change round can also be brought about in a more direct manner however.
There is the well-known case from Göttingen of the fool who imagined that
he had legs of glass, and who refused to walk because he was afraid of break-
ing them. Haller managed to eure hirn in the following manner. He per-
suaded the patient to allow hirnself to be conveyed by coach and to go out
with hirn for a trip, and arranged with certain students that they should
attack the vehicle, pretending to be robbers. When the attack was launched,
Haller leapt out of the coach and ran off, and on seeing hirn do so the patient
followed suit, running across a field until he was out of the sight of the sup-
posed robbers. In this way he was refuted and cured by his own fright. +
Wafe9 - !Diefe Wrllge erf~üttnte itnen ~errücften U~rma~el'

MnIIajen, ba; n ~on feinet 9)latotfe ~öalg 8enQ~. eol~et
_ ~ ieb~ ble 9lan~eU nur In bem WaU 8dn~lId} ~emidJ'
.en, wenn biefe Jhllnfr)eit bettitG alt 3ntcn~tdt »erIoten ~Qt.
r) ~ i e Q) e tu ., t u ~ c t t.
§. 409~
* !D4~ ee(&llgefal~( in bie 0efonber~dt ber ~eft1()(e
(elnfocf)er (fmpfinbungen, tuie bel' S8egitr~en, ~riebe, feil
~enfd)Aftcn unb bmn S8efriebiglillgen) »crfenft ij[ unullter,
fd)teben ~on il)ncn. 1(ber bOG eelbj[ ij[ All fiel) einfQcbc
~eblebung bel' ~~ealitlit auf fief) I formene ~Ugemein()eit,
unb biefe ifl m;alnl)dt biefes $l;eiollbern; al6 biefe 2(ngel
mein~eit ifl bas e elbfl in bieiem (Sefü()lsleben oU fe~en;
fo 1ft Cf Me »on bel' $l;cionberl)tit ~d, unterfd>eibenbe falr
fieb ft"tnbe 2(1(gemellll)eit. ~iefe fit nidJt bie ges
~AIt~oUe m3obrE)eit bel' be{limmten ~mpfinbungen, megiw
ben u. f. f., benll bel' ~n()alt bet·ielbcn fommt ~ier noeb
nicf)t in $l;etracf,t. ~ie ~eionberbeit ift In biefer S8elliml
mung ebenio formen I unb nur bos be f 011 b er e e e" n
* 1827: Das Selbstgefühl als solches ist formell, und setzt die Bestimmungen
der Empfindung überhaupt zwar in seine Subjectivität, allein in deren
abstracter Einzelnheit nur so, daß sie darin zufällig überhaupt und vorüber-
gehend wären. Das Selbst aber ist als einfache Beziehung der Idealität auf
sich formelle Allgemeinheit. An der in ihm gesetzten besondern Empfindung
wird deren Unmittelbarkeit, d.i. die Leiblichkeit der Seele aufgehoben und
erhält die Form der Allgemeinheit. Diese ist aber in Beziehung auf die
natürliche Einzelnheit nur Reflexions = Allgemeinheit (§ 175), und die
Einbildung der Empfindungen nach dieser Ihrer Leiblichkeit (das Selbst ist
schon an sich die Gattung derselben) erscheint daher als eine Wiederholung,
wodurch das Selbst sich dieselbe zu eigen macht. Das Selbstgefühl hebt
eben darin sein formelles, subjectives Fürsichseyn auf, erfüllt sich und macht
sich an ihm selbst zum Objectiven, so daß dieses in sich bestimmte S~n der
Seele ebenso schlechthin ideelles, das ihrige ist. So ist das Selbst allgemeine
durchdringende Seele in ihrem Empfinden und in ihrem Leibe für sich,
Subject in demselben als dem Prädicate - Gewohnheit.
Wh at do you think he kissed it with then? His heel?" This

rernark so shattered the deranged watehrnaker that it eorn-
pletely rid hirn of his quirk. However, such a wittieisrn will +
only eure folly eornpletely on ce the illness has already dirn-
inished in intensity. 5 +
y) Habit
* Self-awareness, in that it is immersed in the +

particularity of such feelings or simple sensations as
desires, impulses, passions and the gratification of
such, is not distinguished from them. However, the
self is implicitly a simple self-relation of ideality, 10
formal universality, which is the truth of what is
particular here. It is as this universality that the self
is to be posited within this life of feeling, for it is as
such that it constitutes the universality which is
for itselfin distinguishing itselffrom particularity. 15
This is not the containing truth of the specific sensa-
tions, desires etc., for at this juncture the content of
this truth is not yet under consideration. In this de- +
termination, particularity is to an equal extent a
formality, and is merely the particular being 20
* 1827: Self-awareness as such is formal, and in general it certainly posits

the determinations of sensation in its subjectivity; in their abstract singularity
however, it posits them only as if within it they were generally contingent
and transitory. As a simple self-relation ofideality however, the selfis formal
universality. In the particular sensation posited within it, the immediacy of the
determinations, i.e. the corporeity of the soul, is sublated and assurnes the
form ofuniversality. In relation to natural singularity however, this is only a
universality of reflection (§ I7 5), and the formulating of the sensations in
accordance with this its corporeity (the self is already implicitly their genus),
therefore appears as arepetition, whereby the self appropriates it. It is pre-
cisely here, where self-awareness sublates its formal, subjective being-for-self,
fuHills itself, and so makes itself into an objective being within it, that this
inwardly determined being of the soul is to the same extent simply of an ideal
nature, pertains to it. It is thus that the self is universally penetrating soul in
the soul's sensing, and being-for-selfin its body, subject within the body as to
the predicate, - habit.
388 ' Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
229 ober Unmittclbill'feit bcr ~ede gegen ibr fclbir formeUt~

AbtlractetS ~llr~cbfe\ln. ~ip befonbcre ~el}n ber ~eele ttl
ball gnomtnt t1)rer 1! ci b I I d) f e I t, mit tudd)er ~e ~ter
brl~t, "dJ ba\)on a(G beren ei 11 fad] e tS ee\}n anterfd)elbet
unb AltS ibeeUe, fubjectl\)e ellblrantialitat biefer 1!eiblid)feit
itt, tute fie In (()rem an jtd) !"c\) cu bell megrijf (§. 389,) llur
bie eubttanb berrelben al6 jolcf)e I\)ar.
~fere~ ab~racte ~I\r~d)ftin ber ~etle in t~rer ~ctbl

Ucf)fcit '11 "od) nid)t ~d), nid)t Me (f~i~w3 belS fur bM
~Ogemeine f~l)enben 2(Ugemelnel1. (tG ift bie auf i(m
reine!) b e a Ut h AUrtldgefer~te 1!eiblid)feit, \\.\eld)c fo ber
eede altS fold)el' Aufonlmt, baG iir, tuie m(lum Ullb ;3eit,
alf bIO Abthacte :](uffminanber, alfo alQ leerer m,wm
unb leere Seit nur fu~jecti\)e ~ormen, rrine~ ~nfcf)(luen
~nb, fo 111 jcneG reine e e\l n, b(l6, iubem fn U)m bie
5l;ejonberl)eit ber 1!eiblicbfelt, b, I. bie unmitte1b,m 1!tib,
ltd)teit alti fo(d)e aufgehoben n1orbcu, ~üriid)fel)n i{t, bAG
g(ll1~ reine bw)uötlole 'l{njd)lluen, aber bie @runblage belS
5l;erouOtfe\)lltS, oll tueld)cm eG in fit1) gebt, tubem eG Mt
1!dblid)feit, bmn fubjectii>c €ubfiallb eG unb tucld)e ncef)
ftlr baffeibe unI> alG led)r(lllfe ilr, In ~d) aufgeboben
~at, unI> fo altS eubjtct ft'ir fid) gef~~t ,{t.
§. 410.
* ~ag bie ~ee(e M> fo Al!m aBt1ractcl1 aUgemeinen eet)1I
mad)t, unI> eilt) m~fol1bm btr IScftH)le ((IlId) beG ~elt)uBt:
* 1827: In sofern auf den anticipirten Unterschied Bedacht genommen wird,

daß die Bestimmtheit, der Inhalt der Empfindung von Außen kommt, oder
aber im Willen, Trieb - im Innern ihren Ursprung hat, so ist nach jener
Seite, die Objectivität der Seele Gewohnheit überhaupt, auch Abhärtung, so
daß das Bewußtseyn, ob es wohl diese Empfindung hat, von ihr und ihrer
Leiblichkeit gar nicht oder nicht ausschließend beschäftigt wird, weil es
nicht mehr im Unterschiede gegen sie, sondern das Empfinden zu einem
Seyn der Seele, zur Unmittelbarkeit herabgesetzt ist. - Ist die Gewohnheit
von innerer Bestimmung ausgegangen, so gehört die Geschicklichkeit hieher,
die Einbildung der Vorstellungs bestimmungen in die Leiblichkeit, so daß
diese keine Eigenthümlichkeit mehr für sich hat, sondern jenen vollkommen
or immediacy of the soul as opposed to its corres-

pondingly formal and abstract being-for-self. This
particular being of the soul is the moment of its
corporeity. Here it breaks with this corporeity, dis-
tinguishing itselffrom it as its simple being, and so 5
constituting the ideal nature of its subjective sub-
stantiality, just as in the implicit being of its Notion
(§ 389) it tnerely constituted the substance of it as
such. +
This abstract being-for-self of the soul in its 10

corporeity is not yet ego, not yet the existence of the
universal which is for the universal. It is corporeity,
which pertains to the soul as such on account of its
being set back to its pure ideality. Space and titne,
in that they are abstract extrinsicality, etnpty space 15
and time, are tnerely subjective fortns, pure intuit-
ing. Sitnilarly, this pure being, which is being-for- +
self, or entirely pure and unconscious intuiting, in
that the particularity of corporeity, itntnediate
corporeity as such, is sublated within it, is the 20
basis of consciousness. It inwardly assumes the
nature of consciousness in that it is posited as the
being-for-self of a subject i.e. in that it has the cor-
poreity of which it is the subjective substance, and
which still has being for it as a litnit, sublated 25
within it. +
§ 4 10
* Inhabit, the soul tnakes an abstract universal
being of itself and reduces what is particular in
* 1827: In so far as the anticipated difference ofthe determinateness, the content

of sensation, deriving from without, while alternatively having its origin
within, in the will or drive, is taken into consideration, from this aspect the
objectivity of the soul is habit in general as weH as inurement. Consciousness
therefore, although it certainly has this sensation, is either not occupied with
it and its corporeity or not exclusively, for it is no longer opposed to it within
the differences, sensing being reduced to a being of the soul, to immediacy.
If habit derives from an inner determination, this is the place for skill, the
formulation of presentative determinations within corporeity so that it no
longer has any peculiarity of its own, but is completely pervasible in respect
ft\)ns) ~u dntr nur i elle nb rn meffimmung (In Il)r rebus

drt, 1ft bit @ e ro 0 () Ill) t I t. ~ie ®tele l)arDen ~nbalt
auf bleie m3tiie in me fi~, unb elltl)~lt :[)Il fo an il)r, bap
~e in fold)tll mtftimmullgell nicf)t al6 ell1p~llbenb 1ft, Ilid)t
\)on tl)ntll fid) unttricl)etbmb im ~er{)AIt111jf~ bU H}nen ftel)t
110d) in ~e I.'crfenft ill, ionbem ~e ell1pftllbung~: unb be:
!\)Uptl06 dn il)r ()at unb 111 il)nen ~d) b~lUcgt. ®Ie ill In'
rofem fret) \)on Ibnen, alG pe [(cf) in H)tWt Ilid)t inttrer:
~rt unb beicf)oftigtj inbem fit in bleiw ~ormm idlS t~rem
~efi~e t.fiftirt, - ift fle bugldd) ftlr bie l\Jeitm ~bAtlgl
230 feit tlltil meid)Qjtigung, -- ber ~mp~nbllng Jo tute belS
~uou~tfe\)n() bcs @eil1e6 tibtrl)aupt, - offm.
~icfC6 eid) I einbilbtn be6 mcilJl!bem ober ~dblid)el1
ber @eft'blsbellimmungm in ba6 e e \) n ber eede er,
rd)eint alG eine QB i tb er [) 0 I u n 9 hnidbm IIllb bie (frbeus
9ltu9 bel' @etuol)ul)eit als eint U e b Itll g. ~eun bi~ e'et)n
allS abfhacte 1(Ugemdlll)eit in m~oiel)1I1I9 altf baG nattlrl
lid). beillnbm, bau in bieie ~orm gcid}t mtrb, 111 bie 9te,
flt.fionti s'l{([gtmein{)tlt (§. 17.»), - ein Itub balTdbe als
AulTedid): \lideti beG c.rll1p~lIbtllG auf feine ~il\l)cit rebucirt,
biefe tlbftracte (finbeit alt> 9 eie ~ t.
~'e @eroo~nbeit 1ft, ",Ie biU~ @eb&d>ln,~ ein fd)",e,
ru ~unrt in ber OrgiUllfotlon bK @eiflttJ; bl e 0cI
!\)obnbeit 1ft ber Sl»td)ani6mtIlS beS eelbltgtftlbllS, wie
boG ~tbad)tni~ ber ~)~ed)ani6muo ber ~llteUigen&. ~ie
na t tl r 1i d) t n !.lualitAten unb ~tl'Ilnberungel1 belS 1((,
Urs, bu e d,lafenG ullb ~llcf)en6 ~nb ullmittelbar n41
ttlrlid); bie ~el"Oblll}eit 1ft Mt iU eilltm 1l4türlid}itlJtlll
bell, med)ollifd}tn gemocf)te Sl)eftimmtbeit belS @tftibIS,
aud) ber ~llttUigtn~, b~fj ~~iUmG 11. f. f. infofnn fit bum
etlbftg~fti{)l qebören. ~ie ~tl"ol)llbeit ift mit 9tedlt eine
~l\)eite matltr g~lIallllt worben, - mII t 11 r, Nun fle iir
ein unmittelbar~ti 6ellll bel' eedt, - eine nlt\ t i t e, bwn
~C il1 eim \)011 ber etde gei e ~ t e Ullmittdbllr~dt, eine
(fin 1 unb ~urd}bilbIl1l9 be. ~dblid)f~it, bit ben ~eitlb(~s
-----
durchgängig ist, - als ein unterworfenes ideelles Seyn nur ist, wie umge-
kehrt die Vorstellungen unmittelbares, leibliches Daseyn haben, - wie sie
als Vorstellungen in mir vorhanden, unmittelbar auch auf äußerliche Weise
vollbracht sind.
feelings and consciousness to a mere determination

of its being. It is thus that it possesses content,
and it so contains it that in such determinations it is
not sentient, but possesses and moves within them
without sensation or consciousness, - standing in 5
relationship to them, but neither distinguishing itself
from nor being immersed within them. It is free
of these determinations in so far as it is neither
interested in nor occupied with them. At the same
time, in that it exists with these forms as with its 10
pos session, it is open to the further activity and occu-
pation of sensation and conscious spirit.
This formulation of the particular or corporeal
aspect of the determinations of feeling within the
being of the soul, appears as arepetition of these 15
determinations, while the engendering of habit
appears as practice. For as abstract universality in
relation to what is natural and particular, the being
po sited within this form is the universality of re-
ßection (§ 175), - the reducing of the external multi- 20
plicity of sensing to its unity being one and the same
as the positing of this abstract unity. +
Like memory, habit is a difficult point in the

organization of spirit; it is the mechanism of self-
awareness, just as memory is the mechanism of 25
intelligence. The natural aspect of the qualities
and changes of ageing, sleeping and waking is
immediate; habit is a determinateness of feeling,
as it is of intelligence, will etc., and in so far as
these belong to self-awareness, is constituted as a 30
natural and mechanical being. Habit has quite
righdy been said to be second nature, for it is
nature in that it is an immediate being ofthe soul,
and a second nature in that the soul posits it as
an immediacy, in that it consists ofan inner formu- 35
lation and transforming of corporeity pertaining
of them, - having being only as a subjected being of an ideal nature, while,

conversely, the presentations have immediate, corporeal determinate being,
- in that they are present within me immediately as presentations, and are
also consummated in an external manner.
'cjlimmllngen als iold)m unI> ~tn 93oritdI1ll1l}6; ~t~iUenS:

SZ;c(iimmtl)tiUn, al6 tm[eiblid,Wl (§. 40 I.) butommt.
~er ~mf~ ift in ber @tl\)ol)llbelt in ber ~i3rife
ton matur s {t.riI1cn3, unb barum in ibr unfrei, aber in
fofem frei, als bie ffiatUl'b~iHmmt()eit btr (tmpfinbun9
burd) ~'e ~croobnbeit ou feinem bloüm eCI)n bnnbgcl
fe~t, er nid)t mel)r in ~llfmllD unh tamit nid)t m(bt
in ,3ntmffe, $l)cid)Ajtigung unb in 2(bl)Qn9i9feit gegeR
biefclbc ift. ~ie Unfreibeit in ter @el\)ol)nl)cit ijl tbe'"
nur f 0 r m c II a(6 nur in ba6 ~e\)11 ber eetle gcb6tig;
tbeils nur re I at i u, inioftrn ~e eigentlid) nur bei 11& cl n
231 QSCl\)obnbeiten elatt finbet,. ober in fofnn rlntr ~CI
~obnbu liberbaupt tin anberer St\)eet entgegenfe~t ijlj
bit QScl\)obnbcit bCG 9hcbten libtrbaupt, bes liOittliel)cn,
~At ben ~nb4lt bcr 'Buibeit. - ~ic I\)cfentlid)e $l)efliml
mung ijl bie $l) cf I' ci u n 9, bie ber 'OO~enfd) uon ben (tms
,finDungcn, hlDem er \)011 ibntn aificirt ifl, burel) bie
QSc\\)obnbeit gCl\)il1nt. (f. f6nnen bie unterfcl)icDtncn
iormcn btritlbcl1 fo bejltmmt I\)erbcn: a) ~ie u n m i t~
tel &a r C (fmpfinDung alf ncgirt, "I. glciel)gliltig gefc~t.
~ic ~ b ~ Ar tun 9 gegen 6uBtrlid>e {tmpfinbungcl1,
('Brott, .f)i~c, 'OOlubig'eit bel' Qmcber u. f. f., ®oblges
fd>m,,~ ". f. f·) fo ~lc blc :Xb~Anun9 bCf QSrml\t~f
gegen Unghld fjl eine €>tarfe, bau, ,nbem ber Wroft u.
f. f· bat) Ungltlct ~on b~m ~:nmicbtn aUerbfn96 empfuns
ben \\)irb, folcf>e 2(tfectilln bU tilm ~leu!3~r1icbtm unb
Unmitttibarftit nur bcrllbg~i~!~t 111; talS a 119 e m ci 11 C
<etl1n ber eedc, erbalt fld) als ab 11 r 11 ce fur ild) t-arin,
uIIll bat) et[&ft~eflil)1 als joldlC(5, ~t\tluf.[ict}n, ~\,~tl
~ion, fonfligcr S!uca I\lli) ~l)lIti~Jfdt, 1ft nid)t mtbr bas
mit t)tfroichlt. fl) @[tid)gliltigf~it geHen bit ~ ef r t CI
bi 9 U 11 g; bit $l)tgierben, ~ritbc \\)erben burd) bie ~ CI
tu 0 () 111) e i t ibm ~eiriebigl1ng abgetrumpft; tliÜ itc llte
uerllullftige $l)efreiulIg ~on benielbcll; hit mond)i1d)e Q:nt;
fagung unll @el\)llltfamfeit befreit nicf>t \\on il)ntll IIOer)
ifl pe bem ~nbalte nad) ~mllinfrlg; - CIS t)tq1el)t Pd>
babel, bau bit ~riebt, nad) ibm' motur als enblid)e
~tl1immtbeitell gebalten, Ullb Oe roie ibre ~tfritbigllllg
alts '.momente in bel' ~erlll\lIfti9fett betS ~!3iUtII6 U/lterl
to both the determinations of feeling as such and

to embodied presentations and volitions (§ 401). +
In that habit is a mode of natural existence, a
person of habit is not free. He is free however in so
far as habit reduces the natural determinateness of 5
sensation to his mere being and he is no longer in a
state of differentiation in respect of it i.e. interested
in, occupied with and dependent upon it. To some
extent the lack offreedom which accompanies habit
is merely formal, since it only pertains to the 10
being of the soul. For the rest however, and in so
far as properly speaking it only accompanies bad
habits, or to the extent that habit in general is
opposed by another purpose, this lack of freedom
is merely relative, for the habit involved in doing 15
what is right and ethical has freedom as its content.
- The essential determination of habit is that it is
by means of it that man is li b e rat e d from the
sensations by which he is affected. The various
forms of this liberation may be determined as 20
follows. I) Firstly, there is immediate sensation,
posited as negated, indifferent. When a person be-
comes inured to such external sensations as cold,
heat, weariness of limb etc., taste etc., as when the
disposition becomes hardened to misfortune, his 25
strength simply consists in the reduction of the
sensation or affection of cold etc. or misfortune, to
an externality, an immediacy. The universal
being of the soul maintains its ab s t r a c t being-for-
self within these sensations, and self-awareness as 30
such, consciousness, reßection, any other purpose-
ful activity, is no longer involved. 2) Indifference to
satisfaction. Desires and impulses are blunted
by the habit of satisfaction, which is the rational
way of liberating oneself from them. Monkish 35
renunciation and unnaturalness is irrational in
conception, and is not a liberation. It is to be +
assumed here that impulses are controlled in
accordance with their nature as finite determinate-
nesses, and that both they and their satisfaction are 40
treated as subordinate moments of the rational
394 . Regels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
geortmet pl1b. - 'Y) ~Il bel' @eroc()l1beit al6 @ efd, i d,

I t cl) fe I t foU nid)t nur bat '.\bllracte etl)1l btr e>tde
fall' fid) feftgel)alrm roerben I fonbern alG ein fubjec:ti\)tr
Srocd in btr 1!~iblid)feit geltenb gemRcI)t, bieie ibm un,
terroorfett unb 9a11i burcl)gRl1gig roerben. @egen fold)c
tnncrlid)c ~eftimmul1g btr iubjwi\)ell eeele itl bie 1!ei&1
Iicl)tcit al6 u" m i tt e I ba r u Au p er I i cf) u eCl)1l unb
ce cl) ra n fe b~ftimmt; - ber beftimmtm 5l;rucl) btr etde
ale einfad)cn ~r!id)iet)nf in fid) felbji" gegen ibre ertlc mal
232 tdrltd)feit unI> Unmitttibarfdt; bie eede ift bamit nicl)t
mebr in trfter t.nmittelbartr ,3bcntitnt I renbern mup
als &upcrlicb erft babu ~erabgtie~t I\ltrben. ~le mer,
.cibltd)ullg I>lr b~ftimmten (fll1p~nbullgen ift ferner fc\bjt
eint beji"immtc (§. 4lJl.), unb Nt unmittelbare 1!tibli~1
feit eine bcionbere ~6glicl)fcit (- eint btionbtre
edte ibrer Unttrfcbiebtnbdt an ibl', ein befollbm6 Or,
gon il)rt6 org 42 niid)cn e ,,!lemf) fall' einen btftimmten
SI\lect !l)R6 ~inbil-bcn fold)en Sroedf boreln ift I>ip, boi
Cie ·a n fl cf) ftl)enbe ,3bealit&t bef ~oterttUtn tlberbauPt
unI) ber bcllimmtcn 2etbUd)feit Als ~bellUtAt 9 er c ~ t
"'Orbth~ b<lrnit bie eedt h<ld) bn ~enimmtbeit t~rc6
llorjhUtM unI> m30UenG atG eubjla\1& in ib~ t}: i tl i rt.
* ~uf. folcf)e m3eiie ift bann in ber ~tfd}idlicf)ftit bit ~tibs
licl)hlt burd)gQngig unb ium ,3njlrumcnte gtmad)t, bafi,
wie {lie morlldlutlg (3. lB. eine 9td()e \lon mottn), In
mir ift, aud) lt)ib~rllanb6IotS unb ~üf~g, btt' St6rper pe
rid)till geallBtt·C bat.
~i~ 'Borm ber (Seu1o()tlbtft umfajjC "Ue lrttn unb
ce.tufen ber ~()at igfdt beG @djltS; I> t nuöerlid>lle I bie
;rAumlicf)e mtllimmung be6 ~nbi\libuumG I b4!i e6 0 u fs
red:t jiebt, ill bllrd) feinem ~iUtll oUt' @tIUObll()tit ge,
mad)t I eint u n m.1 tt el b<I re, b t ro u Ut ( 0 i e eteUulIg,
bit immer ead)t feines fo-rtb4uernben ~Ultn6 bleibt;
lIer ~)~enid) ji"ebt Ilur, Itltil nnb i"fml er roill, unb nur
IDlang alti er es bml1l5t(os luiU. <Hm fo e e {).t n unb fo
* 1827: die Leiblichkeit, welche in der unmittelbaren Einheit der Seele natür-
liches Mittel (vgl. §. 208.) des Willens und seines Vorstellens ist, so zum In-
strumente gemacht. ..
Der Rest des Paragraphen 1830 weitgehend verändert.
will. - 3) In habitual skill, the abstract being-for-
self of the soul has to be not only maintained, but
also made effective as a subjective purpose within
corporeity, which it subjects and completely per-
meates. Corporeity is determined as immediate 5
extern al being, and as limit in the face of this
inner determination of the subjective soul. Conse-
quently, the breach between the soul as simple
being-for-self in itself and its primary naturalness
and immediacy is now more determinate. The soul 10
is therefore no longer a primary and immediate
identity, but in that it is external, has first to be
reduced to this state. What is more, the embodying
of determinate sensations is itself a determinate
possibility with a determinate purpose (§ 401), and 15
unmediated corporeity a pa rti cular pos si bili ty,
that is to say a particular aspect of corporeity's own
differentiation, a particular organ of its organic
system, with a determinate purpose. The formula-
tion there of such a determinate purpose is accom- 20
plished by so positing the ideality ofthe implicit
ideality of material being in general and of de-
terminate corporeity, that the soul can exist in its
corporeity as substance in accordance with the
determinateness of what it presents and wills. 25
The skill* then permeates and instrumentalizes
corporeity in such a way, that if I have within me
the presentation of aseries of notes for example,
the body will express them correctly in a ready and
fluent manner. 30
The form of habit includes all kinds and stages
of spiritual activity. The individual's standing
upright is its most external, its spatial determina-
tion, and is made habitual by its will; it is an
unmediated, unconscious posture, and always 35
remains a matter of the persistence of the indi-
vidual's will. Man stands only because and in so far
as he has the will to, and only as long as this will is
unconscious. It is the same with sight and the
* 1827: corporeity, wh ich in the immediate unity ofthe soul is a natural means
(cf. § 208) for the will and its presenting, is therefore made the instrument ...
The rest of this Paragraph was changed considerably in 1830.
39 6 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
fo~t··ift bic COtlCrm ~el\)obn(}tit, lt1clcbe u n mit tel bar

bit "ielen $l;ej1immllll!Jetl ber <!m~~l1bung, bcG $l;tll)lI~t'
fe"ntS, ~er ~llid)(\uul1g, be~ merllanbtG u. f. f. \11 (fil1em
einf",d)cn 'l(et ,m~il;t. ~'lG 9(\nb freie, in btltl reinen
(tlemtnte lcilltr lelbll tbAtigc $D e n fe n bebarf tbenfllUtS
b" @Cltlol)l1beit unb ®t1'lI~gfeit, bicfer ~onn ber Uni
m iu cl b Il rf e i t , wobllrd) tG ungel)inberttt:, burd)gtl
bfullgtl1e~ Ci;igelltbllm mtinetS ti t1 &tIn e n e e I b ft G it1.
'frj1 burd) bi~fc @cwo1)n()cit e ~ i ft i l' e .2)d} als btllfttlbe~
fdr mid). eelbft biefe Utlmittelbarfeit. beG btnftnbtn
S1.)ci I fid>, fCl)M fllt{}llit ~eib1id)feit (UngewO(}llQeit unb
233 langt ~ortft~tlng be6 ~tl1ftl16 mlld)t 5{opf!t1e(») I bit @tl
wOl)nbeit \'mninbert bieie (fmp~l1bll\l91 inbern ~t bit
llaturlicl}e ~tftimmU119 3U einer Unmittdbarftit ber eede
mad)t. - ~ie et1tltlicMtc unb im (Ydfligeu "ltS fo1d},em
betl}atigte <.Yewol)nbcit ilber ilt bie <f r i n n e r 1I 11 g unb
a
biltS <.Y e b cl) t 11 i ~, ullb weiter ulltrn oll betrad}ttn.
~on ber (Yeroo(}l1l)eit pflegt ()erabie~tI1b gtfprod}en
unb ~e il(tS ein UnlebenbigtG I SufaUigetS unb 'Particulal
reG genommen bU werben. ~lll1b buf,H1iger .2)n!)alt it1
"Uerbil1gG bn ~orm ber QScwo~n~ett, wte jeber illlbtre,
fA~i~, unb es 1ft ~b(e ~el1)obl1~cit ~ttI ~t~ellG, wr(cf!e
ben ~ob ()cr&tiföbrt, ober, wenn 94"6 4&!lr4ct, ber ~ob
fd6jt ifl. 2!&er eug1eid) itl fit bel' <l, tth n & aller @ef,
f11gfelt im inbi"ibueUtn eu&jec:te b,,~ m3tfentlid}fh, ba,
mit bIltS etlbject al6 co llC re u Unmittelbnrfeit, a(~ f ce,
li f d) e ~be4Htat fe\)~ bnmlt bn ,3n1)4It, re!igiHtr, mOl
ralifd>er u. f. f· (()m 1115 biefem eelbj't, ibm a4~ bit'
f er ~eele Cl n 9 ebh t, roeber in i~m MOG "M f' Ü> (illtl
2(nldge), nod} altS \'oflHmgebenbe (fmp1inbun~ ober ~Ol'1
fleUung, nod) illG a&llrdCU "on ~{}un unb m3irf(Itf)Ftit
abgefd}iebene .2)IUHrlid)fcit, fonbern in feinem ®e\)tI fe".
- ,3n wilTcufd)aftlid}en )l;etrad)tul1geR ber eeele unb
beG @eifletS pflegt bit ~ewo~t1beit tlltrocber als etwd
~erad)tltd)etS llbtrg(\l1gen bU werben ,01m uttlmebr "uct
rocH ~e i" ben fcl}wtrjlen )l;ejlimmul1gen geb6rt.
Sufca,. ~it pnb all bie ~ 0 r ~ eil U11 9 'cer (ij e \~ 0 fJ 1\.
beit gc\'\)öbnt; beunod) i~ bie ~eftimntUl1g be0 ~egriff0 'cer-
other faculties: without mediation, concrete

habit unifies the diverse determinations of sensa-
tion, consciousness, intuition, understanding etc.
into a single simple act. It is the same with though t
which is free, active within its own pure element, 5
for it is constantly in need of habit and familiarity,
the form of immediacy which makes it the un-
hindered and permeated pos session of my single
self. It is through this habit that I first exist for
myself as a thinking being. Even this immediacy of 10
thinking self-communion involves corporeity, for
whereas sustained thinking will give rise to a
headache when one is out of the habit, habit will
diminish this sensation by turning the natural
determination into an immediacy of the soul. - It 15
is however recollection and memory which
constitute developed habit active within what is
spiritual as such, and these are to be considered
later. +
Habit is often spoken of disparagingly, and re- 20
garded as lifeless, contingent and particular. The
form of habit, like any other, is certainly open to
complete contingency of content. It is moreover the
habit of living which brings on death, and which,
when completely abstract, constitutes death itself. 25 +
At the same time however, habit is what is most
essential to the existence of all spirituality within
the individual subject. It enables the subject to be a
concrete immediacy, an ideality of soul, so that
the religious or moral etc. content belongs to him 30
as this self, this soul, and is in him neither merely
implicitly as an endowment, nor as a transient
sensation or presentation, nor as an abstract in-
wardness cut off from action and actuality, but as
part of his being. - In scientific studies of the soul 35
and of spirit habit is usually passed over, some-
times simply because it is regarded as not worthy
of consideration, but more frequently for the
further reason that it is one of the most difficult of
determinations. 40
Addition. Although we are familiar with habit as a presentation,

the determination of its Notion is a difficult matter, and it is
fel~ f~mierig. lu~ biefem @runbe ,,,,,((cn wir ~itt no~ dnige
WrlAutnungen iene~ ~griffee geben.
3U'OörbeTft mu, 'oie 9l 0 t~ men '0 i grei t 'oe~ bi GI er tI f ~ en
iJntSQllge "on 'oer (I. 408 ~ctrad}tden) ~errüdt~eit au
°
'ocr (in 'oen 55. 409 un'o 41 0 abge~an'odttn) @) cm ~ n~ ci t ge'
aeigt mn'otn. 3u bem Wnbe mnnern wir baran, 'oap im ~ Q~ns
finn bie Seele 'oaf fBejlreben ~at, ~d, auf bem &mif~cn i~rcm
234 06jedi\)ftl eCll'lI,tfn,n unb f~m fi,ren ~ortkUllnß \lod'1lI1benen
mtberf"ru~ aUf \!oUfollhntncn tnnnen ~anlonie bct 8ei~eG ll'tel
bn ~nallfteUen. ~iefe ~ieber~ttfteUuns 'ann e&tnfo roo~( mijs
tingen, mit erfolgen. \JÜf bie tin&dne Seele erfdJeint iontit
ba' CldmtglD alm freitn, tn ficfJ 'amloniflf1en Sel&fteefü~( alf
etrDaG 3ufilUge.. In ft4 on t~ baG abfo[ute Wrciwerben
be. eclb'8tfü~le , - bat UHgejt6rte 8effid1fe'1n ber Seele in
aUn &f~U i~reG 3D~It., - etroae bur~aue ~ot~",ens
biet.; benn an fieft i' bfe eetle ble Ilbfo(ute 3bealitit, bae
Uchrgnlfm'oe Abcr aUe i~re "~ten; 1mb in t~rem tB c $
griffe liest cf, ba, ne n4 bUTCfJ 'u~bunR ber in i~r feflse s

rooromen eefonbe~eiten al' bie u.f~ränfk Da"t über bie~
in "r
fel6m tnDd~, - ba; ne ba' no4 UlLlI1tttelhre, Se'1enbe
au elner &(o;en Wigenf4aft, au einem b(o;m ~omente
~oft.t, um bur~ biefe a~fo(ute .tgatton al~ freh 3nbhi s
buClIUU für fief) felhr au rocr'oeR. ~un r,t&m ",ira",arfd)on
ta baR ~tnl; 'ocr menfeftll4en eetlt au i~rem 8enlu' ein
~fC9n w etl&ftee au betra4tcn ge"'&t. ~ort ~mte ieboef)
bttJ &IttlcW"n no~ 'oie WOfIR bcr .. tu ; er li eft h lt, bn Xrens
1l11li8 In altd Snbl\llbua(Uittn, in • k'ttrfef)mbtf unb ein &es
f)mf4tet eclbIt; un'o a"'ff~en biefen htben Selten fanb Iod)
Ida catf~r 8cgellfa., fein IBthrhru~ flatt, fo ba;
ber . . . , blefe beftimmte Snnml4klt, unse~inbert ft4 in
_ 1IItIlf4U4t1l Snbl\)lbuum aur flrfd)clnung brad)te. .uf bcr
Stafe bGgcgtn, &lf au "'dcfJer "'fr je.t bie Wnt\l)hflung bef fu~
ie*n QJdfW fortsefü~rt f)Um, follUlle1t ll'ir au eincm ~ef)$
fqn bn eecle, ba' "om ~eß\'lff bnfelkn bur" Ueberwilt,
buIg bct fn 'ocr ~enü~elt 1)or~m fnneren tHU bets
n, tu '" • beI (ltlfte. , bUTCfJ .. u" tb un8 ber 9an ali '" en
für this reason that we now want to define this Notion some-
what more carefully.
We have first to indicate the necessity of the dialectical
progression from the derangement considered in § 408 to the
habit treated in §§ 409 and 410. In order to do so we shall 5
recall that in insanity the soul has as its goal the overcoming
of the contradiction presented by its objective consciousness
and its fixed presentation, the restoration of the complete
inner harmony of spirit. This restoration is just as likely to
fail as it is to succeed. To the single soul therefore, the attain- lO
ment of free and inwardly harmonious self-awareness, ap-
pears to be a matter of chance. Implicitly however, the absolute
liberation of self-awareness, the undisturbed self-communion
of the soul in all the particularity of its content, is entirely a
matter of necessity; for implicitly the soul is absolute ideality, 15
that which overreaches all its determinateness, and it is the
implication of its Notion that through the sublation of the
particularities which have become fixed within it, it should
make its unlimited power over them evident, that it should
reduce to a mere property, a mere moment, that within it which 20
still retains the immediacy of being, in order to assurne through
this absolute negation the being-for-self of free indiuiduali~y.
Now we have already had to consider a being-for-self ofthe
self in the relations hip of the human soul to its genius. There
however, the being-for-self still had the form of externality, of 25
division into two individualities, into a dominant and a
dominated self; and between these two aspects there was as
yet no decided opposition, no contradiction, so that the determi-
nate inwardness of the genius manifested itself unhindered in
the human individual. However, at the stage to which we 30
have now conducted the development of subjective spirit,
we reach a being-for-self of the soul brought about by the
Notion of the soul through the ouercoming of the inner
contradiction of spirit present in derangement, through the
400 .
SCf rl ff e I,
Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
t U bet eelbfte~ au
Stoa" gebfod)t 1ft. ~ej
~ei,~d)'fck'f~n nennen tDit 'oIe "e"'o'l~dt. 3n biefn
~t bie ald)t lIe.r an eine 1Iur fubjedt\)e hf.nben m.t{tdlag
er-ate ab burcf) birfdk QU~ bm 9Iittd})unft I~fn coRndm
235 ®idliel)feit ~erlldserüdte 'Seele bm an ~e gdommencll unmit,
tdbaren unb umlnatlten :;)n9alt in 19rt 2\!eaUtiit fo »oUftänbfg
aufsmommm un'D fi~ in i9n fo \)itUig eingt\\lo9nt, ba; ~e
fiel) in i9m mit ijr ei 9 d t be~egt. m!d~rtn'D nämUd) bei 'on
blojen ~m,,~nbung mief) aufällig balb ~ftfe~, balD :;)eRe~ affidrt,
un'D bei 'Dtrfdbm / - ~ie aud) bei an'Dmn gei~igen !t9dtigfei$
tm, fo (ange biefe 'Dem Subitd nod, ttl\la~ ltnge~o9nte~ linb,
- t-ie Seele in i9ren :;)n9alt \H r fe nft ift, ~d) in i9m »er $
(ier t, nid)t H,r conmte~ <5db~ em"pfin'Ddj - »er9dlt fief) 'Dagegen
in 'Der @e\"009n9eit ber rolenfd) nief)t au einer auf ä II iSen ci n I
aelnen ~mvfin'Dung, morfteUung, ~egitr'oe u. f· f·, fonbern au
f i d) f cl ber, au einer feine :;)nbi\li'[lualitöt all~maef)tIt'[len, burd)
i9n felber gefeßten unb i9lR ei 9en ge~lIrbentn a lIg emd ne 11
m!eife be~ !t9un~, un'D trfd)eint eben 'De'9alb alG frti. ~ae
~agemeil1e / auf ~elel)e0 fid) 'oie Sede in 'Der @e~oI,ngeft beaief)t,
ift jebod), - im Unterfef)ieoe »on 'Dem er~ für ba~ rtine ~enftn
»or9anbenen, ftef) fdbfl beftjmmen'Den, (oneret ~ {(gemeinen,
- nur 'oie auG '[Ier m!lebu90lung »leIer tiinadngetten
burd) 9hflerion get»orgebrocf)te a&fhacte Illgemcin9tit.
~r &U '0 ie f er \Jorm 'Dee IUgemdnen fann 'oie mit 'Dem ttlllnit,
telbaren , alfo bem (lfnaetnrn, fiel) befd}iiftigenbe natürltcf)e eeele
gelangen. ~a~ auf 'Die elnan'Der iiu;erlicf)en (lfnaeltl~eiten beao,
aene ~ßgemeine ijl a"(r b(l~ 9l 0t ~"' e1\ '0 f9 e. .obgldd} 'Daf>er
'Der IDlenfd) burd) 'Die @e~o~n~eit finerfeit~ frei \t'irtl, fo mllcf)t
if)n bierdbe 'Docf) anbernfeft~ au f~rem S cl Q\) f 11, unb 1ft dne
~\t'ar nid)t u n mit t tI bQ Te, er jl e, »on 'Der <iin&elngeit 'ocr (im-
~~nbungen be~rrfef)te, 'Oleb.e~f 'Oon 'Drt Seele 9 efe 0te, am ci te
matur, - aber becf) imllln eine 9latur, - ein 'Die QSe~alt
eine~ Unmittelbaren C1nne~melt'De0 ~efeOtee, - eine felber
no~ mit 'Dn ~orm be~ <5 e11 ne bel}aftete :;) '0 eall tat 'Dee e~enl
'Den, - folglid} et~af bem freien ~ijle 9lid)tentfpredJellbeG, -
et~iI& bio; er n t~ TI) 4' oloSi f ~e~.
sublation of the complete disruption of the self. I t is this self-

communion that we call habit. In habit, the soul which is no
longer confined to the deranging factor of a simply sub-
jective and particular presentation but which dislodges it
from the centre of its co nc re te actuality, has so completely 5
received into its ideality the immediate and singularized
content it has encountered, and has become so completely
at ho me there, that it moves freely about in it. Mere sensation
is a matter of chance, I am affected first by this and then by
that, and as in the case of other spiritual activities with which 10
the subject is not yet completely familiar, the soul is im-
mersed or lost in its content, unaware of its concrete self. In
habit on the contrary, man relates not to a single, chance
sensation, presentation, desire etc., but to himself, to a general
manner of acting which he hirnself has posited and wh ich has 15
become his own, and through which he therefore displays his
freedom. Nevertheless, the universal to which the soul relates
itself in habit differs from the self-determining concrete
universal present in pure thinking, in that it is only the
abstract universality brought forth through riflection from the 20
repetition of numerous singularities. Since the natural soul con-
cerns itself with what is immediate and therefore singular, it
can only attain to this form of the universal. It is however the
universal of necessity which relates to mutually extern al
singularities. Consequently, while on the one hand man is 25
freed by habit, he is also enslaved by it. Habit is certainly not
an immediacy, a first nature dominated by the singularity of
sensations, but it is a second nature, posited by the soul. And it is
ncver anything but a nature, for it is something posited which
takes the shape of an immediacy, and although it is an ideality 30
of that which is, it is itself still burdened with the form of
being. It is therefore something which does not correspond
to the freedom ofspirit, something merely anthropological.
402 • Hegels Philosophi8 des Subjektiven Geistes
3nbm ~ie eetle auf bie OHll GUgtQcknc Irt buf4 u.r,
236 "'nblng i~fn 3errfffcn~eit, i~re~ inneren miberf,rlUf)~ aur filfl
cwf t14 bcafe~entcn ~bealftat gelUorben tP, ~Clt fie ~re ~1U~er
unmfttelbar mit i~r ibentifdJe ~cfb(f"!eit \)on ti" abgcfd)fcbcn,
Inb ilbt angle!" eilt r.em f0 aur Unmittdbarfc(t entlatfenen ~efb"
UdJen bie .traft i~rcr ~eClIitdt auf. !tuf biefem Stan'o~unft ~Q$
ben lUfr 'Da~er nfcfJt 'oie unbefHmntte Ibtrennung efnef 3nneren
~t \)on einer \)orgefun'oenen meu, fon'oem baf Untemw
fcnlUcf'oen jener @ei&ltdJftit unter ~Ie -6errr"aft ber Seele au be,
tl'a«1ten. ~iefe ~ä~tfßung 'oer 2elbU"!eit bilbet bie ~e'oin~
gung 'oet ~efU)fr'oen' t-er Seele, i~tt~ @elangen~ aum objedl\)en
~elUu'tfel}n. WUerbing~ iP ble in'ol\)f'ouelle Sede an f Id) f(i)on
föq,erlicfJ a~efdJlotfen; alt Itbtn'olg ~abe i" einen organiflf}en
,,",","; un'o 'oieftr i~ mir ni~t ein \jtem'oef; er ge~ört \)id$
me~r lU meiner ~ '0 ee, i~ 'oa~ unmittelbare, än~lf~e ~afe~n
.refne' ~tgrfff~, malf}t mein tinaclne' 9latudeben aut. !}lan
mu; 'oa~er, - beiläufig gefagt, - für \)ollfommen Icer 'ofe mor$
tltanng ~crer erffAren, lUfllf}e meinen: elgentlidJ rollte 'oer mlenrdJ
klntn organtf.n ~fb ~aben, ~I Cf 'our«1 'oenfdben aur Sorge
fit 'oie "efrie'oigung feiner \)~~ftrdJen ~e'oürfniffe genöt~igt, romit
\)Oft feinClll rein geiftigen ~eben abgeaogen un'o anr lU(l~ten ~ej,
f)eit unfä~ig lUer'oe. . ~on 'oitrer ~o~len IInfidJt bleibt fdJon 'ocr
unbefangene rellgiöfe IDlenid} fern, 'n'oma er 'oie ~efriebiguug
fdner leiblidJen ~e'oürfl1iffe für lUür'ois ~a(r, @egenpan'o feiner
an @ott, 'Den elU i gen@}e i ~, gerid)teten ~itte au lUerben. ~ie
~~Uofo,,~ie' abrr ~at AU erfennen, lUie ber @eift nut ba'ourdJ
fir fidJ feIber ift, b", er ndJ bat !}laterielle, - t~d(e
al' frine cl ßen e ~i.lidJkit , t~l' 81' ebte ""~nlUdt ü~rf
~,t, - entsesenf~t, un'o 'oie; fo UllterfdJie'ocne au 'oer burdJ
ben Q)esenfae un'c 'ourd) Wu~ebuns beffelben \)ermittelten <Bin.
'eit ..ft ~~ auriicffü~rt. 3lUlfdJen 'Dem QJdjte unb bctren else"
nem ~ ~n'oet nattirli~dfe eine nodJ lnniguc tBerbinbWts
Jltt, aff &U)lfdJen 'ocr fonftigen .~lUelt uRb 'oem QJdfte. Cftcn
lUCsen biqcO lI~t~~mbigcn 3ufammclI~(1ng' meinet ~d~e' mit
237 meiner Seele 1ft 'eie ~'on 'oer ltotmn gtgen 'otn erptTtn ,,"mit,
telbar au~s;:ü6te X~atiSfcit feine en'olid,r, feine blo~ Rtsatl\)c.
By overcoming the disruption of its inner contradiction in

the manner indicated above, the soul has become a self-
relating ideality, separated from the corporeity previously
immediately identical with it, and exercising the power of its
ideality upon the corporeity thus released into immediacy. 5
Consequently, from this stand point we have to consider not
a general inwardness indeterminately separated from an en-
countered world, but the way in which this corporeity
becomes subject to the rule of the soul. The freeing of the
soul, its achievement of objective consciousness, depends 10
upon this mastering of corporeity. The implicit corporeal
aspect of the individual soul is of course already self-con-
tained. In that I am alive, I have an organic body which
is not alien to me, but which pertains to my idea, is the
immediate extern al determinate being of my Notion, and con- 15
stitutes the singularity of my naturallife. It has to be ob-
served in passing therefore, that those who are of the opinion
that man would be better off without an organic body, since
by compelling hirn to attend to the satisfaction ofhis physical
needs it diverts hirn from his purely spiritual life and so 20
renders hirn incapable of true freedom, are entertaining an
entirely empty presentation. Even the unconstrainedly +
religious person will not readily entertain this vain opinion,
for he does not regard the satisfaction of his bodily needs
as unworthy of inclusion in his prayers to God, the Eternal 25
Spirit. Philosophy has however to know how it is that spirit +
only has being-for-self in that it sets itself in opposition to
what is material i.e. partly its own corporeity and partly an
extern al world in general, and then leads back what is thus
differentiated into a unity with itself mediated by both the 30
opposition and the sublation of it. There is naturally a more
intimate connection between spirit and its own body than
between spirit and the rest of the extern al world. It is pre-
cisely on account of the necessity of my body's being thus
connected with my soul, that the effect of the latter's activity 35
upon the former is not finite or merely negative. In the first
3unad1~ ~obe id1 mid1 'Co~er in biefer u n mi it cl b0 rt n "'or$

monie meiner Seele unb meine3 i!eibeö au bd)ouptcn, - broud)e
i~n aroof nid)t, roie, a.~., ~ie ~t~lttm UIIO eeilt~nan tT)UII,
aum Selb~aroed au lUod1en, - mu; aber meinem ~eibe fein 9ted,t
roiberfa~nn laffen, - mu; i~n fd1onen, gtfunt- unb ~ild n~al'
ten, - borf i~n alfo nid}t \)nod1t1id} unb feinblid1 bt~Qnbeln.
@nabe burd) ~id1tad}tun9 ober gar IDli;~anblung meineö .tör,
pm würbe icf) mid) au i~m in boG mer~oltni; ber Ib~&n8iQ.feit
unb ber ou,mn ~ot~wenbi9feit be3 3ufommen~ans~ 'ringen;
~nn auf biefe !Beife mad)te id1 i~n au drooG - ttot [dner
~bentitQt mit mir - segen micf) ~t9oti\)em, fo(glid) Weinb~
feUgem, unb a\\lQnge i~n, ftd1 gegen mid1 au empören, Oll mei$
nem @ei~e 9Iad}e 3U ne~men. mn~olte iel) mid1 bagegtn ben
QJefeten meinee leiblid1en .orgoniömuö gema;, fo ijl meine tSede
in i~rem .tö."er frei.
~ennocf) fonn bie Seele bei biefer u nm i tt eIbare n <lin,
~eit mit il)rem ~eibe nid)t ~e~en bleiben. ~ie Worm ber lln-
mittelbarhft jenn .f)ormonie n>i'oerfptid}t bem ~egritf bn
Stele, - i~rer ~e~immung, fid) auf fid, feIber beah~enbe
3bealitdt au fe~n. Um t-iefem i~nm ~eoritfe entjpnd)tnb au
\\lef~n, mu; bie Seele, - rooe fie auf unfnm Ston'opunft nod)
nid1t get~an ~at, - i~n 3bentitAt mit i~rem ~e1be au einer
burd1 ben QJei~ 9efe t t en ober »ermittelten lIIacf)cn, i~ttn ~eib
in ~efit ne~men, if)n aum gefügigen unb gefd)icften mert,
ang i~ret Xl)ätigftft bUben, i~n fo umge~alten, 'ea, fit in i~m
fidJ auf fi dJ f tI ber bea(e~t, ba, er au einem mit i~m 5ubjlana,
ber 8rei~eit, in (finf(ong gebracf)ten I(dbene roirb. ~n 2eib
i~ bie 9Jl t tt e, burcf) wdd}e id) mit ber lu;en\\leh iibtr~oupt
aufammenfomme. !BiU tel) bo~er meine 3\\lecfe \)erroirffid}ell, fo
mu, icf) meinen ~örper fa~ig lIocf)en, bie, Su&jectiue in bie
äujere .objtet{uitdt über&ufül)rm. ~a&u ijl mdn 2tib nieft! \Ion
238 9latllf gcfd)lcft; unmittelbar t~ut berfdbe »ielme~ nur baG bem
anllllallfdJm ~eben QJemä'e. ~ie &(0; ofgonifcf1en QJmid)tungcn
~nb a~ nod1 nid)t auf ~an(offung meine~ Q)eipeö »oObrad}te
mmfcfJtungm. 311 biefem ~ienp mu~ mein ~efb erft gebilbd
~cn. !ß4~renb bei ben X~ieren ber ~db , i~rem 3nftinfte
place therefore, I have to assert myself within this immediate

harmony subsisting between my soul and my body. There
is of course no need for me to emulate the athletes and acro-
bats and make this an end in itself, but I must not neglect +
what is due to the body. I must look after it, keep it healthy 5
and strong, and I must therefore not fight it or treat it with
disrespect. It is indeed precisely the neglecting and most
certainly the mishandling of my body which would bring me
into the dependent relationship of the external necessity of
my connection with it; for by so treating it I would make 10
something negative and therefore hostile of it, in spite of its
being identical with me, and force it to rebel, to take revenge
upon my spirit. My soul is however free within its body if I
conduct myself in accordance with the laws of my bodily
organism. 15 +
N evertheless, the soul cannot remain at this immediate
unity with its body. The Notion of the soul, its having the
determination of self-relating ideality, is contradicted by the
form of immediacy pertaining to this harmony. In order to
correspond to its Notion, the soul has to change its identity 20
with its body into one that is posited or mediated by spirit, to
take possession of its body, make it the tractable and serviceable
instrument of its activity, so to transform it that it relates to
itself within it, its body becoming an accidence brought into
harmony with its substance, which is freedom. At our present 25
stand point however, the soul has not yet done this. The body
is the intermediary through which I come into contact with the
extern al world in general. If I want to actualize my aims
therefore, I have to make my body capable of projecting
this subjective element into extern al objectivity. My body is 30
not naturally capable of doing this; on the contrary, what it
does immediately only conforms to animallife. My spirit is
still irrelevent to the performance of merely organic func-
tions, and my body has to be trained to serve spirit. Whereas
everything that becomes necessary on account of the Idea of 35
the animal is brought about in an immediate manner
through the animal body's obedience to instinct, it is by his
.~orcl)enb I aUee burd) 'oie ~ee 'ort X~ierte 9l6t~igh)etbtnbe uns

.itttlkf ~firinst; ~at bagesen btr Denflf1 ~d) burlf1 feine eigene
~tlgfdt aum ,ßerren fdnet ~eibee ertl ~u mael)en. ~nfans~
burd)brinst 'oie menfel)Ud)e eeele i~ren .t&r~er nur auf gana u n:
'eiU ... t aUguleine QDeife. l>t1JUit biefe l>urd)bringung
dne 'efU •• te ~, - baau i~ ~ilb1lng erforberlid). ßu-
nA.., adgt ~ef) ~ier'ei ber .t6q,er gtgen 'oie Seele ungefl'igig,
~at kine etd)a~dt ber ~h)egungen I giebt i~1If1l eine fit ben
lu'aufi1~Mben ~mmten ßh)ed balb a1l gro;t, kfb au geringe
StAde. ~at ricf1tige Boa' bierer .traft fann nur baburef) er-
rrid)t ~erben, 04; ber Benfd) auf aUe 'oie mnnnigfaltigen Um$
flön'oe bd leu;erUef)en, in ~llf1em er feine ß",ede \'emirffid,en
ma, eine bq'on'oere !Rtflerion rid}td, unb nad) jenen Umftän~
bell alle ctnadnen ~egungen (eilt~ ~örper~ abmi~t. ~a~tr
"enug felbft bat entfd)iebere Xalmt, llur in fofern e~ ttlf1nifcf;
8~l'ott ift, fofort immer '00' !Rid}tige au treffen.
!Benn 'oie im l>ienfte 'oe' @ei~e' au \'oUbringenben X~äs
tigfriten 'oe' ~ibct oftmale h) ie '0 Cf ~ 0 lt \l)erben , er~alten ~e
dntlt immer ~ö~eren (8rab ber Ingemeffen~eit, \l)eil 'oIe (Seele
mit aßen baht au kad)tenbm Umf'tönben eine immer gTö,ere mer.
traut~t erlangt, in f~ren "tu J er ungen fonrit immer ~ ei mi •
f" er \l)irb, folglief) au einer ftet~ \l>alf1fenben ~A~'9feit ber un·
mitteIhren t8trf~liel)ung i~rer innerlilf1en ~eftimmunsen gdangt,
Ull~ fonacfJ ben ~ei6 immer me~r au i~relß iigent~um, au ~rem
'rQU~bcmn IBedaeuge nmfel)afft; fo bop baburd} ein mag'fcf)ef
~ftni; I ein lmmittelbaref Clln\l>irfm bef ~ifk' auf bm
~ entfk~t.
~nn aber ~ie ein"fnen ~Ati9feiten be~ Denfcf)tn ~U1'dJ
239 \l>ieber~oUe UeblUlfJ ben ~~r"fter ~er ~e\~o~R~eit, ~fe 30tm
eine' in 'oie Cirillnerung, in 'oie Illgemtin~eit -0" gei~i.
gen 3nnmll Wufsellollllenen er~aften, bringt Ne Stele in i~re
Weu,erungen eille auel) anberen a1l ltberliefernbe 0 (( tl ,m ti 11 e
mJe;fe bee ~unf, eine !Regel. $itp lUgemeine i~ ein ~tr.
maaJen ,ur i'nfad)~eit in fiel) ßufammeng'fa;t", ~a, ilf1 mir
in l>nnfelbcn btr 'e fon'oeren Unterfd)it'oe meiner einatlnen Xl)Q.
tigfriten nid)t me~r be~u,t bin. l>llj ~em fo fe,> I fe~en "ir,
own activity that man first masters his body. At first, the
human soul only pervades its body in a wholly indeterminate
and general way, so that training is required if this pervasion
is to become determinate. In the first instance, training reveals
the body to be intractable to the soul, for its movements are 5
uncertain, the effort it puts into them being either too great
or too small for the given purpose. It is only when man re-
fleets in a specific manner upon all the multifarious circum-
stances of the externality in which he intends to actualize his
purposes, and adjusts all the singular motions of his body in 10
accordance with them, that the right degree of effort is forth-
coming. This is why it is only to the extent that it has been
technically trained that even a decided talent will adopt the
right approach as a matter of course. +
Frequent repetition will make the bodily activities to be 15
carried out in the service of spirit conform to it to an ever
higher degree, for by constantly increasing its familiarity with
all the circumstances to be considered, the soul finds itself at
home in its expressions to an ever greater extent, and so achieves
an ever-increasing capacity for immediately embodying its 20
inner determinations. It is therefore continually appropri-
ating more of the body, transforming it into the instrument
of its use, and it is thus that there occurs the magical relation-
ship of the body's succumbing to the immediate effect of +
spirit. 25
Yet since repeated exercise confers upon the activities of
man the character of habit, the form of what is taken up into
recollection, into the universality of spiritual inwardness, the
soul introduces into its expressions a general manner of
acting which mayaiso be transmitted to others, - a rule. 30
This universal is so concentrated in its simplicity, that when
acting in accordance with it I am no longer conscious of the
particular differences of my single actions. We can see that
au", ~if,iel, GIIl S~reibfn. ~enn mir f~reibfn lemen, mür.

fen ",fr babfi unfere &lufmedfamftit auf aUef Clinae(ne, auf dne
unge~eun genge \)on ~rmitt(ungen ri~ttn, 3P unf Dagegen
'oie X~tigreit 'off S~rti&enf aur (8ell'O~n~eit ge",orbtn, bann
~ot unfer Se(bft fid) aUer bftftfflilf1en (lilt~dn~ittn fo \)oU~anbig
Mmrijtert, fie fo ft~r mit feinn In9tmein~eit angejtecft, ba; 'oIe.
fel6en unf al' (iinae(n~eften nfd}t mt~r gtgtnmörtig finb,
unb ",ir nur bmn IHgemeinef im luge &e~o(ten. So ft'~en
\W fo(g(f~,. ~Q; in ber (8emo~n~eit unfer !8e",u;tfe~n all
gfeldTn 3dt in 'on Sod}e ge 9elJ mär ti g, für biefd&e in t er ef.
firt, unb umgtre~ri bod) \)on i~r o&mefenb, gtgtn ~t ghf~;
gültig i~, - '00; unfer Sdbft e&enfo ir[,r rie (So"'t ~d) an.
ei 9 net, ",fe im (8egent~d( ~~ auf i~r all Tücf afe ~ t, - '00'
'oie Seele einerfeitf gona in I~re leu;erunsen ein b Tfit 9t, unb
anbererfeitf 'oiefelben \) n [a ; t, i~nen fomit 'oie (8t~"U elnef
IDlt~Q ni f d)en, eilttf b[o;en ~Q turm irfu n 9 siebt.
c.
§. 411.
!nIe eede 1ft in t~rer bttref)gt&Ubtten unb fad) all eil
gen sem(ld)ten fetblicbfdt (I(~ e t n 6tIn e f eubject ftlr ficf),
uU!) bit ~clblld)Eeit ift fo bit l( eu Ii er It d> feit (I(tS 'Pdbt,
(at, tll wtlcbtm batS eubject fid) nur auf fief) &t&tebt.
st>lefe ~eufjtr1tcf)fett lleUt ntd)t fief) \)or, fonbnn bit eee(e,
240 unb ift beten S t t cf) e n. !.DIe eeele 111 al6 bleft ,3bel1titat
be~ ~mlfrn mit btm ~(eI1Bern, ~a6 jenem unterworfen tjl,
mt r fit cf); pe bat an tbrer ~eiblief)hit i~re frete @'Illllr,
in bel' fte fici) fllblt unb fief) äu ftl~ltl1 gl&t, ble allS baI
.!ul1~l\)crf ber ®ede me n f cl) It cl) e11, plltbosnomifd)clJ un'
"bl)~091l0mifef)el1 1.(u6bcud ~4t.
2um mtnfd)lfcf)tn ~ugbrud geb6rt ß'~' bit aufl

red)te @)ej1Qlt libtrbQll~t, ble ~lIbU11g inGbcfollbcrc tlcr
this is so in the ease of writing, for example. When we are

learning to write we have to attend to every singularity, to an
extraordinary number of adjustments. However, onee the
praetiee of writing has become habitual, our self has so
eompletely mastered all the requisite singularities, so in- 5
feeted them with its universality, that they are no longer
before us as singularities, and we are aware only of their
universal aspeet. In habit, therefore, we have eertain eontrasts.
Our conseiousness is present and interested in the business, but
at the same time absent from and indifferent to it; our self 10
appropriates the business while to an equal extent withdrawing
from it; and while on the one hand the soul enters entirely
into its expressions, it also abandons them, shaping them into
something mechanical, into a merely natural effect. +
e.
The actual soul
Sinee the soul, within its thoroughly formed 15

and appropriated eorporeity, is as the being-for-self
of a single su bj eet, this corporei ty is as the pre-
dieated externality within which the subject relates
only to itself. This externali ty exhi bi ts not itself,
but the soul of which it is the sign. As this iden- 20
tity of what is internal with what is external,
the latter being subject to the former, the soul is
actual. In its eorporeity it has its free shape, in
which it feels itself and makes itself feIt, and
which has pathognomie and physiognomie human 25
expression as the artistry of the soul.
Requisite to the expression of humanity is, for

example, the predominantly upright shape, the
J)4nb I cd' be' .'fob.ten QSnfaeug't be' g,nunbt~, ~Q'

cf)rn I m3rincn u. f. Ill. unb ber Il&cr bd @ahör Qu~ge,
goff.ne geijtigc ~on, Illdcf)cr ben JUrper unmitttliar ,,11S
l(tujcrU~rtlt einer ~6bcrn mllrur funb gibt. ~iefer
~on Ijt tint fo lci~te, unbejtimmte unb unfag&arc mlo,
* blficatton, "cU bit ~cjtalt nacf) i~m 'XeujerUcf)feit ein
unmittel&arc~ unb natalrUd)ef tft, unb barum nur ein
unbejtimmte. unb 9a:1& un\)ollfomruenclS Sc i cf) t n fur ben
@tijl fCl}n fann unb i~n nidlt ",ie er fur ~cf} fe[bj[ 1\18
4119 emci n Cf lft, ~or3ujtclltn \1ermQg. Wur blllS ~~ler
1ft bic mtnfcf>Ud)e @eftalt baIS .f)M,j[e, ",ie ber @etjt
t b.mfel&ct1 ericf>eint. 'X&er fur ben @eift fj[ fie nur Me
er jl e trfcf>dnung btfftl&rn unb Mc ® p r a cf} e fogleicf> fein
+ ,otlfommrner 'XulSb1'ud. ~ie @eftalt fj[ o",a1' feine
nAd)j[. ~~ij[tn&I 4&cr ~u9Ieid) in i~re1' p~t]~ognomifd)en
unb patbognomifd)en 5l>ejtlmmt~ett cin Su fAll i 9 e5 ftlr
ibn; bic 'P~l)fiognomtf, \1ollenblS aber Me ~ranfoffo"ie
iU ~Hfrnfcf)(lftell er~ebe\1 au ",oUen, "'ar tilm ~tr
tcerjttn ~infAUe, l1od> leerer allS eine signatura re rum,
"enn (lUIS ber @ej[(llt ber 'Ptlan&cn i~rc J;!eilfra(t erl
f41Uit ",erben foUte.
s-r... iDfe fd)on im $QrQ9r~~ 390 \)erfld)erun98~eife

in QJoraltt angcge&en ~orben fit, &Ubd bie ~hflid)e <Seele ben
~ritten unb te.ten .ßau~tCl6rd)nitt bet Int~ro~o{ogie. 9Bir ~Q'
kn bie QntfJt'o~o{oglfd)e "etrad)tung mit btt' nur fe" enben,
»on i~m 91otut'be~immt~eit nod) ungetunnten Stele
&rsonneR; - ~nb bann im a~eiten .pau~tQbfd)nftt an ber
i~r unmittelbare' Seyn »on ~d) dfd1efbenbtn un)) In
* 1827: weil der Geist identisch mit seiner Aeußerlichkeit Allgemeines für
sich und darum eben so frei darin ist, dieses aber zugleich die Unvollkom-
menheit hat, ein unmittelbares und natürliches zu seyn, und darum Zeichen
ist, den Geist hiemit zwar, aber zugleich als ein Aeußerliches, nicht wie er für
sich selbst als allgemeines ist, vorstellt.
t 182 7: Oder für den Geist ist sie die erste Erscheinung desselben, weil sie
seine erste, noch in der Sphäre der Unmittelbarkeit versenkte Wirklichkeit ist.
- Der Geist ist also in diesem seinem Zeichen schlechthin endlicher und
einzelner; es ist zwar seine Existenz, aber ...
particular formation of the hand as the abso-

solute instrumentality, of the mouth in
laughter and weeping etc., and the general
tone of spirituality diffused throughout the +
whole, which is immediate evidence of a higher 5
nature in the externality ofthe body. It is because +
this shape is something immediate and natural in
its externality, and can therefore only signify
spirit in an indefinite and wholly imperfect manner,
being incapable of presenting it as the universal 10
it is for itself, that this tone is such a delicate,
indefinite and elusive modifieation. * For the
animal, the human shape is the highest appear-
anee of spirit.t For spirit however, it is only
the primary appearance, language being its 15
direct and more perfect expression. The human
shape is certainly spirit's initial existence, al thoug h
in its physiognomie and pathognomie deter-
mina teness i t is at the same time a contingency
for it. To have wanted to raise physiognomy 20
and even cranioseopy to the rank of sciences
was therefore the very height of whimsey, -
more futile than the doetrine of a signa tu ra
rerum, which took the shape of plants to be
indicative of their medicinal virtue. 25 +
Addition. As was stated in advance in § 390, the actual soul

constitutes the third and last main seetion of Anthropology.
We have begun the eonsideration of Anthropology with the
mere being of the soul, unseparated as yet from its natural
determinateness. Then, in the second main seetion, we have 30
made the transition to the feeling soul, whieh separates out its
* 1827: for spirit, identical with its externality, is for itselfuniversal heing,
and therefore to the same extent free within it, while this at the same time
has the imperfeetion of heing something immediate and natural, and is
therefore a sign. It is certainly spirit, hut presented at the same time as an
external heing, not as it is for itself, as heing universal.
t 182 7: For spirit, it is rather the initial appearance of the same, since it is
its initial actuality, still sunk within the sphere ofimmediacy. - Spirit in this
its sign is therefore simply finite and single; it is indeed its existence, hut ...
4I 2 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
241 ~tfftn ~mmt~dttn auf !Beire für~rfdpft~tn:

ab~rllCte
t ( nI - bae ~ti;t I - f ü~ {t nb en eeeIe übergegangen i -
unb fommen ieet im 'tritt en -6QlI~to&fd)lIitt I - mie fd)on an<
gebeutet, - 3U ber au(l iener ~rennung ~lIr l'umittelten
~ i n~ ei t mit i~m 9latürlid)fdt fortentwiddtcn, in i~rtr ~ei&:
lid)feit auf (0 n ue t e ®eife für:~cl):fe~en'ren I fomit wir fI i d) e11
SeeIe. l>en Uebug a n9 &u bi*r <rut\\Mlung(j~ufe mad}t ter
im l'origen ~Qragra~~en bdrad)tde ~egriff ber @ e\l' 0 ~ n ~ ei t.
l>enn I wie wir gefe~en ~aben I er~alten in b(r @ewo~n~eit bie
i bee I{ en 58eftimmungen btr Seele bi e iJorm tinee S e\, enb en ,
tine& Si d). f el ber di u; er (j d) en, unb mirb lImgdt'~rt bie ~eib:
Ud)feit i~rtrfdt(l AU dWQe l'on ber Seele wibe~anb(jloe ~urd).
brungenem I AU einem ber freiwerbenben IDlad)t i~rer 2teaU'ät
Unterworfenen. 150 entfle~t eine burd) bie ~renttlUlg ber Seele
~on i~rer ~dblid)feit unb burd) 'oie ~lIf~ebllng biefer ~rcnnunR
l'ennittdte (iin~eit ienee 2 n nc re n unb jene(l 9l eII ~ ue n. X>i~fe
au(l einer ~erl'orgebrad}ten 3U einer unmittdbartll ",erbenbe (iht:
~eit nennen wir bie m:.H r fli d) fe it ber Stele.
9luf bem ~iennit meid}ten Stallb~unft fommt ber ~eib nid)t
me~r nad) ber Seite feinee 0 r ga tI i f dJ en ~ r 0 (e ff ee, fOIl:
bem nur in f 0 fern in 58drad)t, ale Cl" ein felb~ in feinem X>\l:
fet>n i be e{{ gefe.tee ~eu~erlid)ce i~, 1mb ~d) in U)m bie llid)t
lne~t auf bie u n will für li d> e merleiblid)ung i~rer inneren (im,
l>finbungen befd)ränfte Eeele mit f 0 ~ i cl ~ r ei ~ eit ~ur (frfd)ti:
nung bringt, wie ~e burd) Ueberwinoung be6 i~m ;3bealttät
m3iberf~ted)ellben bi (j je &t errungen ~ot.
~ie am Sd)lu; bee er~(n ~auvtabfd>nttte ber Int~ro~\oloQie
S. 401 bdradJtde u nfTe i wtu i 9e medeibltd)ung bn inneren
~mvfinbungen i~ aum ~~eil dwa~ bem rolenfcf)en mit ben ~~ie.
ten @emeinfame~. l>ie je.t &u beivred)enbm mit ij te il) d t
I
gtfd)e~enben merleiblid)lIngtn 'tagegen crt~eilen bem mtllfd)lidJen

~ti&e ein f0 eisent~ümlfd}ee geiftigee @e~rage, baß tr ~d1 burd,
242 bQtfelN ",eit me~r, al~ burd) irgenb dne bk~e 9laturbe~immt:
~eit, ton ben ~~iertn lInterfcf)eibet. 9lad) ftimt rein leiblid)en
eeUe i~ ber rolenfd) ni~t fe~f ~om Q(ffen unterfd)ieben j aber
butd) ba(l geiftbllrdJbrungene .nft~tn feine (I ~ei&e~ untetfd?dbd
immediate being, and which in its determinateness is Jor itself

in an abstract manner. As has already been indicated, we
come now in the third main section to the actual soul, which
has developed forth from this separation into mediated uniry
with its naturality and which, in its corporeity, is for itself 5
in a concrete mann er. The Notion of habit treated in the
previous Paragraph constitutes the transition to this stage of
development. As we have seen, in habit, determinations of
the soul which are oJ an ideal nature assurne the form of a
being, a self-externaliry, while corporeity for its part becomes 10
something unresistingly pervaded by the soul, something
subjected to the liberating power of the soul's ideality. It is
therefore through the separation of the soul from its cor-
poreity and the sublation of this separation, that this inward-
ness of soul and externaliry of corporeity emerge as a mediated 15
unity. It is this unity, which relinquishes its being brought
forth as it becomes immediate, that we call the actualiry of the
soul.
From the stand point reached here, the body comes under
consideration no longer from the aspect of its being an 20
organic process, but only in so Jar as it is an extern al being
which even in its determinate being is posited as oJ an ideal
nature, the soul, no longer restricted to the involuntary embodi-
ment of its inner sensations, manifesting itself within it with
as much Jreedom as it has hitherto achieved through overcoming 25
that which counters its ideality.
To some extent, the involuntary embodiment of inner
sensations considered at the elose of the first main section on
Anthropology (§ 401), is something common to both man
and animals. The freely occurring embodiments now to be 30
discussed mark the human body in a mann er which is so
distinctively spiritual however, that it distinguishes it from
the animals to a much greater extent than any merely
natural determinateness. In his purely bodily aspect man is
not so very different from the ape; but he is so distinct from 35
tt "11) ienem X~ltre bermaa;ell, oa; 4\\)lfcfJtn beffen (irfd)el-

'0011
nuns unb 'Ocr eine~ mogel~ rint gningm merfcfJltben~elt ~errfd}t,
al~ A\t)ifd)en bem ~dbe be~ 9Jlenfd)en unb bem be~ Iffett.
~n geitligt Wu~t>r",f faUt aber »ornlimlid) In ba~ @eftd) t,
turi( ~tf j{o~f ber eigcntUd)e SiÖ be~ @dftigen 1ft. ~n bem
me~r ot>tr ll'enign 'on ~atürlid)felt a(~ fold)er ange~öfenben unb
btJ~(l1b bti ben 8t~tteten mölfern Qll~ l5d)am be!lelbden ü br i ,
8en ~tibe offenbart ~d} ba~ <&eHiige befonbtf6 burd} 'oie .p a I.
t 11 n 9 be~ .tö."n~. ~tefe ift ba~er, - bdlliu~g gefagt, -
l'01l ben .tünftlern ber Wlttn bei tl}ren ~\lrfttUungen 9an! befoll~
bm bead}td \\)or'oen, 'ca ~e 'oen @eift l'Ora1l9~\\)eife in feiner
(frsojfenf)eit in bie ~ciblid)feit aur ~nfd}al\Un9 brad}ten. - Soweit
'ocr gdftige 9lue'orud \'on ben ffic~d}temu~fdn ~m'orgebraro.t wirb,
nennt man i~n befnnntlid) 'oil~ 9)li eneIt f ~ i er j 'oie (~e bel) r •
ben im ensuen Sinne t>ee m!ortee gd}en \l~m iibritJen jIör-
.,tr auß. - ~ie ab fI) I11 t e @ebe()rbc 'oee IDltnfd)en ift t>ie a 11 f-
ted} t e C5 t eIlu n 9j nur er &dgt ~d) bcrfelben fä~ig; roogegen
fdbft 'on .orans. Utans bIo, an einem Stolfe aufre\1}t au ftd)tIl
\)ermag. ~er IDlenfd) 1ft nid)t \)on ~atur, »on .paufe a1l0, Qtlf~
gnid}td; n felber rld}tet ~d} 'Durd) bie (inergie feinee ~ifltl1~
auf; un'O obsleid) fein Ste~el1, nad)bcm ce aur @en,ol)n~dt gc·
\t)or'oen ift, feiner ferneren anStftrensten WiUenet~atigfdt bebarf,
fo muli bafftlbe bod} immer 'Oon unferem WiUen burd)bTU1l9ett
* Neibtn, \\)enll \\)ir nid)t augenblidlld) aufammtn~nfen foUen. -
* Griesheim Ms. SS. 252-253; vgl. Kehler Ms. SS. 179-180: Die menschliche
Gestalt ist zugleich Kunstwerk der Seele und natürlicher Leib, die natürliche
Gestalt zeigt überall das Geistige darin, wie sich das Fürsichsein der Seele
konkret bestimmt. Der Mensch unterscheidet sich vom Thiere durch seine
Gestalt, aber worin der physiologische Unterschied besteht ist schwer zu
sagen und die Physiologen haben einen bedeutenden, schlagenden Unter-
schied noch nicht gefunden. Lange hat (253) man den Unterschied darin
+ gesetzt daß der Mensch kein os intermaxillare habe, aber dieß ist ein unbedeu-
tender, geringer Unterschied und Goethe hat schon vor 30 Jahren durch
Schaedel auf dem Judenkirchhofe zu Venedig aufmerksam gemacht, gezeigt,
daß der Unterschied gar nicht besteht, der Grundanlage nach ist auch bei
dem Menschen diese Absonderung vorhanden, die sich jedoch erst spaeter
zeigt. Auch das Ohrläppchen unterscheidet den Menschen, aber dergleichen
charakterisirt den Menschen nicht gegen das Thier. Der Hauptunterschied
ist das was die Seele an dem Körper thut, die Einbildung der Seele in den
Volume Two: Anthropology . 4 15
the animaion account of his body's having this air of per-

vasive spirituality, that there is less difference between the
appearance of an ape and that of a bird than there is be-
tween man's body and that of the ape. +
In the main however, the expression of spirituality lies in 5
theface, since the seat ofwhat is spiritual is properly the head. +
It is in its deportment in particular that the rest of the body
reveals what is spiritual, and since these parts belong more or
less to naturality as such, among civilized peoples they are
clothed for the sake of modesty. Incidentally, the artists of 10
antiquity paid very particular attention to this, emphasizing
above all in their works this diffusion of spirit within cor-
poreity. - In so far as spiritual expression is effected +
through the muscles of the face, one generally calls it a play
offeatures. Gestures, in the stricter sense of the term, originate in 15
the other parts of the body. - Man's upright posture is his
absolute gesture ; he alone is capable of it, even the Orang- +
Utang only being able to stand upright with the aid of a
stick. Man is not naturally, not originally erect; he raises +
himself through the energy of his will, and although once it 20
has become habitual the posture no longer requires any
strenuous volitional activity, it has always to be pervaded by
our will or we collapse instantly.* - Man's arm and par- +
* Criesheim Ms. pp. 252-253; cf. KehLeT Ms. pp. 179-180: The human shape
is both the artistic work of the soul and a natural body. Everywhere in the
natural shape there is evidence of how the being-for-self of the soul deter-
mines itself concretely. Although it is by means of his shape that man dis-
tinguishes hirnself from the animal, it is difficult to say what the physio-
logical difference is, and physiologists have as yet been unable to point out a
significant and incisive one. For a long time (253) the difference was taken
to be man's lack of the intermaxillary bone, but this is an insignificant and
minor difference, and al ready thirty years ago, after examining a skull in the
Jewish cemetery, in Venice, Coethe showed that there is in fact no difference at
all, that the basic structure of the feature is also present in man, although it
only shows itself later. The earlobe also distinguishes man, but he is not +
characterized as being distinct from the animal by such features. The main
difference is what the soul does in the body, the formulation ofthe soul within
4 I 6 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
!1)cr Irm unb kfonbm bie .p an '0 ~f genfd)en pnb 8(eil~t

fallt thHf t~m (ltgent~um(fd)ef; fetn X~ier ~at ein fo bt\t)tg-
ltdJe' tmerratUQ 'oer X~ti8frit nad) OU;CI1. ~it .ponb bd IDlen$
r.n, - 'oie; merlang ba !Dnfaeuge, tp au einer unen'r$
Ud)t. amee ~o. lDiUcn.au~ram8.cn &u bicnt. sedeaet. 3n
243 ber 9tegd mad}en tuir 'oit ~k~rbrn aund~tl mft 'oer .pGllb,
bann mh btm sanatn Wrm unb 'rem übrigen .ttö~er.
~n Wuebruef burd} bie !}lienen unb ~be~rben bidet einen
intereffanten ®egen~anb 'ocr ~drad}hm9 bar. (f0 fit je'oolf> mit·
untn nid)t 9ana (eid}t, 'oen @runb bet be~ i mmt en f" mbo lf •
f cf) t n ~atut ge\t)ijfer IDlienen l1nb ®cbc~rbl'n, ben Bufananaen<
~ang f~rer ~ eb tu tun 9 mit l)tm, \\'06 fie 0 n f i cf) ftnb, auf.
autint-en. !Dit \t)oUen ~iet nicf)t al(~, fon'oern nut 'oie 8e\t)ö~ll'
lid}~en ~iet~n ge~örenben tfrjd}einRngen befpred)en. ~af ~ 0 l' f·
tri ef e11, - um mit 'oiefem anaufa1!gell, - bet-eutd eint ~ c'
j 0 ~ un g, benn \t)ir geben bamit eilte Wtt \)on Unten\ltrfung &u
erlennen. - ~ie ~ d}tU11 8eb ca e1l911 n9 bef Std} \) er btu·
gene gefd)ie~t bei une <iuto.,dern in allen 8arren nut mit 'oem
oberen .tötl'er, ba \t)ir babtl unfere Selbfttidnbigfdt nid,t aufgt.
ben \t)oUen. ~ie Dtienta(rn bageO~1t bruefen i~re (i~rfurd)t \)or
bem -6mn 'oaburd, auf, 'oa, fit fid) \)ot i~m auf bit (frbt ",eT'
fen j fie bürfen i~m nid)t tn'ß ~U9t fe~tn, \t)eil fit bllmit i~r
~t<fid,<fe\,n bt~auvtell \\lütben, aber nur ber -6m frd über ben
!!lienet linD Sda\)en ~h1\~eg.~lIfd,en bae med)t ~(\t. - ~ae
Jt 0 Hf d) ü tt d n i~ ein mer 11 ci ne ll; 'oellll baDurlf> beuten wir
rin aB(lnfellDmad,en, ein Um~o~tIl Olt. - ~a~ .f 0 l' fa uf\t) er I
Körper, so daß er ein Zeichen der Seele ist und dieß ist es was der äußeren
menschlichen Bildung das Ausgezeichnete giebt. Es gehärt hierzu die
aufrechte Gestalt überhaupt, die Bildung insbesondere der Hand, als des
absoluten Werkzeugs, des Mundes, des Lachen, Weinen u.s.w. und der
über das Ganze ausgegossene geistige Ton, welcher den Körper unmittelbar
als Äußerlichkeit einer höheren Natur kund giebt. Der Mensch steht nur mit
seinem Willen, hört dieser auf so fällt er zusammen, diese Stellung ist daher
von innen heraus gesetzt, die Natur des Menschen als geistig hat es gemacht.
Diese Stellung ist so die erste Gebehrde des Menschen, die Pflanze hat sie
von Natur, aber der Mensch hat sie weil er sie will. An der Hand sieht man
es besonders daß sie etwas Eigenthümliches ist, die kleinste Bewegung des
Kindes mit der Hand kündigt sich als menschlich an.
ticularly his hand are also peculiar to hirn; no animal has so

flexible an instrument for outward activity. Man's hand is
the most excellent of instruments, and is fitted for serving the
expressions of the will in an infinite variety of ways. As a rule +
we begin our gestures with the hand, and then make use of 5
the whole arm and the rest of the body.
Expression by means of the face and gestures is an inter-
esting topic. However, it is not always an altogether easy
matter to search out the ground of the specific symbolic nature
of certain facial expressions and gestures, the connection 10
between wh at they signify and what they are implicitly. We
shall now be selective, and simply make mention of the
commonest of these phenomena. Beginning with the head, it
can be observed that nodding signifies affirmation, for we employ
it to intimate a kind of submission. - Whenever we Euro- 15
peans bow respectfully, since we do not intend to surrender
our independence in this gesture, we do so only with the
upper part of the body. Orientals express veneration for their
lord by casting themselves on the ground in front of hirn
however; and since only the lord has the right to look freely 20
beyond servant and slave, they may not assert their being-for-
self by looking hirn in the eye. - To shake the head is to deny; +
we do so in order to indicate that we are calling something
in question, annulling it. - To toss the head is to express
the body so that it is a sign of the soul. It is this that constitutes the dis-
tinguishing feature of the form of the human exterior. The generally upright
shape, the formation ofthe hand, as the absolute tool, ofthe mouth, oflaugh-
ing, crying etc., also belong here, as does the spiritual tone diffused through-
out the whole, which immediately shows the body to be the externality of a
higher nature. Man stands only by means of his will, and if it lapses he falls.
This posture is therefore posited outwardly from within, man's spiritual
nature has brought it about, and it is therefore the primary gesture of man.
The plant has it by nature, but man because he wills it. Human peculiarity is
particularly noticeable in the hand, the tiniest movement of a child's hand
being evidence of humanity. +
4 I 8 ' Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
ft n ~TÜdt me ra dJ t u1t 9, ein 5idJtr~t6elt über ~emanb aue.

- ~a~ ~ a fe n r ii m~ fe n beae~lld einen Ci fe( wie »or ehDoCl
llebelrieel}enbem. - Xlae 6 tl r n run aeIn \'fffün'oigt ein !l öfe •
fe"n, ein 6id,<In~fid)'firlren gegen In~m". - Gin (ongee
~ ef i d) t mad)en \~Ir, ~enn wir une in ultfera (fmortung ge'
täufd)t ft~en; benn in blefelll SaUe füI>(en ~if une slrid}fom
Qufßt1ö~. - XlIe oue'orud»08~en ~e&e~r'oen ~Qbell f~ftn SI,
im !Runbe unb in 'oer Umgebung 'oeffd6en, 'oa ~on i~m 'ok
~eu'ffung 'oee 6~re~tne QUege~t Ult'o fc~r monnigfod)e !ROI
bifi(Cltionen bet ~i~~en mit fid) fü~rt. - ®ae 'oie .p än'0 e
°
bdrifft, f I~ 'oae ein Ci r ft 4 U n en 4Ue'oTÜden'oe .3 ufa mmtU ,
f4108et\ bufdMi über 'oen Jto~f 8c"ifferuojen ein ~r,
244 fud), fid) über ttd} felber ~uf4mmenatl~4lten. - ~ae .f)dnbe,
ci n f d) I og en beim mnfl1ftel}en Obff aeist, ~ie mon (eid}t einfte~t,
ritt (iiniggeroor'oenfe\)n 4n. - lud) 'oie ~eroesun9 ber Ult<
t er en Cirtremitdtm, ber @anS, i~ re~r beAeid)nen'o, mor aUen
!1)ingen mu~ berfelbe gebUbet fe\)n, - 'oie Seele in i~m n)re
.perrfd}oft über bell .t~r~er 'Oenatf,en. ~0d1 nid,t blo~ ~ilb1l1l9
ober ttngebi1bd~eit, fonbtrn aud), - einerfeUe 9lad}läfftsfeit,
affectirtee ~efen, CiitelfeU, .f)elld}elet u, f. "", - an'oereridl~
Dr'oentlid)feit, ~efd)eiMn~eit, metftäu'oigfeit, Dffen~eraigfeit u. f. ttl.
'eTÜden fiel} in ber ei9tnt~ÜJnlid>en '-lrt bee @e~ene aue; f 'oa~ °
man bit IDlenfcf>en om @41tße ldd>t 'Oon eillonber au unterfd)ei.
ben »ermag,
Uebrigenel1at 'oer @ebHbde ein ttleniger (eb~aftt0 IDlienen<
unb @eberoenfl'id, a(e 'Oet UngebHbde, ~ie :;Setter 'oem innerCll
Sturme fduet ~eitCltfd>ofttlt 9htl)e gebietet, fu beobad>tet er aun,
Qu,erlia, eine rll~ige .f)a1tung, 1mb ert~eilt ber freh~illigen met.
Idblid}ung feinet ~m~'~n'Oun9tn ein gcroiffce llliUlme IDlaa~;
\\!ogegen "~r llngcbiltetc, o~ne IDlad,t über fein ~nnm~, nid}t
cmberß, alö butn, einen ~uruß \1on IDlicnen un'o @cbc~rbtn fid)
'Oetftän'olid> mlld>m all fönnen glaubt, - oa'ollrd> ab~r mitunter
fogar ~lIm ilirimafimfd)nciben \1crlcitct \uitb, un'o auf biefe 2Bcife
ein fomifd>ee ~I\fd)m befol1t1l1t, rocü in 'Ocr @rimafje bae ~n.
nm ~d} foglcid, gl11l~ au~erli\fJ mad}t, 1mb 'ocr IDlenfd) 'ollbd
je'oe dn3dne (fll\~'fill'oul\g in fdu 9an~c0 XI(\fe~1l übcrge~en löpt,
contempt, superiority to someone. - To wrinkle up one' s nose is

to indicate aversion, to a bad odour as it were. - The pucker-
ing of the brows is evidence of being angry, of being fixed in
oneself in opposition to something else. - We puH a long
face when we have expected something and been disap- 5
pointed, feeling in this case as if we have been undone.-
The most expressive gestures have their seat in the mouth
and the parts surrounding it, since it is there that speech
finds expression, involving a great variety of modifications
in the lips. - As regards the hands, when one holds one's 10 +
head with them in order to express astonishment, this is to
some extent an attempt to hold oneself together. - It is
however quite easy to see that to shake hands when making a
pro mise is indicative of agreement. - The gait, the movement +
of the lower extremities, is also very revealing. It is of prime 15
importance that it should be cultivated, that it should show
the soul to be master of the body. It is not only cultivation
and lack of cultivation which are apparent in the par-
ticular manner of walking however, but also slovenliness,
affectation, vanity, hypocrisy etc., as weH as orderliness, 20
modesty, understanding, open-heartedness etc., so that it is
easy to distinguish people from one another by their gait. +
There is moreover less play of countenance and gesture
with a cultured person than there is in the case of the un-
sophisticated. The former checks the inner turbulence of his 25
passions, putting a calm face on things, and imparting a
certain measure of moderation to the unbridled embodying
of his sensations. The latter has no control over his inward-
ness however, and since he thinks he can only make hirnself
understood by extravagant faces and gestures, he frequently 30
takes to grimacing. This gives hirn a comical appearance,
for in the grimace there is a complete and instantaneous
externalization of what is internal, the person allowing each
single sensation to pass over into the whole ofhis determinate
foIgli~, - dn ~~i~r, - all~fd)li~~lid) in biefe be~immte

fa~ I\li~
~mvfinbun9 Nl"~lIft. ;Der @ebilrtte ~at nid)t l1öt~ig, mit IDlie~
nmunb @ebe~l"ben 'Ocrfdm)enberifd) au fel}n; in 'oer 9hb e flc:
~,t er ba~ ~itrbig~e un'o gcei9nd~e IDUttd, ftd) au~aubrüden;
benn 'oie S)l ta d} e \)ermag aUe IDlobificationen ber mo~eUung
unmittelbar auf311ne~men un'o It'iebel"dugeben, ~e~~alb bie ~lltcn
fogar au .bem Grtremc fortgegangen finb, i~re Sd)aufpicler mit
9.Rllofen t-or 'tIcm @c~d)t auftreten all laffm, 1111'0 fo, - mit
~uin lIn&~\\)t91id}m i~arQftCfV{)I}ftoilnomie pd) Msuügchb, -
245 auf ba~ Iebenbigc IDlicnenfvieI brr l)atfttlln 9anAIi~ 3U 'Oer·
aid)ten.
~ie IIl1n 'oie ~ier btfvrod)enm frdroilligen mtrleiblid)un l
gen 'oe~ @eiftigen burd} @ekl)o~n~cit au et\\'a8 ge d) ant f d) em,

AU d~a~ feiner befollbmn ~iam~anllrtngung ~cbtir~igtm roer·
ben j fo fönnen aud) umgefe~rt einige 'ocr im 5. 401. bctTlld)teten
u n", i 11 fü r If d) en merleiblid)ungen bt8 'Oon ber Seele ~mvfUll'
benen Augleid) mit ~ e", u ~ t fe" n unb t1 r ci ~ ti t erfolgen. ~a,
~in ge~ört 'Oor ~Uem 'oie menfd?lid)e Stimmt; - inbem 'oie.
feIbe altr Sv til d) e ",irb, ~ört fte auf, eint un\t'iUfürlh1)e ~eu.
ßerung ber SeeIe 3U fein. &bcnfo roirb baß ~ ad}c n, in 'tIer
t10rm be~ ~ u ~ (a d} en ~ , 3U d\t'a~ mit ~ reif) d t .f;moTilc:
brad)tem. ~ud) ba~ Seil f ~ elt ift roenigcr d\t'a~ Unllnter:
la~bare~ al~ 'Oidme~r droa0 ~iUfürlicf)e~. -
I J.;itrin liegt Oit
tRed)tfntigung ber ~efvred)ung ber cbener",a~nten 6edenau~t.
rungen an a"' ei en .orten, - foroo~( bei ber b( 0~ etn Vf i1t •
benben, al~ bei 'tier ",irflid)cn Seele. Sd)OIt im S. 401.
",uroe bej~alb aud) barauf ~iltgebeutet, ba~ unter 'tIen un\t'iUfiir.
lid)en merltiblid)ungen be~ @eijltgen mand)e finb, 'oie " gegm
ba~ 1/ im oben~e~enben S. 411 roieberum au be~anbtfnbe ,,~a.
t~ognomtfd)e unb ~~,,~ognomifd)e all liegen. 11 ~er Unterfd)ieb
!roifd>en bieren beiben ~e~immllngen tff ber, 'oaj 'ocr va t ~ 0'
glt 0 mi f d) e ~u~btlld ftd) me~r auf i.l 0 rü berg e~ en '0 e ~ei~en'
fd)aften bt3ie~t, - 'on ~~~fiognomifd>e ~1I~'orutf ~ingcßen
* ben ~~arafter, - alfo etroa~ ~Iei&enbe~, - betrifft.
* Kehler l'vfs.
S. r8r; vgl. Griesheim Ms. S. '255: Man sagt, wenn der Mensch
gestorben sei habe seine Physiognomie wieder das Aussehen, die der Mensch
als Kind gehabt habe.
being, SO that in an almost animal manner he becomes

engrossed in this one specific sensation. The cultured person
has no need to indulge in facial expressions and gestures, for
since language is capable of unmediatedly taking up and
rendering all the modifieations of presentation, he has in 5
speech the worthiest and most appropriate me ans of self-
expression. It was for this reason that the ancients even went
to the length of having their actors appear with their faees
masked, dispensing entirely with the lively play of the per-
former's facial features and contenting themselves with this 10
immobile indication of character. +
Now just as habit makes oftheseJreery willed embodiments
of wh at is spiritual something mechanieal, something not
requiring a particular effort of will; so too, conversely, can
some of the involuntary embodiments of what is sensed by the 15
soul (§ 401) be aeeompanied by eonseiousness and Jreedom.
This is pre-eminently so in the ease of the human voiee, whieh
in that it becomes speech, ceases to be an involuntary utter-
anee of the soul. Laughter is also brought forth Jreely in the
form of moekery, and sighing too is less uncontrollable than it 20
is a matter of the will. It is this that justifies the discussion
of the above-mentioned expressions of the soul at two junc-
tures, - when dealing with the simpry sentient and with the
actual soul. This is why it was already pointed out in § 401
that there are many involuntary embodiments of what is 25
spiritual whieh pertain to the "pathognomie and physiog-
nomie material" subsequently to be dealt with again in § 41 I.
The differenee between these two determinations is that
pathognomie expression relates to transient passions, while
physiognomie expression involves the persistent factor of ehar- 30
acter. * The pathognomie beeomes physiognomie however, +
when a person's passions are not simply transient but domi-
* Kehler Ms. p. 181; cf. Griesheim Ms. p. 255: One hears that when a person
dies, his physiognomy reassumes the appearance it had when he was a child.
!Da~ ~at~ognomifd}e wirb iebod} aum ~9\,n09nl'mifct,m, \tlenn

'oie ~tibenfd}aften in einem IDlenfd}en nid}t bll'ß t'orlibergtt,fnb,
fonbern bauernb l)enfd}en. 60 srlibt ftd, olim ~eifpid bie bIet.
benbe ~eibenfd}aft bee 30rnee feil in bae @end)t ein: - fo
Vräg t fid} aud} frömmlerifd}ee mJefen «UmaUg allf un'OutHgbare
!Btife im ~efid}t unb in 'Der ganaen .paltung bee .!örperG nut.
3ebn Denfd} ~Ilt ein .,~~~osnomifd}ee ~nfe~en, - ericflcint
auf ~n erften ~lid ale eine angenehme ober unangenrQme 1ftarte
246 ober fdJ\l)a. ~erfönticfJhlt. ~ad, biefem 5d}rine fliUt mlln aue
einem ge\l)iffen 3nflinfte dn efilee aUgemdneG 11rtr,eil übet ~n.
bne. !D4kf i~ fnbe; 3rrt~um (eld}t möSIid), wel( jenee über-
"fegenb mit bem ([~arafter 'Der Unmlttelbarftit be~aftete ~ell~er.
(id)c betn @eifte nid}t 'OoUfommen, fonbern nut in einem ~öbmn
ober geringeren @}ra'De entf\,rid}t, bne llngünftige wte 'Dae gün.
fHec lcu;,re ba~er et\l)ae ~nDme ~Inter fidJ ~akn falln, ale
belffelbe aunäd}ft ~ermut~tll ld;t. !Der blbllfd}e luff\,md): ~üte
!Dld} ~or !Dem, ben @ott gt~eid'lItt ~at, \l)irb 'D,,~alb ~ällfi9 g,.
* mij6raud}t; unb 'Dae auf ben V9t>fiognomifdJen luebtud {Iegtün.
bete Urt~etl r,at fonad} nur ben m3ert~ tinee unmittelbaren
~i", 'Dae eben fO\l)o~1 ItItltlaf,r, \'Oie wa~r f~n fann. tl(ll~
bicfem @mn'De '11 man mit tRed}t 'Oon ber ftberttiebenen Id}tulI!J
aur6dQefommen, bie man fiir 'oIe ~r,\)fi09nOmif fri'1~er9in ~l'9tt',
"0 ~ na te r mit berfelben Svuf trieb, unb \llO man fid> \.'Olt
i'r ben Qßernf(edlidJ~tn @}t\llinn für bit ~od)gepriefelle rolenfd)en.
* Criesheim Ms. SS. 256-257; vgl. Kehler S. 182: Man darf die Worte "Hüthe
dich vor den Menschen die Gott gezeichnet hat," nicht misverstehen als ob
Gott Züge U.S.w. ausgetheilt habe, denn so sehr auch die Seele sich verleib-
licht im Körper, ebenso sehr ist auch der Geist unabhängig vom Körper.
Socrates (257) war bekanntlich sehr misgebildet, als ihm dieß vorgeworfen
wurde, gab er zu daß böse Neigungen in ihm gewaltet hätten, aber er hätte
sie durch Reflexion überwunden und darin liegt das Allgemeine was über
die physiognomischen Urtheile zusagen ist. Das Geistige ist unabhängig für
sich und auch von seiner Naturanlage und deren natürlichen Ausdruck, der
Geist kann sie überwinden, die Ausdrücke, Züge können bleiben und der
Geist ein anderer werden als der den sie bezeichnen. Merkwürdig ist es daß
Socrates keine griechische Gesichtsbildung hatte, er der die Umwandelung
gemacht hat aus der wie ich es nenne unbefangenen Sittlichkeit, der durch
seine Reflexion einen Bruch in die griechische Welt und den griechischen
Geist gemacht hat.
nate hirn permanently. The consuming passion of anger will

mark itself in the face for example, just as sanctimoniousness
will gradually impress itself indelibly upon the face and the
whole bearing of the body. +
Everyone has a physiognomie appearance giving an 5
immediate impression of a personality which is agreeable
or disagreeable, strong or weak. It is in accordance with this
appearance and by means of a certain instinct that one first
arrives at a general assessment of others. It is easy to err in
this however, for since the exterior is heavily burdened with 10
the character of immediacy, it does not correspond to spirit
completely but only to a greater or lesser degree, so that an
unfavourable or favourable exterior may be a covering for
something quite different from wh at it promises in the first
instance. Consequently, the Biblical saying, "Beware of 15
those whom God hath marked", is frequently misapplied, * +
and assessment based on physiognomie expression is there-
fore only of value as an immediate judgement, which is no
more likely to be true than untrue. This is why one is justi- +
fied in no longer paying such exaggerated attention to 20
physiognomy as that formerly accorded it because of the
stir made by Lavater, and on account of those who promised
that it would prove profitable in the most ec1ectie manner for
the much vaunted knowledge of human nature. Man is to +
* Griesheim Ms. pp. 256-257; cf. Kehler Ms. p. 182: The saying, "Beware of
those whom God hath marked", ought not to be misunderstood to mean that
God has distributed features etc., for despite the extent to which the soul
corporealizes itself in the body, spirit is independent of the body to no less an
extent. As is well-known, Socrates was extremely mis-shapen. When he was
reproached for this, he admitted that evil tendencies had made themselves
apparent within hirn, but that he had overcome them by reflection, and in
this lies the general judgement to be passed upon what is physical. What is
spiritual is independent both for itself and according to its natural con-
stitution, and this is why it can overcome the natural expression of spirit.
The expressions and features can remain, and spirit become something other
than what they signify. It is strange that the form of Socrates' face should not
have been Greek, for it was he who made the transformation from what 1
call an unaffected ethics, who brought about a rift in the Greek world and
spirit by means of reflection. +
knmel \)nf~fO~. 1)1'L' IDlenfd) 't'irb ouf fdner

~ie( ~lIign
6uJcren tirfer,einllng, 0(' \)idme~r Qtt~ feinel\.p Gnbl un9en er~
rannt. Selb~ bie S ~"f 0 er, e i~ oeln Sd)icffol oUfstfe.t, f0 gut
air tlJniJüaung, \\)ie aUf .Dffen~orung ber Menfd)lid)en Webanftl\
au bienen.
§. 412.
* ~n f i cf) bie g:natrrie feine gnA~r~eit in bel' eede ~
~At
allS fl1rp~ftl)enbe fd>elbet biefe fief) \Ion ibrem unmittel&41
rrn ee,n , unb tteUt Pd> bAffe"e AllS ~tlMid}ftit ge9.11\\&.r,
bie "rem tin'tlbcn in pe feincn m3tbtrjlRnb Itljlen f4nn.
!Die eecle, bit i'r ec,n fiel) entgcBtngefe~t, CIS I\ufgebo&en
unb Al. bAI t~rtge &'tt'mmt ~4r, ~At bit 0tbcutung bc~
eule, ber UnmttulhrfeU bClS @e'jlcf, \lcr(oren.
!Cie mirftiel)e eede in bu @cm0 ~ n ~ t t t bef ~mpfinl
bentS unb '~rclS concrtten eel&jlgefll~lf ijl Rn fief) bit
fAr fief) f'\Jen'oe 3 bCd Ii t At i~rer ~ejl(mmtbeiten, ill i~rer
~euDerUd>tdt er t n n er t in fief) Ullb unenbltef)e 0eöitQung
Auf tid>· :DiP \jtlrt'id>fepn ber freien 1CaStmthl~ejt ijl blls
247 t ~6bere ClrmQef)en ber eule aum 3 cf), btr a&tlrllctfn leUgt,
metll~ett inrofern fit fll r bie a&jlrAtfC llUgemt'nbeit Ijl,
weJd)e fo ID tu fe n unb e u&'
ce t falr fief) unb &Wjlf ()"
ftimmr eubject feines Urt~eil5 'ft , in melcf)em ef bit nAl
talrlid)e ~otAlttAt reiner ~eftimmungen 41f ein D&ject, eine
ibm 1\ U j er e ~elt, ~on fiel) Clu6fd>ltept unb ~ef) b4rAuf
btiie~t, fo bAP " in btrfelbcn ullmittcl&Ar tn fi4 re1ltet'rt
:j: Itt, - ba' S8eNuDtfe,n.
* 1827: die Leiblichkeit, welche zwar seiner Individualität angehört, aber
dieselbe zunächst in der Form der Unmittelbarkeit ist, kann ebenso seinem
Einbilden in sie keinen Widerstand leisten. Durch die Einbildung des Seyns
in sich hat der Geist, da er es sich entgegengesetzt, es aufgehoben und als das
seinige bestimmt hat, die Bedeutung der Seele, seiner Unmittelbarkeit, verloren.
Die wirkliche Seele, in der Gewohnheit . ..
t 1827: des noch an sich seyenden Geistes zum Ich, welches so Denkendes und
Subject ...
t Diktiert, Sommer 1818 ('Regel-Studien' Bd. 5 S. 29, 1969): Das Verhältniß
der Seele und des Bewußtseyns zum Geiste ist bestimmter dieses, daß jene
+ beyde, ideelle Momente desselben sind, und weder für sich noch der Zeit
nach vor ihm existiren, sondern nur Formen oder Bestimmungen seiner
Existenz sind, von welcher er schlechthin die vorausgesetzte Grundlage und
be known much less by his outward appearance than by his

actions. Even language is exposed to the fate of serving to
conceal as much as it reveals of human thoughts. +
§ 4 12
Matter in its implicitness has no truth within
the soul,* which as a being-for-self separates itself 5
from its iImnediate being and places this over against
itself as a corporeity incapable of resisting its
formativeness. Soul which posits its being over
against itself, having sublated and determined
i t as its own, has lost the significance of being soul, 10
the immediacy of spirit. The actual soul, in its
habitual sentience and concrete self-awareness,
being inwardly recollected and infinitely self-
related in its externality, is implicitly the being-for-
self of the ideali ty ofits determinatenesses. In so far 15
as the soul has being for abstract universality, this
being-for-self of free universality is its higher awak-
eningt as ego, or abstract universality. For itself, the
soul is therefore thought and subject, and is in-
deed specifically the subject ofitsjudgement. In this 20
judgement the ego excludes from itself the natural
totality of its determinations as an obj ect or worId
externat to it, and so relates itself to this totality that
it is immediately reflected into itself within it.
This is consciousness.+ 25
* 1827: corporeality, which certainly pertains to its individuality, but which

constitutes it initially in the form of immediacy, can also offer no resistance
to its formulation with it. Spirit, through the formulation of being within
itself, and by setting itself in opposition to, sublating and determining it as
its own, has shed the determination of soul, of its immediacy. The actual soul,
in habit ...
t 1827: of what is still the implicit being of spirit to ego, which is therefore
a thinking being and subject . .•
! Dictated, Summer 1818 ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 5, p. 29, 1969): More pre-
cisely, the relationship of the soul and of consciousness to spirit is that both
of them are of it as moments of an ideal nature. Neither for themselves nor
in time do they exist before it, for they are only forms or determinations ofits
existence, of which it is simply the presupposed basis and existently effective
Baf.$. ~ie in ben b~iben \)or~ergef)en't'en ~ar(\9ra~'~en

bcttll~tete .pindllbilbung ber Seele in i~re ~tiblid)fdt i~ fehle
ab f 0 lu t e, -. feine ben llnterfd)icb 't'er Stele unb l'e~ \!eibee
'OöUig aufl)ebcnl'e. :Die 9latur Der ~Hle~ au~ ficf> ent~iddltl'en
logifd)en 3'oee forber. 'Oielme~r, 'oa, riefer Unterfd)ieb fein !Red)t
be~alte. <iinlge~ in ber &iblid)feit bleibt ba~er rein orglluifd),
fo(glidJ beT 9adJt ber Stele entaogen; berge~il(t, ba; 'oie ,plnefn.
bilbung 'on Stele in i~rtn ~tib nUT 'oIe <iine Seite beffelben i~.
;)nbtm 'oie Seele aum @efü~l biefeT ~efd)ranft~dt ibrer roladJt
gelangt, reflectirt fie fiel) in fid) un'o ltlirft 'oie ~eiblid)fett ale ein
~t lJumbea QUa fid) ~inauf. :Durd) 'oiefe 9lefleriondn.
ftd) 'Oollenbet ber@dft feine ~efrdung '\)on ber ~orm bef Se~ne.
gibt n fid) 'oie ~orm 'oee mlefene, un'o ~{rb aum 3d). Bl\lar
ifl 'oie Seele, infofern fit Subjecti\\itdt ober Selbjiid)fdt Ijl, fd)on
an f Id) 3d). Bur ml i r fli cf} hit bce 2d) 9c~ört aber me~r,
ale ble u n mi tt el ba Te, na tür 1i cf} e Subjedi'Oitnt ber Sede;
'Denn 'oa~ 2d> ifi 'oie, ~Ugemeilte, bieß (Finf($~e, bae in m3a~r:
~eit erft bann triftirt, ~enn ee ficf> felber ~\IIll &egenftanbe ~at,
- l\lenn eö Aum ~ür'ficf>:fe\,n be~ <iinfad)cn bn C!hl'
facf)en, aUf ~eaie~ung bea ~llgemeinen auf 'oae ~llge>
mein e gel\lorben ifl. :Dae jid) auf fief) beaie~en'oe ~Ugemeine
eriflirt nirgen'oe au;er im 2(1). ~n ber ä u,e Te n ~ at u r fommt,
- role fd,on in 'on <&ldtung Aur ~e~re 'Oom fubjcdi'Ocn C8eifl
gefogt \lM'oc, - bae lUgemeine nut burd) mernicf1tung 'oef
riRaeInen !I)ofe\,n' aur ~öd}ftcn 58et~ätigUllg feine\' !Rad)t, fonad)
aicf}t aum n' ir fli cf1 en ~ Ür ~ f i cf> •fe$ n. Wud) 'oie na tür lief) e
248 Seele ift aunad>~ nur bfe Te ale IDl ö9Hd) fe it biefe~ ~ür: ~d}:
fct1Rt. Cirfl im ~~ roirb biere IDlögli~feit aUf ~id({d}feft. 2n
f~m erfolgtfomtt ein Chro a cf) en ~ ö~ er er Irt, a(~ ba~ auf ba~
das existirende wirkende Subject ist. Die Seele also überhaupt, so wie z.B.
das Erwachen, der Verlauf der Lebensalter, Somnambulismus, Verrücktheit,
Einbildung in seine Leiblichkeit, haben den Geist, seine Vorstellungen,
Zwecke u.s.f. zu ihrem Inhalte, ein Inhalt, der aber als ihm selbst angehörig,
sich erst in der Betrachtung seiner selbst producirt; vor ihm aber müssen die
Stufen der Seele und des Bewußtseyns betrachtet werden, weil der Geist nur
als solcher Wirklichkeit hat, daß er in der Idee sich diese Voraussetzungen
und aus ihnen sich wirklich macht.
Addition. In the two preceding Paragraphs we have dealt

with the soul as formative within its corporeity in a way
which is not absolute because it does not completely sublate
the difference between the soul and the body. The nature of
the logical Idea which develops everything out of itself 5
demands that this difference should retain its significance.
One aspect of corporeity therefore remains purely organic
i.e. withdrawn from the power of the soul. Consequently,
the formativeness of the soul within its body only constitutes
the one side of the latter. In that the soul comes to feel this 10
limitation of its power, it reflects itself into itself and expels
the corporeity as something that is alien to it. It is through
this intro-reflection that spirit completes its liberation from
the form of being, gives itself that of essence, and becomes ego.
It is true that the soul is already implicitly ego in so far as it is 15
subjectivity or selfhood. The actuality of the ego involves
more than the immediate, natural subjectivity of the soul how-
ever, for the ego is this universal, simple being which first
truly exists when it has itself as its general object, when it
has become the being-for-self of simple being within what is 20
simple, the relation of the universal to the universal. The self-
relating universal exists nowhere but in the ego. In external
nature, as has already been observed in the introduction to
the doctrine of subjective spirit, it is only through the de-
struction of the single determinate being that the universal 25
attains to the highest activation of its power, so that it fails
to attain actual being-for-self. In the first instance the natural
soul is merely the real possibility of this being-for-self. It is in +
the ego that there is an awakening of a higher kind than the
subject. Consequently, both the soul in general and, for example, waking,
the course of the ages of life, somnambulism, derangement, formulation
within its corporeity, have spirit, its presentations, purposes etc., as their
content. As belonging to spirit itself however, this is a content which first pro-
duces itself in considering itself; the stages of the soul have to be considered
before spirit is however, because spirit only has actuality in that in the Idea it
makes these presuppositions for itself, and from out of them makes itself
actual.
4 28 . Hegels Philosophie des Subjektiven Geistes
.Ioft IIl.ftnben bet "tnaelnen "cr.Anfte natiirltdJe (ir'

lIadJCR; benn bae 3dJ t~ ba burdJ bte Raturfede fdJ(asellbe unb
~ 9tatiirUcr,fdt ~ae'tmbc l' It.; tan 3dJ ~ttb ba~er bie 3 bea-
lttAt bet 9tatitltdJfcit, alfo bae mohfen ba etele fit bie eede.
Su bter_ Stele brdnst bie sanae ant'ro~olostfdJe (in~idl
!ung bet 8etflc' ~tn. 3nbean ~tr auf btefeThe ~itt aurüd6licfen,
ednRem litt unf, ~le bie S~ele bef IR en fdJ en, - im Un-
terfcr,iebe 'l)on bet in bie (itnadn~tt unb S8~fdJrdnft~eit ber (im,
~bun9 "erjenft blei&enben t ~ I er If dJ en Seele, - ftd1 iiber ben,
~m an fiefl unenbltcf}en Ratur ~i'Cerf~redJenben, befdJr4nftell ~Il$
,aIt bel ,-runbenen er~o&en, - benfel&en ibeeU gefe,t, - &efon,
bert in bet .e"'o~n~eit I~n au c~ae Illscmetnem, (Ir'
innntell, ~otalem, au dnem Se~n seana"t, - eben ba,
burdJ üer ben aunddJ~ leettn 9tauan i~rer 3nnerlid)feit anlt dnem
bunt feine Useanein~eit i~r semö,en 3n~a(t erfüUt, in fi" feI-
ber bat ee"n gefeit, ",ie anberetfdtf t~ren ~eib Aum I&&ilb
t~m 3'oealtt6t, I~m iJrel~ett, umse~a(td ~at, - unb fomit ba-
~tn sefolllllm 1ft, ba" Im 3tf1 'l)or~anbene, fi d) auf fi d) fer
"er
$
&eaie~enbe, '"bl'Olbuell befiimmte .((gemeine, eine

'l)on 'er ~ei&(jct,fdt befreite für.fid)-ie\)enbe a&ftucte
Xotalitiit ~u ft\]n. md~renb in ber S~~are ber &(oj em-
~finbenben Seele bat Se(bfl In ber @e(talt bet @eniut alt
eine auf bie bafe\}enbe :3nbiuibulllitdt \\,ie n1l r '00 n Qu jj en unb
aueletdJ \\,ie It 11 r '00 n i Illl en roirfenbe 9Jl1l1f}t erfd/eint; ~at ftcf}
bus:gl'n allf btr jt~t meid}ten (int~id(ung0Ruft ber Seele, ",ie
ftü~er gCAeiSt, bal1 (5dbfl in bem l) Qi e\, n oer Seele, in i~m
~ cf bli d) f d t u ~ fit) i r f (i d) t , unD umgefe~rt in ftd) felber bat
E ern stfebt; f0 'raj ir,t Dat 6db~ ober D\18 3d1 in feinem
tln'reren fief) felber anfd)aut unb 'Diej '5id)anfd)auen ift.
natural awakening confined to the mere sensing of what is

singular, the ego being the lightning which strikes through the
natural soul and consumes its naturality. In the ego there- +
fore, the ideality of naturality, which is the essence of the soul,
becomes for the soul. 5
The whole anthropological development presses on to this
goal. Looking back upon it we shall recall how the human
soul, as distinct from the animal soul, which remains im-
mersed in the singleness and limitedness of sensation, has
raised itself above that which contradicts its implicitly 10
infinite nature, the limited conte nt of wh at is sensed, posited
it as of an ideal nature, and particularly in habit made a being
of it, something that is universal, recollected, total. We shall
recall moreover, that it is precisely by this means that it has
filled the initially empty space of its inwardness with a 15
conte nt which conforms with its universality, positing the
being within itself, just as, on the other hand, it has trans-
formed its body into the likeness of its ideality and freedom,
- and that it is thus that it has come to be the self-relating,
individually determined universal present within the ego, the 20
being-for-selj of an abstract totality liberated from corporeity. In
the sphere of the merely sentient soul, the self appears in the
shape of the genius as apower working on the determinate
being of the individuality, only from without and at the same
time only from within as it were. As has already been indicated 25
however, at the stage of development now reached by the
soul, the self is actualized in the soul's determinate being, its
corporeity, and, conversely, has posited being within itself.
Consequently, the self ego now views itselj in its other and is
this intuiting of itselj. 30 +
NOTES
2, 24
For 'dem Physiker' read 'den Physikern'. The general meaning, as weIl
as the rest of the sentence, require that the subject here should be plural.
3, I
This use of the word 'Seele' could give rise to misunderstandings. Hegel is
not using it, as Aristotle did ('De Anima' 412 a 27-412 b 6), simply to mean
animation, since at this level he has already dealt with the predominantly
physical aspect of animal life ('Phil. Nat.' §§ 350-76). Nor is he using it, as
did many of his contemporaries, with reference to the subject-matter of
psychology (see §§ 440-81), which he defines as presupposing the rationality
of self-consciousness (§§ 424-39). The 'soul' is the subject-matter of anthro-
polog) in that this science is concerned with psychic states, closely dependent
upon but more complex than purely physical ones, and not yet involving
the full self-awareness of consciousness (§ 413). In modern terminology it
might therefore be quite accurately defined as the sub-conscious.
Since Hegel treats the soul as spirit's initial sublation of the self-externality
ofnature, and since his much fuller discussion ofthis in the Phil. Nat. (§ 248)
involves reference to the dyad and the monad, it may be of interest to call
attention to the allegorical interpretation of the myth of Cupid and Psyche
put forward by F. Creuzer (1771-1858) in his 'Symbolik und Mythologie
der alten Völker' (2nd ed. 1819/22) p. 574. Cf. J. Hoffmeister's article in
'Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift' 8, 1931.
The death of natural being closes the Philosophy of Nature (§ 376), and
so leads easily into a consideration of the 'simple universality' of the soul.
It is perhaps, only natural that this transition should have given rise to a
discussion of psychic immortality: G. H. Schubert (1780-1860) 'Die
Geschichte der Seele' (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1830) pp. 628-54; J. V.
Snellman (1806-81) 'Versuch einer speculativen Entwicklung der Idee der
Persönlichkeit' (Tübingen, 1841) pp. 5-7. Cf. A. S. Pringle-Pattison (1856-
1931) 'Hegelianism and Personality' (Edinburgh, 1887).
3,6
Within the whole Hegelian system, i.e. 'within the Idea in general',
spirit both precedes logic and nature, and has them as its presuppositions.
At this particular juncture, the immediate presupposition of spirit i.e.
43 1
432 . Hege!'s Philosoph} oJ Subjective Spirit
nature, also sublates itselj in giving rise naturally to the soul i.e. also 'has the
more determinate significance of a free judgement.'
In order to underline the distinctness and yet emphasize the inter-
dependence of the Notional and natural aspects of this transition, Hegel
makes use of the literal meaning of the German word for judgement. Cf.
the Logic § 166.
3, 13
In the Philosophy of Nature, spirit is presupposing itself as the universality
of corporeal singularity (cf. § 248). In this sphere it is dealing with a subject-
matter more closely resembling, but not yet identical with itself. Although
the 'Anthropology' constitutes the first major sphere of the Philosophy of
Spirit, it is only the third major sphere i.e. Psychology, which initiates
spirit as such (§ 440).
3, 24
'De Anima' 429a 18-22. Cf. note I. 1I, 39.
5, II
On the materiality of heat and light, see Phi I. Nat. II.232, 302. For
contemporary theories concerning the essential materiality of living being,
see]. F. Ackermann (1765-1815), 'Versuch einer physischen Darstellung
der Lebenskräfte organisirter Körper' (2 vols. Frankfurt/M., 1797, 1800)
vol. I eh. 4, who postulates a vital ether (Lebensäther ) consisting of electrical
matter and oxygen, and Georg Prochaska (1749-1820), 'Physiologie'
(Vienna, 1820) sect. 3, who attempts to account for living being by means
of, 'the laws of the electrical process.'
5,35
Hobbes' attempt to reduce psychology to motion and Locke's sensational-
ism evidently inspired many of the materialistic interpretations of the soul
put forward in the eighteenth century: see]. O. de La Mettrie (1709-1751)
'Histoire naturelle de l'ame' (The Hague, 1745), P.-H. T. d' Holbach
(1723-1789) 'Systeme de la Nature' (2 vols. London, 1771). Much of this
writing was directed against the mind-body dualism of Descartes and his
followers, which had become involved in theological matters.
Descartes himself had suggested that the pineal gland might be the seat
of the soul: see]. Z. Young's physiological appraisal of his genius in 'Philo-
sophy' vol. 48 pp. 70-74 (1973). The most outstanding German anatomist
ofHegel's day, S. T. von Sömmerring (1755-1830), put forward the theory
(1796) that the vapour occurring in the ventricles of the brain constitutes
the organ of the soul, and during the next thirty years a great variety of
similarly fatuous suggestions appeared in print: see note 5, I I ; Phil. Nat.
Notes to Volwne Two,' Anthropology . 433
III.300. Cf. C. W. Stark (1787-1845) 'Pathologische Fragmente' (2 vols.

Weimar, 1825) vol. 2 (aetiology); F. W. Heidenreich (1798-1857) 'Vorn
Leben der menschlichen Seele' (Erlangen, 1826).
G. E. Stahl (1660-1734), in opposition to the reductionist psychologies of
Boerhaave and Hoffmann, had put forward the doctrine of animism, accord-
into to which all living movements are presided over by the soul: see
'Theoria medica vera' (Halle, 1708, Germ. tr. Halle, 1802). By the end of
the eighteenth century this had given rise to a fairly balanced view of
somatico-psychic phenomena among many practising physicians: Phil. Nat.
II1.349, 375·
Although the body-soul issue has continued to attract the attention of
professional philosophers, they have not advanced their consideration of it
much beyond the basic either-or assumption criticized here by Hegel. An
up-to-date Hegelian treatment would require a thorough acquaintance with
the contemporary subject-matter of physiology and psychology (i.e. Enc.
§§ 350-482). Cf. L. Busse 'Geist und Körper' (Leipzig, 1913); C. D. Broad
'The Mind and its place in Nature' (London, 1925); M. Planck 'Schein-
probleme der Wissenschaft' (Leipzig, 1947); G. Ryle 'The Concept of
Mind' (London, 1949); H. Feigl 'Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of
Science' (Minneapolis, 1958) vol. 2.
5,3 8
Hegel discusses this in Hist. Phil. 11.305-6, and indicates that his sources
are Cicero 'De Divinatione' II. I 7 and 'De Natura Deorum' 1.8.
7, 18
In Hist. Phil III. 325-48 Hegel is rather critical of Leibniz, and the
exposition provided there should be consulted for the full background to
these remarks.
In this passage, the gist of his criticism is evidently as folIows: Since the
monad involves no distinction between matter and mind ('Prineiples' § I),
God or the monad ofmonads can eertainly be regarded as ereative (§§ 12,13).
In respect of the created monads however, i.e. the basie created parts
(Urtheile), body or soul are interdependent but distinet, while such monads
are not simply one with the Creator (§§ 4,5), Their identity bears the mark
of their origin in the artificial distinetion between the finitely analytical
truths of reason and the infinitely analytieal truths of fact ('Monadology'
§ 33), and the resultant doctrine of sufficient reason ('Principles' §§ 7, 8).
Such a distinetion and such a doctrine, arising as they do out of the attempt
to reconcile the extensional and intensional approaches in logic, simply
connect subject and predicate through the assertion of being, i.e. 'merely
resemble the copula ofthejudgement.' 'The Monadology' (1714), 'Principles
ofNature and ofGrace, founded on Reason' (1714). Hegel evidently used
434 . Hegel's Philosophy of Su~jective Spirit
the edition by P. Desmaizeaux (1666-1745) 'Recueil de diverses pieces sur
la philosophie' etc. (2 vols. Amsterdam, 1720) vol. 11. Cf. G. H. R. Parkinson
'Logic and Reality in Leibniz's Metaphysics' (London, 1965).
In his 'Logic', Hegel treats the various forms ofjudgement as presupposing
the universality, particularity and singularity of the Notion (§§ 160-65), and
as finding their fulfilment in the fuH triadicity of the syHogism (§§ 181-93).
Since this exposition is foHowed by a criticism of Leibniz's monadology
(§ 194), and Hegel refers he re to the 'absolute' syllogism, he must have in
mind the syHogistic exposition of his whole system which concludes the
Philosophy of Spirit (Enc. §§ 575-77).
7, 3 1
Cf. Phil. Rel. 11.70-82.
7, 33
Cf. Rist. Phil. 111.252-90.
9, 12
Cf. Hist. Phil. 1.319-49.
I I, 7
Good contemporary historical surveys of this are provided by D. Tiede-
mann (1748-1803), in 'Untersuchungen über den Menschen' (3 pts. Leipzig,
I 777/8)pt. II, and C. F. Nasse (1778-1851) in 'Zeitschrift für die Anthro-
pologie' 1.58-128, 1823.
I I,13
J. H. Abicht (1762-1816) 'Psychologische Anthropologie' (Erlangen,
1801) p. 27: 'Die Seele ist ein Ding, aber eben darum kein Körper.' Cf.
note 1. 99, 2.
I I,27
'Principles of Nature and of Grace' (1714) §§ 3, 4; Hist. Phil. II1.338.
Regel is probably underrating the significance of Leibniz's thought on this
subject, possibly on account of Wolff's 'Psychologia Rationalis' (Frankfurt,
1734), which he rightly regarded as pedantic and formalistic (Rist. Phil.
111.354). Though §§ 12-14 ofthe 'Principles' and §§ 20-29 ofthe 'Monado-
logy' are not dialectical, as a theoretical restatement of Aristotle's treatment
of the soul and as a criticism of the subjectivism of Cartesianism, they are
fuHy in harmony with what Regel accomplishes in the Phi!. Sub. Sp. Cf.
221, 16 and note 247,35.
Notes to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 435
11,37
Logic § 47. In §§ 97-101 the category of the unit is exhibited as passing
over into that of a plurality of units and so into qualiry; in §§ 125-30 the
category of the thing as passing over into matter and form, and so into
appearance. Since at this stage the speculative or dialectical method has already
exhibited the sublation of these categories, the soul is not to be grasped
through the application of any such abstractions (note 7, 18). It is not the
finit'! categories constituting the subject-matter of the Logic which adum-
brate the Philosophy of Spirit, but the speculative procedure by which they
have been assessed and superseded, and it is by means ofthis procedure that
the 'ideality of spirit' now exhibits the limitations of both the applied cate-
gories and the soul itself.
13, 10
Logic § 98. Cf. the analysis ofPlato's 'Parmenides' in Hist. Phil. II. 52-62,
and the criticism of Leibniz in the L. Logic 169-70.
13, 22
Phil. Nat. §§ 262, 276, 351. See the final summary (III.213): 'Let us
briefly survey the field we have covered. In the primary sphere of gravity,
the Idea was freely deployed into a body which has the free heavenly bodies
as its members. This externality then shaped itself inwardly into the proper-
ties and qualities belonging to an individual unity, and having an immanent
and physical movement in the chemical process. Finally, in animation,
gravity is released into members possessing subjective unity.'
14,34
Literally translated - 'coalesced', which would appear to be the wrong
tense.
15,30
Nicholas Malebranche (1638-17 I 5) 'De la recherche de la verite
(1674; ed. A. Robinet, Paris, 1958) 252: 'Nous ne voyons aucune chose que
par la connaissance naturelle que nous avons de Dieu. Toutes les idees
particulieres que nous avons des creatures ne sont que des determinations
generales de l'idee du Createur.' Cf. 437,445,450.
When this work was published, Malebranche still conceived of the ideas
we see in God as particular, finite, created beings. Simon Foucher's (1644-
1696) criticism led him to reject the doctrine of the creation of the eternal
truths, and to conceive of what is seen in God as the unique idea of in-
telligible extension, - infinite general and uncreated, but capable of
representing the essence of all material things: see A. Robinet 'Systeme et
existence dans l'oeuvre de Malebranche' (Paris, 1965); R. A. Watson 'The
Downfall of Cartesianism' (The Hague, 1966) ch. IV; R. W. Church 'A
Study in the Philosophy of Malebranche' (London, 193 I) ch. II.
436 . Hegel's Philosophy qf Subjectü,e Spirit
In Hist. Phil. 111.290-295, Hegel notes that Malebranche's basic pro-

position is that the essence of the soul is in thought, while that of matter is
in extension, and that without God, within whom are both thought and
extension, there could therefore be no human knowledge of external things.
He also accuses hirn of confusing philosophy with formal logic and em-
pirical psychology.
17, 2
p.~ov: 'Timaeus' 48e-53c; Plotinus 'Enneads' 1,8, 7; 11,4, 3; 111,6, 6;
Robert Fludd (1574-1637) 'Philosophia Moysaica' (Gouda, 1638) 1,3, 2.
Cf. Logic §§ 128-30, Phil. Nat. §§ 262-4, 1.300. C. Baeumker 'Das Problem
der Materie in der griechischen Philosophie' (Münster, 1890).
17, 14
For Hegel's detailed assessments ofthese thinkers, see Hist. Phil. 111.220-
95, 325-48, 364-9.
17,20
See Meditation VI: 'There now only remains the inquiry as to whether
material things exist. .. I at least know with certainty that such things may
exist in as far as they constitute the object of the pure mathematics, since,
regarding them in this aspect, I can conceive them clearly and distinctly.'
Meditation 11: 'What, then, was it I know with so much distinctness in
the piece of wax? ... Nothing, except something extended.'
'I now admit nothing that is not necessarily true: I am therefore, precisely
speaking, only a thinking thing, that is, a mind (mens sive animus).'
Meditation VI: 'Whence it is quite manifest, that notwithstanding the
sovereign goodness of God, the nature of man, in so far as it is composed
of mi nd and body, cannot but be sometimes fallacious.'
Meditation V: 'It is certain that I no less find the idea of a God in my
consciousness, that is, the idea of a being supremely perfect, than that of
any figure or number whatever.'
T. M. Lennon has recently pointed out that occasionalism is not central
to Descartes' thinking, but a by-product ofhis theory ofmotion and develop-
ment: 'Canadian Journal of Philosophy' supplementary volume no. 1 pt. 1
pp. 29-40, 1974. Although Hegel is right to connect the doctrine of the
causa occasionalis with Descartes' sharp distinction between what is mental
and what is physical, it was in fact developed and named by his followers.
Accepting Descartes' rejection of the possibility of there being any direct
causa I relation between the mental and the physical, they proposed the
theory that God is the intermediary link. They suggested for example, that
my moving my finger is the occasion for God to make my finger move, that
an object's being within my field of vision is the occasion for God to produce
a visual appearance in my mi nd etc. See L. de la Forge (fl. 1661-1677)
Notes to Volume T wo: Anthropology . 437
'Traitte de l'esprit de l'homme' (Paris, 1666) p. 131; G. de Cordemoy (d.

1684) 'Le Discernement du corps et de l'äme' (Paris, 1666); A. Geulincx
(1624-1669), see L. Brulez 'Geulincx en het occasionalisme' (De Tijdspiegel,
1919), A. de Lattre 'L'occasionalisme d'Arnold Geulincx' (Paris, 1967);
H. Gouhier 'La vocation de Malebranche' (Paris, 1926) 89.
17,22
'Ethics' part 11, Definitions, Axioms, Propositions I, 2.
17, 33
See 'The Monadology' (1714): hypotheses and monads, 1-6; presentation
and intro-reftection, 7; self-enclosure, I I; the soul, 19; God's harmony,
47-48; pre-established, 5 I; the body, 6 I; presentation, 62-63; criticism of
Descartes, 77-8 I.
17,4 1
Descartes, 'Discourse on Method' pt. IV: the ontological argument
enables hirn to discuss God, 'I found that the existence of the Being was
comprised in the idea', and the perfection of God, 'plainly teils us that all
our ideas or notions contain in them some truth' about the external, material
world.
Spinoza, 'Ethics' pt. I: God is defined as, 'a substance consisting ofinfinite
attributes', among which (pt. 11), of course, one can include body, 'that
mode which expresses in a certain determined manner the essence of God'
and the human mind, which, 'is apart of the infinite intellect of God.'
On Malebranche and Leibniz see the preceding notes.
Berkeley 'Principles': since material objects cannot, 'possibly exist other-
wise than in a spirit or mind which perceives them' (73), and since, 'the
existence of God is far more evidently perceived than the existence of men'
(147), 'to an unbiassed and attentive mind, nothing can be more plainly
legible, than the intima te presence of an all-wise Spirit, who fashions,
regulates and sustains the whole system of being.' (15 r).
19, 2 I
In the 'Phenomenology' of 1807, Hegel established the context ofthe telos
from which 'Spirit' might be dialectically structuralized. Since the sphere
of Spirit presupposes the less complex spheres of Nature and Logic, the
'Phenomenology' provides the overall standpoint i.e. the 'idealism' neces-
sary for also viewing these spheres in the light of the final dialectical telos.
In the mature system of the 'Encyclopaedia' (1817, 1827, 1830), Logic,
Nature (body) and Spirit (soul) are treated as complementary levels of
complexity, triadically inter-related by means of the dialectical method.
438 . Hegel's PhiloJop~y of Subjectiz'e Spirit
21, 18
Cf. note 5, 35. This faseinatingly balaneed and appreeiative assessment of
materialism should have given rise to a better treatment of the subjeet in
Hist. Phil. III.393-4. Hegel never mentions A. L. C. de T. Destutt (1754-
1836), P. J. G. Cabanis (1757-1808), or indeed any of the 'ideologues' as
ideologues, although he almost eertainly has them in mind here. Destutt
attempted to analyze all ideas into the sensory elements of whieh he be-
lieved them to be composed, and held that Ideology was a braneh ofzoology:
'Elements d'ideologie' (4 vols. Paris, 1801/15). Cabanis thought it neeessary
to reduce the study of man to physiology and physies: 'Traite de physique et
de morale de l'homme (Paris, 1802). Cf. F. Pieavet 'Les Ideologues' (Paris,
1891); C. H. V. Duzer 'The Contribution of the Ideologues to Freneh
Revolutionary Thought' (Baltimore, 1935); 'Westminster Review' vol. 5
p. 150 (Jan. 1826).
21,35
The 'neeessity of spirit's proeeeding forth from nature' is simply the
natural strueture and development of the human body as the necessary pre-
eondition of there being any human awareness. Unlike Hegel, we now see
this strueture and development within the wider eontext of their being pre-
eonditioned by the evolution of the face: cf. Phil. Nat. 1.25-26, III. 366-70.
The mind is the 'truth' of the body i.e. Spirit is the truth of Nature, not
only in that it has it as its natural preeondition, but in that it is eapable of
eomprehending it. It does so most eompletely in Philosophy, whieh, by
working systematieally through the whole eyde of the philosophieal seiences,
makes it fully apparent that Nature is not primary but determined i.e. that it
presupposes the eategories of the Logie, and is teleologieally struetured as
the immediate presupposition of Subjeetive Spirit. The apparently primary
nature of Nature therefore turns out to be an illusion.
The L.Logie bk. 2 eh. I (pp. 394-408) is most useful for throwing light
upon Hegel's thought at this juneture, - the eorresponding paragraphs in
the Ene. (§§ 11 2-14) are less so.
23, 6
Ene. §§ 88-95. Taking the Logie and the Philosophy of Spirit as parallel
struetures, the transition from Being to Determinate Being eorresponds to
that from the Natural to the Feeling Soul (§§ 402-10), not to §§ 391-401.
Hegel is not suggesting that the strueture of the Logie regulates the exposition
here, but that it eonstitutes the universal statement of a transition of whieh
this happens to be a partieular instanee. It is perhaps helpful to plaee Hegel's
observation in a slightly wider eontext by noting that the eategories ofBeing
also tend to predominate throughout the whole of the Philosophy of Sub-
jeetive Spirit if it is compared with Objeetive and Absolute Spirit. They do
so not beeause they regulate the seleetion of subjeet-matter or manner of
Notes 10 Volume T wo: Anthropology . 439
expositIon, but merely because the same progression in degree of com-

plexity is basic to the ordering of the subject-matter in every sphere of the
Encyclopaedia.
23,23
AIthough Hegel realized that the stars probably involve fairly complex
physical factors (Phil. Nat. II.16, 36), by and large he kept to the infor-
mation provided by the empirical science of his day and regarded their
existence as merely entailing 'the physical abstraction of light' (II.15, 15).
For hirn, their individuality was apparently that of the dispersed subsistence of
light. In the case of the natural soul or soul of nature however, he regards
this subsistence as lacking, and such a soul as having actuality only in the
natural changes which occur within individual souls (§§ 396-8). The
categories that predominate here are those of the one and the many (§§ 96-
g8) rather than those of essence.
It should perhaps be noted, that this passage is not in itself a criticism of
the concept of a world soul, aIthough the distinction was not always drawn
with complete consistency and clarity: see]. C. Sturm (1635-1703) 'Epistola
ad H. Morum, Cantabr, qua de ipsius principio hylarchico, s. spiritus
naturae' (Nuremberg, 1685); J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch'
val. 8 p. 672 (Altenburg, 182g).
27,2
Cf. the previous note. Although individual souls certainly have natural
qualities in common, this should not lead us to postulate a "'VX~ cbraVTwv or
anima mundi. Such a concept adds nothing to the clarity and little to the
true spirituality of the Philosophy of Nature, and blurs distinctions and
relationships essential to this part of the Philosophy of Spirit.
Hegel was clearly no panpsychist. In Hist. Phil. he refers to the world-
soul pos tu la ted by the Gnostics, but the subject was evidently of no great
interest to hirn: Cf. F. W. J. Schelling 'Von der Weltseele, eine Hypothese
der höhern Physik' (Hamburg, 1796); G. T. Fechner (1801-1887) 'Ele-
mente der Psychophysik' (Leipzig, 1860); R. H. Lotze (1817-1881) 'Mikro-
kosmus' vol. I (Leipzig, 1856), J. Royce (1855-lg16) 'The World and the
Individual' (London and New York, 1901); A. Rau 'Der moderne Pan-
psychismus' (Berlin, 1901).
27,8
In the macrocosm of nature, the motions of the planets (§ 270), the
course of the seasons (§ 287), the variability of the climate (§ 288), physical
geography (§ 339) the constitution of the body (§ 354) and the stages of life
(§ 374) have a free existence of their own. Once the ego has asserted itself
as a distinct subjectivity (§§ 413-39), these free existences become part of
the general objectivity of nature. Here in the Anthropology however, they
440 . Hegel's PhilosolJ~Y of Subjective SjJirit
appear as the natural qualities and changes of the soul (§§ 392-8). The
microcosm of the soul mirrors the macrocosm of nature. Cf. Phil. Nat.
III.108,4·
One might have expected Hegel to make more of these traditional con-
cepts, since they accord weil with his general manner of thinking. Cf. Phil.
Nat. § 352 (III.108, 4). 'Cosmos' can mean both universe and order, so
that a microscosm can be anything that reftects the whole of which it is a
part. For an excellent discussion of their importance in early Greek philo-
sophy, see W. K. C. Guthrie 'A History of Greek Philosophy' vol. I (Cam-
bridge, 1971). They had been regarded as the leading theme in
encyclopaedic work on human psychology during the seventeenth century, see
N. Wanley (1634-1680) 'The Wonders ofthe Little World' (1678; ed. Wm.
Johnston, London, 1806), but were completely out of fashion in Germany
by the beginning of the nineteenth century: G. P. Conger 'Theories of
Macrocosm and Microcosm' (New York, 1922).
28, 24
Enc. 1827 p. 370 li ne 6, 'wunderbar scheinende Voraussetzungen'
(presuppositions) corrected to 'Vorausahndungen' (premonitions) - p. 544.
29,2
Phil. Nat. II.29, and the sources indicated in the corresponding note.
Mesmer's 'De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum' (Vienna, 1766) and
W. Falconer's (1744-1824) 'Remarks on the Inftuence ofClimate' (London,
1781) were the most inftuential.
Gravitation, light, magnetism and electricity were the cosmic forces
thought to have an inftuence upon the life of man. The supposed inftuences
of the heavenly bodies and the Earth were often mentioned in the literature of
the time relating to animal magnetism (cf. § 406) : J. W. Ritter (1776- I 8 IO)
'Der Siderismus' (Tübingen, 1808); D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'Das siderische
Baquet und der Siderismus' ('Archiv. f.d. thier. Magnetismus' 18195 ii pp.
1-84). In this article Kieser emphasizes that siderism is subordinate to
tellurism in respect of inftuence, 'since it is not every star but only the Earth
which engenders and sustains man, and which possesses the power per-
taining to it as the mother of mankind.'
29, 7
Phil. Nat. II.29, 51; III. 141-51.
29,35
Bearing in mind the context here, it seems reasonable to suppose that this
is a reference to Hippocrates' 'On Airs, Waters and Places' (Eng. tr. London,
1734). Cf. Kurt Sprengel (1766-1833) 'Apologie des Hippokrates' (2 pts.
Leipzig, 1789-92); F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Ideen zur Geschichte der
Notes to Volurne T wo.' Allthropology . 44 1
Menschheit' (Leipzig, 1809) pp. 123-40. It was this work which first called
Herder's attention to the inftuence of climate and environment upon man,
see A. H. Koller 'Herder's Conception of Milieu' ('Journal of English and
Germanic Philology' vol. 23, 1924).
Nevertheless, it is just possible that Hegel has in mind Hippocrates' theory
of 4>vat" the vis medicatrix naturae or spiritual restoring principle, the manage-
ment of which he regarded as essential to the art of the physician. Cf.
Joseph Schumacher 'Antike Medizin' (Berlin, 1963) pp. 177-2 I I.
3 1 , 25
Note 29, 2.
3 1,34
Phil. Nat. L20g (§ 248).
3 1 , 35
Phil. Rel. 1.270-349; II.I-I22 i.e. 'natural religion', in which the Deity
is conceived of in terms of the powers of nature.
33, I
Evidently a reference to the mirroring involved in the mlcrocosm-
macrocosm concept (note 27, 8). It is tempting to suppose that Boumann
must have added 'modern' to the text, possibly on account of his having
had in mind Schelling's distinction between natura naturans (physiophilosophy)
and natura naturata (natural science).
33, 15
Phil. Nat. § 270; 11.13.3; 14, 11, (space); 38, 27; 71, 11 (time); III.IIg,
32 etc.
33, 21
Note 283, 27.
33,3 6
This extract indicates that although Hegel gave good reasons for rejecting
astrology as superstition, he also dealt sympathetically with the history of the
subject.
The priests of BabyIon were bäre or 'inspectors', - they ascertained the
will and intention of the gods by inspecting the liver, the seat of the soul of
the sacrificed animal, or the stars, the clearest evidence of the divine govern-
ment of the world. In the Old Testament a 'Chaldean' is not only a native
442 . Hegel's Philosophy rif Su~jective Spirit
of Babylonia but also a magician (Daniel 1.4). Babylonian astrology began
to be known in the West during the fourth century B.C., and although for
both the Greeks and the Romans a 'Chaldean' was a charlatan, the basic
concept of astrology, that is to say the idea that the macrocosm has a bearing
upon the fate of the microcosm, was a leading principle of Greek thought.
Aristotle's world-view involves a physical universe in which thert; is hier-
archical interdependence of moving causes, in which the heavenly bodies
have an important role to play in the events of the sublunar world. The
concept of 'something more universal being brought to bear upon the
singular' is therefore common to both cosmologies.
In the Greek treatment of the Zodiac, each sign was supposed to govern a
certain part ofthe human body, the Ram the head for example, Cancer the
breast, Pisces the feet etc. : see Manilius 'Astronomica' bk. 11 ch. 12; Ptolemy
'Almagest' bk. 111 ch. 12; Firmicus 'Mathesis' Astronom. bk. 11 ch. 10.
Astrology and Aristotelianism therefore became integral parts of mediaeval
medicine in both the Christian and Mohammedan worlds: see the account
of Abu Ma'shar of Bagdad (C. 9th) in L. Renou 'L'lnde classique' (Paris,
1947/53) § 1266 et seq.
Since the influence of Aristotle upon mediaeval Christian philosophy carried
with it the intellectualjustification ofastrology, it was not until his authority
declined that the drawing up of horoscopes degenerated into mere char-
latanry or superstitition. Although the modern attitude developed strongly
during the seventeenth century, Brahe, Kepler and even Huygens still
indulged in astrological speculation. In England, it was Dean Swift's
'Prediction for the Year 1708, by Isaac Bickerstaff Esq.' which finally dealt
the 'science' its death blow.
As in the case of the macrocosm-microcosm concept, Hegel evidently
regarded astrology as a primitive 'shadowing forth' of important philo-
sophical ideas: see J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' vol. I pp.
469-75; A. Bouche-Leclercq 'L'Astrologie grecque' (Paris, 1899); Franz
Boll 'Die Erforschung der antiken Astrologie' ('Neue Jahrbücher für das
klassische Altertum' vol. xxi sect. 2, pp. 103-26); A. L. Thorndike 'A History
of Magic and Experimental Science' (8 vols. New York, 1923-58) vols. 1-4;
J. Lindsay 'Origins of Astrology' (London, 1971).
35,4
Phil. Nat. 111.218.
35, 15
The Fathers of the Church regarded astrology as a misuse of the heavens,
and condemned it as amortal sin: Tertullian 'De Idololatria' (C.2 11) I c.9;
Augustine 'Confessions' IV.3, VII.6, 'De Civitate Dei' V. 1-8. Later attacks
on astrology had to contend with its being associated with Aristotelianism,
Notes to Volu7Ilc T wo: Anthropology . 443
see G. W. Coopland 'Nicolas Oresme and the Astrologers' (Cambridge,

Mass., 1952). Cf. A. L. Thorndike op. cit.; R. R. Wright 'The Book of
Instruction' (London, 1934); T. O. Wedel 'The Mediaeval Attitude toward
Astrology' (New Haven, 1920). Hegel probably knew of the patriarchal
objections, but not of these later mediaeval developments.
35,27
Charles-Fran~ois Dupuis (1742-1809) gained his first public appointment
through the patronage of the Duke of La Rochefoucauld. After graduating
and taking Holy Orders he began to teach at the College of Lisieux, but in
1770 he left the church for the law, and some five years later he married.
At about this time he began to work on comparative religion, and in 1781
he published a short work summarizing his views on the subject. Promotion
followed. He was appointed Professor of Latin Oratory at the College de
France in 1787, and in the foHowing year elected member of the Academie
des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He came fuHy into his own during the
revolutionary period, being appointed Director of Public Education in
1790, and Secretary to the Assembly in 1795.
Dupuis admitted that: 'The genius of a man capable of explaining re-
ligion seems to me to be of a higher order than that of a founder of religion.
And this is the glory to which I aspire.' As Hegel notes, his 'explanation'
was reductionist. He displayed vast erudition in indicating the connections
between religious beliefs and practices and uranography however, and his
main work, 'Origine de tous les Cultes, ou Religion UniverseHe' (1989 pp.
4 vols. Paris, 1795), diffuse, dogmatic and repetitive though it is, con-
stituted areal advance in its field, in that it was one of the earliest attempts
to interpret an erudite and sympathetic understanding of various religions in
the light of a central idea. Dupuis published an abridged version of it in 1798,
and the work had a great inftuence upon early nineteenth century atheists
and unitarians. For the critical reception of it at this time see: J. P. Estlin
(1747-1817) 'The Nature and Causes of Atheism' (Bristol, 1797); J. Priestley
(1733-1804) 'A Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with those of the
Hindoos' (Northumberland, Penn. 1799); J. F. van Beeck Calkoen (1772-
1811) 'De waare oorsprong der Mosaische en Christelyke Godsdiensten'
(Teyler's Stichting, 'Verhandelingen' pt. 19, Haarlem, 1800); A. L. C.
Destutt de Tracy 'Analyse raisonnee de l'origine de tous les cultes' (Paris,
1804); F. A. Becchetti 'La Filosofia degli anti,chi popoli' (Perugia, 1812);
C. H. de Paravey 'Illustrations de I'astronomie hieroglyphique' (Paris,
1835).
Hegel is evidently referring to the following passages (1795 ed.): 'La
premiere de ces formes du culte Solaire est celle d' Ammon, ou du Dieu
Soleil, pare des attributs du Belier celeste, lequel pendant bien des siecles,
precedoit immediatement le premier des signes, alors le Taureau, signe
equinoxial de Printemps, et qu'il remplac;a bientöt, lorsque le Taureau se

fut eloigne de 1'equinoxe. En effet 1'equinoxe retrograndant se reporta dans
les etoiles du Belier, qu'il pareourut en 2,151 ans par un mouvement lent
et retrograde, jusqu'a ee qu'enfin il eut entamme les Poissons; ee qui arriva
300 ans environ avant 1'Ere Chretienne, Oll le Dieu agneau sued:de au Dieu
taureau' (vol. II pp. 98-99; ef. vol. III pp. 44, 68). 'Il en est de meme iei
d' Aries ou de l' Agneau, qui lui a sueeede; il est egorge; mais il reseuseite, et
devient le Chef de la ville Sainte, qu'il illumine de sa clarte, et ou il n'y
aura plus de maledietion. En reeulant done de plusieurs siecles, et en sub-
stituant 1'Agneau au Taureau, a qui il sueeeda a l'Equinoxe de printemps,
e'est absolument la meme idee Theologique. Il n'y a de differenee que dans
le signe; et eette differenee est l'effet de la preeession des Equinoxes' (vol.
III p. 244)' 'Nous regarderons done le Boeuf Apis eomme un animal eonsaere
au signe eeleste du Taureau du printemps et a la revolution luni-solaire, vu
a l'annee, qui resulte du mouvement eombine du soleil et de la lune, con-
sidere dans ses rappots avee la vegetation annuelle, et avee la fecondite
universelle, dont le developpement date tous les ans de 1'equinoxe de
printemps, qui autrefois repondoit au Taureau ceteste' (vol. II p. 123).'S.
Epiphane parle egalement de la fete de l' Agneau, ou du Belier etablie en
Egypte, des plus haute antiquite. Dans eette fete on marquoit tout de rouge,
pour annoncer le fameux embrasement de l'univers, et elle etoit, comme la
Paques, fixee au eommeneement du printemps. Les Rabbins nous ont
conserve les memes traditions sur la fameuse fete equinoxiale de printemps,
et sur la preeminenee, que les Egyptiens donnoient a ce mois sur tous les
autres; le mois de l' Agneau etant le plus sacre parmi eux. Notre fete de
Paques aujourd'hui n'est pas precisement placee au premier jour du premier
signe, mais elle tombe toujours neeessairement dans ee premier signe,
puisqu'elle doit etre essentiellement cetebree le premier jour du Soleil, ou le
dimanche qui suit la pleine lune de 1'equinoxe. Primitivement elle etoit
fixee au 25 de mars .. , parce qu'a pareil jour Christ etoit cense etre sorti du
tombeau.' (vol. III p. 56). Cf. the Victorian translations of Dupuis: 'Was
Christ a person or the sun?' (London, 1857); 'Christianity, a form of the
great Solar Myth' (London, 1873); 'On the connection of Christianity with
Solar Worship' (tr. T. E. Partridge, London, 1877).
'Notice Historique sur la Vie Litteraire et Politique de M. Dupuis. Par
Madame sa Veuve' (26 pp Paris, 1813); L. H. Jordan 'Comparative Re-
ligion. I ts genesis and growth' (Edinburgh, 1905) p. 139; F. E. Manuel
'The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods' (Cambridge, Mass., 1959)
pp. 259-7 0 .
35, 36
Kehler aetually wrote 'Dubois Dupuis' and, later on, 'Dubois'. Cf.
Griesheim p. 80. 'A Frenchman Dubois Dupuis' and, later on, 'Dubois'.
This slip evidently originated in Hegel's notes: see those of 1820/22 ('Hegel-
Studien' vol. 7, 1972, Schneider 154 a), 'Dubois. Dupuis religion universelle
- Taurus, Aries, the Lamb, precession of equinoxes.'
J. A. Dubois (1765-1848), the French missionary, was well-known by the
1820'S on account of his 'Description ... of the People of India' (London,
1817), and his 'Letters on the State ofChristianity in India' (London, 1823).
37,29
Phil. Nat. § 361.
37,35
CharlesJoseph, Prince de Ligne (1775-1814) 'Fragments de I'Histoire de
ma Vie' (written c. 1796; ed. F. Leuridant, 2 vols. Paris, 1928) vol. 1 p. 314:
'Les sots rebelIes flamands m'invitent pour me mettre a la tete de la revolu-
tion Oll j'aurais eu beau jeu. Je leur fis dire que je ne me revoltais jamais
pendant l'hiver et je me donnai pas le peine de repondre a Vandernoot.'
Joseph II's reforms alienated certain interests in the Austrian Netherlands.
On I I th December 1789 the people of Brussels rose against the Austrian
garrison, and sixteen days later the states of Brabant declared their in-
dependence. The other provinces followed this lead, and on 11th January
1790 the whole formed itself into an independent state under the leadership
of a lawyer H. N. C. Vandernoot (1731-1827). The Austrians reasserted
their authority in November 1790, but the country was overrun by the
French in 1792, and de Ligne's estates in Brabant were confiscated.
See Paul Morand 'Le Prince de Ligne' (Paris, 1964) pp. 325-34 for a
bibliography. The complicated manuscript and publication history of these
'Fragments' is dealt with in detail by Leuridant (I, xxvi-lxvi), - it is not
at all certain what Hegel's source could have been. The general factors
involved in the precipitation of revolutions evidently interested hirn, for he
noted the following comment on the current insurrection in Portugal which
appeared in 'The Morning Chronicle' ofDec. 16th 1826, 'So far from man-
kind in general being fond ofrevolutions, it may be safely said that the great
body are always averse to changes. They hate to be driven from wh at they
have been accustomed to.' ('Hegel-Studien' vol. I I p. 48, 1976).
39, 2
Latin penus, eatables, food. The Roman gods of the store-room and kitchen,
often mentioned by Hegel. Their worship was forbidden by an ordinance of
Theodosius in 392 A.D. On their supposed origin, see Macrobius 'Saturnalia'
111+ There are Germanic counterparts: J. de Vries 'Altgermanische Re-
ligionsgeschichte' (2 vols. Berlin, 1970) § 135.
446 . Hegel's Philosophy rif Su~jectil'e Sp,:rit
39, 13
This was much discussed at the time: E. Martene (1654-1739) 'De
Antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus' (3 vols. Antwerp, 1763/4); E. F. Wernsdorf
(1718-1782) 'De originibus Solemnium Natalis Christi' (Wittenberg, 1757);
J. C. W. Augusti (1771-1841) 'Denkwürdigkeiten aus der christlichen
Archäologie' (12 vols. Leipzig, 1817/31); A. J. Binterim (1779-1855) 'Die
vorzüglichsten Denkwürdigkeiten der christkatholischen Kirche' (7 vols.
Mainz, 1825)'
39, 17
Phil. Nat. 1H.147, I. K. F. Burdach (1776-1847), 'Die Physiologie als
Erfahrungs-Wissenschaft' vol. 3 (Leipzig, 1830), had no doubt about the
influence of the moon upon the insane, but J. M. Cox (1762-1822), in a
work consulted by Hegel, 'Practical Observations on 1nsanity' (London,
1804, Germ. tr. Halle, 1811), denies it. See 2nd ed. (1806) p. 16, 'I am
decidedly of the opinion, after much attentive observation, that the moon
possesses no ... power of regulating returns of the paroxysms of diseases of
the mind.'
39,3 6
Notes 357, 27; 371, 22.
4 1 ,4
John Selden (1584-1654) 'Table-Talk' (1686; Everyman ed. no. 906)
98 (p. 74): 'The Parliament Party do not play fair play, in sitting up till
two of the Clock in the Morning, to vote something they have a mind to.
'Tis like a crafty Gamester that makes the Company drunk, then cheats
them oftheir Money. Young men and infirm men go away.' Cf. 'The Times'
21st June 1975 p. 13 col. 6.
During the 1820'S, Hegel followed British Parliamentary events through
the reports in 'The Morning Chronicle' ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 1I, 1976).
Cf. K. Rosenkranz 'Psychologie' (2nd ed. Königsberg, 1843) p. 17.
41, 16
Phil. Nat. § 361.
4 1 ,33
C. L. J. de Guignes (1759-1845), 'Voyages a Peking, Manille, et l'tsle de
France, faits dans l'intervalle des annees 1784 a 1801' (3 vols. Paris, 1808)
1. 416: 'Mais, s'il fut etonne d'apprendre que nous eussions autant d'habilete
que ses compatriotes, nous l'avions ete bien davantage en voyant l'empereur
et ses ministres ... a faire tirer des feux d'artifice en plein jour, ou par un
beau cJair de lune.' Cf. 'Quarterly Review' H. 262 (November 1809).
43, 5
In 479 B.C. the Spartan regent Pausanias decisively defeated the P.ersians
under Mardonius near Plataea in Boeotia, and saved Greece from foreign
invasion. Orades and sacrifices evidendy played an important part in the
decision-making on both sides during the preliminary campaigns. See
Herodotus bk. IX, 'Once more, as they were about to engage with Mardonius
and his men, they performed the ritual of sacrifice. The omens were not
favourable; and meanwhile many of their men were killed ... Later the
sacrifiical victims promised success. At this, the Spartans, too at last moved
forward against the enemy ... ' etc.
Cf. G. Blecher 'De Extispicio Capita Tria' (Giessen, 1905). Hegel had
E. Clavier's (1762-1817) 'Memoire surles Orades des Anciens' (Paris, 1818)
in his library (List no. 656).
45, 4
On the merits of the 'Anabasis' as 'original history', see Phil. Hist. 3,
World Hist. 14. On Xenophon's attitude to orades, sacrifices and auspices,
see Hist. Phil. 1.424.
45,10
See 'Hegel-Studien' vol. IO pp. 21-2 (1975) for Hegel's lecture-notes
relating to the material dealt with in this Addition.
45, 24
Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1776-1837), 'Biologie, oder Philosophie
der lebenden Natur für Naturforscher und Aerzte' (6 vols. Göttingen, 1802-
1822). Although this is the only reference to the work in the printed part of
the 'Encydopaedia', Hegel often mentioned it in his leetures on the organic
sciences (Phil. Nat. III.405). He was probably attracted by the darity and
broadly 'speculative' nature of its general lay-out, and the wealth of empirical
detail with which Treviranus backs up his arguments. The work provides
an admirably comprehensive survey of the botanical and biological studies
of the time: - vol. I is concerned with the principles of botanical and
zoological classifieation: vol. II (1803) with the distribution of living beings;
vol. III (1805) with their history; vol. IV (1814) with plant and animal
nutrition; vol. V (18 I 8) with physiology, the motions of living beings and the
nervous system; and vol. VI with the connections between the physical and
the intellectual worlds.
In the second volume, mentioned here by Hegel, Treviranus begins by
calling attention to the 'reciprocal action' between the individual organism
and the 'organism of its total environment' (p. 3). He notices that living
beings are distributed all over the Earth, but that certain regions such as
the southernmost tip of the Americas are less favourable to life than others
(p. 28). He then enters upon an extended and analytical survey of plant
448 . Hegel's Philosophy of Suqjective Spirit
geography, and claims that the facts adduced make it evident that, 'in
respect of its distribution, the plant kingdom may be likened to a tree, the
trunk of which derives from the polar lands of the north, and the branches
of which spread forth over the Earth to the south, since they separate to an
ever greater extent as far as the southern limits ofthe warmer zone.' (p. 126).
The same general pattern is found in the distribution of the animal kingdom
(p. 20 3).
Treviranus notices the ostensibly prime importance of warmth and light
in determining the organism, and then asks how it is that the fauna and
flora of the southern hemisphere differ to such a great extent from those of
the corresponding climatic belts of the north (p. 437). It is at this point that
he draws upon the physics of his day and formulates the theory referred to
here by Hegel. He notices that there is a 'reciprocal action' between oxidiz-
able bodies consisting mainly of a modification of their chemical affinities,
arelease of negative and positive electricity, and an emergence of galvanic
polarity, that this reciprocal action is greatest between metals, that it is in-
creased by an increase in temperature, and that it has an effect upon living
being (pp. 440-2; cf. 'Phi!. Nat.' II 201). He suggests that the same reciprocal
action subsists between heavenly bodies such as the Earth, the Moon and
the Sun (p. 443), and then makes use of these postulated connections in
order to provide a solution to his original problem, '1fthis is so, it is probable
that this cosmic galvanism will be different in the northern and southern
hemispheres to the extent that there is a difference in their lay-out and
structure. And it is not difficult to see that there is a difference, the surface
of the northern half of the Earth consisting for the greater part of dry land,
and that of the southern half of sea-water. In the warmer zone of the
southern hemisphere moreover, there is a far greater abundance of precious
metals than in any other part of the Earth. Gold and silver are nowhere as
plentiful as they are in the hot regions of south America, Asia and Africa,
while iron and copper are more common in the northern half of the Earth.
Is it not likely that a force which shows itself to have such an effect upon the
living body on a small scale, should also have the most powerful influence
upon the whole of living nature? And is it not also likely that the differing
modification of this agency in the two halves of the Earth should be the
cause of the difference between the living products of the two hemispheres?'
(p. 45 1).
It is perhaps significant that although Hegel referred to this theory in the
1817 edition of the 'Encyclopaedia' (§ 312), and scarcely altered this part
of his text in the later editions, he seems never to have enlarged upon it in
the lecture-room. He may have felt that it involved too much physics to be
wholly valid at an organic let alone an anthropological level, that it was
probably being outdated by advances in palaeontology, and that although it
provided a possible explanation of an obviously important aspect of human
Notes 10 Volume T wo: Anthropology . 449
geography, it was too hypothetical to provide a reliable basis for detailed

exposition.
45, 29
This could be a reference to one of Kant's less fortunate attempts at
'philosophizing' upon this subject, see 'Muthmaßlicher Anfang der Menschen-
geschichte' ('Berlinischen Monatsschrift' 1786 vol. VII pp. 1-27), especially
the conclusion.
The treatment of Adam and Eve as historical personages was still fairly
common at this time, and still played a part in the conclusions reached in
scientific reasoning: J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' 1.70-75
(1816); J. S. T. Gehler 'Physikalisches Wörterbuch' IV. 1300/1 (1827);
J. E. von Berger (1772-1833) 'Grundzüge der Anthropologie' (Altona,
1824) p. 30 7.
45,35
Sir William Lawrence (1783-1867), in his notorious and frequently
pirated lectures (1816/19): 'I deern the moral and intellectual character of
the negro inferior, and decidedly so, to the European; and as this inferiority
arises from a corresponding difference in the organization, I must regard it
as his natural destiny, but I do not consider hirn more inferior than the other
dark races.' Quoted by P. B. Duncan (1772-1863) 'Essays and Miscellanea'
(2 vols. Oxford, 1840) II.276/7. Cf. C. Meiners (1747-1810) 'Ueber die
Natur der afrikanischen Neger und die davon abhängende Befreiung oder
Einschränkung der Schwarzen' ('Göttingischen historischen Magazin' VI.
385), who also emphasizes the inferiority ofthe negro and the unnaturalness
of treating hirn as the equal of the white man.
As Hegel notes, this attitude drew support from the idea that we are not
all descended from one couple: C. F. Werner 'Die Produktionskraft der
Erde, oder die Entstehung des Menschengeschlechts aus Naturkräften'
(Leipzig, 1819); A. Desmoulins (1796-1828) 'Histoire naturelle des races
humaines' (Paris, 1826); Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' IV.335-
60 (1826). It was quite common therefore, for those who were interested in
furthering the cause of negro emancipation, also to be intent upon es tab-
lishing the essential truth of the Biblical account of the origin of humanity.
J. C. Prichard (1786-1848) is an excellent example of a contemporary
anthropologist who combined such motivations: see his 'Researches into the
Physical History of Mankind' (1813; 3rd ed. 5 vols. London, 1836/47) I.
215/6: 'It may be affirmed that the phenomena ofthe human mind and the
moral and intellectual history of human races afford no proof of diversity
of origin in the families of men; that on the contrary ... we may perhaps
say, that races so nearly allied and even identified in all the principal traits
of their psychical character, as are the several races of mankind, must be
regarded as belonging to one species.'
450 . Hegel's Pltilosophy of Subjective Spirit
F or contemporary German discussions of this, see: F. A. Carus (177 0-

1807) 'Ideen zur Geschichte der Menschheit' (Leipzig, 1809); C. F. Nasse
(1778-1851) 'Ueber die Natur des Menschen in früherer Zeit' ('Zeitschrift
für die Anthropologie' 1.30-58, 1823); J. C. A. Heinroth (1773-1843)
'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 204-1 I; Joseph Hille-
brand 'Die Anthropologie als Wissenschaft' (Mainz, 1823) pp. gg-I06.
47,21
Peter Camper (1722-1 789) 'Sämmtliche kleine Schriften' (3 vols. Leipzig,
178I/go), 'For what makes us brown? ... What makes the Portuguese
families that have lived in Africa for many hundred years so like the Negroes
in colour? It is the climate, in so far as climate is taken to include both way
of life and diet.' Cf. Herder's 'Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte' (4 pts.
Riga and Leipzig, 1784/91) bk. VI iv; Kant 'Bestimmung des Begriffs
einer Menschenrace' (1785); J. E. von Berger 'Grundzüge der Anthro-
pologie' (Altona, 1824) pp. 260/1.
On the development of the Portuguese in Brazil, see the fascinating study
by G. Freyre 'The Masters and the Slaves' (London, Ig63).
47,33
Phil. Nat. II 1. 149, IgI. These ideas on the skin and the hair were in-
ftuenced by Goethe's 'Theory of Colours' vol. I § 655; § 669. Cf. C. F. Nasse
(1778- I 85 I) 'U eber das Physiologische in der Färbung der Menschenracen'
('Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1825 ii pp. 220-90).
47,4 2
These curious remarks provide us with the key to Hegel's conception of
the interrelationship of the races. Whiteness of skin is superior to any
stronger pigmentation in that it shows forth what is internal or spiritual
with greater clarity and completeness. Although this somewhat forced con-
ception clearly has its roots in Hegel's general philosophical system, it also
owes something to the aesthetic classification championed by Herder : see
H. B. Nisbet 'Herder and the Philosophy of Science' (Cambridge, 1970)
pp. 229-30, and Camper: see note 51, 30.
Any idea of a development or evolution from the more primitive to the
more advanced seems to have been completely alien to Hegel's thinking on
this subject. The observation that the Caucasians and Georgians are de-
scended from the Turks indicates, however, that he entertained the possibi-
lity of the Caucasian area's being the cradle ofhumanity. This was a widely
accepted theory, the popular credibility ofwhich was inftuenced by attempts
to locate the site ofthe Garden ofEden. W. Liebsch (d. 1805) for example,
in his 'Grundriß der Anthropologie' (2 pts. Göttingen, 1806/8) pt. I p. 31 I
also discusses the beauty of the Caucasians and Georgians, and adds, 'that
Noles to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 45 I
there are a number of good reasons for supposing that the original abode
of our first parents, and the cradle of the human race, was in this area.' J. C.
Adelung's (1732- I 806) researches in comparative philology led hirn to a
similar conclusion: 'Mithridates, oder Allgemeine Sprachenkunde' (3 vols.
Berlin, 1806/12).
For Hegel, therefore, racial variety was possibly the result of the de-
generation of an original white race under the influence of the climatic
differences between the regions into which it had migrated. He seems to
have shown little interest in the subject however, almost certainly because
the research of the time had failed to establish anything that might have
been regarded as a body of basically uncontroversial knowledge. Cf. E. A.
W. Zimmermann (1743-1815) 'Geographische Geschichte des Menschen'
(3 vols. Leipzig, 1778/83) 1.23.
48, I I
For 'Welt, hat' read 'Welt hat,'.
49,21
John Leyden (1775-181 I), 'Historical Account ofDiscoveries and Travels
in Africa' (ed. H. Murray, 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1817), gives an account of
the many endeavours, 'to penetrate into the depths of that mysterious world
in the interior, which, guarded by the most awful barriers of nature, in-
closed as with a wall, the fine and fertile shores of northern Africa.' Two of
Blumenbach's pupils, U. J. Seetzen (1767-181 I) and Heinrich Röntgen
(1787-1813) had distinguished themselves in the exploration of Africa by
the early years of the last century. R. Hallett 'The Penetration of Africa'
(London, 1965). Hegel regarded the account of Africa in his colleague
Karl Ritter's (1779-1859) 'Erdkunde' (Berlin, 1822) et seq. as the best
available: World Hist. 176.
49,35
This is little more than arestatement of the treatment of physical geo-
graphy in Phil. Nat. § 339 (III.23-24). Cf. 'The natural context or the
geographical basis of world history' , translated by H. B. Nisbet 'Hegel.
Lectures on ... World History' (introd. D. Forbes, Cambridge, 1975) pp.
152-196, and 'Philosophische oder vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde'
(2 vols. Brunswick, 1845), by the Hegelian geographer Ernst Kapp (1808-
1896). H. M. Sass 'Die Philosophische Erdkunde des Hegelianers Ernst
Kapp' ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 8 pp. 163-81 , 1973).
5 1 ,30
On Pieter Camper (17 22- 1 78 9), see Phil. Nat. II1.35g. Hegel is referring
here to his 'Dissertation sur les varietes naturelles qui caracterisent la
physionomie des hommes des divers climats et differens ages' (tr. H. J.
452 . Heget' s Philosop~y oI Su~jective Spirit
J ansen, Paris and The Hague, 179 I). Most of Hegel's observations seem to
be drawn from this work, which is notable for its aesthetic approach to
comparative anatomy, Camper acknowledges the influence ofJ.J. Winckel-
mann upon his research es, and for the beautifully executed plates by means
of which he illustrates the geometrical terms in which he conceived of the
science of craniometry.
'En pla<;ant a co te des tetes du Negre et du Calmuque celles de l'Euro-
peen et du Singe, j'apper<;us qu'une ligne tiree du front jusqu'a la terre
superieure, indiquoit une difference dans la physionomie de ces peuples,
et faisoit voir une analogie marquee entre la tete du Negre et celle du Singe.
Apres avoir fait le dessin de quelques-unes de ces tetes sur une ligne hori-
zontale, j'y ajoutai les lignes faciales des visages, avec leurs differens angles;
et aussitöt que je faisois incliner la ligne faciale en avant, j'obtenois une
te te qui tenoit de l'antique; mais quandje donnois acette ligne une pente en
arriere, je produsois une physiognomie de Negre, et definitivement le profil
d'un singe, d'un Chien, d'une Becasse, a proportion queje faisois incliner plus
ou moins cette meme ligne en arriere. Voila les observations qui ont donne
lieu a cet ouvrage' (p. 12).
Thomas Pownall (1722-1805) 'New Collection of Voyages' (London,
1767) II.273, was the first to attempt to classify the ra ces by the shape of
the cranium.
5 1 ,3 8
On Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), see Phil. Nat. II I. 348.
Hegel is referring here to the general programme of anthropological re-
search laid down in his 'De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa' (Göttingen,
177 5). In the revised and extended 178 I edition of this work, the nisus
formativus, degeneration, climate, diet, hybridization are all taken to be
relevant to an understanding of racial differences, and an attempt is made
to enumerate the various features of humanity which distinguish it from
the animal world. The study of the cranium is part of a general study of the
head (§§ 48-64), which in its turn, is simply one aspect of anthropology as
a whole. Nevertheless, Blumenbach recognized that it was an important
aspect, and while Hegel was delivering these lectures, he was still engaged
in publishing his 'Collectionis suae craniorum diversarum gen ti um' (8 parts,
Göttingen, 1790- I 828), a description of sixty crania.
5 1 ,40
Evidently a reference to Goethe's own profile: see G. Schmid 'Goethe und
die Naturwissenschaften' (Halle, 1940) pp. 104-6.
52, 17
For 'Race' read 'Racen'.
Notes to Volume T wo,' Anthropology . 453
53,3
Sir John Chardin's (1643-1713) 'Travels into Persia and the East Indies'
(London, 1686; French, Amsterdam, 1711, reissued Paris, 1811) was at this
time the main source of information concerning the peoples inhabiting the
supposedly original homelands of the Caucasian race. Chardin had em-
phasized the beauty of the Georgians and Circassians. Attempts to locate
the site of the Garden of Eden strengthened still further the general view of
them as the original prototype of humanity, from which the other races had
degenerated: 'Göttingischen historischen Magazin' 11 no. I p. 110, no. 2
p. 270; J. F. Blumenbach 'Bildschöner Schedel einer Georgianerinn' in
'Abbildungen naturhistorischer Gegenstände' 6tes Heft no. 51 (Göttingen,
1802).
See Wilhelm Liebsch (d. 1805) 'Grundriß der Anthropologie' (2 pts.
Göttingen, 1806/8), who suggests that rice, corn, oxen and horses all origi-
nated in the Caucasian area, and (p. 297) that, 'The Caucasian race is to
be regarded as the central race, that which most closely approximates to
the prototype, and which has degenerated the least. It grades off into the
two extremes ofthe Mongolian formation on the one hand, and the Ethiopian
on the other. Between these two extremes and the central formation lie
the other two: the American race between the Caucasian and the Mon-
golian, and the Malayan between the Caucasian and the Ethiopian.' It is
quite evident from what follows that Hegel accepted this general classi-
fication. Liebsch's book is extremely useful, in that it provides a survey of
the other classifications of the races current throughout the eighteenth
century. J. C. Prichard's 'Researches into the Physical History of Mankind'
(2nd ed. 2 vols. London, 1826) is also useful as a general survey of the field.
53, 19
Liebsch (op. cit.) pp. 324-7 recognizes the Malays as aseparate race,
constituting the transition from the Caucasian to the Ethiopian. He is of
the opinion that the South Sea Islands could not have been populated
from America (p. 329). In some of his lectures on Anthropology, Hegel
mentioned the Islamic 'empire' ofJava (CI5th-CI8th): see 'Hegel-Studien'
vol. 10 p. 22 (1975), probablyon account of an acquaintance with Sir
Thomas RafHes' (1781-1826) 'History of Java' (2 vols. London, 1817),
and Wilhelm von Humboldt's work on the Kavi language ('Abh. d. Kgl.
Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin.' Aus dem Jahre 1832. Berlin, 1836. Th. 2-4).
53, 20
The population of the world at this time was estimated at between 500
and 900 million. See 'European Magazine' vol. 65 p. 476 (June, 1814):
Europe 170 million, Africa 90 million, Asia 380 million, North America
30 million, South America 20 million, islands 20 million. Cf. Ludwig
Choulant (1791-1861) 'Anthropologie' (2 vols. Dresden, 1828) I p. 23:

Europe 178 million, Africa 140 million, Asia 400 million, America 30
million, Australasia 11 million.
53, 3 1
Phil. Rel. 1.295.
53,33
Friedrich Bird (1791-1851) 'Bemerkungen über die Bedeutung des
Körperlichen für die Seelenthätigkeit' (Nasse's 'Archiv für die Anthropologie'
1826 iv p. 265): 'All the Europeans who have had anything to do with
Negroes are agreed that the Negro is a person with a strong propensity to
rage and revenge.' Cf. S. T. von Sömmerring (1755-1830) 'Ueber die
körperliche Verschiedenheit des Negers vom Europäer' (Frankfurt1M.
1785), Phil. Nat. III.316.
53, 34
The inherent spiritedness of the Negro was noticed by Jeronimo Lobo
(1593-1678) 'Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta' (ed. B. TeIles, Coimbra,
1660), and the extensive use of this work throughout the eighteenth century
influenced the appreciative attitude to the race expressed in such a fine way
by Herder in his 'Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte' (1784/91) bk. VI iv.
Blumenbach made a point of emphasizing that we have 'enough examples
of talented Negroes' to prove that they are not ineducable: 'Bey träge zur
Naturgeschichte' pt. I p. 93 (Göttingen, 1806), 'Abbildungen' (Göttingen,
1810) no. 5: see 'The Anthropological Treatises' (tr. T. Bendyshe, London,
1865). Cf. Hume's 'Essays'; James Ramsay (1733-1789) 'An Essay on the
Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies'
(London, 1784); Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846) 'An Essay on the Slavery
and Commerce of the Human Species' (Dublin, 1786); Richard Nisbet
(1736-1804) 'The Capacity of Negroes for Religious and Moral 1mprove-
ment' (London, 1789) p. 10: 'We find hirn (the Negro) then in astate,
little differing from astate of nature; immersed in that ignorance of refine-
ment and of science, in which it pleased the Supreme Creator of us all, to
suffer countries now the most exquisitely polished, to remain for ages in the
earlier date of the world. 1t must still be observed, that we find hirn with all
the feelings and attachments of a rational being, nor with any peculiar
marks of depravity about hirn.'
55, 2
On 9th May 1801, Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803), the 'Buonaparte
of St. Domingo', the negro liberator of Haiti, issued a constitution for the
new state, the sixth article of which reads as follows: 'La religion catholique,
apostolique et romaine y est la seule publiquement professee. ' Naturally
enough, he was enthusiastically supported by the clergy: 'qui prechaient

constamment la soumission a ses ordres, qui le reprt!sentaient comme l'elu
de Dieu ... jusqu'au moment Oll parut l'expedition franc;aise.' B. Ardouin
'Etudes sur l'Histoire de Haiti' (11 vols. Paris, 1853/60) IV. 358.
Cf. L. Dubroca 'La Vie de Toussaint-Louverture' (Paris, 1802); 'Quarterly
Review' vol. 21 pp. 430-60 (1819); G. E. Schulze 'Psychische Anthro-
pologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826) pp. 72-3; K. Rosenkranz 'Psychologie'
(2nd ed. Königsberg, 1843) p. 30; M. Deren 'Divine Horsemen' (London,
1970).
55,4
World Hist. I 74-g0, 216-20, where Hegel cites specific examples and
mentions some of his sourees.
55, 17
World Hist. 156-9, 193, where such invasions are related to the basically
nomadic way of life. Cf. Phil. Hist. 169-72.
55, 25
Phil. Rel. 11.57-65. Cf. Phil. Hist. 169-72.
55, 33
Phil. Hist. 116-72; Aesthetics 1.74; Phil. Rel. I. 335- 11.65 Hist. Phil.
1.117-47·
57,28
Cornelius Pauw (1739-1799) 'Recherehes philosophiques sur les Egyptians
et les Chinois' (Berlin, 1773; Germ. tr. 1744) estimated that 30,000 children
a year were left to die of exposure in Peking alone. C. L. J. de Guignes
(1759-1845) 'Voyages a Peking' etc. (3 vols. Paris, 1808) 11.286, while not
denying the occurrence of infanticide in China, thought that Pauw had
grossly exaggerated its frequency. G. L. Staunton (1737-1801), 'An Authen-
tie account of the Earl of Macartney's Embassy' (2 vols. London, 1797,
Germ. tr. 1798), a work referred to elsewhere by Hegel (111.183, 36),
estimated that 2,000 were exposed each year in the capital. Cf. Sir John
Barrow (1764-1848) 'Travels in China' (London, 1804; Germ. tr. Weimar,
1804) p. 169; 'Quarterly Review' 11.265 (Nov. 1809).
In India in 1802, the Governor General in Council passed aresolution
prohibiting the sacrifice of children in the provinces of Bengal, Behar,
Orissa and Benares, and declaring the practice to be murder, punishable
with death. See Edward Moor (1771-1848) 'Hindu Infanticide' (London,
18 I l ), who also makes mention (p. 84) of the Chinese practice.
Cf. J. J. M. de Groot 'The Religious System of China' (6 vols. Leiden,
1892-1910) 11.679, IV.364; W. Crooke 'The Popular Religion ... of
Northern India' (Westminster, 1896) 11.169.
456 . Hegel' s Philosap~y qf Subjective Spirit
59,9
Phil. Re!. 11.209-18; see Otto Päggeler 'Hegel's Interpretation ofJudaism'
('The Human Context' vol. VI, no. 3 pp. 523-60, Autumn, 1974). Although
Mohammedanism is not treated separately in the Phil. Re!., Hegel does
compare and contrast it withJudaism (II.198) and Christianity (III.143/4).
61,35
Most general accounts of the American Indians made mention of their
apparent lack of virility: 'The beardless countenance and smooth skin of
the American seems to indicate a defect of vigour, occasioned by some vice
in his frame.' W. Robertson (1721-1793) 'The History of America' (2 vols.
London, 1777) IV.290 ; cf. W. Russell (1741-1793) 'TheHistoryofAmerica'
(2 vols. London, 1778) 1.353. A. von Humboldt estimated, at the turn of
the century, that there were about six million of the 'copper coloured race'
in the Americas: 'Personal Narrative of Travels' (Paris, 1814; Eng. tr. 7
vols. London, 1818/29) bk. III eh. ix p. 213.
61, 37
Phil, Hist. 81-7. A. von Humboldt (op. cit.) bk. III eh. ix p. 208: 'The
barbarism that prevails throughout these different regions is perhaps less
owing to a primitive absence of all kinds of civilization than to the effects
of a long degradation.'
Cf. S. J. Baumgarten (1706- 17 5 7) 'Allgemeine Geschichte... von
America' (Halle, 1752); J. F. Marmontel (1723-1799) 'The Incas' (2 vols.
London, 1777); A. de Solis (1610-1686) 'Historia de la conquista de Mexico'
(Madrid, 1684; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1750).
63,3
In Phil. Nat. (III.24, 16), Hegel characterizes America as, 'an incomplete
division like that of a magnet, separated as it is into a northern and a
southern part,' and he probably has this in mind when he mentions these
peoples from the two opposite extremities of the continent. It was assumed
that they had been driven into these inhospitable regions by the more powerjul
and capable tribes inhabiting the more congenial areas nearer the centre of
the continent: E. A. W. Zimmermann (1743-1815) 'Geographische Ge-
schichte des Menschen' (3 vols. Leipzig, 1778/83) 1.73; Kant 'Zum ewigen
Frieden' (1795; 'Werke' 1923, VIIL365). This view was current throughout
the nineteenth century: see C. W. F. Furlong's article in 'The Geographical
Review' III. i (1917), and has only been qualified of re cent years. G. J.
Butland, 'The Human Geography ofSouthern Chile' (London, 1957) p. 42,
has pointed out that the Yamana people, who live to the south of the
Alacaluf, have a much higher level of culture than their northern neighbours.
The Pescherois were the tribe inhabiting Dawson's Island in the Strait of
Magellan. They were first named by L. A. de Bougainville (1729- 18 I I)
Notes to Volurne Two: Anthropology • 457
'Voyage ... autourdu Monde' (Paris, 1771; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1783) p. 147.
John Byron (1723-1786) described them as, 'the poorest wretches I have
ever seen', Capt. Cook as, 'the most destitute and forlorn, as weIl as the
most stupid of all human beings' (Kerr's Voyages, 18 vols. London, 1824)
XI1.59, 65; 407/8. Darwin, 'Journal' (London, 1839) ch. X: 'I believe, in
this extreme part of South America, man exists in a lower state of improve-
ment than in any other part of the world.' In Germany 'pescherois' came
to be synonymous with wildman, troglodyte, caliban, aboriginal: 'Berliner
Monatschrift' 1.496 (1783), H. Steffens (1773-1845) 'Die gegenwärtige
Zeit' (2 pts. Berlin, 1817) 1.193.
Hegel's knowledge ofthe Eskimos was drawn fromJohn Ross (1777-1856)
'A Voyage ofDiscovery' (London, 1819): 'Berliner Schriften' p. 710; Phil.
Rel. 1.294. Cf. D. Cranz (1723-1777) 'Historie von Grönland' (2 vols.
Barby, 1765).
63,6
C. D. Rochefort (d. c. 1690) 'Historie ... de l'Amerique' (Rotterdam,
1658; Germ. tr. Frankfurt, 1668; Eng. tr. London, 1666), notes that the
Caribs, 'have not found anything so strange in their encounters with the
Ellropeans, as those Arms which spit Fire, and at so great a distance wound
and kill those whom they meet with.' (p. 272). On p. 308 he gives a detailed
account of the occasions for their drunkenness and debauchery. On their
sorry state at the end of the eighteenth century, see A. von Humboldt op.
cit. bk. IX ch. xxv.
63,8
This is predominantly but not entirely true. The first presidents of Mexico
and Colombia were Indians. What is more the Indians rose against the
Creoles in Upper Peru (Bolivia) in 1780, in Mexico between 1810 and 1815,
and in southern Chile between 1823 and 1830. S. de Madariaga 'The Fall
of the Spanish American Empire' (London, 1947); John Lynch 'The
Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826' (London, 1974).
63, 19
See J. S. Vater 'Untersuchungen über Amerika's Bevölkerung' (Leipzig,
1810).
63,33
Certainly a reference to the Patagonians, about whom many taU stories
were told: see G. F. Coyer 'An Abstract of the relations of travellers of
different nations, concerning the Patagonians' (Brussels and London, 1767);
'Philosophical Transactions' vol. LVII p. 75 (1767); vol. LX p.20 (1770).
The first really reliable account of their physique was provided by John
Hawkesworth (1715 ?-1773) in bis much criticized but frequently reprinted
458 . Hegel' s Philosophy 0/ Subjective Spirit
'Account of the Voyages ... in the Southern Hemisphere' (3 vols. London,
1773; Germ. tr. 3 pts. Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1775). See the description of
Capt. Samuel Wallis's voyage (1766/8), 'As I had two measuring rods with
me, we went round and measured those that appeared to be taUest among
them. One of these was six feet six inches high, several more were six feet five,
and six feet six inches, but the stature of the greater part of them was from
five feet ten to six feet. Their complexion is a dark copper-colour, like that
of the Indians in North America; their hair is straight, and nearly as harsh
as hog's bristles: it is tied back with a cotton string, but neither Sex wears
any head-dress. They are weIl-made, robust, and bony; but their hands and
feet are remarkably smaU.' Cf. Robert Kerr 'A General History and Col-
lection of Voyages and Travels' vol. XII p. 128 (London, 1824); Thomas
Falkner 'Of the Patagonians' (Darlington, 1775); E. G. Cox 'A Reference
Guide to the Literature ofTravel' vol. 10 p. 283 (Seattle, 1938).
63, 38
Prince Maximilian of Neuwied (1782-1867) was inspired with an interest in
anthropology by J. F. Blumenbach. He is well-known for his scientific
expeditions to Brazil (1815-1817) and Missouri (1832-1834), both ofwhich
were thoroughly prepared and successfully carried out, and gave rise to two
carefuUy written and informative works: 'Reise nach Brasilien' (2 vols.
Frankfurt/M. 1820/1), and 'Reise durch Nordamerika' (1828/41). Cf. P.
Wirtgen 'Zum Andenken an Prinz Maximilian zu Wied, sein Leben und
wissenschaftliche Thätigkeit' (1867); H. Plischke 'J. F. Blumenbachs Ein-
fluss auf die Entdeckungsreisenden seiner Zeit' (1937).
Hegel is evidently referring to the Botocudo the prince brought back with
hirn ('Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie' vol. 23 p. 560, 1886). The prince
made a careful study of the language and customs of this people (op. cit.
vol. II ch. I and pp. 302-30). They were then usually known as the Aimores,
and had come into conflict with the whites at the elose of the 18th century
when diamonds were discovered in the Minas Geraes area.
J. B. Spix (1781-1826) and K. F. P. Martius (1794-1868), 'Reise in
Brasilien' (3 pts. Munich, 1823, 1828, 1831), give an exhaustive list of the
fauna and flora they brought back from Brazil (III p. 1387), but make no
mention ofhaving brought any natives. Hegel may have noted the foUowing
(I pp. 213-14): 'Der allgemeine Ra<;ezug, hinbrütender Stumpfsinn und
Verschlossenheit, der sich besonders in dem irren trüben Blicke und dem
scheuen Benehmen des Americaners ausspricht, wird bei dem ersten Schritt
in die Reflexionsstufe durch den ihm noch ganz fremdartigen Zwang der
Civilisation und des Umgangs mit Negern, Mestizen und Portugiesen bis
zu dem traurigsten Bilde innerer Unzufriedenheit und Verdorbenheit
gesteigert. '
Cf. 'Phil. Nat.' II. 298-300.
Notes 10 Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 459
65,7
Although it seems natural enough to treat national (§ 394) as particu-
larizations of racial (§ 393) characteristics, and both as having their immedi-
ate origin in the natural environment (§ 392), such a sequence was by no means
common in the works on anthropology published during Hegel's lifetime.
A notable exception is J. E. von Berger's (1772-1833) 'Grundzüge der
Anthropologie' (Altona, 1824), in which the 'Localgeister der Erde', an
uncommon expression at that time, are also mentioned (p. 304).
65,9
Note 47, 42. This remark confirms the view that Hegel was uncertain
about the degeneration theory and had no conception of evolution: cf. Phil.
Nat. 111.22, 33. See the opening sentence of Milton's 'History of England' :
'The Beginnings of Nations, those excepted of whom Sacred Books have
spoken, is to this Day unknown.'
Had the genetics and embryology of the time been more advanced, and
had Hegel known more about these subjects (Phil. Nat. 111.229-32), his
emphasis upon the importance of environment, which might profitably be
compared with that of Lysenko, would almost certainly have been rather
more carefully qualified.
65, 18
Henry Koster sailed for Brazil from Liverpool on 2nd November 1809, and
finally left the country to return to England in the spring of 1815. He rented
a sugar plantation at Jaguaribe, four leagues north ofRecife in the province
of Pernambuco, and had a modey crew of Indians, mulattoes, free negroes
and slaves working for hirn. He published an account of his experiences
during these years, 'Travels in Brazil' (London, 1816; 2nd ed. 2 vols.
London, 1817), and Hegel is evidendy referring to the following passage in
it (pp. 120-1; 2nd ed. vol. I pp. 189-90): 'Some of. .. (the Indians) are
resolute, and sufficiently courageous, but the general character is usually
supposed to be cowardly, inconstant, devoid of acute feelings, as forgetful
of favours as of injuries, obstinate in trifles, regardless of matters of im-
portance. The character of the negro is more decided; it is worse, but it is
also better. From the black race the worst of men may be formed, but they
are capable likewise of great and good actions. The Indian seems to be with-
out energy or exertion, devoid of great good or great evil. Much may be
said at the same time in their favour; they have been unjustly dealt with,
they have been trampled upon, and afterwards treated as children; they
have been always subjected to those who consider themselves their superiors,
and this desire to govern them has even been carried to the direction of
their domestic arrangements. But no, - if they are a race of acute beings,
capable of energy, of being deeply interested upon any subject, they would
460 . Hegel's Philosop/!V of Subjective Spirit
do more than they have done. The priesthood is open to them, but they
do not take advantage of it. * I never saw an Indian mechanic in any of the
towns; there is no instance of a wealthy Indian; rich mulattoes and negroes
are by no means rare.'
Koster's account of the racial characteristics of the negroes and Indians
is confirmed by the Prince of Neuweid (op. cit.) vol. 1. p. 78. Since Hegel
read 'The Quarterly Review', it is possible that he is referring here to the
review of Koster's book which appeared in this journal in January, 1817
(no. XXXII pp. 344-87). See esp. p. 366, where the passage quoted is
mentioned, and the review er comments on it as follows, 'This is a melancholy
picture, drawn as it is by one who would willingly think better of the race
if he could. But without inciining to the preposterous system of Helvetius,
it may be affirmed that all this is the effect of unfavourable circumstances,
and wretched education, degrading the parents generation after generation,
and thus by moral means producing a physical degeneracy. The fault is in
the mould, not in the materials.'
Since Hegel mentions 'ten or twelve years' as the length of Koster's stay
in Brazil, and other accounts of the South American Indians, he mayaiso
have had in mi nd the book by the Berlin doctor Philip Fermin (1729-1813)
'An Historical ... View ... of Surinam ... By a Person who lived there for
ten years' (French, 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1769; Dutch tr. Harlingen, 1770;
Germ. tr. Brunswick, r 776; Eng. tr. London, 1781). Fermin gives an ex-
tensive and detailed ac count of the Indians which is in substantial agree-
ment with Koster's (1769 ed. vol. chs. iv-ix). Cf. John Luccock (I77o-r826)
'Notes on ... Brazil, Taken during a Residence of Ten Years in That
Country from 1808 to r818' (London, 1820), a work which contains refer-
ences to the 'ignorance or negligence of the Brazilians' (p. 359), and to the
employment of negro seamen on the slave-ships (p. 592), but which does
not deal with racial characteristics in any detail.
65, 19
The Prince of Neuwied (vol. I p. 78) evidently gives more details than
Koster concerning this case, 'In Minas Gerac"s there was a priest who was an
Indian, and who came, moreover, frorn one of the more uncivilized tribes.
He was universally respected, and lived in his parsonage for a number of
years; then, suddenly, he was rnissing, and it was discovered that he had cast
off his vestrnent and run off naked into the jungle with his brothers, where
he cohabited with a number of wornen, after having seemed for many years
to have thoroughly assimilated the doctrines he had preached.'
* I heard, from good authority, that there are two instances of Indians having been
ordained as secular priests, and that both of these individuals died from excessive
drinking.
Notes to Volume T wo: Anthropology . 46 I
65,33
Cf. WOJ'ld Hist. 164-5. Between 1610 and 1760, the Guarani Indians
inhabiting the southern grasslands and river plains of Paraguay were ruied
by theJesuits. In order to protect the tribe from the rapacity ofthe colonists,
the fathers established economically self-sufficient settlements capable of
self-defence. The paternalistic theocracy they established proved to be
immensely successful: 'The missionaries had the prudence to civilize the
savages in some measure, before they attempted to convert them. They did
not pretend to make them Christians, till they had made them men. As soon
as they had got them together, they began to procure them every advantage
they had promised them, and induced them to embrace Christianity, when,
by making them happy, they had contributed to render them tractable.'
G. T. F. Raynal (1713-1796) 'L'Histoire ... des etablissements ... dans les
deux Indes' (4 vols. Amsterdam, 1770; Eng. tr. 6 vols. London, 1798) III. I 74.
When Charles III issued the decree banishing the Jesuits from his
dominions in 1767, the seventy-eight missions were responsible for the
welfare of 2 I ,036 families, and owned 724,903 cattle, 230,384 sheep, 99,078
horses, 46,936 oxen, 13,905 mules and 7,505 asses. Once the Jesuits had
gone, the settlements were soon plundered, and fell into decay. The
capital Candelaria had 3,064 inhabitants in 1767, and only 700 in 1814.
P. F. X. de Charlevoix 'Historie du Paraguay' (3 vols. Paris, 1756; Germ.
tr. Nuremberg, 1768); J. de Escandon and B. Nusdorfer 'Geschichte von
Paraguay' (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1769); P. F. Pauke (1719-1780) 'Reise
in den Missionen nach Paraguay' (ed. P. J. Frast, Vienna, 1829); G. E.
Schulze 'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826) pp. 70-1.
67, 19
Hegel emphasizes the geographical factors determining world history in
World Hist. 152-96. The discussion of national characteristics which follows
here is such a commonplace in the literature of the time, that there is no
point in attempting to indicate specific sources 01' influences. The teleological
arrangement, ending with the Germans, is Hegel's, but since the Germans
too are subsequently treated, together with all other peoples, as individual
subjects (§ 395), subject to natural changes etc. (§ 396 et seq.), the world-
historical significance of this should not be exaggerated.
The topic was evidently ofpersonal interest to Hegel, see 'Berliner Schriften'
pp. 7 1 5-8.
Hume's essay 'Of National Characters' 01' perhaps Goldsmith's 'The
TravelleI" , seem to have initiated the vogue of relaxed philosophizing on
the subject. J. G. Zimmermann's delightful 'Vom Nationalstolze' (Carls-
ruhe, 1783) became a best-seIler, Kant, quoting Hume, considered national
characteristics at some length in his lectures on Anthropology, and by the
462 . Hege!'s Philosophy of Suhjective Spirit
turn of the century discussion of this kind had become a well-established
literary and philosophical genre in both England and Germany.
It may be worth noting that C. F. Pockels (1757-1814), in 'Der Mann'
(4 vols. Hanover, 1805/8) 11.52-103, considers the national characteristics
of the Greeks, Romans, Italians, Spaniards, French, English and Germans,
in that order, and that his characterization of the Germans resembles Hegel's.
67,23
C.-F. Volney (1757-1820), 'Travels through Syria and Egypt' (2 vols.
Dublin, 1793) 11.541/2, quotes Hippocrates on the character of the Asiatics
of his time, and then comments that: 'This is precisely the definition of the
Orientals of our day; and what the Grecian philosopher has said of some
particular tribes, who resisted the power of the great king and his Satraps,
corresponds exactly with what we have seen of the Maronites, the Curds,
the Arabs, Shaik-Daher, and the Bedouins.' Cf. pp. 530-57; 'Quarterly
Review' vol. 23 pp. 279/80 (1820).
67,33
'Commentarii de bello Gallico'. De Tocqueville makes the same point
in 'De I' Ancien regime.'
69,5
See World Hist. 159-61, where Hegel waxes almost Iyrical on the subject
of the sea. Cf. H. Tinker 'A New System of Slavery. The Export of Indian
Labour Overseas 1830-1920' (Oxford, 1974).
69, 28
Phil. Hist.: the major divisions being the Oriental, the Greek, the Roman
and the German worlds.
71 ,28
Phi!. Hist. 258-71; Hist. Phil. I. 166-487, 11.1-453.
73, 17
This observation is such a complete contradiction of what nearly all the
numerous travellers of the time had to say about the love-life of the women
of Italy, that it must either be based upon 'Romeo and Juliet' or personal
experience.
Hegel had J. B. Dupaty's 'Sentimental Letters on Italy' (Rome, 1788;
Eng. tr. London, 1789) in his library (see nos. 1242/4)' and this work is
explicit enough: 'Love among the Roman women is an amusement, an
intrigue, or a caprice, and but for a short time a kind ofpropensity; for they
wear it off extremely fast.' (Letter LXIII.)
73,34
Hegel, born in Stuttgart, was lecturing in Berlin.
75,33
The Spanish Inquisition was instituted with Papal approval by Ferdinand
and IsabeIla in 1479. It was abolished in 1808, reintroduced in 1814, and
finally suppressed in 1820. The subject was therefore in the news at this
time, see: J. B. White (1775-1841) 'A Letter upon the mischievous Influence
of the Spanish Inquisition' (London, 181 I); 'Quarterly Review' XI1.313-
57 (December 181 I) ; J. LavalIee 'Histoire des inquisitions reIigieuses d'I talie,
d'Espagne et de Portugal' (2 vols. Paris, 1809); J. A. Llorente 'Histoire
critique deI'Inquisition d'Espagne' (4 vols. Paris and Würzburg, 1817/18).
In order to grasp the full force of the adjective 'African', see the frightful
examples of inhumanity discussed in World Hist. 182-90.
75, 36
When Cola di Rienzi (c. 1313-1354) led the Roman revolution in May
1347 and then extended his power throughout Italy, Petrarch addressed
a Latin letter to hirn in wbich he congratulated hirn on his achievements,
calling hirn the new Camillus, Brutus and Romulus, and urged hirn to
continue his great and noble work. Cf. the 'Edogues' no. 5. The letters
Petrarch addressed to Charles IV during the four years preceding his
coronation in Rome on 5th April 1355 are an expression ofthe same political
ideals: see M. E. Consenza 'Petrareh and the Revolution of Cola di Rienzo'
(Chicago, 1913); J. A. Wein 'Petrarch's Politics' (Thesis, Columbia Univ.,
1960).
77,39
F. A. Carus (1770-1807) makes many ofthe same points about the French
in bis 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) pt. 11. See p. 137: 'The French-
man's wit derives from his naivety and superficiality, and a consequent
facility of combination. This facility is apparent in his whole mental make-
up, in the ease with which his vindictiveness turns to satire or repartee.'
79, 26
It is perhaps worth observing that many of the English books of the time
devoted to the subject-matter dealt with in these lectures, were adorned
with quotations from English poets: see, for example, William Pargeter's
'Observations on Maniacal Disorders' (Reading, 1792; Germ. tr. Leipzig,
1793). We were regarded by our German colleagues in these fields as
individualistic in approach, see E. F. W. Heine's introduction (p. V) to his
translation ofWilliam Perfect's 'Annals of Insanity' (1803; Hanover 1804),
and as practical and empiricist in our methods: F. C. A. Heinroth 'Lehrbuch
der Störungen des Seelenlebens' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1818) 1.136; F. A. Carus
op. cit. pp. 142-3.
79,37
See Hegel's article on 'The English Reform Bill' (1831).
464 . Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
81,6
J. F. Fries (1773-1843), 'Handbuch der Psychischen Anthropologie' (2
vols. Jena, 1820/1) 1.289-95, deals in detail with 'The Passions of Com-
mercial Life' i.e. covetousness, imperiousness, diligence, thrift, avarice,
greed etc. Hegel had]. B. Say's 'De l'Angleterre et des Anglais' (Paris, 1815)
in his library (list no. 1192).
81,25
Cf. Phil, Right § 216. Shakespeare 'King Lear' (1605/6) I.iv. 347:
'Striving to better, oft we mar what's weIl.'
81,28
Logic §§ 120-3.
83, 20
Cf. Carus op. cit. pp. 147/8, whose characterization of the Germans is
similar. Madame de Stael's 'De l'Allemagne' (1813) was the most important
literary contribution to the general European view of Germany and the
Germans at this time: 'Quarterly Review' X.355-409 (January 1814).
These paragraphs on national characteristics should be compared with the
treatment of 'The Modern Time' which concludes the lectures on World
History (pp. 412-57).
85,21
Cf. the transitionfrom thefamily to civil society in the Phil. Right §§ 181-2.
85,27
This definition of natural disposition or 'Naturell' is in substantial agree-
ment with the accepted usage of the time. Nevertheless, by using the origin
of the word, and treating such a disposition as the immediate antecedent of
temperament and character, Hegel does manage to give a preciser meaning
and clearer significance to what is under consideration, - the major transi-
tion from nature to the soul being exactly paralleled or reproduced in this
minor one.
]. Hillebrand (1788-1871) 'Die Anthropologie als Wissenschaft' (Mainz,
1823) pp. 385-96: 'Das Naturell. Jeder Mensch trägt in seiner bestimmten
Beschlossenheit von Anbeginn oder ursprünglich eine Grunddisposition seines
Wesens, welcher gemäß sein Seelenleben nothwendig, d.h. ohne sein Zuthun,
eine bloß ihm angehörig Richtungs- und Aeußerungsweise in seinem natürlichen
Entwickelungsgange offenbart ... Weil diese Basis des psychischen Lebens
eines Jeden ihm mittelst der unbegreiflichen Verbindung und Ordnung des
Daseynlichen selbst gesetzt wird, ist sie zu betrachten als zugetheilt von der
Natur im weitern Sinne, d.h. durch die ursprüngliche Einrichtung der Dinge.
Daher auch der Ausdruck Naturell, den man mit Naturanlage vertauschen
kann.' Kant 'Anthropologie' (1798) pt. 2 A I.
85, 28
'Anlagen' or endowments are therefore specific aspects of the basic natural
disposition. Genetics would now be used in order to reach an understanding
of them, but the subject had scarcely been developed a century and a half
ago, and Hegel seems to have known next to nothing about it (Phil. Nat.
III.229-32). J. C. A. Heinroth (1773-1843) 'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie'
(Leipzig, 1822) p. 149: 'The word 'endowment' signifies propensity for a
certain activity. In respect of simply natural things, this propensity is a seed
if it pertains to a plant, an instinct if it pertains to an animal. The word
'endowment' is only used of human beings, who are capable of generating
freedom, and ought to develop freely.'
'Experience teaches us that one person will grasp, leam, comprehend or
copy something more easily than another; that he will acquire abilities,
more rapidly and with less effort, and often of his own accord and without
any help, which another is incapable of acquiring even with the best in-
struction and the greatest effort. For example, one person will find it quite
impossible to distinguish aseries of notes, or even reproduce one note
correctly, while another is capable of reproducing whole musical composi-
tions after having only heard them once. It is these accomplishments of
human nature, on ac count ofwhich it may be easily educated in one respect
or another, that we call endowments or aptitudes.' J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches
Realwörterbuch' I.276 (Leipzig and Altenburg, 1816).
Cf. J. G. Steeb (1742-1799) 'Ueber den Menschen, nach dem hauptsäch-
lichen Anlagen in seiner Natur' (3 vols. Tübingen, 1785); P. A. Stapfer
(1766- I 840) 'Die fruchtbarste Entwickelungsmethode der Anlagen des
Menschen' (Bem, 1792); K. H. L. Pölitz (1772-1838) 'Populäre Anthro-
pologie, oder Kunde von dem Menschen nach seinen sinnlichen und
geistigen Anlagen' (Leipzig, 1800); D. T. A. Suabedissen (1773-1835) 'Die
Grundzüge der Lehre von dem Menschen' (Marburg and Cassel, 1829) pp.
325-34.
85, 32
The widespread discussion of this distinction between genius and talent
in Germany during Hegel's lifetime, seems to have been an extension of the
earlier English debate: see the bibliography provided by C. P. Pockels
(1757-1814) in 'Der Mann' (4 vols. Hanover, 1805/8) III.398: Edward
Young (1683-1765) 'Conjectures on original composition' (London, 1759);
William Duff (1732-1815) 'An Essay on Original Genius' (London, 1767);
Alexander Gerard (1728-1795) 'Essay on Genius' (London, 1774); Hugh
Blair (17I8-1800) 'Lectures on Rhetoric and BeIles Lettres' (3 vols. Dublin,
1783).
'Anthropologists' were generally agreed that genius and talent were natural
endowments (Pierer op. cit. III.505-9, 1819). Kant 'Anthropologie' (1798)
§§ 57-9 defined, 'the genius of a person as the exemplary originality of his
466 . Hegel's Philosop~y 0/ Subjective Spirit
talent,' and, as is evident from Hegel's observations, the concept of unbridled
genius soon gave rise to the natural re action of pointing out that the re-
alization of such exemplary originality involved ratiocination and hard
work. F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) 1.260-
74; H. B. von Weber 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen,
1829) pp. 160-4; O. Pöggeler 'Hegels Kritik der Romantik' (1956).
87, 19
Cf. 317, 16-23. Vera (1.158 note 3) discusses apparent difficulties here.
He refers to the Socratic question of whether or not virtue can be taught,
and concludes: 'que l'enseignement ne saurait engendrer la vertu si les
germes n'en existaient pas dans l'esprit, mais qu'en meme temps la vertu ne
saurait accomplir son oeuvre, se realiser, sans l'enseignement, quels qu'en
soient d'ailleurs la form et le degre.'
For Hegel, virtue is an aspect of objective, not of subjective spirit, an
essentially social matter: see § 5 I 6: 'The ethical duties of individuals are the
relations between them in the relationships into which the substance parti-
cularizes itself. Virtue is the ethical personality, i.e. the subjectivity which
is permeated by the substantial life.'
87,27
Since Hegel is daring enough to reinstate the four elements of air, fire,
water and earth in his 'Physics' (Phil. Nat. §§ 282-5), one might have
expected hirn to make more of their' equivalents at this level. Cf. 'Hegel-
Studien' vol. 10 p. 23 (1975). The doctrine of the four temperaments was
first elaborated by Galen (d. c. 200 A.D.), who accepted the generalization
of the elements into dry, hot, wet and cold, the four qualities, and then found
its physiological counterpart in the doctrine of the four humours, - blood,
choler, phlegm and black bile. His theory of the four temperaments, - sanguin,
choleric, phlegmatic and melancholy, is a reproduction of this physiological
doctrine at a psychologicallevel. Cf. Aristotle 'De Anima' 404b; R. E. Siegel
'Galen's System ofPhysiology and Medicine' (Basel and New York, 1968); E.
Schöner 'Das Vierer schema in der antiken Humoralpathologie' (Wiesbaden,
1964) .
On account of its simplicity, clarity and adaptability, and, it must be
admitted, on account of the general stagnation of the psychological sciences,
this doctrine not only survived into the eighteenth century, but was actually
elaborated and developed by as distinguished and accomplished a teacher
and physician as H. A. Wrisberg (1739-1808): see his edition of Albrecht
von Haller's (1708- 1777) 'Grundriß der Physiologie' (ed. H. M. von
Leveling, Erlangen, 1796; 4th ed. 1821).
This work, together with Kant's treatment of the subject (note 89, 9),
provided the basis of most of the expositions that appeared during the
opening decades of the last century. Although, as Hegel notes, there was
Notes to Volume T wo: Anthropology • 467
great diversity of opinion, and although there were certainly no convincing

attempts to relate temperament to an analysis of ethical activity, talent or
passion, there was a pretty concerted tendency to treat the temperaments
as an essential element in the physiological aspect of psychology: J. Ith (1747-
1813) 'Versuch einer Anthropologie' (2 pts. Bern, 1794/5) 11 pp. 150-6;
K. H. L. Pölitz (1772-1838) 'Populäre Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1800) pp.
135-52; H. W. Dircksen (1770-1833) 'Die Lehre von den Temperamenten'
(Sulzbach, 1804); C. F. Pockels (1757-1814) 'Der Mann' (4 vols. Hanover,
1805/8) 11 pp. 395-480; F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie' (2 vols.
Leipzig, 1808) 11 pp. 92-121; J. C. Goldbeck (1775-1831) 'Grundlinien der
Organischen Natur' (Altona, 1808) 11 pp. 19-34; J. C. A. Heinroth (1773-
1843) 'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 131-48; G. E.
Schulze (1761-1833) 'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826)
pp. 502-12; H. von Keyserlingk (1793-1858) 'Hauptpunkte zu ...
Anthropologie' (Berlin, 1827) pp. 116-20; L. Choulant (1791-1861) 'Anthro-
pologie' (2 vols. Dresden, 1828) 11 pp. 16-20; D. T. A. Suabedissen (1773-
1835) 'Die Grundzüge der Lehre von dem Menschen' (Marburg and Cassel,
1829) pp. 316-24; K. Rosenkranz 'Psychologie' (2nd ed. Königsberg, 1843)
pp. 37-47. As late as 1846, R. Virchow (182 I - 1902) considered it worthwhile
to openly condemn C. Rokitansky's (1804-1878) attempt to found tbe whole
science of disease on a humoral theory of the formation of abnormal
textures, 'Handbuch der allgemeinen pathologischen Anatomie' (Vienna,
1846), as "ein ungeheurer Anachronismus": 'Preussische Medizinal-
Zeitung' 9th December 1846 pp. 237-44.
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826), in his 'Traite Medico-Philosophique de
l'Alienation Mentale' (Paris, 1801), a work well-known to Hegel (note
33 I, 24), indicates that the noting of a patient's temperament was an
essential part of the practical work of a psychiatrist at the end of the eighteenth
century (sect. VI no. 13).
89, 1
Aesthetics 1227, where French and Italian drama are mentioned. Ben
Jonson's (1572-1637) comedy of humours is a good English example of
what Hegel has in mind.
89,8
Plato 'Republic' bk. 4: wisdom, fortitude, temperance and justice; St.
Thomas Aquinas 'Summa Theol.' I-II qu. 61.
89,9
'Anthropologie' (Königsberg, 1798) pt. 2 A II. Kant notes the physio-
logical and psychological aspects, evidently enjoys contemplating the various
distinctions and combinations, provides some excellent character studies in
468 . Hege/' s Philosoph). of Sukjective Spirit
a truly Theophrastian style, and classifies broadly into temperaments of

feeling (sanguine and melancholy) and activity (choleric and phlegmatic)
in a way that clearly inftuenced Hegel.
89, 37
This viewing of the temperaments in the light of their social context
contrasts sharply with the physiological approach predominant at the time
(note 87,27).
90, 21
The following passage, 'z.B. das Stottern ... ' etc., IS taken from the
Griesheim manuscript.
9 1 ,24
See P.]. Schneider (1791-1871) 'Fragment ... betreffend meine Methode
Menschen ... von den Uebel des Stotterns ... zu befreien' (Cologne, 1835).
9 1 ,34
Hegel spent three years in Berne, 1793-1796, as a private tutor: see H. S.
Harris 'Hegel's Development' (Oxford, 1972) ch. III.
93,3
Cf. the various references to character in the Aesthetics (p. 1246). G. H.
Schubert (1780- 1860) in 'Die Geschichte der Seele' (Stuttgart and Tübingen,
1830) pp. 476-89, relates character to natural endowment and tempera-
ment in much the same way as Hegel does. It was more usual, however,
to regard it as an acquisition rather than an endowment: see H. B. von Weber
'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen, 1829), where it is
taken to be the sublation of the passions, and it is observed that, 'durch die
Natur schon gelangt der Mensch nie zu dem Character, sondern nur und
zwar allmälig (sic) nur durch eigene Kraftanwendung, durch freie und
lebendige Aneignung' (p. 349)' Cf. F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie'
(2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) II.I2I-5; D. T. A. Suabedissen (1773-1835) 'Die
Grundzüge der Lehre von dem Menschen' (Marburg and Cassel, 1829)
pp. 334-46.
93, 12
Hegel probably derived this information indirectly from 'Second Treatise
Declaring the Nature and Operations of Mans Soul' (London, 1669) pt. II
pp. 187-8 by Sir Kenelm Digby (1603-65), ' ... the strange Antipathy which
the late King James had to a naked sword; whereof the cause was ascribed
to some Schotch Lords, entring once ~iolently into the Bed-Chamber of the
Queen his Mother, while she was with child of hirn, where her Secretary,
an Italian, was dispatching some letters for her: whom they hack'd and
kill'd with naked swords, before her face, and threw hirn at her feet ... I
remember, when he dub'd me Knight, in the ceremony of putting a naked

Sword upon my shoulder, he could not endure to look upon it, but turned
his face another way; insomuch that, in lieu of touching my shoulder, he
had almost thrust the point into myeyes, had not the Duke of Buckingham
guided his hand aright.' See A. C. Lorry (1726-1783) 'Von der Melan-
cholie' (introd. C. C. Krausen, 2 vols. Frankfurt/M. and Leipzig, 1770) pt.
Ich. iv (vol. 2 pp. 128-9). Lorry uses Digby's account to illustrate the
psychological phenomenon dealt with here by Hegel. Digby uses the fact
to illustrate the phenomena dealt with by Hegel in § 405 sect. 2. Cf. L. A.
Muratori 'Ueber die Einbildungskraft' (1785) 11 pp. 292-4, note.
David Rizzio, Queen Mary's secretary, was murdered by Lord Darnley
and his Protestant peers at Holyrood on 9th March 1566. James was born
in Edinburgh Castle on 19thJune 1566. Darnley had evidently hoped that
the shock of this event would prove fatal to the Queen and her child, and
Digby's interpretation ofits effect uponJames was the one generally accepted
at the Jacobean Court.
93, 14
In treating idiosyncrasies as of 'a still more individual kind', Hegel was
probably influenced by F. A. Carus (1770-1807), who distinguished broadly
between general, special and individual psychology, and placed idio-
syncrasies within the third category, 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808)
vol. 11 p. 349. The distinction between physical and spirital idiosyncrasies
was not at all usual, although it is by means of it that Hegel gives the word
a connotation closely resembling its English meaning.
The German text-books of the time usually confined themselves to the
discussion of physical 'idiosyncrasies', see the definition given by G. H.
Richerz (1756-1791) 'Antipathy or idiosyncrasy is a permanent, not a
temporary sensitivity, which gives rise to our experiencing extremely un-
pleasant sensations on account of certain things generally recognized as
being innocuous. Awareness ofthese things can also give rise to odd changes
in the body and peculiar involuntary movements. The objects of these
antipathies vary almost as much as the people in whom they are to be
observed, and there is perhaps nothing in nature which is not offensive to
someone in this way.' L. A. Muratori (1677-1750) 'Ueber die Einbil-
dungskraft' (Leipzig, 1785) pt. 11 p. 246. J. F. Abel (1751-1829), 'Samm-
lung und Erklärung merkwürdiger Erscheinungen' (Frankfurt and
Leipzig, 1784) pp. 178-9, lists a number of such cases concerning nutmeg,
cinnamon, honey, snuff etc.
Muratori (op. cit. p. 253) explains antipathy to cats in physical terms: 'It
is very likely that in many cases these curious reactions are elicited by the
fine efHuvia emitted by cats, which can only be sensed by certain noses.'
D. Tiedemann (1748-1803) 'Untersuchungen über den Menschen' (3 pts.
470 Hegel's Philosophy of Subjeetive Spirit
Leipzig, 1777/8) I pp. 2S8-9 raises the possibility of its being a matter of
associated ideas however; cf. C. A. F. Kluge (1782-1844) 'Versuch einer
Darstellung des animalischen Magnetismus' (2nd ed. Berlin, 181S) § 20S.
Hegel may be representing 'idiosyncratic' illness: 'What we call idio-
syncrasy is the capacity possessed by those who are ill for identifying precisely
the objects which are inftuencing them in this way, and giving rise to the
unpleasant feelings.' F. Hufeland (1774-1839) 'Ueber Sympathie' (2nd
ed. Weimar, 1822) p. 9S.
93,20
Cf. the heading ofthis main seetion (2S, 18). Hegel evidently has in mind
the corresponding position of the categories of quality in the Logic (§§ 86-g8).
9S,22
§§ 481-2, i.e. as the immediate antecedent of the treatment of the will in
§§ 4-16 of the Phil. Right.
99,6
§§ 371-S (Phil. Nat. IILI93-210).
99,3 2
In death, the universality of the genus predominates over the singularity
of the animal (§ 37S)' In the act of dying however, it is not the genus, but
the animal itselj which exhibits the passing of the singular into the universal
i.e. its own individuality. At the physical or natural level this is an abstract
individuality however, the complete fulfilment of which involves the whole
course of the Philosophy of Spirit. Within the individual anthropologically
considered, the universality ofthe physical genus has its spiritual counterpart
in the universality of rationality. At this level however, this is nothing more
than the parallel of the physical development.
101, IS
'Räsonnement' has the added connotations of being facile, shallow,
showy, superficial.
101, 18
'Avec l'äge on devient sage.' Cf. 1.117, 30.
101,22
Among Hegel's notes from the Berlin period, there is an extract from the
review ofJohn Evelyn's 'Memoirs' published in April, 1818 in 'The Quarterly
Review' (vol. XIX p. 30 lines 40-2). In his 'Fragment on the Philosophy
of Spirit' (LII9, 3), he refers to Evelyn while discussing precocity, and it
seems reasonable to suppose therefore, that he intended to illustrate the
phenomenon with Evelyn's account of his son Richard, quoted on p. 28 of the
review: '16S8. 27 Jan. After six fits ofan ague died my son Richard, S years
Notes to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . -471
and 3 days old onely, but at that tender age a prodigy for witt and und er-
standing. .. at 2 years and halfe old he could perfecdy reade any of ye
English, Latin, French, or Gottic letters, pronouncing the 3 first languages
exacdy ... The number of verses he could recite was prodigious, and what
he remember'd of the parts of playes, which he would also act; ... he had a
wonderful disposition to mathematics, having by heart divers pro positions
of Euclid that were read to hirn in play, and he would make lines and
demonstrate them.' Cf. 'Memoirs illustrative of the Life and Writings of
John Evelyn, Esq. F.R.S. (ed. William Bray, 2 vols. London, 1819) vol. I
pp. 299-300; see also the ac count of William Wotton (1666-1727) vol. I
pp. s08-9·
Several similar ca ses might have been cited: Christian Heinrich Heinecken
(172 I - I 72S), C. von Schoeneich 'Merkwürdiges Ehren-Gedächtniss von ...
Heinecken' (Hamburg, 1726) ;Johann Philipp Baratier (1172 I-I 740),]. H. S.
Formey 'La Vie de M. Jean Phillippe Baratier' (Frankfurt and Leipzig,
17SS); J. H. F. K. Witte (1800-1883), K. H. G. Witte 'Karl Witte, oder:
Erziehungs- und Bildungsgeschichte desselben' (Leipzig, 1819). The best
known mathematical prodigy ofHegel's day was the American Zerah Colburn
18°4-184°), who was first exhibited by his father in 1810. The extraordinary
calculating abilities of J edidiah Buxton (17°7- 1772) were also well-known
in Germany, see C. P. Moritz and C. F. Pockels 'Magazin zur Erfah-
rungsseelenkunde' vol. S ii pp. IOS-9 (Berlin, 1787).
Hegel would probably have mentioned Mozart, William Crotch (I77S-
1847) and Mendelssohn as examples of musical precocity bearing fruit in
later years.
See Adrien Baillet 'Des Enfans devenus celebres par leurs etudes et par
leurs ecrits' (Paris, 1683); G. F. Schulze 'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd
ed. Göttingen, 1826) pp. 243-4; Theodor Heuss 'Schattenbeschwörung'
(Tübingen, 1960) pp. 55-64 (A. L. von Schlözer); 'Hegel-Studien' vol. 10
p. 23 (197S)·
103, 32
Like the treatment of national characteristics (§ 394), the treatment of
the 'natural course of the stages of life' formed part of most of the textbooks
on anthropology published during Hegel's lifetime. Since to the best of my
knowledge there is no general survey of the literature, it may be of value to
indicate the main features of the background material against which the
merits of Hegel's work are to be judged.
It seems to have been Pythagoras's distinguishing of the four stages of life
which provided the initial inspiration: K. P. ]. Sprengel (1766-1833)
'Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde' (S vols. Halle,
1792- I 828) § 66. Bacon's 'Historia vitae et mortis', 'Works' (London, 1763)
III.375 was sometimes quoted as a classic text, together with P. Villaume's
472 . Heget' s Philosophy 0/ Subjective Spirit
(1746-1806) 'Geschichte des Menschen' (Leipzig, 1783; yd ed. Dessau and

Leipzig, 1802). Cf.J. M. Adair (1728-1802) 'A ... sketch ofthe natural his-
tory of the human body' (Bath, 1787; tr. Michaelis, Zittau and Leipzig,
1788). An important and influential early work in German was B. K.
Faust's (1755-1842) 'Die Periode des menschlichen Lebens' (Berlin, 1794).
It is interesting to find Jaques' famous speech on the seven ages ofman ('As
You Like It' H. vii 140-67) written out in Hegel's album by a friend on
13th February 1791: 'Briefe' IV.60-I.
W. Butte's (1772-1833) arithmetieal analysis of the stages oflife 'Grund-
linien der Arithmetik des menschlichen Lebens' (Landshut, 181 I), a sort of
forerunner of modern ins uran ce company statistics, created quite a stir at
the time, but the predominant approach was physiologieal: see, J. Ith (1747-
1813) 'Versuch einer Anthropologie' (2 pts Berne, 1794/5) H.185-269;J. C.
Goldbeck (1775-1831) 'Grundlinien der Organischen Natur' (Altona, 1808)
pp. 97-127; F. von Gruithuisen (1774-1852) 'Anthropologie' (Munich,
1810) pp. 25-95; G. H. Masius (1771-1823) 'Grundriß anthropologischer
Vorlesungen' (Altona, 1812).
Various writers emphasized various connections between the stages of
life and other disciplines: J. E. von Berger (1772-1833), 'Grundzüge der
Anthropologie' (Altona, 1824) pp. 182-210, saw them as an extension of
embryology; E. D. A. Bartels (1774-1838) 'Anthropologische Bemerkungen'
(Berlin, 1806) pp. 41-67, as an extension ofphrenology; D. T. A. Suabedissen
(1773-1835) 'Die Grundzüge der Lehre von dem Menschen' (Marburg and
Cassel, 1829) pp. 371-80, as the antecedent of raeial differenee; H. B. von
Weber 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen, 1829) pp.
359-70 as the antecedent of sexual differenee; J. Hillebrand (1788-1871) 'Die
Anthropologie' (Mainz, 1823) pp. 121-38, 413-31 as the antecedent of
psyehology.
Among such balanced and general accounts as those provided by F. A.
Carus 'Psychologie' (Leipzig, 1808) H.27-91, J. F. Fries (1773-1843)
'Handbuch der Psychischen Anthropologie' (2 vols. Jena, 18201 I) H. I 72-80,
E. Stiedenroth (1794-1858) 'Psychologie' (2 pts. Berlin, 1824/5) H.270-2,
C. F. Michaelis (1770-1834) 'Die vier Lebensalter' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für
die Anthropologie' 1826 i pp. 63-77) and L. Choulant (1791-1861) 'An-
thropologie' (2 vols. Dresden, 1828), Carus' is the closest in subject-matter
and lay-out to Hegel's.
A basically theologieal approach naturally leads on into a discussion of
life after death in C. L. Funk's (1751-1840) 'Versuch einer praktischen
Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1803) pp. 130-65 and J. C. A. Heinroth's (1773-
1843) 'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 114-30. Cf. L. H.
Jakob (1759-1827) 'Beweis für die Unsterblichkeit der Seele aus dem
Begriffe der Pflicht' (2nd ed. Jena, 1794).
The most detailed treatment of the subject is to be found in W. Liebsch's
(d. 1805) 'Grundriß der Anthropologie' (2 pts. Göttingen, 1806/8) 1.141-68,

and in many respects the most attractive in Joseph Ennemoser's (1787-1854)
romantic 'Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen in psychischer
Hinsicht' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1824 i pp. 95-115);
'Zu einer vollkommenen Familie gehört der Greis, wie das Kind; ohne ihn
fehlt der hohe priesterliche Ernst, wie ohne das Kind die lustige erheiternde
Munterkeit'.
105,9
On the difference between vegetable and animal life in respect of in-
tussusception, see Phi I. Nat. §§ 344, 351 (111.47, 26; 104, 9). Cf. the Aris-
totelian distinction between vegetable, animal and spiritual animation
(LII, 24); F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie' (Leipzig, 1808) 11.43.
105,3 1
Phil Nat. § 343 (111.46, 31).
10 7,3
Phi!. Nat. §§ 350-2 (111. 102-9).
107,6
It is difficult to see in which respect the child's body is more perfeet than
that of any other animal organism. Hegel must have the moral and intel-
lectual potential of the child in mind: see, John Gregory (1724-1773) 'A
Comparative View of the State and Faculties of Man with those of the
Animal World' (1766, London, 1785); 'History of the Development of the
Intellect and Moral Conduct of an Infant during the first twelve days of
its existence' (W. Nicholson 'AJournal ofNatural Philosophy' vo!. XV pp.
42-5°, 1806).
10 7,17
Not so Lear (IV. vi. 187):
'When we are born, we cry that we are come
To this great stage of fools.'
Hegel derived his observation from Herder via J. C. Reil: see, 'Berliner
Schriften' (1956) p. 692.
10 7,26
F. A. Carus op. cit. p. 47: 'Hat das Kind nach Etwas und dann dies
selbst gesehen, so fängt es auch an nach etwas Bestimmten zu greifen, dem ein
biosses Ausstrecken voranging.'
1°7, 3 1
See William Cheselden (1688-1752) 'An account of some observations
made by a young gentleman who was born blind' ('Phi!. Trans. Roy. Soc.'
vol. 35 p. 447, 1728). In describing his successful operation of iridectomy
474 . Hegel's Philosophy of Suqjective Spirit
upon this boy, Chelselden notes that the sensation of touch is basic to our
judgement of distance, and that, 'the ideas of distance are suggested to the
mind by the ideas of magnitudes of objects.' Cf. Robert Smith (I 68g- 1768)
'A Compleat System of Opticks' (Cambridge, 1738) pp. 42-7°. It was on
the basis of these accounts that Herder formulated the theory of blending,
which was well-known in Germany by the turn of the century: see 'An-
fangsgründe der Sternkunde' (1765, Weimar Mss) p. 8; 'Kritisches Wäld-
chen' no. 4 (1769; 'Werke' ed. Suphan IV); H. B. Nisbet 'Herder and the
Philosophy and History of Science' (Cambridge, I 970) p. 153; G. Berkeley
'A New Theory of Vision' (I 709) XLV; G. E. Schulze (1761-1833) 'Psy-
chische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826) p. g8. Cf. I6g, 32-17 I, 6.
10 7,34
Wordsworth's 'Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early
Childhood' (1802); Novalis 'Wo Kinder sind, da ist ein goldnes Zeitalter'.
'Werke' (ed. U. Lassen, Hamburg, n.d.) p. 344.
108, 35
Griesheim wrote 'hat', not 'habt'.
lOg, 8
K. A. Gräbner 'Ueber das Hervorkommen und Wechseln der Zähne bei
Kindern' (Hamburg, 1766); Phil. Nat. IH. 184.
lOg, 9
Note 4 15, 17.
lOg, 15
Phil. Nat. § 351.
lOg, 18
On language see § 459, on egoity § 412. These levels are simply being
referred to in order to illustrate these characteristics of childhood, they do
not find their systematic placing here.
lOg, 36
Genesis HI.5, 22.
I I I, 5
There is an excellent treatment of the significance of games and play in
the best book on child psychology then available in German, J. C. A.
Grohmann's (I 769- I 847) 'Ideen zu einer Geschichte der Entwicklung des
kindlichen Alters' (Elberfeld, 1817) pp. 146-57.
The overall significance of Hegel's remark about playthings opens up
wide fields of speculation. Grohmann has a tendency to sentimentalize
Notes to Volurne Two: Anthropology . 475
play. It may be worth calling attention to D. T. A. Suabedissen's (1773-

1835) 'Die Betrachtung des Menschen' (3 vols. Cassel and Leipzig, 1815/18)
ii.83-9: 'When playing, man is active without ulterior motive and without
striving for anything, he is not in earnest about his activity. His tendency
to play has its origin therefore in the need for an activity which is not
serious, which is both activity and non-activity ... War is agame played
by peoples in their childhood and youth.'
111, 14
It was often noticed that animals were imitative: J. F. Fries (1773-1843)
'Handbuch der Psychischen Anthropologie' (2 vols.Jena, 1820/1) 1.271, and
that savages resembled them in this respect: G. E. Schulze (176 I- 1833)
'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826) pp. 310/11. On the
imitativeness of children: F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie' (Leipzig,
1808) 11.53. Cf. Herder 'Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte' (4 pts. Riga
and Leipzig, 178/gl) bk. IX sect. 2.
11 I, 36
Rousseau's 'Emile' (1762), Jean Paul's 'Levana' (1807) and the edu-
cational theories ofH. Pestalozzi (1746-1827) and F. Froebel (1782-1852)
are probably the ultimate objects of Hegel's criticism here. It is tempting to
assurne, however, that it is the extreme and unbalanced application of their
ideas that he is objecting to. Harmful though Froebel's ideas might be when
applied without qualification to secondary education for example, they
clearly constituted a great advance in respect of kindergarten or primary
education: M. Mackenzie 'Hegel's Educational Theory' (London, Igog)
pp. 146-57. For a useful general survey ofthis, see Curt Zimmermann 'Die
Wertung der Selbstentfaltung des Zöglings in der Pädagogik Jean Pauls und
Hegel's' (Diss., Heidelberg; Freiburg/B., 1913). Cf. K. Silber 'Pestalozzi:
The Man and His Work' (London, 1960); S. Fletcher and J. Walton
'Froebel's Chief Writings on Education' (New York, 1912); O. F. Bollnow
'Die Pädagogik der deutschen Romantik' (Stuttgart, 1952).
113, 6
The present generation is discovering the truth of this: see, J. Park
'Bertrand Russell on Education' (Columbus, 1963); A. S. Neill 'Hearts Not
Heads in the School' (London, Ig45). Cf. H. B. Weber 'Anthropologische
Versuche' (Heidelberg, 1810) pp. 146-72; 'Quarterly Review' vol. 36 pp.
216-68 (1827).
I 13, 10
'He commands enough that obeys a wise man.' Cf. § 435.
113, 28
Cf. 107,32-109,38. Cf. Dietrich Tiedemann (1748-1803) 'Beobachtungen
über die Entwicklung der Seelenfähigkeit bei Kindern' ('Hessische Beiträge
476 . Hegel' s Philosophy of Su~iective Spirit
für Gelehrsamkeit' 1787). Goethe: 'Wenn die Jugend ein Fehler ist, so legt
man ihn sehr bald ab', 'Maximen und Reflexionen' 991.
115, 37
Hegel was headmaster of the Grammar School at Nuremberg from 1808
until he took up the professorship at Heidelberg in 1816. He was therefore
an experienced and evidently successful schoolmaster, and during the first
four years of the Berlin period his professional duties involved a certain
amount of responsibility for education in the schools. The most useful work
on this aspect of his interests and activities is Gustav Thaulow's 'Hegel's
Ansichten über Erziehung und Unterricht' (3 pts. Kiel, 1853/4); see also:
F. L. Luqueer 'Hegel as Educator' (New York, 1896); W. M. Bryant 'Hegel's
Educational Ideas' (Chicago and New York, 1896; reprint New York,
197 I); M. Mackenzie 'Hegel's Educational Theory and Practice' (London,
1909), A. Reble 'Hegel und die Pädagogik' ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 3 pp. 320-
55, 1965); F. Nicolin 'Hegels Bildungstheorie' (Bonn, 1955); E. Meinberg
'Hegel in der Pädagogik des 19. Jahrhunderts' (Diss., Cologne, 1973).
117, 15
See Schlegel's rendering of 'Hamlet' I v 189:
'Die Zeit ist aus den Fugen: Schmach und Gram,
Daß ich zur Welt, sie einzurichten, kam!'
I17, 35
It is tempting to regard this paragraph as a commentary on Hegel's own
changing attitude to the ideals of his youth: H. S. Harris 'Hegel's Develop-
ment' (Oxford, 1972) pp. 104-17.
II7,37
Since Hegel evidently mentioned 'heroes such as Alexander' in this con-
nection ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 p. 25, 1975), his basic attitude may not
have been so anti-idealistic as might appear from Boumann's text: see Phil.
Nat. 1.232, 30. Cf. C. L. Michelet 'Anthropologie und Psychologie' (Berlin,
1840) p. 156.
121, 36
Cf. the transition from morality to ethicallife in Phil. Right §§ 141-57.
122,35
For 'Bergangene' read 'Vergangene'.
123,2
World Hist. 201-9.
Notes to Volume T wo.' Anthropology • 477
12 5,9
Phil. Nat. §§ 374-5. Cf. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) 'Medical Inquiries
and Observations' (2 vols. Philadelphia, 1793) II.295-32I ; E. Valli (1755-
1816) 'Entwurf eines Werks über das hohe Alter' (tr. S. Bonelli, Vienna,
1796).
125, 13
'Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 pp. 21-2 (1975)'
12 5,34
Hegel deals with the physical difference between male and female in Phil.
Nat. §§ 368-9. In the treatment of the stages of life (§ 396), the boy, the
youth and the man are mentioned, but not the girl, the maiden and the
woman. In the Heidelberg Encydopaedia (1817) §§ 314-5, no mention is
made of the psychological difference between male and female, the subject
is absent from Hegel's lecture-notes ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 pp. 23-4, 1975),
and was not touched upon in the Summer Term of 1825, when he made
the unusual transition from the stages of life to the subject-matter of § 392
(Kehler Ms. pp. 79-80).
This is certainly a curious omission. Kant dealt with the subject at great
length in his 'Anthropology' (1798), quoting other learned bachelors such
as Hume on the psychological characteristics of the fair sex and the state of
matrimony. During the early years of the century several massive works on
the subject had made their appearance in German : see]. L. Moreau (177 1-
1826) 'Naturgeschichte des Weibes' (1803; 4 vols. Leipzig and Altenburg,
1805/11), C. F. Pockels (1757-1814) 'Charakteristik des weiblichen Gesch-
lechts' (5 vols. Hanover, 1797-1802), and by the time Hegel was lecturing
at Berlin, it was quite usual for the general text-books on anthropology to
deal with the differences between male and female psychology in con-
nection with racial differences and the stages of life: ]. C. A. Heinroth
'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 104-13; J. Hillebrand
'Die Anthropologie als Wissenschaft' (Mainz, 1823) pp. 396-412; G. E.
Schulze 'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826) pp. 490-5-2.
Amongst Hegel's notes from the Berlin period. there is an extract from
W. ]. Burchell's (1782-1863) 'Travels in the Interior of South Africa' (2
vols. London, 1822) 11.563, in which the universal psychological character-
istics of the female sex are noted: 'I remarked nothing in which theirs
differed from the general female character of other nations ... etc.' I t may,
therefore have been this work which led hirn to insert this in the 'Anthro-
pology'. He seems however, never to have lectured upon it.
C. L. Michelet, 'Anthropologie' (Berlin, 1840) p. 126, noting the omission
from the lectures but not the insertion of this §, suggested that the subject
ought to be dealt with as the sequent ofracial differences and the antecedent
478 . Hegel's Philosophy qf Subjective Spirit
ofthe various temperaments (i.e. 83, 20). K. Rosenkranz 'Psychologie' (2nd

ed. Königsberg, 1843) pp. 58-62 suggested that the end of § 395 was a suit-
able stage for it in the dialectical progression.
12 5, 36
Cf. §§ 518-22, and Phil. Right §§ 158-81.
12 7,26
A. Corradi 'Memorie e Documenti per la storia dell' Universita di Pavia'
parts II and III (Pavia, 1877/8). Napoleon had numerous contacts with the
university (II1.468), and had it entirely reorganized as from 23rdJune 1800
(II.44-46). There were three faculties - philosophy, medicine and juris-
prudence, so the 'ideology dass' must have been a sub-section ofphilosophy.
Cf. J. H. Rose 'The Life of Napoleon' (2 vols. London, 1904) 1.96.
12 7, 35
In the Organics (Phil. Nat. § 361), Hegel indicates the natural or instinctive
nature ofwaking and sleep, they: 'are not the result ofa stimulus originating
in something external. They are an unmediated participation in nature and
its changes, occurring as internal rest and retrenchrnent from the outer
world.' It is at the end of the Anthropology (§ 412) that the ego of con-
sciousness finds its systematic placing as the immediate antecedent of the
succeeding sphere of Phenomenology.
These natural and phenomenologicallevels have to be distinguished when
dealing with waking and sleep at this juncture, for although these states still
involve 'unrnediated participation in nature', they now occur within a sub-
jective or individual soul which is however, not yet conscious of itself as distinct
from nature. In falling asleep, this soul subsides into its 'universal essence' ,
by waking it distinguishes itselffrom this essence as a subject. Although it is
not yet conscious, its drearning involves presentations of the external world
acquired through consciousness. Consequently, if we fail to grasp the differ-
ence between the two levels of the soul and consciousness, we shall become
confused when attempting to distinguish between consciousness of the
external world and the dreams it gives rise to.
12 9, 17
Cf. § 455.
129, 41
'Critique of Pure Reason' B278/9: 'From the fact that the existence of
external things is a necessary condition of the possibility of a determined
consciousness of ourselves, it does not follow that every intuitive representation
of external things involves the existence of these things, for their representa-
tions may well be the mere products of the imagination (in dreams as weIl
as in madness); though, indeed, these are themselves created by the repro-

duction of previous external perceptions, which, as has been shown, are
possible only through the reality of external objects. The sole aim of our
remarks has, however, been to prove that internal experience in general is
possible only through external experience in general'.
13 1, 7
Logic §§ 2, 49-51, 68.
133,8
Cf. Aristotle 'On Sleeping and Waking' 457 b 2: 'Sleep is a sort of con-
centration or natural recession inwards.'
133, 14
Aristotle op. cit. 456 a-458 a discusses at some length the physical factors
conducive to sleep, such as food and narcotics. The Physiological analysis of
the state predominated during Hegel's youth: see, J. D. Metzger (1739-
1805) 'Medizinisch philosophische Anthropologie' (Weißenfels and Leipzig,
1790) pp. 150/1; W. Liebsch (d. 1805) 'Grundriß der Anthropologie' (2 pts.
Göttingen, 1806/8) II.801 et seq., in which the earlier view is criticized and
a new approach is advocated: 'Consequently, the same vital process presides
over both sleeping and waking; sleep is animal life in a predominantly
objective form, waking is the vital process in a predominantly subjective
form; the unity of life is common to both conditions. In the waking state
it is the system of sensitivity which determines the vital process, in sleep it is
the blood-vessel or assimilativc system, the materiality of the blood, which
is the detcrmining factor.' (p. 847).
133, 22
§§ 453, 473-8 i.e. complex levels of psychology, presupposing consciousness
(§§ 4 1 3-39).
133,29
Hegel employs this phrase on several occasions, usually when he wants
to emphasize the significance of a complex unity the constitution of which
he can locate but not analyzc: 'Erste Druckschriften' (cd. G. Lasson,
Leipzig, 191 I) p. 90; Phil. Nat. III. 22, 35; Phil. Sub. Sp. 11.429, 2. He
evidently borrowed it from Schelling's 'Zeitschrift für spekulative Physik'
vol. 11 pt. ii p. I 16 (Jena and Leipzig, 180 I).
135,4
It should be noted that in this first paragraph, Boumann has summarized
the reasons Hegel gave for dealing with sleep and waking at this stage in the
dialectical progression. If we are to judge from the 1825 lecture-notes, and
during that Summer Term Hegel devoted no less than four lectures to the
480 . Heget' s Philosophy of Subjeclive Spirit
consideration of the whole subject (Frid. 10th June-Thurs. 16th June), he

has assembled most of the main points. He has, however, failed to indicate
that the topic was introduced by me ans of a reference to the Logic. At the
preceding levels of natural qualities and changes there is, according to
Hegel, the infinite progression of one state simply succeeding or negating
the other. Here, however, 'the infinity of self-relation enters in,... in
accordance with the logical context. This constitutes the exclusion of this
other, the negation ofthe otherness.' (Kehler Ms. p. 85). Cf. Logic §§ 94-8.
135, 13
Phil. Nat. II.29, 28; cf. III.146.
135, 27
Phil. Nat. § 355 (III.3 IO, 3'7); cf. note 187, '7.
135, 28
Iliad xiv 231; Hesiod 'Theogony' 756; Virgil 'Aeneid' vi 278; see M. C.
Stokes 'Hesiodic and Milesian Cosmogonies' (Phronesis VII, 1962 p. 12).
The famous chest of Cypselus (d. 627 B.C.) was evidently adorned with a
representation of Death and Sleep in the arms of their mother Night (Pau-
sanias V, 18, i). Cf. Leibniz 'Nouveaux Essais' (Everyman ed. p. 155),
Matthew IX.24.
On the last page of the book by C. A. F. Kluge (1782- I 844) referred to by
Hegel 303, 20, the vignette on the title-page is explained as follows: 'Die
Nacht, als die Erzeugerin alles Schönen und Furchtbaren, Dunkeln und
Geheimnisvollen, und daher die Mutter der Brüder Schlaf und Tod, weilt
mit diesen ihren Söhnen auf dem öden Gipfel eines wolkenumhangenen
Berges, welchen Aeskulap unter Leitung des am südlichen Himmel glänzenden
Sternbildes, des Compasses, aufgefunden hat, und nun bemüht ist, den dem
Schoosse der Mutter schon entrückten Schlaf aus seiner dunkeln Hülle
hervorzuziehen und mit sich fortzuführen.'
Cf. F. A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) vol. 11 p. '78; P. B.
Shelley ('792-1822) 'Queen Mab' (1813; 1816) lines 1-2.
135,33
Phil. Nat. § 282 (11.35-8). In the 1825 lectures (loc. cit. p. 9 I) Hegel
made the point that light and sight constitute the essential relation of the
waking organism to the external world.
137, 3
See the instances mentioned 265-7.
137,22
Phil. Nat. III.129-3I.
137,33
Cf. 359, 29·
J41, 18
§ 422 (Understanding), §§ 438-9 (Reason), §§ 465-8 (Thought and
Understanding) i.e. all these levels are more complex that that of the soul.
141,26
Cf. the notes on the association ofideas and Kant's distinction (lU. 159, 16;
11.129,41). In that Hume, for example, had no philosophical conception
of this 'connectedness of necessity', he could have had no corresponding
conception of the difference between waking and dreaming.
J41,3 1
Categories of the understanding in that, as in Kant, their formulation
involves the subject-object antithesis, not the systematic treatment of the
Logic: see Logic § 3.
143,3
Cf. Artabanus' advice to Xerxes (Herodotus VII): 'I, who am older
than you by many years, will tell you what these visions are that float
before our eyes in sleep; nearly always these drifting phantoms are the
shadows of what we have been thinking about during the day.' Aristotle's
opinion is very similar: 'On Prophecy in Sleep' 463a 8-22; 'On Dreams'.
Hegel's attitude is so similar to this, that it seems reasonable to suppose that
it was based upon these Aristotelian works, probably indirectly: see the
notes 'Zur Psychologie' (1794).
143,5
F.A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1805) II. 274/5: 'The nightmare
is a physical oppression accompanied by anxiety and the inability to move
the body. The imagination takes the reason for this agonizing condition to be
a frightful apparition, a weight bearing down upon the body, a terrifying
situation. Although the person's eyes are often open, he feels that he has no
control over himself. The pressure of the cramp causes his visions to assume
a degree of distinctness approaching that of actual experiences. He is often
aware of himself, and yet unable to speak or even to cry out.'
The 'mare' element in the English word signifies an incubus or demon,
and the apparition is sometimes known as the 'night-hag' or the 'riding of
the witch'. There is a German equivalent, 'Mahr', but the more usual term is
'Alb' i.e. our 'elf'.]. A. E. Goeze (1751-1793) 'Natur, Menschenleben und
Vorsehung' (7 vols. Leipzig, 1789/94) vol. III pp. 487-94, V pp. 353-8;
W. Rowley 'Praktische Abhandlung' (Breslau, 1790) pp. 260-4; E. Jones
'On the Nightmare' (London, 1931).
143,21
Cf. note 285, 1I.
482 . Hegel's PhilosOpky oJ Subjective Spirit
143, 29
Cf. note 133, 14; Aristotle 'On Dreams' 461 b.
143, 33
This treatment of dreams is notable mainly on account of its sobriety and
matter-of-factness. Hegel's attitude has much more in common with that
of those who were attempting to cure people of the nightmare by means of
carbonate ofsoda ('European Magazine' vol. 70 pp. 327/8, Oct. 1816), than
with the elaborate theorizing then beginning to get under way in central
Europe: see 1. D. Mauchart (1764-1826) 'Vorschlag zu einer neuen Be-
handlungsart der Onirologie' (C. C. E. Schmid's 'Anthropologisches
Journal' vol. 4 no. iii pp. 187-245); P. Lersch 'Der Traum in der deutschen
Romantik' (Munich, 1923); P. Ritzla 'Der Traum in der Dichtung der
deutschen Romantik' (Diss. Zürich: Berne, 1943); Olga König-Flachsen-
feld 'Wandlungen des Traumproblems von der Romantik bis zur Gegen-
wart' (Stuttgart, 1935)'
G. H. Schubert's fascinating 'Die Symbolik des Traumes' (Bamberg,
1814) is a theory oflanguage and poetry rather than a treatment ofdreams.
145, 16
Hegel met Jean Paul (1763-1825) in Heidelberg in theJuly and August
of 1817, and the origin of this observation is probably to be dated from this
period. It was well-known that Jean Paul had a way with children, and we
have a delightful account of Hegel's reaction to the banter which ensued
when it was suggested at a party thatJean Paul should co-opera te with hirn
in producing a philosophy for young girls: see Eduard Berend 'J ean Pauls
Persönlichkeit in Berichten der Zeitgenossen' (Berlin, 1956) pp. 69, 167,
300; G. Nicolin 'Hegel in Berichten seiner Zeitgenossen' (Hamburg, 1970)
nos. 2 I 2-3 I.
A whimsical or playful associating of ideas was evidently a characteristic
of Jean Paul's general manner of conversation: see the ac count given by
Hegel's colleague Heinrich Voss (1779-1822) ofthe visitJean Paul paid to
another Heidelberg professor, F. H. C. Schwarz (1766-1837), on 8th July
1817, 'We lunched with Schwarz yesterday, and had a thoroughly pleasant
and enjoyable time, together with the children. J ean Paul is hirnself a child,
and has a great deal of fun with them ... He has a remarkable way with
hirn. Every word spoken gives rise to a new idea, which like 'harmless
lightning' (the phrase is Shakespeare's) passes gently across the mi nd for
the moment. Hence the infinite copiousness of his conversation. When in
company at large, he will seI dom speak connectedly, but leaps about from
one thing to another ... ' See Berend op. cit. p. 163; Voss was Professor of
Philology, and then engaged on translating Shakespeare, hence this reference
to 'Cymbeline' V, v, 394. Jean Paul discusses the art of falling asleep in

'Dr. Katzenbergers Badereise' (1809) p. 402.
Cf. F. Nicolin 'Hegel als Professor in Heidelberg' ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 2
pp. 71-98, 1963) p. 76.
145, 22
Bichat's distinction, note 135, 19·
147,5
Cf. note 135, 13. The alternating states constitute a negative relationship
in that they are not reconciled. It is only formally negative however, since
the affirmative or reconciliatory factor of the sentient soul is already present.
147,9
Sensation was not clearly distinguished from feeling (§§ 403-10) in the
general usage of the time, see J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch'
vol. 2 p. 566 (Leipzig and Altenburg, 1818). Hegel, influenced perhaps by
J. N. Tetens (1736-1807) 'Philosophische Versuche über die menschliche
Natur' (Leipzig, 1]77) I.2I4, makes use of the original and literal meaning
ofthe German word, i.e. ent-vinden, what onefinds within, in order to establish
a clear difference between the two words and what they refer to.
147,35
The treatment ofsleep, waking and dreams was concluded in this manner
in the I825lectures. The 'unity ofthe two aspects' was then taken to be the
immediate antecedent of sensation. By this time, therefore, Hegel had already
formulated this transition as it appears here in the 1830 edition of the
Encyclopaedia. He was teaching on the basis of the 1817 edition however,
so that there was a marked difference between the printed version of §§ 3 I 7-
8 and the commentary in the lecture-room. Several works on the subject
had been published at Berlin during this period, and it might be worth
investigating whether they influenced the development of his ideas on the
subject: see N. Weigersheim 'Dissertatio de somni physiologia' (Berlin,
1818); G. A. Gottel (b. 1797) 'Somni adumbratio physiologica et patho-
logica' (Berlin, 1819); Heinrich von Buchholz 'Ueber den Schlaf und die
verschiedenen Zustände desselben' (introd. C. W. Hufeland, Berlin, 182 I);
C. G. O. Westphal 'Diss. inaug. de somno somnio, insania' (Berlin, 1822).
15 1, 17
Cf. I.I23, 20.
15 1,26
An 'Urtheil' or 'primary component' is also a 'judgement': see the pro-
gression from judgement to syllogism in the Logic §§ 166-95. In this case
sleep is the major premiss, waking the minor, and sensation the 'conclusion',
sublating and mediating its antecedents.
484 . Hegel' 5Philosophy 0/ Subjcctive Spirit
153, I I
Literally, 'a subdued wealling'. Cf. II I. I 17, 22. Originally 'weaving'
simply meant 'moving about', - the association with clothmaking came
later. Both meanings have been preserved in modern German, as they have
to some extent in modern English, and on account of Luther's translation
of Acts XVII. 28, have given rise to such associations as Hegel seems to
have in mind here. Cf. Plato 'Republic' 617; Goethe 'Faust' 508-9; Thomas
Gray 'The Bard' (1757) II i I, 'The Fatal Sisters' (1761).
153, 19
Logic §§ 84-98. Quality is the most basic ofthe three major sub-categories
ofBeing.
155, 12 .
Cf. §§ 413-8 on the ego of consciousness, § 481 on the freedom of rational
spirituality; Phi!. Right §§ 129-40 on conscience; note 95, 22 on will and
character.
155, 25
Matthew XV.I9.
155, 34
It is already apparent from Hegel's early writings that there are two as-
pects to his assessment of the heart: '1t is inherent in the Notion of religion
that it is no me re science ofGod ... but a concern ofthe heart.' (1793; Nohl
p. 5, H. S. Harris pp. 481-507). On the other hand, in the Phenomenology
of 1807, the law of the heart: 'Shows itself to be this inner perversion of
itself, to be consciousness gone crazy', to be on the brink of tottering into
'the frenzy of self-conceit' etc. (Baillie pp. 39 I -400).
The criticism of the heart at this juncture quite evidently refers to its being
overvalued in political and religious contexts: § 471; Phi!. Right § 2 I; Phi!.
Re!. 11.331-2. However, it is also clearly related to the censuring of Pesta-
lozzi and Froebel (note I I I, 36): see the former's 'Geist und Herz in der
Methode' (1805; 'Werke' ed. E. Bosshart, IO vols. Zürich, 1944/9) vol. 9
p. 341, in which he advocates 'the subordination of all education in the
humanities to the education of the heart'. Cf. J. K. Lavater's (1741-1801)
poem 'Das menschliche Herz' (1789), in which it is said to be the source of
all 'innocence, love, goodness, gentleness, compassion, magnanimity' etc.;
H. B. Weber 'Anthropologische Versuche' (Heidelberg, I8IO) pp. 204-29.
155, 38
Phi I. Nat. §§ 351,357.
159,25
In the 1817 Encyclopaedia (§ 318) there is no attempt to define sensation
as distinct from feeling. In the 1825 lectures however (Thurs. 16th June-
Frid. 17th June), the subject is given a lengthy and elaborate treatment,
most ofwhich is incorporated in the present text. The friction with Schleier-
macher on matters of religion probably led Hegel to reconsider his already
well-formulated exposition of sensation in the Phil. Nat. (111. 103-4, 136-7),
and then to the realization that it was relevant to a more carefully formu-
la ted treatment of this part of the Anthropology.
159,26
Note 147,9.
160, 19
For 'der Organe' read 'oder Organe'. Cf. 1827 ed. 377, 17.
162, 3
For '817' read '317'. Boumann reproduces this error (121, 13). 'Deter-
minate' light, in that unlike light as such (Phil. Nat. §§ 275-8), it is deter-
mined by a complexity ofphysical factors (Phil. Nat. §§ 317-20; 111.380-2).
163,8
Phil. Nat. 11.161-4,82,96.
163, 15
Phil. Nat. 111.162, 18, where the physiological aspect is investigated.
163, 27
When the composure of a person's disposition (Ruhe des Gemüths) was
disturbed by a pleasant or unpleasant presentation (Vorstellung), his dis-
position was said to be 'moved', a 'dispositional motion' or disturbance
(Gemüthsbewegung) was said to take place. If this motion remained con-
fined to the soul, it was called a feeling (Gefühl), if it influenced the body
it was called an affection (Affekt). During the eighteenth century, no clear
distinction was drawn between affections and passions (Leidenschaften), but
as the result of a work by J. G. E. Maaß (1766-1823) 'Versuch über die
Gefühle, besonders über die Affecten' (2 pts. Halle, 181 I I I 2), reference to
the difference soon became a commonplace: see F. A. Carus (1770- I 807)
'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) 1.434-94; G. E. Schulze (1761-1833)
'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen, 1826) pp. 345-8; L. Chou-
lant (1791-1861) 'Anthropologie' (2 vols. Dresden, 1828); D. T. A. Suabe-
dissen (1773-1835) 'Die Grundzüge der Lehre von dem Menschen' (Mar-
burg and Cassel, 1829) pp. 224-5. An affection was said to be a particularly
486 . Hegel's Philosophy qf Subjectil'e Spirit
intense but ephemeralJeeling such as joy, courage or rage, a passion a slowly

developing and persistent expression of desire such as ambition, covetousness,
revenge. Affections were therefore taken to be common to both animals and
human beings, whereas passions were regarded as peculiarly human,-
hence Hegel's treatment of passion as an advanced level of Psychology
(§§ 473-4)·
The affections are therefore treated here as a sub-level of the general
sphere of sensation in that they do not yet exhibit the degree of predominant
subjectivity characteristic of feeling (§ 403 et seq.) They are sensation expressed
in bodily form. See K. H. Dzondi's (1770-1835) article in J. F. Pierer's
'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' vol. I pp. 106-15 (Leipzig and Altenburg,
1816) .
165,8
Phil. Nat. § 355, where Hegel's sources in the physiological literature of
the time are mentioned.
167, I
On the background to this procedure see Phil. Nat. III.327-8.
16 7, 36
On the elose relationship between smell and taste, particularly in Swabia,
see Phil. Nat. II.161, III.139.
16 7, 38
The senses here are arranged in order to make the transition from the
relative abstraction of sensation to the relative concreteness of feeling, - sight,
in this respect, being the most general and abstract, and touch the most
specific and concrete. In § 358 however, they are arranged in the converse
order, in accordance with the extent to which their external equivalents
approximate, through them, to the inwardness and expressiveness of animal
being, touch in this case being the most general and abstract, and sight and
hearing the most expressive of this inwardness. (Phil. Nat. II I. I 38-40).
Cf. III.13 1, 3.
Such attempts to arrange the sens es in a 'rational' sequence were common
enough at that time in works devoted to Anthropology: J. D. Metzger
'Medizinisch-philosophische Anthropologie' (Weißenfels and Leipzig, 1790)
pp. 74-8 I ; J. Ith 'Versuch einer Anthropologie' (2 pts. Berne, 1794/5) II. I 7-
70; Kant 'Anthropologie' (Königsberg, 1798) §§ 15-25; W. Liebsch 'Grun-
driß der Anthropologie' (2 pts. Göttingen, 1806/8) pp. 390-481; F. A. Carus
'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) I. 124-69; F. von Gruithuisen 'Anthro-
pologie' (Munich, 1810) pp. 305-415; G. H. Masius 'Grundriß anthro-
pologischer Vorlesungen' (Altona, 1812) pp. 102-14; D. T. A. Suabedissen
'Die Betrachtung des Menschen' (3 vols. Cassel and Leipzig, 1815/18)

111.187-23°; P. C. Hartmann 'Der Geist des Menschen' (1819; 2nd ed.
Vienna, 1832); J. F. Fries 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (2
vols.Jena, 182-/21) 1.90-139; L. Choulant 'Anthropologie' (2 vols. Dresden,
1828) 1.94-128.
169, 13
Phil. Nat. §§ 275-78.
169, 17
Phil. Nat. § 320.
169,3 2
Cf. note 167, 38.
171, 6
Cf. note 107, 31.
171, 10
Phil. Nat. §§ 300-1. Cf. the note on terminology (111.69, 10). By using the
word 'Ton' (tone), Hegel may be emphasizing the subjective aspect here,
although in 1825 (Kehler Ms. p. 102), he evidently used 'Schall'.
173, 14
Phil. Nat. §§ 321-2.
173, 32
Phil. Nat. §§ 295-9.
175,5
Phil. Nat. §§ 303-7.
175, 7
Phil. Nat. §§ 310-5. Since Hegel mentions Aristotle's 'De Anima' as the
'sole work of speculative interest' on the general topic of the soul (§ 378),
attention should, perhaps, be called to the treatment of the senses in bk. 11
of this work. As here in the Anthropology, a beginning is made with sen-
sation, and sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch are then considered in that
order. Cf. Aristotle's 'De Sensu' (Loeb no. 288 pp. 205-83).
175, 19
Logic §§ 86-106; Aristotle 'De Anima' 426a 28-426b 9; J. F. Pierer
'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' vol. I pp. 112-3 (Leipzig and Altenburg,
1816).
488 . Hegel's Philosophy oJ Subjective Spirit
175,29
Note 163, 27.
175,35
Phil. Nat. § 361.
177, 29
37,4 et seq.
177,34
It should be noted that it is we who have brought the development of the
soul to the present stand point, not the soul that has developed i.e. that the
progression involved is essentially Notional, an intellectual assessment of a
given difference in degree of complexity, triadically interpreted in the light
of the final telos (§§ 574-7), not a natural development. Cf. Phil. Nat. 1.25-6,
§ 249; note 205, 16.
178, 34
Griesheim wrote 'Neuton' .
179, 12
§ 457-8. Cf. the extensive and detailed treatment of symbolism in the
Aesthetics (p. 1285). It is just possible that Hegel also has in mind the then
outmoded use of the word in 'chemical' contexts. 'Elements' were said to
'symbolize' i.e. to combine, unite and harmonize, - as exterior sensations
do in the soul. J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' vol. VII p. 807
(Altenburg, 1827).
179, 15
On physical sympathies, see Phil. Nat. II I. I 28, 146. Cf. F. Hufeland
(1774-1839) 'Ueber Sympathie' (Weimar, 181l; 2nd ed. 1822); F. D. J. M.
Dehier 'Essai sur la sympathie' (Paris, 1815).
181,3
See the fascinating historical study of this by M. Reinhold, 'History of
purpie as a status symbol in antiquity' (Brussels, 1970).
181, 7
Hegel is more specific in the Aesthetics 842: "In accordance with this
symbolism, when the Virgin Mary is portrayed enthroned as Queen of
Heaven she usually has a red mande, but when she appears as a mother,
a blue one".
181, 19
Herder 'Plastik' (1769; 'Werke' ed. Suphan VIII.IOI) seems to have
brought the subject of the symbolism of colours into general discussion.
Goethe's 'Zur Farbenlehre. Didaktischer Teil' (ed. Matthaie, Weimar,
1955) sect. VI 'Sinnlich-sittliche Wirkung der Farbe' and §§ 915-20 was
almost certainly Hegel's main source of inspiration: Phil. Nat. 11.153. He
treats the subject again, at great length, in the Aesthetics 838-50. Wilhelm
Wundt (1832-1910), in his 'Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie'
(5th ed. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1912) praises Goethe as the 'founder of the im-
pression method', i.e. as the first systematic investigator of the influence
colours have upon feelings.
185, 25
§§ 483-571. Philosophy (§§ 572-7), evidently, does not involve feeling.
185,3 8
§§ 440-82, the Psychology.
187, 7
§ 41 I.
18 7, 17
M. F. X. Bichat (1771-1802), 'Recherches physiologiques sur la Vie et
la Mort' (Paris, 1800; tr. F. Gold, London, London, 1815) eh. I pp. 7-8;
see Phil. Nat. § 355 (111.310, 317). It is interesting to note that Schopen-
hauer also praises Bichat for having drawn this distinction: 'His observations
and mine confirm one another. His provide the physiological commentary
on mine, mine the philosophical commentary on his, and the best way to
understand us both is to read us together.' 'Die Welt als Wille' bk. 2 ch. 20.
Bichat was in substantial agreement with the animism of G. E. Stahl
(1660-1734) in his analysis ofthe basic principle ofliving matter: see Phil.
Nat. 111.230, 375. Cf. M. Laignel-Lavastine 'Sourees, principes, sillage et
critique de l'oeuvre de Bichat' ('Bulletin de la Societe franc;aise de philo-
sophie' 46, 1952, I).
18 7, 27
Literally: 'a thousand-year error'.
189, 26
Phil. Nat. § 250.
189, 33
The etymological history of 'heart' (Herz) is better than that of 'head'
(Haupt, Kopf) in bearing Hegel out on this. The latter simply derive from
the words for skull or cup, whereas already in Old Indian, the former is
associated with disposition or courage: F. Kluge 'Etymologisches Wörter-
buch der Deutschen Sprache' (Berlin, 1963). For a useful survey of the
associations embedded in Indian and Greek in this respect, see W. Biester-
feld's article in]. Ritter's 'Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie' (Darm-
stadt, 1974) vol. 3 pp. 1099-1 I I. Cf.]. D. Metzger (1739-1805) 'Ueber den
menschlichen Kopf in anthropologischer Rücksicht' (Königsberg, 1803).
190 ,35
For 'dieer' read 'dieser'.
19 1, 3
Phil. Nat. § 354. Hegel distinguishes between the nervous, the sanguine
and the digestive or reproductive systems. This was quite normal at the time.
The 'reproductive' were therefore quite distinct from the sexual functions
of the body (§ 368). On diseases of the reproductive or digestive system, see
F. W. Wolf (d. 1837) 'Ueber die Natur, Erkenntniß und Cur der Krank-
heiten des reproductiven Systems' (Berlin, 181 I). Sorrow and grief were
said to give rise to cramps, stoppages, inflammations, disturbances and in-
terruptions of regular functions in the abdomen, and also to affect the
breast, the mother's milk for example: K. H. Dzondi's (1770-1835) article
on affection in Pierer's 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' I p. 112 (1816).
19 1, 17
Phil. Nat. § 365; III.338: cf. J. Maclury 'Experiments upon the human
bile' (London, 1772); G. Goldwitz 'Neue Versuche zu einer wahren
Physiologie der Galle' (2 pts. Bamberg, 1785/9).
19 1,3 0
Phil. Nat. III.162, 17 and the reference to S. T. Sömmerring's (1775-
1800) explanation of blushing and turning pale, III.345.
193,4
Phil. Nat. § 355.
193, 29
See the excellent discussion of this in Alexander Crichton's (1763-1856)
extremely influential 'An Inquiry into ... Mental Derangement' (2 vols.
London, 1798; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1809, 2nd ed. 1810) p. 153: 'All moral
causes which make us laugh, occasion a sudden transition from one series
of ideas, to others which are not only dissimilar, but contradictory to the
former. This kind of contradiction is either, Ist. A contradiction between
words and their more obvious meanings, or, 2dly. A contradiction between
the sentiment which the words convey, and certain peculiar modes of think-
ing. 3dly. It consists in actions which are contradictory, inasmuch as they
Notes to Volume Two: Anthropology . 491
are apt to occasion two very opposite emotions at one and the same moment
of time ... To the third class belong the vast variety of objects, such as the
tricks and gestures of stage-fools, and clowns, in pantomime entertainments,
whose faces and gestures display the most sudden transitions from seriousness
to a broad grin; from crying to laughter, from awkward obsequiousness and
ceremony, to excesses offamiliarity, and disrespect; from terror and appre-
hension, to foolish intimacy and security.'
For similar discussions, see: S. A. Tissot (1728-1797) 'Sämmtliche zur
Arztneykunst gehörige Schriften' (4 vols. tr. J. C. Kerstens, Leipzig, 1779/81)
IV § 137; D. Tiedemann 'Handbuch der Psychologie' (Leipzig, 1804) 84;
C. F. PockeIs 'Psychologische Bemerkungen über das Lachen' (C. P. Moritz
'Magazin zur ErfahrungsseeIenkunde' vol. III pt. i pp. 8g-106); H. von
Keyserlingk 'Anthropologie' (Berlin, 182 7) § 37.
195,4
Aesthetics 1167.
195, I I
Delightfully enough, Hegel presents comedy as the eulmination and dis-
solution of the whole sphere of art (Aesthetics 1235). HAaß€CTTOS "lAos, Sir
Thomas Browne's 'unextinguishable laugh in heaven', eases the dialectieal
transition from art to religion: 'The modern world has developed a type of
comedy whieh is truly comieal and truly poetic. Here onee again the keynote
is good humour, assured and careless gaiety despite all failure and mis-
fortune, exuberanee and the audaeity of a fundamentally happy eraziness,
folly, and idiosyncrasy in general.'
195, 19
Thomas Brown (1778-1820), 'Leetures on the Philosophy ofthe Human
Mind' (Edinburgh, 1824) no. 58, diseusses Hobbes' famous definition of
laughter as, 'a sudden glory, arising from a sudden coneeption of some
eminency in ourseIves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with
our own formerly.' Cf. Franeis Huteheson (1694-1746) 'Thoughts on
Laughter' ('Hibernieus's Letters' Dublin, 1725/7); E. A. Nieolai (1722-
1802) 'Abhandlung vom Lachen' (Halle, 1746); Denis-Prudent Roy
'Traite medico-philosophique sur le rire' (Paris, 1814).
195, 23
8aKpVO€V ,,€Aaaaaa. Iliad VI.484. Hector, Andromache, the child, and the
thought of the future:
'Soft on her fragrant breast the babe she laid,
Hush'd to repose, and with a smile survey'd.
The troubled pleasure soon ehastis'd by fear,
She mingled with a smile a tender tear.'
(Pope).
195, 3 1
Plutarch ascribes this to the inftuence of Anaxagoras: 'Peric1es acquired
not only an elevation of sentiment, and a loftiness and purity of style, far
removed from the low expression ofvulgar, but likewise a gravity of count-
enance which relaxed not into laughter, a firm and even tone of voice, an
easy deportment, and a decency of dress, which no vehemence of speaking
ever put into disorder.' Born about 490 B.G., he entered politics at about
the age of twenty.
195, 37
See the instances collected by A. von Haller (1708-1777) in his 'Elementa
physiologiae corporis humani' (8 vols. Lausanne, 1757/66) vol. V bk. 16
sect. I § 16.
197, 29
Phil. Nat. § 284 and III. 128. Those indefatigable analysts A. F. Fourcroy
(1755-1809) and L. N. Vauquelin (1763-1829) were diligent enough to
analyze tears chemicalry: 'Examen chimique des larmes' ('Annales de chemie'
vol. X p. 113): 96% water, the rest cooking salt, natron, phosphates of
natron and lime. Cf. Kant 'Anthropologie' §§ 76-9.
For arecent survey of work on the social significance of 'eye contact',
see M. Argyle and M. Cook 'Gaze and Mutual Gaze' (Cambridge, 1975).
199, 22
Among the Romans, the libitinarii or professional undertakers attending
a funeral usually inc1uded a prae.fica or mourner who sang the nenia or dirge,
and a number of assistants who made responses to the singing, while weep-
ing, beating their breasts and tearing their hair. See Servius's commentary
on the 'Aeneid' bk. VI line 216.
199,34
Phil. Nat. III.19 1, 5.
201, 13
On Swabian funeral customs, see Anton Birlinger 'Aus Schwaben' (2 vols.
Wiesbaden, 1874) II.314. Cf. E. Hoffmann-Krayer and H. Bächtold-
Stäubli 'Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens' vol. VIII cols.
985-91 (Berlin and Leipzig, 1936/7).
201, 16
'Dichtung und Wahrheit' (tr. John Oxenford, London, 1864) vol. I p.
240 (bk. VII): 'And thus began that tendency from which I could not
deviate my whole life through; namely, the tendency to turn into an image,
into apoern, everything that delighted or troubled me, or otherwise occupied
me, and to come to some understanding with myself upon it, that I might
both rectify my conceptions of external things, and set my mind at rest
about them.'
201,25
Phil. Nat. III.128, 164, 318. With regard to the diaphragm, see A. von
Haller (17°8-1777) 'De Diaphragmatis' (Leipzig, 1738).
201,3°
This § is, in some essential respects, arestatement at the anthropological
level of §§ 354-5. Bichat's distinction (note 187, 17), and his assessment of
the importance of the sympathetic nerve (Phi!. N at. III. I 30, 10) is therefore
basic to the whole exposition.
201, 37
111.129, 19; 'Gespräche mit Eckermann' 2nd ]anuary 1824, 17th March
1830. Cf.]. Schumacher 'Melemata' (Mannheim, 1967) pp. 129-42; K. R.
Mandelkow 'Goethe im Urteil seiner Kritiker' I.27-88 (Munich, 1975).
2°3,20
Note 147,9.
2°5, 16
Cf. note 177, 34. Although the progession is essentially Notional, the
differences it deals with are given i.e. the soul 'raises itself'. The philosophy
of Anthropology is the procedure involved in the intellectual grasping of
the various levels ofthe soul's approximation to consciousness (§ 413 et seq.).
208,7
For 'gleichgiltig' read 'gleichgültig'.
209, 12
'Convolution' is an unusual word in Hege!. He may be using it here in
order to emphasize the fact that these determinations are 'rolled together'
in our intuition and experience as weIl as in the objective world. The Latin
root 'volvere' applies to the rolling up of a script for example, as weIl as to
the turning over of thoughts in one's mind.
21 I, 7
Note 23,23
21 I, 26
Note 247, 17·
212, 3
Insert a full-stop after 'trete'.
494 . Heget' s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
215, 18
It is important to note that Hegel only fuHy clarified his terminology at
this juncture at a very late date, and that his treatment of the sensation
and feeling involved in intuition (§§ 445-50) and practical spirit (§§ 47 1-2)
can easily lead to confusions unless we keep these various levels in mind
while discussing his expositions.
In the 1817 Encyclopaedia (§ 319) he makes no mention offeeling at this
level, and the differences between the 1827 and 1830 editions show that the
present headings were not decided upon until the very end of his teaching
career, probably as the result of the preparations he made for the lectures
on 'Psychology and Anthropology' delivered during the Winter Term of
182g/30.
Despite the lingering uncertainties apparent in these late alterations
however, the material published by Nicolin and Schneider in 'Hegel-
Studien' vol. 10 pp. 26-8 (lg75) seems to indicate that he had grasped the
importance of distinguishing between sensation and feeling in this context
by the time he was delivering the 1822 lectures on 'Anthropology and
Psychology'. By 1825 the mature treatment ofthe transition from sensation
to animal magnetism is already apparent in both the structure and the
subject-matter of the lectures. He devoted three afternoon sessions to it (Fri.
24th June-Tues. 28th June) , during the third ofwhich he discussed Windi-
schmann's book (note 321, 39).
In his 'Philosophische Aphorismen' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1784) II.649, Ernst
Platner (1744-1818) claimed that, 'Weftel heat in so far as wejudge there
to be a physical basis for the feeling in the hot body; we sense it in so far as
it is pleasant or unpleasant. In so far as the object affects my condition,
feeling passes over into sensation.' He then went on to quote the Berlin
Academy (1778), Lessing, Mendelssohn, Sulzer and Garve in support of
these definitions, and to criticize Kant for reversing them. It was, however,
Kant's reversal of the traditional usage which came to determine philo-
sophical consideration of the distinction during the opening decades of
the last century. Hegel's mature treatment of sensation and feeling is there-
fore in tune with the progressive developments of his time, and the stages
by which he developed it provide us with a first-rate case-study of the
essential features ofhis philosophical method. He took his time about accept-
ing the implications of Kant's linguistic revolution, and his caution was
clearly justified by the difficulty of the subject-matter with which he was
dealing.
Before Hegel had started at Stuttgart Grammar School, D. Tiedemann
(1748- I 803), 'Untersuchungen über den Menschen' (3 pts. Leipzig, 1777/8)
H. 162-go, 216-41, had noted that 'a sensation always involves an exterior
object' (163), whereas feeling is the positive element in the subject. J. H.
Abicht (1762-1816), 'Psychologische Anthropologie' (Erlagen, 1801) pp.
Notes to Volurne T wo: Authropology . 495
61-2 emphasized this point even more emphatically. H. B. von Weber

drew the same distinction in his 'Anthropologische Versuche' (Heidelberg,
1810) pp. 36-53, and two decades later provided a very valuable survey of
the whole issue in his 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen,
1829) pp. 175-264. J. G. E. Maaß (1766-1823) 'Versuch über die Gefühle'
(Leipzig and Halle, 1818) pt. I 2 regards feelings as, 'the most obscure part of
the spirituallife ofman' (p. 177), but takes actual sensations to be 'objective
or cognitive', and feelings to be 'subjective sensations'. His work has the
merit of also discussing feeling in its ethical, aesthetic and religious contexts.
J. Hillebrand (1788-1871), 'Die Anthropologie als Wissenschaft' (Mainz,
1823) pp. 272-5 is in substantial agreement with Hegel in placing feeling
between sensation and rationality, as is J. E. van Berger (1772-1833), in
his 'Grundzüge der Anthropologie' (Altona, 1824) p. 372.
Cf. W. T. Krug (1770-1842) 'Grundlage zu einer neuen Theorie der
Gefühle' (Königsberg, 1823); C. W. Stark (1787-1845) 'Pathologische
Fragmente' (Weimar, 1825), 'Ueber die Annahme eines eigenen
Gefühlsvermögens' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1825 i pp.
32-63); D. T. A. Suabedissen (1773-1835) 'Die Grundzüge der Lehre
von dem Menschen' (Marburg and Cassel, 1829) pp. 221-316.
21 7, 14
This striking image of the ego as a featureless abyss or shaft seems to be
peculiar to Hegel. Cf., however, J. H. Campe (1746-1818) 'Kleine Seelen-
lehre für Kinder' (I 779; 3rd ed. Brunswick, 180 I) p. 68, "0 Kinder, unsere
Seele ist ein unerschöpflicher Quell von wunderbaren Kraften und Fähig-
keiten." The significance of Hegel's adjective may derive something from
the fact that the shaft (Schacht) of a mine was originally the rod used for
measuring its depth (Kluge, Etym. Wört.). Cf. III.IS3, 8; 203, 30.
219, 10
The sphere in which the ego is treated (§§ 413-39) succeeds that of the
'feeling soul', that of 'the real extrinsicality of corporeity' (§§ 337-76)
precedes it.
'219, 12
On 'materiature', see Phil. Nat. 11.306.
219, 19
Notes I I, 27; 247, 35.
220, 32
In 1827 (381,31), this appeared as 'noch nicht undurchdringlich, wider-
standloses' ; and was corrected (544) to 'noch ein widerstandloses'.
221, 14
There is a useful exposition of the important point being made here in
Murray Greene's 'Hegel on the Soul' (The Hague, 1972) pp. 103-6.
223,4
In the German of Hegel's day, 'Genie' was applied to Leonardo da Vinci,
Michael Angelo, Mozart etc., 'Genius' to the atmosphere of a locality,
tutelary spirits, Descartes' demon etc. In using the latter word in this con-
text, Hegel is therefore stretching its normal meaning somewhat: see Pierer
op. cit. III.505-9, 550-2 (1819).
223, 24
Note 163, 27. Cf. J. F. Fries (1773-1843) 'Handbuch der Psychischen
Anthropologie' (2 vols. Jena, 1820/1) 1.249.
223,27
Phil. Nat. III.70, 275-7.
223,35
'Magical' simply in the sense that we are unable .to explain its intrinsic
nature. Cf. Phil. Nat. 68, 27; 205, 33; 206, I; J. S. Halle (1727-1810)
'Magie, oder die Zauberkräfte der Natur' (4 vols. Berlin, 1784/6); G. C.
Horst (I 769-c. 1840) 'Von der alten und neuen Magie' (Mainz, 1820). Cf.
407,24.
225,33
Cf. § 400. This equating of 'heart' with 'disposition' corrects the bias in
Hegel's earlier observation (note 155, 34). There are several instances in
which the words or their roots are interchangeable in both German and
English: 'er ist ganz Gemüt', 'he is all heart'; 'sich ein Herz fassen', 'pluck
up courage' etc. Cf. Ritter's 'Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie' vol.
3 cols. 259-62 (1974)·
225,43
This observation turns upon the fact that 'Gemüth' (disposition) has given
rise to the adjective 'gemütlich' (good-hearted). The subject was much
discussed in the anthropologicalliterature of the time: J. H. Abicht (1762-
1816) 'Psychologische Anthropologie' (Erlangen, 1801) pp. 87-111; C. F.
Pockels (1757-1814) 'Der Mann' (4 vols. Hanover, 1805/8) II pp. 1-11;
D. T. A. Suabedissen (1773-1835) 'Die Betrachtung des Menschen' (3 vols.
Cassel and Leipzig, 1815/18) vol. 2 pp. 468-9, 'Grundzüge' (1829) p. 230;
P. C. Hartmann (1773-1830) 'Der Geist des Menschen' (1819; 2nd ed.
Vienna, 1832) pp. 41-2; L. Choulant (1791-1861) 'Anthropologie' (2 vols.
Dresden, 1828) II pp. 9-10.
Notes to Volurne T wo: Anthropology • 497
Two of the contemporary discussions are of particular interest in that they

provide examples of approximations to Hegel's conception of disposition as the
focal point of sensation, the 'concentrated individuality' which adumbrates
consciousness. See J. Hillebrand (1788- 187 I) 'Die Anthropologie' (Mainz,
1823) p. 241, 'Since the disposition forms the focal point of all the psychic
phenomena deriving from presentation occurring within the life of the soul,
consciousness constitutes its centre and its necessary condition.' C. W. Stark
(1787-1845) in Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1825 i p. 56:
'Under disposition I should like to include the feelings of both the higher
psychic spheres of spiritual self-awareness and ideal feeling.'
229, 16
Shakespeare 'King Lear' (1606) Act I Scene iv lines 28-9. The teacher
whom Hegel most admired at the Stuttgart Grammar School had given hirn
a German translation ofShakespeare (J. Hoffmeister 'Dokumente zu Hegels
Entwicklung' p. 13), probably that by JohannJoachim Eschenburg (1743-
1820): see 'Willhelm Shakespears Schauspiele' (23 vols. Strassburg and
Mannheim, 1778-1783) vol. 14 pp. 38-9:
Lear. Kennst du mich, Freund?
Kent. Nein, Herr; aber ihr habt etwas in euren Mienen, das ich gern meinen
Herrn nennen möchte.
Lear. Und was ist das?
Kent. Ansehen.
A. W. von Schlegel and L. Tieck 'Shakespeare's dramatische Werke' (9
vols. Berlin, 1825-1832) vol. 8 pp. 298-9, also translate Shakespeare's
'countenance' as 'Miene', and arejustified in doing so, since the word meant
'mien', 'demeanour', 'bearing', as well as 'face', and this would appear to
be its most likely meaning here: see 'King Lear' (ed. K. Muir, London,
1963) p. 37. Hegel's word, 'Gesicht', can also have both meanings.
Cf. Carl Stark 'König Lear. Eine psychiatrische Shakespeare-Studie'
(Stuttgart, 1871).
229, 20
Hegel has not remembered this incident with complete accuracy. He has
in mind Leonore Dori D'Ancre (d. 1617), the foster-sister ofMarie de' Medici
(1573-1642), who was tried for gaining power over the queen regent by
sorcery, and executed on July 8th 1617. At her trial she maintained that,
'Mon sortilege a ete le pouvoir que doivent avoir les ames fortes sur les
esprits faibles.' See 'La Magicienne etrangere' (Rouen, 1617); Jean-Baptiste
Legrain (1565-1642) 'Decade contenant l'histoire de Louis XIII' (Paris,
1619); 'Biographie Universelle' vol. I pp. 643-4 (Paris, 1843); F. Hayem
'Le marechal d'Ancre et Leonora Galigai' (Paris, 1910); A. Franklin 'La
cour de France et l'assassinat du marechal d'Ancre' (Paris, 1913).
From the account Hegel gives of it, it looks as though he probably came
across this incident in John Brand's (1774-1806) 'Observations on Popular
Antiquities' (ed. Henry EIlis, 2 vols. London, 1813) vol. II pp. 375-6: "The
Wife of Marshai D' Ancre was apprehended, imprisoned, and beheaded for
a Witch, upon a surmise that she had enchanted the Queen to doat upon
her husband: and they say, the young King's picture was found in her
doset, in virgin wax, with one leg melted away. When asked by her judges
what speIls she had made use of to gain so powerful an ascendancy over the
Queen, she replied, 'that ascendancy only which strong minds ever gain
over weak ones'." This may have been the book sent to Hegel by F. W.
Carove (1789-1852) on Sept. 27th 1820: 'Briefe von und an Hegel' II p. 242;
cf. 'Quarterly Review' no. XXII p. 259 (July, 1814), and the reference to
D. Webster's book (note 285, 31).
There seem to be no other French cases with which he might be confusing
the trial of Leonore D'Ancre: see M. Formey 'Recherches sur les anciennes
procedures contre les pretendus Sorciers' ('Nouveaux Memoires de l' Aca-
demie Royale des Sciences et BeIles-Lettres' 5 November, 1778 pp. 299-3 I I) ;
R. Yve-Plessis 'Essai d'une Bibliographie ... de la Sorcellerie' (Paris, 1900).
He may have had either of two English cases in mind however. Joan of
Navarre (1370-1437) was arrested on Ist Ooctober 1419 for 'avoit compassez
et ymaginez la mort et destruction de nre dit Sr le Roi (Henry V), en le
pluis haute et horrible manere' ('Rotuli Parliamentorum' 7 vols. London,
1767-1832 vol. iv p. 118), and in 1469 J acquetta of Luxemburg was accused
ofusing witchcraft on Edward IV in order to make hirn marry her daughter
Elizabeth Woodville ('Rot. ParI'. vol. vi p. 232).
229,35
Note 379, 29·
229,3 6
J. B. Helmont (1577-1644): note 307, 34; Phil. Nat. III.287-9·
23 1,3
See J. F. Pierer's (1767-1832) artide on magic In his 'Medizinisches
Realwörterbuch' vol. 5 pp. 23-39 (Altenburg, 1823).
23 1,20
Genesis III.22-24; cf. 107, 32 et seq.
23 1,3 1
Had Hegel had a higher opinion of the theory of racial degeneration
(note 47, 42), he might have treated Schelling's 'Ueber Mythen, historische
Sagen und Philosopheme der ältesten Welt' (1793): 'Werke' ed. M. Schröter,
vol. I pp. 1-43 (Munich, 1958) with more respect. Cf. Phil. Nat. 1.294.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the traditional conception
of a golden age or godlike past, which had been inherited from Hesiod and
the Bible, was criticized by Hobbes and Vico, and satirized in such works
as Thomas Parnell's (1679-1718) 'Essay Concerning the Origin of the
Sdences from the Monkeys in Ethiopia' (1713). Rousseauism gave it a new
lease of life however, and Schelling's publication was only one of many of
its kind to appear in Germany towards the elose of the eighteenth century:
see C. G. Berger (d. 1795), the esperantist, 'Antediluviana' (Berlin, 1780),
F. Bouterwek (1766-1828) 'De historia generis humani' (Göttingen, 1792);
D. Tiedemann (1748-1803) 'Ursprung des Glaubens an einen ehemaligen
paradiesischen Zustand der Menschen' ('Berlinische Monatsschrift' Dec.
1796 pp. 505-21); M. Engel (d. 1813) 'Versuche in der scientifischen und
populären Philosophie' (Frankfurt, 1803) no. 7; F. A. Carus (1770--1807)
'Ideen zur Geschichte der Menschheit' (Leipzig, 1809) pp. 158--214.
Fichte would have none ofthis: 'BeJore us lies what Rousseau, in the name
of the state of nature, and every poet, under the appellation of the golden
age, have located behind us.' 'Werke' (1966) I, iii, p. 65. Saint-Simon was
of the same opinion: 'De la reorganisation de la societe europeene' (1814;
ed. A. Pereire, Paris, 1925) p. 97, as, quite evidently, was Hegel: cf. his
excerpt from the 'Morning Chroniele' 22nd September 1826, 'Hegel-
Studien' vol. H, 1976.
The development of contemporary opinion on the subject in France was
very different: see the various editions of A. Y. Goguet's (1716-1758) 'De
L'Origine des Loix, des Arts, et des Sciences' (3 vols. Paris, 1758), and
P. S. Ballanche's (1776--1847) grandiose scheme of degenerative history,
'Palingenesie Sodale' (Paris, 1827).
H. Levin 'The Myth of the Golden Age' (London, 1969); W. Veit
'Studien zur Geschichte des Topos der Goldenen Zeit' (Cologne, 1961 );
H. J. Mähl 'Die Idee des goldenen Zeitalters im Werk des Novalis' (Heidel-
berg, 1965); Colin Turnbull 'The Mountain People' (London, 1973).
232,9
For 'Zähnebebekommen' read 'Zähnebekommen'.
235, 18
This distinction almost certainly owes something to Aristotle's 'On
Prophecy in Sleep', and to the long tradition of oneirocritical works it
initiated. See Sir Thomas Browne, 'Religio Medici' pt. H eh. 11, 'we are
somewhat more than our selves in our sleepes, and the slumber of the body
seemes to bee but the waking of the soule.' 'Philological Quarterly' vol. 28
pp. 497-503 (October 1949).
Contemporary German literature on the subject is not extensive (note
143,33). Cf. J. C. Reil (1759-181 3) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 66--9;
J. D. Brandis (1762-1845) 'Ueber Psychische Heilmittel' (Copenhagen,
500 . Hegel's Philosophy of Subjectirc Spirit
1818) p. 68-96; John Abercrombie (1780-1844) 'Inquiries Concerning the

Intellectual Powers' (3rd ed. Edinburgh, 1832) pp. 258-88.
235, 18
The inclusion of an account of this state in a discussion of anthropology is
by no means peculiar to Hegel. J. c. A. Heinroth (1773-1843) for example,
in his 'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 44-56 treats it at
some length, and J. Müller's 'Zur Physiologie des Fötus' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift
für die Anthropologie' 1824, ii pp. 423-83), gave rise to a lively exchange
of views in this periodical during the next year or so.
Cf. Joseph Ennemoser (1787-1854) 'Historisch-psychologische Unter-
suchungen über den Ursprung und das Wesen der menschlichen Seele
überhaupt und über die Beseelung des Kindes insbesondere' (1824; 2nd ed.
Stuttgart and Tübingen, 185 I).
237,9
A much-discussed subject at that time, the general opinion being that the
psychic state of the mother could have a physical effect upon the unborn child:
K. Digby (1603-1665) 'Of Bodies and of Mans Soul' (London, 1669) pp.
415-31 (note 93, 12); Daniel Turner (1667-1741) 'De Morbis Cutaneis'
(London, 1714) ch. xii; L. A. Muratori (1672-1750) 'Ueber die Einbli-
dungskraft' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1785) 11. ch. 12; P. Pinel (1745-1826) 'Traite
Medico-Philosophique' (Paris, 1801) pp. 301-2 (note 331, 24); J. D.
Brandis (1762-1845 'Ueber Psychische Heilmittel' (Copenhagen, 1818) pp.
53-6; Kluge (note 303, 20) § 224.
For the opposite view, see J. A. Blondel (d. 1734) 'Dissertation physique
sur la force l'imagination des femmes enceintes sur le Fetus' (Leyden, 1734).
237,38
Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs (1786-1814) is the young doctor Hegel is
referring to. His dissertation 'Historia Naturalis duorum Leucaethiopum
auctoris ipsius et sororis eius' (Sulzbach, 1812) was weil known at the time,
and was translated into German just prior to Hegel's having mentioned it in
his lectures, see J. H. G. Schlegel 'Ein Beitrag zur nähern Kenntniss der
Albinos' (Meiningen, 1824) pp. 7-142. It need not necessarily be the case
that Hegel actually knew hirn therefore, although he was teaching at the
University ofErlangen during the greater part ofHegel's Nuremberg period.
All the details mentioned here by Hegel are to be found in Sachs' book,
although Sachs informs us that he was born in the village of St. Ruprecht
in Upper Carinthia, not in Styria.
The mother must have had the experience at the beginning of March
1786: 'Quae, cum prim um foetum fere viginti et novem hebdomales a)
utero gesserat, e serenissimi diei hyemalis claritate meridiana niveque aucta
nihil-opinans in conclave intravit plane obscurum, ad cuius tenebras paucis
Noles to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 501
tantum luminis radiis per valvarum, fenestris oppositarum, rimas erat

aditus. Quorum unus oculum leporis b) in angulo sedentis ferit, vibransque
reftectitur in ingredientis foeminae oculos. Unde haec miro quodam et
ingenti percussa terrore refugit. Effectum tarnen huius speciei fugere nequi-
bat. lude enim ab illo momente idem fere sensus, qui erat e lumine ex oculis
leporis refulgente, saepissime rediit oculis gravidae, radiis fere, quos adamas
in sole spargere solet, comparandus. Hoc inprimis accidit, quotiescunque
foetus motum, qui vividior ex illo tempore esse videbatur, sentiebat - (eam
sane ob caussam, quia tunc semper terrifici illius adspectus recordata est).
Eo factum est, ut iam tunc vereretur, ne proles vitio quodam oculorum
afHicta prodeat, qui meatus animo firmiter infixus eximie gravidam vexabat.
Magno denique labore summoque cum vitae periculo filium leucaethiopem
enixae spectrum disparuit.'
a) Non in primus graviditatis mensibus id factum est, ut auctor libri inscripti:
Reise durch einige Theile vom mittäglichen Deutschland und dem Venetianischen,
Erfurt 1798 (Dr. Schlegel) refert.
b) Lepus timidus (non cuniculus) Linn. (The Alpine or Mountain Hare). Op. cit.
§ 6 (pp. 2-3); cf. Germ. tr. pp. 8-9.
Sachs studied at Tübingen, Altdorf and Erlangen, and once he had settled
in Erlangen gained a considerable reputation as a general practitioner, an
effective and versatile lecturer, and a man ofwide culture. In his dissertation
he has much to say about Goethe's theory of colours (especiaIly §§ 150-5;
see also §§ 16, 17, 18, 82, 87, 166), and this could weIl have been the original
reason for Hegel's having taken an interest in the work.
Johannes Nepomuk Hunczovsky (1752-1798) ofVienna was in the habit
of referring to cases such as Sachs' in his immensely popular lectures; cf.
A. M. Vering (1773-1829) 'Psychische Heilkunde' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1817/21)
I p. 43; G. H. von Schubert (1780-1860) 'Die Geschichte der Seele' (Stutt-
gart and Tübingen, 1830) pp. 803-4. For details ofSachs' life, see 'National-
Zeitung der Deutschen' (ed. R. Z. Becker, Gotha, 1814) no. 39 pp. 802-4;
G. C. Hamberger and J. G. Meusel 'Das Gelehrte Teutschland' (5th ed.
Lemgo, 1825) vol. XX p. 3.
For the general development ofviews on albinoism at this time see: I. G.
Gerdessen (1754- 1821) 'De anomalo animalium albidiore colore quaedam
proponit' (Leipzig, 1777); J. F. Blumenbach (1752-1840) 'De oculis leucae-
thiopum et iridis motu' (Göttingen, 1786); D. Mansfield (1797-1863)
'Ueber das Wesen der Leukopathie' (Brunswick, 1822); C. Ernst 'De
leucosi' (Göttingen, 1830); Hermann Beigel 'Beitrag zur Geschichte und
Pathologie des Albinismus' ('Verhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-
Carolinischen deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher' vol. 23 p. 30;
Dresden, 1864).
239, 23
This is a widespread and fairly common theme in folklore, mythology
502 . Hegel' s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
and epic poetry: see M. A. Potter 'Sohrab and Rustem. The epic theme of
a combat between father and son' (London, 1902); T. P. Cross 'A Note on
Sohrab and Rustem in Ireland' ('Journal of Celtic Studies' vol. I p. 176).
Hegel probably has in mind Hildebrand's slaughter of Hadubrand. The
'Hildebrandslied' was first printed by J. G. von Eckhart (1664-1730) in
the second volume of his 'Commentarii de rebus Franciae' (2 vols., Würz-
burg, 1729), and was re-edited by J. L. C. Grimm (1785-1863) in his 'Die
bei den ältesten deutschen Gedichte' (Cassel, 1812). Cf. E. V. Utterson's
(1775-1856) edition of the metrical romance 'Sir Degare' (c. 1300), in his
'Select Pieces of early Popular Poetry' (2 vols., London, 1817) vol. I p. 113.
242, 29
Insert 'haben' after 'gesehen'. Cf. 1827 ed. 383, 26.
242,30
For 'diesen' read 'seinen'. Cf. 1827 ed. 383, 27.
243,2
Cf. notes 223, 4; 289, 22. The subject formed part of the normal medical
literature of the time, see the articles on 'Dämonen' and 'Genius' by J. F.
Pierer (1767-1832) in the 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' II.295-9 (1818),
III.550-2 (181 9).
243,4
The 'Besonnenheit' or self-possession referred to here, and throughout
these lectures, is evidently the cardinal virtue of soundness of soul (awcppouVV7J)
defined in the 'Charmides' : H. North 'Sophrosyne, self-knowledge
and self-restraint in Greek literature' ('Cornell Studies in Classical Philology'
vol. 35, 1966).J. C. Reil (175g-1813), in 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 98,
a book almost certainly used by Hegel, gives a fuller definition, 'Selj-
possession is closely related to self-consciousness. It is a property of the soul
which has self-consciousness as its basis as it were, and which in its turn
links up with attention. Self-possession takes note of objects, while attention,
for its part, holds fast to what has been noted. Self-possession may be regarded
as the compass in the sea of sensuousness, as that which guides the activity
of the soul to its purpose, which is happiness. Without it, the soul would
either comply with the law of constancy and stick to one general object, or
reel about in the universe without a load-star. In that self-possession holds
the middle, both of these extremes are avoided.'
Michael Wagner (1756-1821), 'Bey träge zur Philosophischen Anthro-
pologie' (2 vols. Vienna, 1794/6) I pp. 130-1, distinguishes between internal
and external self-possession, 'To be internally self-possessed is to be conscious
of all that one is doing, to pay attention only to what one wants to observe,
to bear in mind decisions reached, and not to forget them when external
circumstances change. Lack ofself-possession is therefore less noticeable when
Notes to Volurne Two: Anthropology • 503
it is internal than when it is external. If a person tries to move a cartload of
hay in order to reach his friend, he may be seen and laughed at, but someone
who finds himself at a door and does not know why he is there can easily
get himself out of the fix without looking foolish. Consequently, if a person
is incapable of concealing this lack of internal self-possession, or has become
so, he is not only said to be, but usually is, an outright fool.'
Cf. J. F. Fries (1773-1843) 'Handbuch der Psychischen Anthropologie'
(2 vols. Jena, 1820/21) vol. I p. 79; H. B. Nisbet 'Herder and the Philosophy
and History ofScience' (Cambridge, 1970) p. 269.
243,4
'Das Gefühlsleben'. Although the 'life of feeling' is not often referred to
in the literature of the time, it is the direct outcome of a widely accepted
distinction, and is by no means a concept or turn of phrase peculiar to Hegel:
see D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'Das zweite Gesicht', in 'Archiv für den
thierischen Magnetismus' (12 vols. Leipzig and Halle, 1817-1824) 6 iii pp.
93-4 (1820), 'Consequently, when man's life qf feeling sees at a distance in
time and space, this is parallel to the Lift qf reason' s doing so. Both pro-
cedures are therefore properties of the human soul, the former being afeeling
at a distance, the latter a cognition at a distance; the former is however an
attribute of the nocturnal aspect and of the sLeeping soul, while the latter is
an attribute of the daytime aspect and of the awakened soul.' Kieser goes on
to say that the explanation of second sight and related phenomena is im-
possible unless this distinction is borne in mind. Cf. J. Salat (1766-185 I)
'Lehrbuch der höheren Seelenkunde' (Munich, 1820) pp. 189-93.
Such distinctions in respect of the human soul were congenial to Hegel's
general manner of thinking in that it involved the attempt to establish
qualitative differences, and had long been commonplaces wherever Aris-
totle's 'De Anima' was studied and known: see note 1. I I, 39; Max Dessoir
'Geschichte der Neueren Deutschen Psychologie' (2 vols. Berlin, 1902) I pp.
7-8 et seq.; C. Weiss 'Untersuchungen über das Wesen und Wirken der
Menschlichen Seele' (Leipzig, 181 I) p. 50; 'Archiv' op. cit. 2 ii p. 130 (1817);
6 i p. 101 (1819).
Those who claimed that animal magnetism provided us with glimpses of
'higher truths', naturally objected to Hegel's identifying it with the 'life of
feeling'. See F. X. van Baader (1765-1841) 'Ueber die Abbreviatur' etc.
(1822; 'Gesammelte Schriften zur Philosophischen Anthropologie' Leipzig,
1853 pp. 107-14), 'So z.B. stellte Prof. Kieser, nach ihm Hegel und dessen
Schule die Hypothese auf, dass in magnetischen oder ekstatischen Zuständen
der Mensch in zwei Hälften, nemlich in die Gefühl und in die Erkenntnis-
seite sich geschieden finde ... Die von Hegel aufgestellte Behauptung, dass
im Magnetischen ein (thierischer) Instinct wirksam sei, (ist) völlig grundlos.'
(pp. 110, 112).
504 . Hegel's Philosoph), of Subjective Spirit
243, 3 1
Since the critical procedure involved in Hegel's eXpOSItIOn of animal
magnetism is particularly effective, it may be of value to examine the back-
ground to these observations in some detail. 1t is certainly worth noting
moreover, that this is one of the very few sections of the 'Encyclopaedia'
for which we have direct documentary evidence of the way in which the
fundamental conception of the subject-matter was arrived at (note 303, 22).
There is nothing novel about the standpoint from which Hegel criticizes
the non-philosophical attitudes current at the time, - those who dis miss
animal magnetism as delusion and imposture are confusing categories, and
in this case the confusion leads them to question the factual aspect (das
Faktische) of the matter. Reason must look for the identity of particular and
universal, of content and form, must attempt to assess the subject-matter
in accordance with its level of complexity, to place the factual aspect in its
coherent context. The understanding fails to do this, since it simply applies its
own arbitrary categories to an unassessed subject-matter, and so allows
particular and universal, content and form to fall apart (Enc. §§ 71, 80, 81,
226,467).
We have already noted that Hegel's fundamental assessment of animal
magnetism is that it is an aspect ofthe life ofjeeling (note 243, 4). He recog-
nizes that it is effective at a physicallevel (Phil. Nat. III.207, 34), but he
evidently regards attempts to explain it in predominantly physical terms as
an unwarranted form of reductionism: see A. C. A. Eschenmayer (1768-
1854) 'Versuch, die scheinbare Magie des thierischen Magnetismus aus
physiologischen und psychischen Kräften zu erklären' (Stuttgart, 1816);
Stephan Csamidy 'Medicinische Philosophie und Mesmerismus' (Leipzig,
1860). On the other hand, he also criticizes those who overvalue it,
and regard it as capable of providing direct revelation of religious or
philosophical truths: see G. H. von Schubert (1780-1860) 'Ansichten
von der Nachtseite der Naturwissenschaft' (Dresden, 1808); J. Ennemoser
(1787-1854) 'Der Magnetismus' (Stuttgart, 1819); Ferdinand Runge
'Die Genesis des menschlichen Magnetismus' ('Archiv für den thierischen
Magnetismus' 8 ii pp. 1-60, 182 I) ; J. F. Mayer 'Blätter für höhere Wahrheit'
(Frankfurt-on-Main, 1818-1822); F. X. Baader (1765-1841) 'Ueber
die 1ncompetenz 'unsrer dermaligen Philosophie zur Erklärung der
Erscheinungen aus dem Nachtgebiete der Natur' (Stuttgart, 1837).
1t was such overvaluations of animal magnetism which encouraged the
reductionists to dismiss it outright as a bogus phenomenon: see C. H. Pfaff
(1773-1852) 'Ueber und gegen den thierischen Magnetismus' (Hamburg,
1817); J. Stieglitz (1767-1840) 'Ueber den thierischen Magnetismus'
(Hanover, 1814); reviewed in 'Kieser's Archiv' 2 iii, 5 ii, 8 ii. Although he
criticizes such works, Hegel must have realized that their sceptical approach
was not entirely without its merits, and the uncompromising vigour with
which he condemns them is almost certainly due in part to his friendship

with P. G. van Ghert (notoe 33, 22). It may be worth noting in this con-
nection that Pfaff rejects as worthless (op. cit. pp. 84-9S) a work which
Hegel cites as an authority (note 309, 41).
F. A. Mesmer (1733-18IS) had made animal magnetism known in Paris
as early as the 1770's, see his 'Memoire sur la decouverte du magnetisme
animal' (Paris, 1779). A royal commission was set up under Benjamin
Franklin to investigate the matter, and after doing so from a predominantly
physical standpoint, published its report on August 16th 1784. The con-
clusion reached was, 'que la theorie du magnetisme animal est un systeme
absolument denue de preuves.' Cf. 'Report of Benjamin Franklin and other
Commissioners, charged by the King of France with the examination of
animal magnetism, as now practised at Paris' (London, 1785 Germ. tr.
Altenburg, 178S). In 1812 the Prussian government also showed interest in
the subject, and set up a commission under C. W. Hufeland (1762-1836)
for the investigation of it. As a result of this move, C. C. Wolfart (d. 1832)
visited Mesmer and subsequently published several sympathetic expositions
of his doctrines and experiments: 'Mesmerismus oder System der Wechsel-
wirkungen' (Berlin, 1814), 'Erläuterungen zum Mesmerismus' (Berlin, 18IS)'
The exhaustive if somewhat formal systematization of the factual
aspect of the matter by C. A. F. Kluge (1782-1844), 'Versuch einer
Darstellung des animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1811; 2nd ed. 1816,
3rd ed. 1819), helped to put the general treatment ofit on an academically
respectable basis, and before long the general attitude began to change.
J. E. Georget (179S-1828) for example, whose earlier assessment of such
phenomena was severely reductionist, see 'Physiologie du systeme nerveux
et specialement du cerveau' (2 vols. Paris, 182 I), and who for some years
had made a point of questioning the value of taking animal magnetism
seriously, recanted in 1826, and earnestly requested that the utmost publicity
should be given to his change ofview. In 1831 the French Royal Academy
of Sciences had the whole matter re-investigated, and stated in its report
that, 'Far from setting limits to this part of physiological science, we hope
that a new field has been opened up to it.' See 'Report of the Experiments
on Animal Magnetism made by a Committee of the Medical Section of the
French Royal Academy of Sciences: read at the meetings of the 21st and
28th ofJune, 1831' (tr.J. C. Colquhoun, 'Lancet' May 4th 1833); Alexandre
Bertrand (I 79S-183 I) 'Du Magnetisme Animal en France' (Paris, 1826).
Cf. B. Milt 'F. A. Mesmer und seine Beziehungen zur Schweiz' (Zürich,
19S3)·
In that it simply implied that the phenomenon was worthy of serious
attention, Hegel's assessment of animal magnetism was therefore in full accord
with the informed and progressive views of the 1820'S. In that it also in-
dicated the precise significance of the phenomenon in the anthropological
506 . Hegel's Philosophy 0/ Subjective Spirit
hierarchy however, it was considerably in advance ofthese views. In respect

of the quality of the critical judgements involved, there is moreover nothing
even remotely comparable to Hegel's exposition in the anthropological
literature of the time, most of which makes some mention of animal
magnetism.
In Great Britain, contemporary opinions on the subject tended to polarize:
see the review of the first volume of the 'Archiv für den thierischen Magnetis-
mus' published in 'Blackwood's Magazine' I vi pp. 563-7 (Sept. 1817). The
Edinburgh Medical and Physical Dictionary' (1807) referred to, 'the
fanciful system, to call it by no worse name, of animal magnetism,' cf. 'The
Lancet' Dec. 28th 1832-4th May 1833. Enthusiasts such asJ. C. Colquhoun
(1785-1854) rehashed continental research, 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols. Edin-
burgh, 1836), amateurs such as P. B. Duncan (1773-1862) dabbled in the
subject, 'Essays and Miscellanea' (2 vols. Oxford, 1840) I pp. 311-23, and
by the 1840's and 1850's most provincial papers contained advertisements
announcing performances by itinerant practitioners, who made a living by
exhibiting 'animal magnetism' publicly. The term 'hypnotism' was first
introduced by James Braid (1795-1860) about 1842. Cf. F. Kaplan 'Dickens
and Mesmerism' (Princeton V.P., 1975).
See: J. V. Wirth (1810-1859) 'Theorie des Somnambulismus' (Leipzig
and Stuttgart, 1836) pp. 2, 7, who acknowledges the inftuence of Hegel;
J. P. F. Deleuze 'Histoire critique du magnetisme animal' (2 vols. Paris,
1813/19); J. C. L. Ziermann 'Geschichtliche Darstellung des thierischen
Magnetismus' (Berlin 1824) ; J. C. Prichard 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London,
1835) eh. XII; C. Burdin and F. Dubois 'Histoire academique du magnetisme
anima!' (Paris, 1841); George Sandby 'Mesmerism and its Opponents'
(London, 1844); H. Schwarzsehild (1803-1878) 'Geschichte des thierischen
Magnetismus' (Cassei, 1853); A. Dureau 'Histoire de la medecine' (Paris,
1870); H. Haeser 'Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin' vol. II pp. 784-92
(Jena, 1881).
246, I
1827: 'ihren Faden', corrected (p. 544) to 'ihre Fäden'.
247,3
'so daß er auch in sich so abstürbe'. Boumann (170, 20) changed the verb
to the simple present ('abstirbt') i.e. 'he too dies internally ... '
247, 16
Plutareh 'Cato the Younger' 69; Lucan 'De Bello Civili' 11 380/3. Al-
though there is no particular reason why we should not regard Hegel's
interpretation of Cato's suicide as original, it should perhaps be noted that it
has several counterparts in the psychologicalliterature of the time. L. Auen-
brugger (1722-18°9) for example, in a work on suieide, 'Von der stillen
Wuth' (Dessau, 1783), quotes a couplet from M. G. Lichtwer's (1719-1783)

'Das Recht der Vernunft' (Leipzig, 1758) 111.3:
'Sollt ich mein Mörder seyn? - Wenn Cato sich ersticht,
So seh ich Eigensinn, den Weisen seh ich nicht.'
Cf. W. Rowley (1742-1806) 'A Treatise on Female ... Diseases' (London,
1790; Germ. tr. Breslau, 1790) Germ. tr. 390-4; F. B. Osiander (1759-1822)
'Ueber den Selbstmord' (Hanover, 1813) pp. 178,287-8.
Addison's 'Cato' (1713) and Deschamps' 'Caton d'Utique' (1715) helped
to bring the Roman republican into the discussion of general political
principles during the eighteenth century: J. Loftis 'The Politics ofDrama in
Augustan England' (Oxford, 1963) pp. 56-62; Hegel 'Theologische Jugend-
schriften' (1907) pp. 70/1,222/3,355/7, 'Schriften zur Politik' (19 13) p. 114.
247, 17
Swiss doctors first introduced the consideration of nostalgia or home-
sickness into medical and nosological works, and throughout the eighteenth
century it was usual to illustrate the malady with Swiss examples: see
Johann Jakob Harder (1656-1711) 'Dissertatio medica de NOGTMYUX oder
Heimwehe' (Basel, 1678); Friedrich Hoffmann (1660-1742) 'Medicinae
rationalis systematicae' (4 vols. Halle, 1718-1739) vol. III sect. ii, ch. 5,
§ 22; U. von Salis. 'Bildergallerie der Heimweh-Kranken' (2 vols. Zürich,
1800).
Attempts were made to explain the phenomenon physiologically, see C. F.
Heusinger 'Zwei Beobachtungen organischer Fehler des Gehirns bei
Personen, die an der Nostalgie gestorben' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die
Anthropologie' I pp. 493-504, 1823; 'Journal de Medecine, Chirurg. et
Pharm. milit.' VIII p. 179, 1820: XI p. 284, 1822). A. C. Lorry (1726-
1783) 'De Melancholia et morbis melancholis' (2 vols. Paris, 1765; Germ.
tr. ed. C. C. Krausen, 2 vols. Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1770, 11 p. 73) vol. 11,
pt. ii, art 2 took it to be principally a neurological weakness.
Most writers were in agreement with Hegel however, in that they treated
it as a psychic malady arising out of the interrelationship between the in-
dividual and his natural environment. A. von Haller (1708-1777) con-
sidered it to be dosely related to the moping or pining away of animals
isolated from their kind and to the misery of unrequited love, 'Elementa
physiologiae corporis humani' (8 vols. Lausanne, 1757-1766) vol. V p.
583, bk. 17, sect. ii, § 5. Cf. F. B. Sauvages (1706-1767) 'Nosologiamethodica'
(2 vols. Amsterdam, 1768) dass 8 genus ii; Thomas Arnold (1742-1816)
'Observations on ... Lunacy or madness' (Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1784/8; 2nd
ed. London, 1806 pp. 207-212) vol. I sect. iii, no. 13; William Falconer
(1744-1824) 'A Dissertation on the Influence of the Passions' (London,
1788; French tr. Paris, 1788; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1789) genus 106; G. A.
Andresse 'Diss. inaug. psychica nostalgiae adumbratio pathologica' (Berlin,
508 • Hegel's Philosophy 0/ Subjective Spirit
1826) ; J. B. Friedreich 'Systematische Literatur der ... Psychologie' (Berlin,

1833) pp. 269-71; J. S. Billings 'Index-Catalogue of the Library of the
Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army' (16 vols. Washington,
1880-1895) vol. 9 pp. 1017-8.
Rousseau, in his 'Dictionnaire de Musique' (Paris, 1768; 3 vols. Geneva,
178 I) art. 'Musique', attempts to analyze the effect of a certain air 'Rans les
vaches', which as a bagpipe tune was very popular with the young drovers
who looked after the cattle on the mountain pastures of Switzerland during
the summer months. This tune had such power to arouse nostalgia in their
expatriate countrymen, that in France the death penalty was imposed on
anyone caught playing it in the Swiss regiments, the royal foot guards.
Rousseau writes as folIows, 'On chercheroit en vain dans cet air les accents
energiques capables de produire de si etonnants effets. Ces effets qui n'ont
aucun lieu sur les etrangers, ne viennent que de l'habitude, des souvenirs de
mille circonstances, qui retracees par cet air a ceux qui l'entendant, et leur
rappellant leur pays, leurs anciens plaisirs, leur jeunesse et toutes leurs falSons
de vivre, excitent en eux une douleur amere d'avoir perdu tout cela. La
Musique n'agit point alors comme Musique, mais comme signe memoratif.'
Cf. C. J. Tissot (1750-1826) 'De l'influence des Passions de l'Ame' (Paris
and Strassburg, 1798; Germ. tr. J. G. Breiting, Leipzig and Gera, 1799)
§§ 15 2 -3.
For a contemporary English consideration of nostalgia, see John Conolly
(1794-1866) 'An Inquiry concerning the Indications of Insanity' (London,
1830) pp. 252-3; cf. K. G. Neumann (1772-1850) 'Die Krankheiten des
Vorstellungsvermögens' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 358-9; I. Kant 'Anthropologie'
(Königsberg, 1798) § 32.
247,22
Hegel could be referring here to the insanity incident to women who are
{Jing-in, see C. G. Carus (1789-1869) 'Zur Lehre von Schwangerschaft und
Geburt' (Leipzig, 1822) pt. I; G. M. Burrows (1771-1846) 'Commentaries ...
on Insanity' (London, 1828; Germ. tr. Weimar, 1831) pp. 362-409; J. B.
Friedreich 'Systematische Literatur der ... Psychologie' (Berlin, 1833) pp.
276-80. It is more likely however, that he has in mind the widely recognized
connection between menstruation and states such as paralysis, somnambulism
and clairvoyance. In bis library ('Verzeichniß' etc. Berlin, 1832 no. 1485)
he had a copy of the account of Auguste Müller (b. 1792) given by Wilhelm
Meier (1785-1853): 'Höchst merkwürdige Geschichte der magnetisch-
hellsehenden Auguste Müller in Karlsruhe' (Stuttgart, 1818); ed. Karl
Christian von Klein (1772-1825); reviewed D. G. Kieser 'Archiv' 3 iii pp.
110-25, 1818; 'Allg. medic. Annal.' October, 1818 p. 1380. This girl had
been perfectly healthy and normal until 1804, when her menstrual periods
began. They 'developed' incompletely and ceased in 1811. She came under
the treatment of Dr. Meier on 2nd April 1814, and by using magnetic and
dietetic means, he had completely restored her to health by 1817. Her
extraordinary clairvoyant powers became apparent during this period of
illness. On 2nd October 1814 for example, she was in contact with her
brother in Vienna. Two days later, remarking that she was, 'at that moment
present at it', she gave an account of a death taking place fifteen miles away.
The initial onset of menstruation during puberty, and subsequent irregu-
larities in the discharge of the menses, were often taken to be the basic and
direct causes of mental disturbances of various kinds: J. L. Lieutaud (1703-
1780) 'Historia Anatomico-Medica' (2 vols. Paris, 1767) vol. I p. 320 obs.
1369; William Rowley (1742-1806) 'A Treatise on female ... Diseases'
(London, 1790; Germ. tr. Breslau, 1790) ; John Ferriar (1761-1815) 'Medical
Histories and Reflections' (2 vols. Warrington and London, 1792/5; Germ.
tr. Leipzig, 1793/7) pt. 11; John Haslam (1764-1844) 'Observations on
Insanity' (London, 1798 p. 110; Germ. tr. Stendal. 1800 p. 71), 'From
whatever .cause ... (insanity) ... may be produced in women, it is considered
as very unfavourable to recovery, if they are worse at the period of men-
struation, or have their catamenia in very small or immoderate quantities.'
Cf. A. C. Savary (1776?-1814) 'Paralysie suite de la suppression du flux
menstruel compliquee d'accidents' ('Journal general de Medecine, de
Chirurgie et de Pharmacie' 1808); A. C. A. Eschenmayer 'Versuch die
scheinbare Magie' etc. (Tübingen, 1816) §§ 6-8, 68; C. M. Clarke (1782-
1857) 'Observations on the Diseases of Females' (London, 1814); J. C.
Prichard 'A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System' (London, 1822)
ch. V; Robert Gooch (1784-1830) 'Account ofsome ofthe most important
diseases peculiar to Women' (London, 1829; Germ. tr. Weimar, 1830).
It was realized that the sexual development, menstruation, pregnancy
and lying-in of women had to be taken into consideration in any compre-
hensive survey of their legal and political status: see H. B. von Weber
'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen, 1829) p. 381.
247, 3 1
, ... das aber nicht bis zum Urtheil des Bewußtseyns fortgeht. . .' Cf. § 413
et seq.
247,35
In referring thus to the literally sub-conscious individual, Hegel was almost
certainly influenced by Leibniz's doctrine that all created monads exhibit
a grading in degree of clarity on account of their perceptions being more or
less confused by the passive element or materia prima they involve.
References to the wider metaphysical implications of Leibniz's doctrine
are to be found in the 'anthropological' literature of the time. Ernst Platner
(1744-1818) for example, in his 'Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1772) pp. 22-4,
while discussing the problems involved in defining the immateriality of the
5I0 • Heget' s Philosoph) of Subjective Spirit
soul, enters into an extended analysis of the advantages and disadvantages

of regarding units of matter as atoms or monads. J. C. Reil (1759-1813),
in a work on 'anthropology' almost certainly used by Hegel, makes refer-
ence to Leibniz's definition of God as the most unifying of monads: 'Rhap-
sodieen über ... Geisteszerrüttungen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 482-483. Cf. K. E. B.
Schelling (1783-1854) 'Ueber das Leben und seine Erscheinung' (Landshut,
1806) pp. xiii-xiv; J. G. Herder 'Nachlass' (ed. H. lrmscher, Euphorion,
54, 1960) p. 288.
At this juncture however, no direct reference to these wider implications
is being made. For Hegel, human individuality is certainly one of the pre-
suppositions of consciousness, and certainly presupposes more primitive
levels of psychic and natural organization, but hp. defines this grading much
more specifically and concretely than Leibniz did. Cf. note 1I, 27.
249,4 1
Plato 'Timaeus' (ed. R. D. Archer-Hind, London, 1888) 70d et seq.;
cf. A. E. Taylor 'Commentary on Plato's Timaeus' (Oxford, 1928) p. 512.
Hegel is referring to 'Platonis opera quae extant omnia' (3 vols. Geneva ?,
1578), the magnificent edition of the Greek text with a Latin translation
prepared by Henri Estienne (1528-1598), and subsequently re-issued by
F. C. Exter andJ. V. Embser (11 vols. Biponti, 1781-1787) and C. D. Beck
(Leipzig, 1813-1819). As is often the case with Hegel, even the passages
placed between inverted commas are summaries and paraphrases, not
accurate translations of the original.
A fuller analysis of the 'Platonic presentations of enthusiasm' is to be
found in the treatment of Plato in Hist. Phil. II.89. Cf. Friedrich Hufeland
'Ueber Sympathie' (2nd ed. Weimar, 1822) p. 227.
The notes on § 392 (29, 32) make it evident that Hegel associated the
passage in Plato with the observation at the beginning of Cicero's 'De
Divinatione', 'lt is an ancient belief, going back to heroic times but since
confirmed by the unanimous opinion of the Roman people and of every
other nation, that there exists within mankind an undeniable faculty of
divination. The Greeks called it mantike, that is the capacity to foresee, to
know future events, a sublime and salutary act that raises human nature
most nearly to the level of divine power. In this respect, as in many others,
we have improved upon the Greeks by giving this faculty a name from the
word God, divinatio, whereas according to Plato's explanation the Greek
word comes fromfuror (mania from which mantike is derived).' Cf. J. c. L.
Ziermann 'Geschichtliche Darstellung des thierischen Magnetismus als
Heilmittels' (Berlin, 1824); R. Flaceliere 'Greek Orades' (Paris, 1961; tr.
D. Garman, London, 1965); H. W. Parke 'The Orades of Zeus' (Oxford,
1967).
Notes to Volume T wo: Anthropology . 5 I I
The significance of Plato's associating the faculty of divination with the

liver was brought out in 'Annales du Magnetisme animal' Ist year, pt. 4
sect. 19; cf. 'Archiv für den thierischen Magnetismus' 18182, iii p. 125;J. A.
Pitschaft 'Rhapsodische Gedanken über Seelen störung' (Nasse's 'Jahr-
bücher für Anthropologie' vol. I p. 119, 1830). F. Fischer 'Beobachtungen
über thierischen Magnetismus' pp. 274-5 (Reil's 'Archiv für die Physiologie'
12 vols. Halle, 1796-1815, vol. 6 sect. ii pp. 264-81) makes mention of a
patient who gave a detailed account of his liver when in a trance; cf. C. A.
F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) p. 162. The most
detailed and extensive account of such matters in English is to be found in
J. C. Prichard 'A· Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System' (London,
1822) ch. VIII. Cf. footnote 297, 22.
253,6
If justified in respect of the true nature of the subject matter, this systematic
exposition of 'animal magnetism' within the general sphere of 'Anthro-
pology' , should have enabled future research to reach universally valid
conclusions with regard to the effective employment of the state in curing
psychic diseases. Although it was a commonplace after about 1820 to treat
animal magnetism as an aspect of 'Anthropology': J. F. Fries 'Handbuch der
psychischen Anthropologie' (2 vols. Jena, 1820/1) pt. ii, J. C. A. Heinroth
'Lehrbuch der Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1822) pt. ii, Joseph Hillebrand
'Die Anthropologie als Wissenschaft' (Mainz, 1823) pt. ii pp. 348-77, H. B.
von Weber 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen, 1829)
ii, 4, this generally accepted classification did not involve any such critical
assessment of the phenomenon as that provided here by Hegel. Those who
recorded in detail the iffectiveness of it failed to provide any satisfactory
explanation, and those whose 'scientific and spiritual categories' were in-
ade qua te tended either to ignore it or to attempt to prove that it was a
bogus phenomenon.
The great bulk of the literature on the subject produced during Hegel's
lifetime was in French and German. The best general surveys of it are to be
found in J. P. F. Deleuze 'Histoire Critique du Magnetisme Animal' (2nd
ed. 2 vols. Paris, 1819); C. A. F. Kluge 'Versuch einer Darstellung des
animalischen Magnetismus' (2nd ed. Berlin, 1815); D. G. Kieser 'System
des Tellurismus oder Thierischen Magnetismus' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1822).
The details of the varieties of approach and interpretation mentioned here
by Hegel may best be studied in the following periodicals: 'Annales du
magnetisme animal' (ed. Montferriar etc. Paris, 1814-1816), 'Bibliotheque
du magnetisme animal (8 vols. Paris, 1817-1819); 'Archiv für den thierischen
Magnetismus' (ed. J. L. Bockmann, 8 vols. Carlsruhe, 1787/8), 'Archiv für
den thierischen Magnetismus' (ed. A. W. Nordhoff, Jena, 1804), 'Archiv
für den thierischen Magnetismus' (ed. A. C. A. Eschenmayer, D. G. Kieser,
512 . Heget'.> Phitosophy of Subjective Spirit
F. Nasse, 12 vols, Leipzig, 1817-1815), K. C. Wolfart 'Asklepieion, allge-

meines medicinisch = chirurgisches Wochenblatt' (Berlin, 181 1-1814) and
'Jahrbücher für den Lebensmagnetismus' (4 vols. Leipzig, 1818-1821);
'Journal för animal magnetism' (ed. P. G. Cederschjöld, 6 vols. Stockholm,
1815-1821), 'Archiv för Animal Magnetism' (2 vols. Stockholm, 1819); cf.
'Anmärkningar öfver animalska magnetismen och Svedenborg' ('Sälskapet
pro sensu communi' Norrköping, 1787).
Elisha Perkins' (1741-1799) experiments with metallic tractors were well
publicized, and created quite a stir in both America and Europe on account
of their indicating an apparent link-up with galvanism: see B. D. Perkins
'The Influence ofmetallic Tractors' (London, 1798), 'New Cases' (London,
1802), J. Haygarth (1740-1827) 'Of the Imagination' (London, 1800),
'Bibliotheque Britannique' vol. xxi p. 49 (Sept. 1802), J. D. Herholdt (1764-
1836) and C. G. Rafn (1768-1808) 'Von dem Perkinismus' (tr. J. C. Tode,
Copenhagen, 1798). They led G. F. Parrot (1767-1852) to insist that animal
magnetism would never be properly understood until it had been taken out
of the hands of the physicians and thoroughly investigated by the physicists :
'Coup d'oeuil sur le magnetisme animal' (St. Petersburg, 1816). For a
contrasting Russian view see 'Der thierische Magnetismus' (Russian, St.
Petersburg, 1818) by the Schellingian Daniel Wellanski.
During Hegel's lifetime, British physicians contributed very litde to
research in this field: see 'Philosophy of Nature' III.38 I ; J. C. Colquhoun
(1785-1854) 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1836).
253,3 8
Cf. A. C. A. Eschenmayer 'Versuch, die scheinbare Magie des thierischen
Magnetismus aus physiologischen und psychischen Gesetzen zu erklären'
(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1816); reviewed 'Archiv für den thier. Magnet.'
1817 I, i pp. 145-66.
255, 23
'das Seelenhafte' see Phil. Nat. III.3I7.
257, I I
Cf. Phil. Nat. §§ 371, 372. Hegel almost certainly formulated his theory
of organic disease first, and then found that it also helped hirn in his treatment
of the soul. For the subsequent fate of a very similar theory to that pro-
pounded here, see A. L. Wigan 'A New View of Insanity. The Duality of
the Mind proved by the structure, functions and diseases of the brain'
(London, 1844).
257, 29
All these 'diseased' states involve, 'the merely soul-like aspect of the
organism appropriating the function of spiritual consciousness', and are of
course deeply involved in physiological factors. In order to analyze effectively
Notes to Volume Two: Anthropology . 513
the validity of Hegel's assessment of them, one has therefore to bear in mind
the precise significance he assigns to animal physiology (Enc. §§ 350-76),
the soul, and 'spirit' (§ 387). On sleep-walking, catalepsy and the period oJ
development in girls see notes 267, 18; 357, 16; 247, 22.
It is clearly his definition of bodily disease as, 'the isolation of an organ
or system in opposition to the general harmony of the individuallife' (Enc.
§ 371), which led hirn to treatpregnancy as a disease: cf. § 405 sect. 2. John
Conolly (1794-1866), 'An Inquiry concerning the indications of Insanity'
(London, 1830) p. 234, elaborates upon the physiological complications
incident to pregnancy, 'During pregnancy, partly perhaps from an undue
circulation in the brain, and partly from a morbid state of the brain itself,
explained by its sympathy with the states of the uterus, the mental faculties
and moral feelings sometimes undergo singular modification.' Hegel's
friend P. G. van Ghert (1782-1852), see note 303, 22, noticed that whereas
menstruation gave rise to greater sensitivity to animal magnetism, preg-
nancy gave rise to less, 'Mnemosyne' (Amsterdam, 1815; Germ. tr. 'Archiv
f.d. thier. Mag.' 1818,3 iii pp. 1-97) Germ. tr. p. 62. In Halmstad, Sweden,
in 1817 however, a young married woman was told by a magnetizer that
she was pregnant before she knew herself: C. G. Nees von Esenbeck (1776-
1858) 'Geschichte eines automagnetischen Kranken' ('Archiv. f.d. thier.
Mag.' 1822, 10 ii pp. 121-7). It was also realized that great care had to be
taken when magnetizing pregnant women on account of the danger of
bringing on a miscarriage: A. A. Tardy de Montravel 'Journal du traitement
magnetique de Madame Braun' (Strassburg, 1787; Germ. tr. Nordhoff's
'Archiv' I ii p. 26). Pregnant women were also cured ofmadness by being put
into the magnetic state: 'Bibliotheque du Magnetisme animal' 1818 vol. 5
pp. 241-6, cf. E. Gmelin (1761-1809) 'Materialien für die Anthropologie'
(2 vols. Tübingen, 1791/3) vol. I p. 90; J. C. Prichard 'A Treatise on
Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 306-17.
In Hegel's day there was much uncertainty as to the definition, classifi-
cation and diagnosis of St. Vitus's dance. Since he mentions it in conjunction
with 'the moment of approaching death', it may be worth noting that St.
Vitus was invoked against sudden death as weIl as chorea, and that he
plays an important part in the Christianized folk-beliefs of Central Europe,
being the patron of Bohemia and Saxony and one of fourteen 'protectors'
of the church in Germany: see J. H. Kessel 'St. Veit, seine Geschichte,
Verehrung und bild liehe Darstellungen' ('Jahrbücher des Vereins von
Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande' 1867 pp. 152-83). Chorea was often
confused with ergotism (Kriebelkrankheit, raphania): see J. G. Brendel
(1712-1758) 'Praelectiones academicae' (ed. H. G. Lindemann, 3 vols.
Leipzig, 1792/4) vol. 11 p. 86; S. A. D. Tissot (1728-1797) 'Nachrichten von
der Kriebelkrankheit' (Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1771); J. F. K. Hecker (1795-
1850) 'Die Tanzwuth, eine Volkskrankheit im Mittelalter' (Berlin, 1832;
Eng. tr. London, 1835). In Britain it was usual to classify chorea together
with lameness, palsy and paralysis: Thomas Dover (1660-1742) 'The
Ancient Physician's legacy to his country' (London, 1733); Richard Mead
(1673-1754) 'Monita et praecepta medica' (London, 1751; Germ. tr.
Hamburg and Leipzig, 1752); cf. John Andree (1699?-1785), 'Cases of
Epilepsy, Hysterie Fits, St. Vitus's Dance' (London, 1746), John Ewart
'Dissertatio de Chorea' (Edinburgh, 24.6. I 786). Earlier physicians had
classified it as form of raving: Felix Platerus (1536-1614) 'Observationum
in hominis affectibus plerisque' (3 vols. Basel, 1614) bk. I p. 788; Nicolas
Tulpius (1593-1678) 'Observationum medicarum' (3rd ed. 4 vols. Amster-
dam, 1672) bk. I obs. 16.
In steering a middle course between these two classifications and treating
St. Vitus's dance as closely related to animal magnetism, Hegel was prob-
ably influenced directly or indirectly by J. E. Wichmann (1740-1802),
'Ideen zur Diagnostik' (3 vols. Hanover, 1794-1802; 3rd ed. 1827) vol. I
p. 135, who no ti ces that in patients suffering from the disease there is, 'oft
ein Zustand von Außersichseyn, von Somnambulismus vorhanden.' Cf. A.
C. A. Eschenmayer (1768-1854) 'Versuch die scheinbare Magie' etc.
(Stuttgart, 1816) pp. 146-7. The disease was certainly cured in ways that
might have encouraged Hegel to classify it as he did. Purely medicinal
eures such as that employed for many years at the Bristol Infirmary were
fairly widely used: John Wright 'Cases of. .. Chorea Sancti Viti (treated)
with flowers of zinc' ('Memoirs of the Medical Society of London' vol. 3
pp. 563-8, 1792), but the use of electricity in curing the disease had been
discovered quite early in the eighteenth century: see]. F. FothergiH (1712-
1780) 'Account of the eure of St. Vitus's Dance by electricity' ('Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc.' 1755 vol. 49 p. I), and in Hegel's day magnetic eures were weH
documented: C. A. F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815)
p. 433; K. C. Wolfart (d. 1832) 'Jahrbücher für den Lebens = Magnetismus'
1820 vol. 3 sect. ii VIII p. 230; Franz Dürr (Baden) 'Das siderische un-
magnetisirte Baquet als Heilmittel gegen den Veitstanz' (Archiv. f.d. thier.
Mag.' 1822, IO iii pp. 1-68). Cf. W. F. Dreyssig (1770-1819) 'Handbuch
der Pathologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1796/9 vol. I pp. 335-47.
On the 'soul-like awareness' (das seelenhafte Wissen) associated with the
moment of approaching death, see J. c. Passavant (1790-1857) 'Unter-
suchungen über den Lebensmagnetismus und das Hellsehen' (Frankfurt-
On-Main, 1821) pp. 253-9 'Hellsehen in der Nähe des Todes', 'Zu allen
Zeiten gab es nun Menschen, welche an der Grenze des Grabes, wenn die
Seele die Anker lichtet nach der neuen Welt, sich in heiliger Begeisterung
über die irdischen Dinge erhoben, hellsehend Vergangenes und Zukünftiges
im inneren Lichte erschauten, und somit gleichsam ein höheres Dasein
anticipirten.' Hegel almost certainly used this book (note 265, 3). Passavant
refers to the deathbed visions of a certain Johann Schwertfeger who died
near Halberstadt about 1733: see 'Die Geistliche Fama' (30 pts. Phila-
delphia, 1730 et seq.) vol. I no. 3 p. 40; vol. 11 no 13 p. lOS. Such cases
attracted considerable attention in Germany at that time: see 'Archiv f.d.
thier. Mag.' 1817 I i pp. 3S-So, I ii pp. 1-16S.
Georg Franck de Franckenau (1644-1704) 'Dissertatio de Vaticiniis'
(Heidelberg, 167S) collected many instances of the oracular power of the
dying. Shakespeare's dramatization of the death of Gaunt ('Richard 11' 11 i)
probably accounts to a considerable extent for the interest in such matters
shown in England during the eighteenth century. Defoe's 'The Dumb
Philosopher' ; (London, 17 19), which contains an account of the Cornishman
Dickory Cronke, who acquired the power of speech just before his death
and prophesied concerning the fate ofEurope, was widely read, and Smollett
is supposed to have written to a Northumberland clergyman just before his
death, forecasting the American and French revolutions: 'Wonderful
Prophecies' (3rd ed. London, I 79S). See]. C. Spurzheim 'Observations
on ... Insanity' (London, 1817; Germ. tr. Hamburg, 1818) p. 206, 'Like
old persons, who sometimes a short time before their death show increased
activity of their powers, many insane, before the end of their days, show
often a sudden restoration of reason. The mind of Dean Swift awoke from
its long repose in fatuity in consequence of an abscess in one of his eyes. Dr.
Percival (Thomas Percival 1740-1804) relates an instance of a woman, who
lived from her infancy to the thirty-fifth year of her age in astate of fatuity
and died of a pulmonary consumption, in which he discovered a degree of
intellectual vigour that astonished her family and friends.'
259,3
After the revocation ofthe edict ofNantes in 1685, the attempt was made
to convert the Huguenot peasantry of the Cevennes by force, and for some
years after 1702 this gave rise to organized military resistance. Pope Clement
XI issued a bull against the 'execrable race of the ancient Albigenses' and
the French government, enlisting the service of the Irish Brigade which had
just returned from the persecutions of the Waldenses, adopted a policy of
extermination, burning 466 villages in the Upper Cevennes alone, and
putting most of the population to the sword. Louis XIV finally announced
the complete extirpation of the heresy on 8th March 17 I 5.
F. M. Misson (c. 1650-1721), 'Le Theatre sacre des Cevennes' (London,
1707), provides us with most of our information concerning the spiritual
manifestations in the Cevennes mentioned here by Hegel: see the evidence
given by Guillaume Bruyuier (p. 30), 'J'ai vu a Aubessaque trois ou quatre
enfants, entre l'age de trois et de six ans, saisis de l'esprit. Comme j'etais
chez un nomme Jacques Boussige, un de ses enfants, age de trois ans, fut
saisi de l'esprit et tomba a terre. 11 fut fort agite, et se donna de grands
coups de main sur la poitrine, disant en meme temps que c'etaient les
516 . Hegel's Philosophy of Subjectiue Spirit
peches de sa mere qui le faisaient souffrir.' Another witness speaks of a
fifteen month old child acting in the same way.
The best general history of the Camisards available to Hegel was Antoine
Court's 'Histoire des troubles des Cevennes' (3 vols. Villefranche, 1760;
2nd ed. 1819). See also Alexandre Bertrand (1795-1831) 'Du Magnetisme
Animal en France' (Paris, 1826) pp. 351-65; 'Archiv f.d. thier. Magn.'
1821, 8 ii pp. 150-4; 'Bibliotheque du Magnetisme anima!' (Paris, 1819)
vol. 8 pp. 261-74; A. E. Bray 'The Revolt ofthe Protestants ofthe Cevennes'
(London, 1870). The first full-scale psychological approach to the his tory of
the Camisards is to be found in Revault d'Allonnes' 'Psychologie d'une
religion' (Paris, 1908); cf. Jean Benoit 'Les Prophetes Huguenots. Etude de
Psychologie Religieuse' (Thesis, Montauban, 1910); R. Yve-Plessis 'Essai
d'une Bibliographie ... de la Sorcellerie' (Paris, 1900) nos. 67 1-7.
259,7
Theodore Bouys (1751-1810), 'Nouvelles consideration pUlsees dans la
clairvoyance instinctive de l'homme' (Paris, 1806), was the first to call
attention to Joan's voices and visions as a matter of psychological interest,
and since he published, no comprehensive account of her career has lacked
a consideration of her psychology: 'Annales du Magnetism animal' I 24-7
(1815); 'Archiv f.d. thier. Magn.' 2 iii pp. 130-3 (1818); J. B. Friedreich
'Systematische Literatur der ... Psychologie' (Berlin, 1833) p. 27.
By the men of the enlightenment, Joan was generally regarded as at best
a skilfully manipulated pawn and at worst a fraud: see Voltaire 'La Pucelle
d'Orleans' (Paris, 1755)' What reputation she enjoyed in France prior to
the revolution tended to rest upon her having been instrumental in the
crowning of the king, and it is not surprising therefore that her stock should
have been very low indeed during the revolutionary period. It was toward
the close of the eighteenth century however, that historical research began
to throw new light upon her 'purity, simplicity of soul and patriotic enthusi-
asm.' Hume 'Hist. of England' ur p. 357 speaks weIl of her; see also C. F.
de l'Averdy 'Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque du roi'
(Paris, 1790); C. B. Petitot 'Memoires concernant la Pucelle d'Orleans'
(Paris, 1819); W. H. Ireland 'Memoirs ofJeanne d'Arc' (London, 1824).
On 30th January 1803 Napoleon ordered the restoration of the annual
fete held at Orleans on 8th May in celebration of the raising of the English
army's siege of the city in 1429: 'Le Moniteur U niversel' 10 Pluviose, an.
XI. After 1815Joan came into her own in France as a symbol ofa monarchy
backed not by the nobility but by the people, and of military and religious
traditions more acceptable than those of the recent past. Historians and
poets idealized her: Jacques Berriat-Saint-Prix 'Jeanne d'Arc' (Paris, 1817);
P. A. Lebrun des Charmettes 'Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc' (Paris, 1817),
'L'Orleanide (Paris, 1820).
Notes to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 5I 7
261,5
D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'Das siderische Baquet und der Siderismus'
('Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1819 5 ii pp. 1-84) p. 36 mentions that rock salt
is one of the substances which is 'sidereally effective'. F. Fischer 'Beobach-
tungen über thierischen Magnetismus und Somnambulismus' (Reil's
'Archiv f.d. Phys.' vol. 6 sect. 11 pp. 264-81) p. 276 mentions the case ofone
of his friends, who put a patient into a magnetic sleep and then tasted salt,
which was immediately also tasted, without physical contact, by the patient.
Cf. C. A. F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) pp. 142-68.
262,38
Kehler wrote 'Heerden' .
26 3,4
Schelling, in 1807, was evidently first to call Hegel's attention to water-
divining and pendulation ('Briefe von und an Hegel' ed. Hoffmeister I no.
83), and this lengthy exposition (1825) indicates how carefully Hegel sub-
sequently thought about the matter.
The origin of this general interest in what might be regarded as a re-
latively unimportant subject, has to be sought in the theorizing which
developed as a result of the discovery that evidently inorganic factors could
have a direct and perceptible effect upon apparently organic phenomena.
Experimentation had shown, for example, that electricity could motivate
'dancing' figures, that galvanic activity could move frogs' legs and even
're-animate' corpses, and that magnets could induce trances (Phil. Nat.
11.174,30 ; 199,39; 201, 29: 111.207, 34)·
Schelling was encouraged to draw certain fantastic conelusions from this,
and to build his physiophilosophy around them: 'The whole idea of it is to
equate the three stages of the dynamic process (in the realm of what is
organic: sensibility, irritability, reproduction; in what is inorganic: mag-
netism, electricity, chemical process) with the three dimensions of matter'
(letter to A. C. A. Eschenmayer, 22nd September 1800). In his letter to
Hegel (I IthJanuary 1807), he calls attention to the elose connection between
metal-/water-divining and pendulation, and urges hirn to perform certain
experiments illustrating a polarity which he assurnes to be not exelusively
subjective: 'It is an actual magie incident to the human being, no animal
is able to do it. Man actually breaks forth as a sun among other beings, all
of which are his planets.' Cf. Schelling's anonymous account of Ritter's
experiments with Campetti, 'Merkwürdiger physikalischer Versuch'
('Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände' Ist year, no. 26 p. 100, 20th January
1807).
A few months after receiving this letter, Hegel heard from T. J. Seebeck
(1770-1831) about the conelusions then being drawn from Ritter's experi-
ments: 'The latest conelusion is that the will of the experimenter can be the
complete substitute for external stimulations, without involving any ancillaries ...
This constitutes capital confirmation of a proposition which has been evident
in physics and physiology for some time now, viz. that stimulation of the will
is as important as what is simply physical.' See 'Briefe' op. cit. I no. 100; J. W.
Ritter (1776-1810) 'Der Siderismus' (Tübingen, 1808), listed no. 1409 in
the catalogue of Hegel's library (Berlin, 1832).
Hegel differs from both Schelling and Seebeck in considering it essential
that the nature of the substances being located should be taken into con-
sideration when attempting to explain divining: for his views on the nature
of water and metal see Phil. Nat. §§ 284, 334. He also differs from them in
that he takes the bodily disposition of the diviner to be decisive in deter-
mining susceptibility (Phil. Nat. § 371). Ritter's observations as to the
influence of metals upon people with nervous diseases and the efficacy of
sulphur in inducing cramps (op. cit. p. I I), almost certainly influenced him
in respect of both these points. Although his assessment of the will as a level
of'Psychology' (§ 468) ruled out the possibility ofhis accepting in its entirety
the interpretation of divining mentioned by Seebeck, he shows that he
endorses the substance of it by taking it to be self-evident that 'the wood
moves solelyon account of the person's sensation'. Sensations are also
assessed in the 'Psychology (§§ 447, 448), but at this stage in the 'Anthro-
pology' sensation is already apresupposition (§§ 399, 400), and Hegel is
therefore certainly justified in rounding off his exposition by observing that
it is in sensation that the sensation of heaviness experienced in divining has
its ground.
Newton's proposition that, 'Every particle of matter in the universe
attracts every other particle with a force that varies inversely as the squares
of the distances between them and directly as the products of their masses'
('Math. Princ.' bk. I prop. I xxvi cor. iii and iv), was taken by Carlo
Amoretti (1741-1808) as the starting point ofhis investigations into water-
divining: see the opening paragraph of his 'Physikalische und historische
Untersuchungen über die Rabdomantie oder animalische Electrometrie'
(tr. K. U. von Salis, notes J. W. Ritter, Berlin, 1809). This work was based
upon articles first published early in the 1790'S: see 'Opuscoli scelti di
Milano' vols. XIV, XVI, XIX, XX, XXI; 'Memorie della Societa Italiana'
vol. XII; cf. 'Elementi di Elettrometria animale del Cavaliere Carlo
Amoretti' (Milan 1816); D. G. Kieser 'Die Rhabdomatie und die Pendel-
schwingungen' ('Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1818 3 ii pp. 22-35). The experi-
ment by Count Karl Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins (1760-1818) mentioned
by Hegel is almost certainly to be found in his 'Ueber unterirdische Elek-
trometrie' (Zürich, 1794), which was in fact a translation of 'Resume sur les
Experiences d'Electrometrie souterraine faites en Italie et dans les Alpes
depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1792' (2 vols. Milan and Brescia, 1792/3), by Pierre
Thouvenel (1747-1815). An excellent survey of the research being carried
Notes to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 5 I 9
out in this field at the beginning of the last century is to be found in C. von
Aretin's 'Beiträge zur literärischen Geschichte der Wünschelruthe' (Munich,
1807); cf. C. A. F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) pp.
248-9·
On 21st November 1806 J. W. Ritter left Munich, with an interpreter, in
order to test the divining powers of Francesco Campetti, who lived at
Gargnano on Lake Garda. The experiment with the metals mentioned by
Hegel, in which zinc, iron and copper were used, was performed on 12th
December 1806. Ritter was convinced that Campetti possessed a genuine
power, and brought hirn back to Munich in theJanuary of 1807. He wrote
the account of hirn subsequently published in 'Der Siderismus' (op. cit.)
during the following summer, and on 19th August 1807 his researches were
investigated by a committee set up by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
This committee, which consisted of Maximus von Imhof (1758-1817),
Professor ofMathematics, Physics and Chemistry, the anatomist and physio-
logist S. T. von Sömmerring (1755-1830) and the physicist J. M. Güthe,
came to the conclusion that Ritter's method of investigation had been un-
satisfactory, and refused to confirm the validity of his general conclusions:
see 'Denkschriften der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
München' 1808, Geschichte, p. XLIII.
Although Ritter is said to have admitted, shortly before his death, that
Campetti was probably a charlatan ('Briefe' op. cit. I p. 467), this was not
the general view, and research into rhabdomancy (Greek paß80S (rod)
+ p.aJIT€la (divination)) had extended into detailed historical and medical
studies by the time Hegel was lecturing on the subject in Berlin: see H. E.
Katterfeld 'Spuren magnetischer Erscheinungen in der nordischen Ge-
schichte' ('Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1820, 6, ii pp. 163-9); Johann Friedrich
Weisse (1792-1869) 'Erfahrungen über arzneiverständige Somnambulen'
(Berlin, 1819) pp. 75-84; cf. 'Archiv' op. cit. 1820,6, iii pp. 150-2.
On the animal's 'sympathetic community of feeling with what is going
on in the Earth' see Phil. Nat. II.51; III.146-7.
Cf. F. Nicolin 'Hegel als Professor in Heidelberg' ('Hegel-Studien' vol.
2 pp. 71-98, 1963) pp. 87-91.
263,8
For the evident origin of Hegel's interest in pendulation see note 263, 4.
Experiments with a ring and a glass of water were evidently performed by
the ancients, and were certainly recorded during the seventeenth century:
see Dr. Schindler (practising physician at Greiffenberg) 'Ueber die rab-
domantischen Pendelschwingungen' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthro-
pologie' 1825 i pp. 79-112); M. E. Chevreul (1787-1889) 'Examen d'ecrits
concernant la baguette divinatoire, le pendule dit explorateur, et les tables
tournantes' ('Journal des Savants' 1853/4); C. G. Carus (1789-1869) 'Ueber
Lebensmagnetismus' (Leipzig, 1857) ch. III. It was, however, C. Mortimer's
(d. 1752) ac count ofStephen Gray's (d. 1736) experiments which initiated
the eighteenth and early nineteenth century interest in the subject: 'Take
a small iron globe, of an inch and half diameter, which set on the middle of
a cake of rosin, of about 7 or 8 inches diameter, having first excited the
cake by gently rubbing it, clapping it three or four times with the hands,
or warming it a little before the fire. Then fasten a light body, as a small
piece of cork, or pith of elder, to an exceedingly fine thread, 5 or 6 inches
long, which hold between the finger and thumb, exactly over the globe, at
such a height, that the cork, or other light body, may hang down about the
middle of the globe; this light body will of itself begin to move round the
iron globe, and that constantly from west to east, being the same direction
which the planets have in their orbits round the sun.' ('Phi!. Trans. Roy.
Soc.' vol. XXXIX p. 460 no. 444 (1736)).
Something very similar to the experiment mentioned by Hegel is analyzed
by Carlo Amoretti (1741-1808) in 'Elementi di Elettrometria animale'
(Milan, 1816: Germ. tr. Kieser, 'Archiv' 1818,4 ii pp. 1-119) § 23 ('Archiv'
pp. 33-4): 'Einige glauben, daß der Pendel, in einen Becher oder ein
anderes Gefäß gehalten, nicht allein an die innern Wände desselben
anschlägt. .. sondern daß er auch so viele Schläge giebt, als man in diesem
Augenblick Tagesstunden zählt. .. (Es ist) sehr wahrscheinlich, daß, wenn
auch nicht der bestimmte Wille, doch wenigstens eine von dem Vorher-
wissen abhängende Bewegung hier Einfluß hat. Es wäre daher zu wünschen,
daß derjenige der diesen Versuch macht, nicht allein die Tageszeit nicht
wußte, sondern auch Augen und Ohren verschlossen hätte, damit die Ein-
bildung keinen Einfluß haben konnte ... .'
A. W. Knoch (1742-1818) 'Bemerkungen über einige electrische Versuche,
deren Erklärung schwierig schien' ('Gilberts Annalen der Physik' vol. 24
pp. 104-12 (1806); cf. vol. 57 pp. 360-88 (1817)) also drew attention to the
danger of self-deception in the experiment. D. G. Kieser 'Das magnetische
Behältniß' ('Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1818, 3 ii pp. 28-9) noticed that the
ring does not swing if connected to inanimate objects, and emphasized the
importance of its being of gold. Dr. A. J. Greve of Gütersloh 'Ueber Pen-
delschwingungen und siderisches Baquet' ('Archiv' 1820, 6 ii pp. 155-63)
performed Amoretti's experiments and was 'fully convinced that something
which could not be categorized as any known substance, was emitted from
these inorganic bodies.' Dr. Groß of Jüterbogk 'Noch etwas über Pendel-
schwingungen' ('Archiv' 1821, 10 i pp. 168-72) expressed the view that the
motion originated in the hand. Dr. Schindler (loc. cit) attempted to mediate
between these two points of view by establishing the following points:
i) That there is a natural force which works on an object held in the
human hand, be it a pendulum or a divining rod.
ii) That the human will works in the same way as this natural force, and
can therefore modify the working of nature.

iii) That although the phenomena may differ, the force is always the same
i.e. an interaction between inorganic and organic nature.
iv) That the phenomena observed are analogous to those of sidereal and
animal magnetism.
Dr. Blasius of Potsdam 'Ueber den Einfluß des Willens auf Pendelschwing-
ungen' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1825 iii pp. 118-36)
urged caution with regard to Groß's concIusions, and interpreted the
phenomenon in much the same way as Hegel.
265,3
The ultimate source here is a work by Jean-Baptiste Panthot (c. 1640-
1707), a graduate of Montpellier and physician at Lyon: 'Traite de la
baguette, ou la Recherche des veritables usages ausquels elle convient pour
la decouverte des voleurs, des meurtriers, sur la terre et sur les eaux, des
bornes, des tresors' (Lyon, 1693)' On 5th July 1692 a Lyon wine merchant
and his wife were murdered with an axe in their cellar, and their money
was taken. Since there was no evidence as to who might have committed
the murder, a peasant by the name ofJacques Aymar, a man who was well-
known locally for his use of the divining rod in discovering water, metals,
boundary stones, thieves, murderers etc., was brought to Lyon and taken
to the cellar. 'As he entered it he was disturbed, his pulsebeat was what it
might have been had he had a violent fever. The rod which he held in his
hands twitched violently, and all these motions became twice as pronounced
when he came to the place where the body of the dead woman had been
found.' He then left the cellar and followed the right bank of the Rhöne to a
spot where the murderers had had lunch. The rod indicated where they had
buried the axe, the beds they had slept in, a boat they had used, the point
at which they had separated. One of the accomplices, a nineteen year old,
was traced to the prison in Beaucaire, and as Hegel notes, the others were
pursued 'to the boundaries of the kingdom. '
J ohann Gottfried Zeidler (d. 171 I) gave an account of this case in his
'Pantomysterium, oder Das Neue vom Jahre in der Wündschelruthe, als
einem allgemeinen Werckzeuge menschlicher verborgenen Wissenschaft'
(ed. Christian Thomasius (1655-1728), Halle and Magdeburg, 1700) pp.
336-418; cf J. C. Passavant (1790-1857) 'Untersuchungen über den
Lebensmagnetismus und das Hellsehen' (Frankfurt-on-Main, 182 I) pp.
131-8;J. C. Colquhoun (1785-1854) 'An History of... Animal Magnetism'
(2 vols. London, 185 I) ch. 68 vol. II pp. 280-4.
Hegel's remark about the dog and its master may have been influenced
by the seventeenth century Italian case mentioned by J. P. F. Deleuze (1753-
1835): see 'Annales du Magnetisme anima!' vol. I sect. 16 pp. 150-71;
'Archiv' 1818, 2 iii pp. 113-4. J. A. L. Richter 'Betrachtungen über den
animalischen Magnetismus' (Leipzig, 1817) p. 48, 'The tracking power of

dogs, which is usually explained mechanically as a matter of scenting, could
be nothing other than the outcome of a magnetic rapport.' For a biblio-
graphy of seventeenth century works on the divining rod, see C. A. F. Kluge
'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) pp. 246-7.
265, 12
If the assumptions behind this remark are to be understood, thefour main
levels at which the senses are dealt with in the 'Encyclopaedia' have to be
borne in mind. It is pointed out in § 316 (Phil. Nat. II.1I6-121), that it is
only possible to carry out exact and discriminating work in the more com-
plex fields ofphysics because 'physical totality exists for sensation' (II. I Ig, Ig).
In §§ 355-8 (Phil. Nat. III. I 26-40), the physiological factors involved in the
functioning of the senses are dealt with. In § 401, emphasis is laid upon
exterior sensations. In § 448 the interior sensations are assessed, the psychological
significance of the sens es being presented as an aspect of intuition.
Hegel does not mention the 'general sense' (Gemeinsinn) in any of these
contexts, although it obviously approximates fairly closely to the sense of
feeling as defined in § 401. The peculiarity of his terminology here almost
certainly arose from the desire to avoid a reductionist interpretation of what
he considered to be a distinct phenomenon. The fact that he uses a word
often taken to be the equivalent of Aristotle's KOLV~ atu(JTjut, ('De Anima'
III, 2), should not lead us to ass urne that at thisjuncture alone he is invoking
the Aristotelian doctrine of an internal sense constituting the common bond
of the five 'specific' senses, although this doctrine certainly ac cords with
what he is saying here. If he has a specific philosophical doctrine in mind at
this juncture, it is probably Thomas Reid's (17IO-17g6) 'common sense',
as this was used to refute Hume's postulation of the essential unconnected-
ness of 'particular perceptions': see Hist. Phil. III.375 et seq. where the
'An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense'
(1764; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1782; Edinburgh, 18IO) is referred to; cf. Max
Dessoir 'Geschichte der neueren deutschen Psychologie' (2nd ed. Berlin,
I g02) I pp. 408-9.
Hegel evidently also spoke of 'general feeling' (Gemeingefühl) in this con-
nection (26g, 27), and in doing so he was adopting the normal terminology of
his day: see J. C. Prichard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London,
1835) p. 432, 'According to this hypo thesis the operations of the brain and
the system of cerebral and spinal nerves being suspended during the mag-
netic somnambulism, the nervous structure connected with the ganglions,
and appropriated generally to the functions of physicallife, assurnes vicari-
ously the office of the brain, and becomes a new sensorium. Specific
sensation through the organs of sense ceases to exist, but the 'Gemeingefühl,
or common feeling, taking its centre in the epigastrium near the gastric
Notes to Volurne T wo: AnthropobJgy . 523
system of nerves, becomes capable through its exaltation of all that belongs
naturally to the cerebral structures, and in many instances in a higher and
more intense degree.' This explanation of animal magnetism began to gain
ground in Germany about 1814: see Johann Stieglitz (1767-1840) 'Ueber
den thierischen Magnetismus' (Hanover, 1814); C. A. F. Kluge 'Animali-
schen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 18IS) pp. 226-31, 264-8S.
For the speculative background to the concept of 'general feeling' or
coenaesthesis, see Phil. Nat. 111.326. Friedrich Hübner's 'Coenaesthesis,
dissertatio inauguralis medica' (Halle, 1794; tr. J. F. A. Merzdorff, Halle,
179S) seems to have initiated the general interest in the concept among
German psychologists: see J. C. Reil 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 2S9;
J. Ith 'Versuch einer Anthropologie' (1794/S; 2nd ed. 1803) p. 289; I. P. V.
Troxler (1780-1866) 'Versuche in der organischen Physik' (Jena, 1804)
p. I 26ff; W. Liebsch 'Grundiß der Anthropologie' (2 pts. Göttingen, 1806/8)
pp. 378-89; A. C. A. Eschenmayer (1768-18S4) 'Allgemeine Reflexionen
über den thierischen Magnetismus und den organischen Aether' ('Archiv
f.d. thier. Mag.' 1817, I i pp. 1-34) p. 27, 'Wir können den Gemeinsinn den
specifischen Differenzen der Sinnen gegenüberstellen, wie die Einheit den
Brüchen. In dem Gemeinsinn wirkt der organische Aether frey, in dem
verschiedenen Sinnenapparat ist er gebunden oder vielmehr getrübt.'
J. P. F. Deleuze in 'Bibliotheque du Magnetisme animal' vol. V pp. 13-63
(Paris, 1818); P. C. Hartmann 'Der Geist des Menschen' (1819; 2nd ed.
Vienna, 1832) pp. 168-70; J. C. Passavant 'Untersuchungen über den
Lebensmagnetismus' (Frankfurt-on-Main, 1821) pp. IOS-6.
The Rev. T. Glover's 'Extraordinary case of a blind young woman [Miss
M. M'Evoy] who can read by the points ofher fingers' (T. Thomson 'Annals
of Philosophy' X 1817 pp. 286-g) stimulated general interest in what had,
until then, been treated as a predominantly theoretical or academic matter:
see 'Bibliotheque Universelle des Sciences' VI, 1817 pp. 305-1 I; VII, 1818
p. 155; 'Gilberts Annalen' LVIII, 1818 pp. 224-32; 'Journal de Physique'
October 1817 p. 320; 'Archiv f.d. their. Mag.' 1818 3 i pp. 103-13, ii pp.
98- 109.
26S, 22
On the effect of diet upon the 'magnetic state' see Arnold Wienholt (1749-
1804) 'Heilkraft des thierischen Magnetismus nach eigenen Beobachtungen'
(3 pts. Lemgo, 1802/6) pt. I § 14.
26S, 26
Several cases of people composing to music when in the magnetic state
were recorded at that time. F. K. Strombeck (1771-1848), in a work listed
in Hegel's library catalogue (no. 14IS), 'Geschichte eines allein durch die
Natur hervorgebrachten Magnetismus' (Brunswick, 1813), records the
following of a young woman born in 1793 (p. 8): 'She used to say, when
5\!4 • Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
my wife played on a pianoforte placed in the vicinity of her room (in order
to try the effect of music): "0 blessed angel, how heavenly is thy music!
Godlike, rapturous! There is nothing like it to be heard on earth! - If only
all my friends could be gathered here!'" George Baldwin (d. 1826), British
consul-general in Egypt, gave an account of a kitchen-boy who improvised
an Italian poem when magnetized to the sound ofa harp: 'Bibliotheque du
Magnetisme animal' 1819, 7 pp. 146-64; 'Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1821 ii
pp. 127-9. Dr. Nick of Stuttgart, 'Darstellung einer sehr merkwürdigen
Geschichte' ('Archiv' 1817 I ii pp. I I 5-6) , gives a touching account of
hymns sung when in a magnetic trance. Bende Bendsen (1787-1875)
'Tagebuch einer lebensmagnetischen Behandlung der Wittwe A. M. Petersen
zu Arroeskjöping' ('Archiv' 1821, 9 ii pp. I I 0-2, 124-5) recorded three
hymns on death, parting and suffering before God, composed when in a
magnetic state. Cf. 'Archiv' 1822, 10 ii pp. 127-56. Mesmer hirnself recog-
nized the effectiveness of music in heightening the magnetic state, and used
to play to his patients on a harmonica or a pianoforte: 'Lettre sur le secret
de Mr. Mesmer' ('Gazette de Sante' 1782 nos. 19-20); C. A. F. Kluge
'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 181 5) p. 45.
Hegel's friend P. G. van Ghert (1782-1852) noticed that music might have
a direet ejfeet upon the museles: see 'Sammlung merkwürdiger Erscheinungen
des thierischen Magnetismus' ('Archiv' 1818, 3 iii p. 92); cf. ]. D. Brandis
(1762-1845) 'Ueber psychische Heilmittel und Magnetismus' (Copenhagen,
1818) pp. 34-5; Dr. Spiritus ofSolingen 'Beobachtungen über die Heilkraft
des animalischen Magnetismus' ('Archiv' 1819,5 iii pp. 83-4).
The effectiveness of music in helping to eure nervous and mental diseases was
widely recognized at that time, and evidently gave rise to some extra-
ordinary experimentation: see]. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle,
1803; 2nd ed. 1818) p. 205, "I remember having read somewhere of a eat
clavier. The animals were selected according to the scale, and ranged in a
row with their tails stretched behind them. A key-board enabled the tails
to be struck with sharp nails, each cat yielding the note required of it. A
fugue performed upon such an instrument, especially ifthe patient could see
the physiognomy and grimacing of these animals, could hardly fail to cure
even Lot's wife of her catalepsy."
See the account of the swine organ devised for Louis XI ofFrance by the
Abbot of Baigne in the 'European Magazine' vol. 68 p. 226 (Sept. 1815)'
Cf. Adam Brendel (d. 17 I 9) 'Dissertatio de curat. morb. per carmina et
cantos musicos' (Wittenberg, 1706); E. A. Nicolai (1722-1802) 'Von der
Verbindung der Musik mit der Arzneigelährtheit' (Halle, 1745); J. J.
Kausch (1751-1825) 'Psychologische Abhandlung über den Einfluss der
Töne und insbesondere der Musik auf die Seele' (Breslau, 1782); S. A.
Tissot (1728-1797) 'Medicinisches, praktisches Handbuch' (tr. C. F. Held,
3 pts. Leipzig, 1785/6) vol. III pp. 364-70; C. L. Bachmann (1763-1813)
Notes to Volurne T wo: AnthTopology . 525
'Dissertatio de effectibus Musicae in hominem' (Erlangen, 1790, Germ. tr.

Berlin, 18°3); William Pargeter (1760-1810) 'Observations on maniacal
disorders' (Reading, 1792; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1793) Germ. tr. p. 76; P.
Lichtenthai (I 780-c. 1850) 'Der musikalische Arzt' (Vienna, 18°7, Italian
tr. Milan, 181 I); Kluge op. cit. pp. 398-9; J. B. Friedreich 'Versuch einer
Literärgeschichte der ... psychischen Krankheiten' (Würzburg, 1830) pp.
369-7 2 •
267, I I
Hegel's assessments of the soul (§ 391) and the sense of feeling (§ 401)
have to be borne in mind here. His explanation of this state is in substantial
agreement with that put forward by C. A. F. Kluge (1782-1844), 'Animal-
ischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) pp. 266-70, and D. G. Kieser (1779-
1862). Those who were intent upon interpreting animal magnetism as
providing direct insights into the higher truths of ethics, morality and
religion, naturally found it objectionable. See F. X. von Baader (1765-
1841), 'Ueber die Abbreviatur der indirecten, nichtintuitiven, reflectirenden
Vernunfterkenntniß durch das directe, intuitive und evidente Erkennen'
(1822), in 'Gesammelte Schriften zur Philosophischen Anthropologie'
(Leipzig, 1853) p. 110: 'So z.B. stellte Prof. KieseT, nach ihm Heget und
dessen Schule die Hypothese auf, daß in magnetischen oder ekstatischen
Zuständen der Mensch in zwei Hälften, nemlich in die Gefühl- und in die
Erkenntnißseite sich geschieden finde.'
267, 18
The following works contain many instances and observations similar to
those retailed here by Hegel: L. A. Muratori (1672-175°) 'Della Forza
della Fantasia Umana' (Venice, 1766; Germ. tr. 2 pts. Leipzig, 1785);J. C.
Hennings (1731-1815) 'Von den Träumern und Nachtwandlern' (Weimar,
1784); N. Wanley (1634-1680) 'The Wonders ofthe Little World' (ed. W.
J ohnston, 2 vols. London, 1806) vol. 11 pp. 386-9°. F. A. Carus (177°-
1807) 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) vol. 11 pp. 275-85.
On the two specific instances he mentions see: a) Henri de Heer (1570-
c. 1636) 'Observationes medicae' (Liege, 1631) bk. lobs 2 pp. 32-3; and
the anecdote relating to Prof. A. G. Wähner (1693-1762) of Göttingen,
cited in C. P. Moritz and C. F. Pockels 'Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelen-
kunde' (10 vols. Berlin, 1783-1794) vol. 3 no. I p. 88: b) D. Tiedemann
(1748-1803) 'Handbuch der Psychologie' (ed. L. Wachler, Leipzig, 1804)
p. 344; Carus loc. cit. p. 282; and J. C. Prichard 'A Treatise on Insanity'
(London, 1835) pp. 406-7.
267, 22
In order to test a female sleepwalker's ability with regard to seeing by
means of the procardium, Eberhard Gmelin (1751-1808) pressed playing
526 . Hegel's Philosophy 01 Subjective Spirit
cards against this part of her body, and she identified them with remarkable
accuracy: 'Materialien für die Anthropologie' (2 vols. Tübingen, 1791) vol.
II pp. 72-132. For similar cases see: P. F. Hopfengärtner 'Einige Bemerk-
ungen über die menschlichen Entwicklungen' (Stuttgart, 1792); J. Com-
stock ofSouth Carolina 'A case ofa very singular nervous affection' ('London
Medical and Physical Journal' September 1808); Rev. T. Glover's ac count
ofMargaret M'Evoy (b. 1799), who became blind in June 1816, "She says
that she has not been taught by any one to distinguish colours by her fingers;
but that, when she first perceived colours by this organ, she felt convinced
that they were such and such colours, from the resemblance of the sensations
to those which she had formerly experienced by means of the eye." (Thom-
son's 'Annals of Philosophy' 1817 vol. X pp. 286-9).
On experiments designed to test the ability to hear by means of the pro-
cardium see: J. N. Petzold (1739-1813) 'Versuche mit dem thierischen
Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1798) nos. 19 and 20; J. H. D. Petetin (1744-1808)
'Ueber die Phänomene der Catalepsie und des Somnambulismus' (A. W.
Nordhof 'Archiv für den thierischen Magnetismus' vol. I pp. 9-50, Jena,
1804); this article was first published as 'Memoire sur... le Somnam-
bulisme' (Lyon, 1787).
Petetin's experiments were almost certainly the source of Hegel's obser-
vation that it is possible to taste by means of the general sense: see the
'Memoire' (1787) pp. 16-30, where the 'concentration ofelectric fluid' in the
stornach is used to explain the fact that if one places, "une substance
alimentaire sur l'epigastre, la malade sentira aussit6t dans l'estomac la
saveur de cette substance, et la nommera." (p. 29). Cf. 'Electricite animale'
(Lyon, 1805) pp. 29-30; 'Allgern. medizin. Annalen vom Jahr 180?, p.
995 no. 7·
J. C. Colquhoun (1785-1854) 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1836)
vol. Ich. iii notes that the stornach is the principal centre of nervous sym-
pathy; cf. P. Pinel (1755-1826) 'Traite' (Paris, 1801) Eng. tr. p. 17, "From
the centre of the epigastric region, are propagated, as it were by a species
ofirradiation, the accessions ofinsanity, when all the abdominal system even
appears to enter into the sad confederacy"; W. P. Alison (1790-1859) 'On
the Physiological Principle of Sympathy' ('Trans. of the Medico-Chirurgical
Society of Edinburgh' vol. II); J. M. Cox (1762-1822) 'Practical Obser-
vations on Insanity' (2nd ed. London, 1808) pp. x-xi; C. A. F. Kluge
(1782-1844) 'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) pp. I I I, 127, 13I.
26 7, 29
Hegel may be confusing two separate experiments here. Reading by means
of the procardium, and a chain of people holding hands linked to the person
holding his hand on the page of a book, is recorded by Kluge op. cit. p. I 15,
who gives the Strassburg paper 'Niederrheinischer Courier' 1807 no. 32 as
his souree. Hegel is, however, almost eertainly referring to the following
experiment, deseribed by J. H. D. Petetin (1744-1808), in his 'Memoires
sur la deeouverte des phenomenes que presentent la eatalepsie et le som-
nambulisme' (Lyon, 1787) p. 46, "Si plusieurs personnes forment la ehaine
en se touehant seeulement par les mains, que la premiere place le doigt sur
le ereu de l'estomac de la malade, et la derniere qui peut en etre fort
eloignee parle dans sa main; la malade entendra, repondra a toutes les
interrogations, executera ce qu'on lui demande."
Petetin studied at Besanc;on and then Montpellier, where he graduated
in medicine at the age of twenty. He praetised for a while in Franche-Comte
and then settled in Lyon, where he stayed for the rest of his life. He beeame
president of the Medical Society of the town, and published several praetieal
works on public health. His earliest publications on animal magnetism were
the 'Memoire' mentioned in the previous note, and the 'Memoires' quoted
here. He subsequently published 'Nouveau meeanisme de l'eleetrieite
(Lyon, 1802) and 'L'electricite animale' (Lyon, 1805). In these works he
tried to explain animal magnetism by postulating an electric fluid whieh
might be conducted with greater facility by means of iron wire and inter-
rupted by means of sealing wax (op. cit. p. 47). A. Lullier-Winslow (c.
1780-1834) criticized this theory in J. N. Corvisart's 'Journal de Medecine'
vol. 18 October 180g. J. P. F. Deleuze (1753-1835) 'Histoire Critique du
Magnetisme Animal' (2nd ed. 2 vols. Paris, 181g) vol. 11 p. 244 criticizes
Petetin for mistaking magnetic for electric fluid and ignoring the fact that
it is the will which sets it in motion. A similar criticism is to be found in
A. M. J. C. de Puysegur (1751-1825) 'Memoires pour servir a l'histoire ...
du magnetisme animal' (I 80g; 2nd ed. 2 pts. Paris, 1820) pp. vii-xx. It is
almost certainly such criticisms which gave rise to Hegel's remark that the
experiment mentioned was carried out 'when animal magnetism was still
unknown at Lyon.' Cf. Edwin Lee (d. 1870) 'Animal Magnetism' (London,
1866) p. 2g0.
26 7, 33
Johann Heinecken (1761-1851) 'Ideen und Beobachtungen, den thieri-
sehen Magnetismus ... betreffend' (Frankfurt and Bremen, 1800) pp. 124-6,
"Everything in front of my eyes is bright, and it is as if lightning were
flashing sporadically before them; although I am unable to see anything
with my eyes, I am aware of everything that comes before me; it is as if I
were perceiving by some means other than sight; my feeling, whieh is very
distinct, is particularly helpful." Cf. Kluge op. cit. p. 116; 'Hegel Briefe'
I p. 318 (22 June 1810).
A. M. J. C. de Puysegur (1751-1825) 'Du Magnetisme Animal' (Paris,
1807) p. 205, "Dans le somnambulisme, cette clarte, cette optique preliminaire,
qui, dans l'obscurite, lui fait apercevoir les objets exterieurs, n'est precedee
ni d'etincelles, ni d'aucune apparence de feu. Quelle est donc la nature de

cette lumiere? Elle ne peut etre soumise aux lois de la reflexion et de la
refraction, encore moins etre divisee par l'intermede d'une prisme, et jamais
on ne determinera par le calculles effets de ses rayons efficaces. Pour se rendre
raison de ce phenomene, il faut donc absolument remonter a la cause qui
l'a produit; or, cette cause est bien certainement l'action magnetique sur
le principe vital, le calorique, le mouvement tonique, comme on voudra l'appeler,
du malade."
P. G. van Ghert (1782-1852) 'Dagboek eener magnetische Behandeling'
(tr. Kieser 'Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1817,2 i pp. 3-188, ii pp. 3-51) i pp.
160-1, "Aber sagen Sie mir einmal, wie es möglich ist, daß Sie ein Haus
finden können an Oertern, wo eine Menge Gebäude stehn, und wie Sie das
eine von dem andern unterscheiden können? - Sehr gemächlich, sagte sie,
denn wenn ich nach einem Hause sehe, nach dem sie mich fragen, dann werde
ich durch einen Strahl dahin geführt. - Von wem geht der Strahl aus? - Von
Ihnen, oder von denjenigen, welche sich mit uns in Gesellschaft befinden
und nach etwas fragen; hierdurch werden sie mit uns vereinigt, und der
Strahl geht alsdann zu mir über, und bringt mich an den Ort, wo ich seyn
muß." Cf. note 279, 3 I.
269, 13
'in der Fieberhitze' i.e. the cauma. See Phil. Nat. III.201; John Quincy
(d. 1722) 'Lexicon Physico-medicum' (1717; 11th ed. revised by Robert
Hooper (1773-1835), London, 1811).
269,21
Christoph Friedrich Nicolai (1733-181 I), the author and bookseller,
whose father founded the famous Nicolaische Buchhandlung: see 'Briefe
von und an Hegel' II I. 105, 312; IV.17, 175 for Hegel's contacts with it
during the Berlin period. Nicolai first made his name as an interpreter of
English literature, and it was this interest which won hirn the friendship of
Lessing and Moses Mendelssohn. From 1765 until 1792 he edited the
'Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek', the organ of the so-called 'popular
philosophers', who warred against authority in religion and what they
considered to be extravagance in literature. Nicolai showed hirnself to be
incapable of understanding the new movement headed by Goethe, Kant,
Herder, Schiller and Fichte, and made hirnself ridiculous by his misrepre-
sentations of its aims. Hegel made excerpts from Nicolai's 'Beschreibung
einer Reise durch Deutschland und die Schweiz' (1785) in August 1787:
see H. S. Harris 'Hegel's Development' (Oxford, 1972) p. 20. Cf. M. S.
Löwe 'Bildnisse jetzt lebender Berliner Gelehrter' (Berlin, 1806); L. F. G.
von Göckingk 'F. Nicolai's Leben und literarischer Nachlass' (Berlin, 1820);
J. G. Fichte 'Friedrich Nicolai's Leben und sonderbare Meinungen' (ed.
A. W. Schlegel, Tübingen, 180 I), a violent attack on 'unser Held' for having
criticized Fichte.
Nicolai's ac count of his visions was first published in the 'Berlinische
Monatsschrift' (May, 1799), 'Beispiel einer Erscheinung mehrerer Phantas-
men'. He had read a paper on the subject to the Royal Society of Berlin on
28th February 1799: see 'A Memoir on the Appearance of Spectres or
Phantoms occasioned by Disease, with Psychological Remarks' (Wm.
Nicholson 'A Journal of Natural Philosophy' vol. VI pp. 161-79, 1803).
After a preamble on the distinction between body and mind, Nicolai con-
tinues, 'For my part, I will confess, that I do not know where the corporeal
essen ce in man ceases, or where the mental begins ; though I admit of the
distinction, because the extreme differences can be clearly perceived ...
We may indeed doubt whether the labours of our German philosophers,
though founded jointly upon modern speculation and modern chemistry,
will be attended with any greater success.'
Nicolai first had leeches applied to his rectum in 1783, during an attack of
giddiness. He first began to see visions on 24th February 179 I, 'Though at
this time I enjoyed a rather good state of health both in body and mind,
and had become so familiar with these phantasms, that at last they did not
excite the least disagreeable emotion, but on the contrary afforded me
frequent subjects for amusement and mirth; yet as the disorder sensibly
increased, and the figures appeared to me for whole days together, and even
during the night, if I happened to awake, I had recourse to several medi-
cines, and was at last again obliged to have re course to the application of
leeches to the anus.' (pp. 169-70). On such use of leeches at this time see:
Philip Heineken 'Geschichte einer merkwürdigen Entzündungskrakheit des
Unterleibes' ('Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1818 2 iii p. 47); 'Medicinische
Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem Verein für Heilkunde in Preussen' Year
I no. 14 p. 62 (Berlin, 5th December 1832).
Cases similar to Nicolai's had been recorded by F. G. de la Roche (1743-
1813), 'Analyse des fonctions du systeme nerveux' (2 vols. Geneva, 1778;
tr. J. F. A. Merzdorff, 2 vols. Halle, 1794/5 vol. I p. 131, but Nicolai's
visions attracted a great deal of comment: seeJ. C. Reil 'Fieberlehre' (Halle,
1802) p. 284, 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 171-2;JohnAlderson (1757-
1829) 'On Apparitions' ('Edinburgh Medical and SurgicalJournal' vol. vi,
1810); K. G. Neumann 'Die Krankheiten des Vorstellungsvermögens'
(Leipzig, 1822) p. 334; Samuel Hibbert-Ware (1782-1848) 'Sketches ofthe
philosophy of Apparitions' (Edinburgh, 1824) pp. 291-2, 324, 330-42,
where an explanation is attempted; John Bostock (1773-1846) 'An Ele-
mentary System of Physiology' (3 vols. London, 1824-1827) vol. In p. 204.
H. B. Weber 'Anthropologische Versuche' (Heidelberg, 1810) p. 191
provides an interesting contemporary definition of prosaicism, contrasting it
with the poetical nature, 'The prosaic nature remains involved in actuality, in
what is circumscribed and singular, and is therefore on a level with the

great mass of mankind ; it lives and views things as others do; its criterion of
human greatness and happiness is the general empirical one, and is primarily
concerned only with the finite aspect of what is human. In its opinions and
pretensions prosaicism is therefore necessarily matter-of-fact and seif-assured,
as weIl as compliant and tolerant in what it expects of others, at least in
respect of higher things.'
270, 17
Kehler wrote 'Gesichte'.
271, 18
Johann George Scheff'ner (1736-1820), the Prussian poetaster, lawyer,
civil servant and autobiographer. Hegel also mentions hirn in his review of
Hamann's writings (1828): see 'Berliner Schriften' (ed. Hoffmeister) pp.
253, 282. He is referring here to pp. 375-6 of 'Mein Leben, wie ich Johann
George Scheffner es selbst beschrieben' (printed 1816; issued partly, Königs-
berg, 1821, fuIly, Leipzig, 1823), a badly written and naIve work in which
Scheffner, while telling the story of his life, gives accounts of his lifelong
interest in ghost stories (p. 9), his friendship with such enlightened souls as
Moses Mendelssohn (p. 115) and Nicolai (p. 193), and his visions: 'I am
not certain that I can call the other condition an illness, for I was in fact
perfectly healthy. For several years however, when my eyes were closed
during the day, or when they were open and I was wide awake at night, I
saw passing before me whole se ries of human .and animal shapes, as weIl as
views of the countryside, everything being in the liveliest of colours. If I
tried to watch it all closely, the forms altered in a perfectly wonderful way,
the most beautiful shape changing into a caricature, the giant into a dwarf,
the horse into a ho und, a Claude Lorraine into a wagon-painter's scene.
When I read Nicolai's account of his hallucinations, my own kind of fata
morgana came to my mind. IncidentaIly, I did not find it in any way a
nuisance, for many years it had not been appearing constantly. Perhaps
Goethe's extremely suggestive 'Theory of Colours' will provide the basis for
various explanations of such appearances. In my opinion, this work is by
no means as outrageously unjust to the illustrious Newton as the arch-
mathematicians maintain, although the polemical part of it is certainly
written in a highly offensive manner, in a tone which no writer should
adopt towards another, least of all a Goethe towards a Newton.'
Cf. 'Nachlieferungen zu meinem Leben' (Leipzig, 1884); 'Briefe an und
von J. G. Scheffner' (Munich and Leipzig, 1918); R. Reicke 'Kriegrat
Scheffner und die Königin Luise' ('Altpreussische Monatsschrift' vol. I pp.
30-58, 706-36, 1863); John Ferriar (1761-1815) 'An Essay towards a
Theory of Apparitions' (London, 1813).
27 1,32
C. F. L. Schultz (1781-1834) 'Ueber physiologe Farbenerscheinungen,
insbesondere das phosporische Augenlicht, als Quelle derselben, betreffend'.
This paper was finished on 27 July, 1821, a few weeks after Schultz had
visited Goethe at Weimar, and was printed by Goethe in 'Zur Naturwis-
senschaft Überhaupt' pt. II (ed. Kuhn, Weimar, 1962) pp. 296-304; see
'Phil. Nat.' II'338, IIL326.
27 1, 37
Nicolai parodied Goethe's 'Werther' in 'Freuden des jungen Werthers'
(Berlin, 1775), and Goethe satirizes hirn in 'Faust' pt. i 1. 4144 et seq. After
Proktophantasmist has complained that spirits should 'still be there' despite
the enlightenment, Mephistopheles observes that:
'Er wird sich gleich in eine Pfütze setzen,
Das ist die Art, wie er sich soulagiert,
Und wenn Blutegel sich an seinen Steiß ergetzen,
Ist er von Geistern und von Geist kuriert.'
'Faust' (ed. Erich Schmidt: Sämtliche Werke: Jubiläums-Ausgabe,
Stuttgart and Berlin, no date) vol. 13 pp. 332-3; 'Phil. Nat. 1.297-8; C. L.
Michelet 'Anthropologie und Psychologie' (Berlin, 1840) p. 183.
273,34
Since Hegellectured on this on 30th J une 1825 (Kehler Ms. p. 120), it is
tempting to see some connection with the letter he wrote to his sister on
20th September, 1825 ('Briefe' III p. 96 no. 497). He is also making an
important general point however, and he may have been encouraged to do
so by A. C. A. Eschenmayer's 'Versuch die scheinbare Magie des thierischen
Magnetismus aus physiologischen und psychischen Gesezen zu erklären'
(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1816); cf. his library catalogue no. 100 (Berlin,
1832): "In each of the more lively connections between people moreover,
and even in what are only minor, singularized and transitory moments, we
perceive a true awakening or actuosity, a flushing or flaming forth as it
were, of this homme general. We see clearly how these people, by losing their
single lives to one another, or rather in this third or higher factor, im-
mediately rise again within it, as it were, with a higher power of life, finding
their lives doubled or multiplied according to the number of those with
whom they are connected." (pp. 10-11 ).
The concept might, perhaps, be profitably regarded as a humanization
ofRousseau's 'volonte generale' ('Enc.' § 163 Add. I).
275, 18
For cases of persons who normally conversed only in Low German, but
who could speak High German when 'magnetized' see: J. Heinecken (1761-
185 I) 'Ideen und Beobachtungen den thierischen Magnetismus und dessen
Anwendung betreffend' (Bremen, 1800) pp. 63, 204; A. Wienholt (1749-

1804) 'Abhandlungen über Magnetismus' (3 pts. Bremen, 1807) vol. 111
sect. ii pp. 91, 206, sect. iii pp. 15,238,362; G. H. Schubert (1780-1860)
'Ansichten von der Nachtseite der Naturwissenschaft' (Dresden, 1808) p. 333.
Eberhard Gmelin (1751-1808), 'Materialien für die Anthropologie'
(Tübingen, 179 I) vol. I p. 3, gives an account of a young woman in Stuttgart
who could only speak French weIl when magnetized. The general circum-
stances of this case were particularly dramatic, so that it was often cited, see:
J. C. Reil 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 75-8; c. A. F. Kluge 'Animali-
schen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1815) pp. 15 1-2; A. C. A. Eschenmayer
'Versuch die scheinbare Magie .. .' (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 18 I 6).
John Abercrombie (1780-1844), 'Inquiries concerning the intellectual
powers and the Investigation ofTruth' (3rd ed. Edinburgh, 1832) pp. 140-3,
gives a host of contemporary British examples of this involving the trau-
matic speaking ofFrench, Welsh, Breton, Gaelic, German. Cf. J. C. Spurz-
heim (1776-1832) 'Observations on Insanity' (London, 1817; Germ. tr.
Hamburg, 1818) p. 206, "The instance of the Countess of Laval is known,
who was nursed among the Welsh, and appeared to have entirely forgotten
the Welsh language. But long after she had grown up, in the delirium of a
fever, she spoke many words in a language unknown to her attendants,
which was at last discovered by an old Welsh woman." F. B. Winslow (18IO-
1874) 'On obscure Diseases of the Brain' (London, 1860) p. 402.
Further contemporary continental examples are very numerous: S. A.
Tissot (1728-1797) 'Traite des nerfs et de leurs maladies' (4 vols. Paris,
1782) vol. 11 pt. 2 p. 316; D. Tiedemann (1748-1803) 'Handbuch der
Psychologie' (ed. L. Wachler, Leipzig, 1804) sect. 11 80; J. C. Passavant
(1790-1857) 'Untersuchungen über den Lebensmagnetismus' (Frankfurt-
on-Main, 1821) pp. 171-7; A. Bertrand (1795-1831) 'Traite du Somnam-
bulisme' (Paris, 1823) pp. IOo-5; 'Archiv f.d. thier. Magn. 1817 I i p. 95,
2 ii p. 152; 18208 i pp. 87-90; 1822 10 ii pp. 121-7 (C. A. Agardh (1785-
1859) ofLund).
'From dreams, where thought in fancy's maze runs mad,

To reason, that heaven-lighted lamp in man,
Once more I wake; and at the destin'd hour,
Punctual as lovers to the moment sworn,
I keep my assignation with my woe.'
The 'Narcissa', or 'Night III' of Edward Young's (1725-1795) 'The
Complaint; or, Night Thought's (1742/5) was the passage recited, and the
person was a young Frenchman of twenty two, who had read Young while
staying on Crete some years before. See]. P. F. Deleuze (1753-1835) 'His-
toire Critique du Magnetisme Anima!' (2 pts. Paris, 1813) pp. 221-2: "Il
avoit une extreme sensibilite, et de la disposition a la melancholie; mais il

etoit d'un caractere tranquille. Il avoit passe deux ans a Candis. Un jour
que je lui parlois de ce pays, il me dit qu'il en avoit oublie la langue, mais
que si dans ce moment il se trouvoit avec quelqu'un qui la sut, il s'en souvien-
droit et la parleroit avec plaisir. Je ne pouvois le verifier; mais je lui de-
mandai s'il se souvenoit des livres qu'il avoit lus; il me repondit qu'il se
souvenoit de ceux qui l'avoient affecte; qu'etant a Candie il avoit lu un
livre bien triste, et qui lui faisoit impression. Je lui demandai ce que c'etoit;
il me repondit qu'il n'en savoit pas le titre. Je lui demandai s'il pourroit
m'en citer quelque chose: tant que vous voudrez, me repondit-il, et il se mit
a me reciter la Nuit de Narcisse d'Young precisement comme s'illa lisoit.
Je suis bien sur qu'etant eveille il ne savoit pas les Nuit d'Young par coeur.
Je crois meme que personne ne les sait en prose fran<;:aise, et d'ailleurs il ne
faisoit de la litterature qu'un amusement.
Je cite ce fait comme tres-remarquable, parce qu'il prouve que dans
l'etat de somnambulisme les sensations dont on a ete affecte pendant la
veille se retracent dans toute leur vivacite. Mon somnambule relisoit po ur
ainsi dire la Nuit de Narcisse. Le lendemain je m'assurai qu'il m'avoit
recite deux pages, et je ne crois pas qu'il eut change un mot." Hegel may
have read of this case in A. Bertrand's 'Traite de Somnambulisme' (Paris,
1823) pp. 100-1, but I have not found it ci ted elsewhere.
Young's 'Night Thoughts' were well-known in Germany, and contributed
to the general idea of a melancholia Anglica (note 365, 22): see J. A. Ebert
(1723-1795) 'Dr. Eduard Young's Klagen, oder Nachtgedanken' (5 vols.
Brunswick, 1759-1774); a French prose version of them was published at
Marseille in 1770. Cf. Johannes Barnstoff 'Youngs Nachtgedanken und ihr
Einfluss auf die deutsche Litteratur' (Bamberg, 1895);]. L. Kind 'Edward
Young in Germany' ('Columbia Univ. Germanic Studies', New York, 1906).
277,8
A. M.J. C. de Puysegur (1751-1828) 'Appel aux savants observateurs du
19 iem siede, de la decision portee par leurs predecesseurs contre le mag-
netisme animal et fin du traitement du jeune Hebert' (Paris, 1813; Dutch
tr. Amsterdam, 1818). In the first two parts of this work, Puysegur gives a
chronological account of his treatment of a certain Alexander Hebert, who
had undergone a head-operation at the age of four on account of damage
to his skull and sub se quent dotting. After this operation he had had nervous
attacks and was thought to be epileptic, - astate of disorder which
eventually developed into semi-permanent insanity and an apparently
complete loss of memory. Puysegur's magnetic treatment cured the insanity
and temporarily restored the boy's ability to recollect, so that when he was
under treatment, as Hegel's notes, he was able to describe the origin of his
dis ability and even the precise sequence of events during his operation.]. C.
Passavant (1790-1857) observes, in 'Untersuchungen über den Lebens-

magnetismus' (Frankfurt-on-Main, 1821) pp. 157-8, that this magnetic
treatment, by partly effecting a eure, elicited the dualism of being influenced
only by the present moment and of recalling all the details of past events.
In the third part of his book Puysegur puts forward certain, 'idees que l'on
peut se faire de l'animant animal et du magnetisme de l'homme.'
Cf. J. M. Cox (1762-1822) 'Practical Observations on Insanity' (2nd ed.
1806; Germ. tr. Halle, 18ll) pp. 96-7, Germ. tr. p. 112 (note 373, 19);
Pietro Pezzi (1757-1826) 'Storia di uno stranissimo sonnambulismo'
(Venice, 1813).
279,20
The Venerable Bede (672-735), in his 'De Natura Rerum', refers phe-
nomena to natural causes. In his 'Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum'
however, he records numerous seemingly supernatural occurrences in an
apparently credulous and uncritical manner.
279, 3 1
On 28th November 1809, the French cavalry under General Kellermann
attacked and disorganized the retreating Spanish army at the batde of
Alba de Tormes. Three thousand Spaniards were killed or taken, the French
casualties amounting to less than three hundred. On 15th January 1810
there were 123 siek in Kellermann's division, and the young man mentioned
here by Hegel was almost certainly one of them. Valladolid had been
occupied by the French since 22nd November 1807: see M. S. Foy (1775-
1825) 'History ofthe War in the Peninsular' (Eng. tr. 2 vols. London, 1827)
vol. II pp. 248-9; C. Oman 'A History of the Peninsular War' (7 vols.
Oxford, 1902/30) vol. III p. 538.
Hegel is referring here to the 'Dagboek eener magnetische Behandeling'
(Amsterdam, 1814; Germ. tr. D. G. Kieser, 1817 in 'Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.'
2 i pp. 3-188, ii pp. 3-51), by his friend P. G. van Ghert (1782-1852): see
i p. 127 (6th March 1810), "As so on as the patient was in the crisis, she made
known to me that I should bind a cloth over her eyes,jor she cDuld then see her
brother in Spain somewhat better. She told us various things about hirn, and
awoke after having slept twenty minutes less than three hours."
She was expecting her menses that week. They were delayed, and van
Ghert reports as follows on what happened ten days later (i pp. 135-6),
"'I'm not at all keen on having my brother come so suddenly before my
eyes,' - When she had said this, she suddenly began to shudder quite
frightfully. When I asked her ifshe already had the house where her brother
was, she replied, 'Yes, but I must not look into it.' She looked up and made
known to me that I should bind a cloth over her eyes, so that she could see
better. - When I had done this she turned her head to one side and said,
'He is standing infront of his bed, so that I cannot get a good view of hirn.' 'Never-
the less, look at hirn.' 'I mustn't' she said, 'for a few days ago he was already
lying there so ill, that now I'rn awfully worried about hirn ... I can see hirn! ...
He looks dreadful and isn't moving; but I'm glad I've seen hirn. I'll tell you
why 1 was so afraid of seeing hirn. A few days ago, when 1 wanted to see hirn,
I saw a dead body being carried out of a roorn in that house. The corpse
was then laid on a table and dissected. This frightful scene is still before rny
eyes. God knows, 1 thought, they're probably doing the same with my
brother. And if 1 had had to see that, 1 can tell you, 1 should have died of
shock. Now he is lying on his side, but he looks quite dreadful."
19th March (i pp. 138-9), '''I believe rny brother is dead ... Yes,' she
said, 'I fear he's dead. He's lying on a great table in another room. There
are at least ten people around hirn, doctors as weIl as surgeons. They have
cut open the whole of his chest. Y ou must write so as to catch the post ship
at one tornorrow, and ask for an immediate answer. - If only 1 could
see his face I'd know what was happening, but I'm now able to tell only by
the trouble, and particularly by the lungs. As soon as I want to see his face
it's as if a mist had drifted before my eyes.' "
On I6th]uly (ii p. 7) her brother returned to the Netherlands and visited
her. He confirrned that he had been injured by a Spanish officer, that he
had lain in hospital in Valladolid, and that, as Hegel notes, she had seen
what had happened to one of his fellow patients there.
For similar cases see: D. Tiedernann 'Untersuchungen über den Menschen'
(3 pts. Leipzig, 1777/8) pt. IU;]. A. E. Goeze 'Natur, Menschenleben und
Vorsehung' (7 vols. Leipzig, 1789/94) vol. IU pp. 239-40; A. Martinien
'Tableaux, par corps et par batailles, des officiers tues et blesses pendant les
guerres de l'Ernpire' (Paris, 1909).
279, 36
Cf. 73-7, and note 263, 4. Since there is little concrete evidence to justify
this remark in the works Hegel seems to have read, it may be ofvalue to call
attention to the case mentioned by C. L. Michelet in this connection, see
'Anthropologie' (Berlin, 1840) pp. 184-5: 'Mercator gives us an account of
such a case involving his grandfather and Marsilius Ficini, the celebrated
translator of Plato and Plotinus. While discussing the immortality of the
soul, the two friends agreed that whoever died first should appear to the
other and tell hirn about it. On a later occasion Michael Mercator heard a
horse gallop into his yard, and, quite distinctly, the voice of his friend
Marsilius calling to hirn: "Michael, Michael, it is so;" and it was at that
very time that his friend died in Florence.' Cf. Muratori op. cit. pt. U c.g;
'Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 18184 i p. 126;]. C. L. Ziermann 'Geschichtliche
Darstellung des thierischen Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1824) p. I7g.
536 . Heget' s Philosophy qf Subjective Spirit
On Spanish cases see Passavant op. cit. p. 40, who refers to the Ensal-
madores and Saludadores; cf. M. A. Delrio (1551- 1608) 'Disquisitionum
Magicarum' (1593; 3 vols. Mainz, 1606) I p. 66; Pierre Lebrun (1661-
1729) 'Histoire critique des pratiques superstitieuses' (Paris, 1702; 4th ed.
4 vols. Paris, 1750/1) I c. vi; B. G. Feyjoo y Montenegro (1701-1764)
'Teatro critico' (1737; 9 vols. Madrid, 1749/5 1).
281, 2
Cf. the assessment of space and time in the Phil. Nat. §§ 254-9. The
sequence of Hegel's consideration here is evidently determined by it.
281, 21
F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) vol. I pp.
283-92 makes the same point.
281,35
Phil. Nat. 1.231, 37-232, 5.
283,8
A. M. J. C. de Puysegur (1751-1828), 'Recherches, expenences et
observations physiologiques sur l'homme' (Paris, 1811) pp. 43-46, takes the
three main characterisitics of somnambulism to be as folIows:
1. 'L'isolement; c'est-a-dire qu'un malade dans cet etat n'a de communica-
tion et de rapport qu'avec son magnetiseur ...
2. La concentration; c'est-a-dire qu'un malade dans cet etat doit etre dans
une teIle occupation de lui-meme qu'il ne puisse en etre distrait par rien ...
3. La mobilitt! magnetique; c'est-a-dire qu'un malade, dans cet etat, est
toujours plus ou moins sensible a l'impulsion de la seule pensee de son
magnetiseur. '
283, 27
Cf. the mention of 'animal time', Phil. Nat. 111. 119, 32, and J. C. Passa-
vant's observation 'Untersuchungen' (1821), "This clairvoyant measure of
time is quite different from our usual one, the decimal system, which like
the Roman numerals, is probably based on how many fingers we have. In
clairvoyance, the measure of time is much more closely analogous to very
ancient counting systems, to the numbers which occur so frequently in the
first books of the Bible, to 3, 7, 40 for example, which seem to be holy numbers
on account of their being applied to religious matters."
Hegel had had good reason to notice that aperiod of three or four days
pertains to the determinate nature of a fever: "During his student years he
had the tertian fever for a long time, and spent some months in the paternal
house on account of it. He read the Greek tragedies, his favourite studies,
on the good days, and occupied hirnself with botany ... ": see Christiane
Hegel's letter to Hegel's widow, 7th January 1832, in J. Hoffmeister 'Doku-

mente zu Hegels Entwicklung' (Stuttgart, 1936) pp. 392-3 and G. Nicolin
'Hegel in Berichten seiner Zeitgenossen' (Hamburg, 1970) p. 15.
William Cullen (1712-1790) 'Kurzer Inbegriff der medicinischen Noso-
logie' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1786) classifies intermittent fevers as Tertiana,
Quartana and Quotidiana.
285 I I
J. A. E. Goeze (1731-1793), 'Natur, Menschenleben und Vorsehung' (7
vols. Leipzig, 1789-1794) vol. III p. 241, gives an account ofa friend who,
while visiting a clergyman in the country, slept in a room next to that of the
two grown-up sons. In the middle of the night they woke him as they were
leaving their bedroom. When he asked them why they were up and dressed,
they said that they had felt uneasy and unsettled in the room, although they
could not say why. They slept elsewhere, and in the morning the floor of
the bedroom was found to have collapsed. Goeze attempts to find a rational
explanation for this by assuming that they must have known that the floor
was unsafe, and that even if they were not consciously aware of any imminent
danger, the creaking of the timbers during their first sleep may have given
rise to sub-conscious anxiety: cf. Hegel's treatment of dreams (143, 16).
G. 1. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Unterhaltungen über ... Träume und Ahn-
dungen' (1800) pp. 62-3 comes to a similar conclusion with regard to
related phenomena.
285, 14
Hegel is fond of mentioning the rapport between the living organism and
climate (Phil. Nat. II.29; III.147), and the context in which he refers to it
here was a weIl recognized one at that time: J. A. E. Goeze op. cit. (1789/94)
iv pp. 162-9; C. Amoretti (1741-1808) 'Untersuchungen über die Rab-
domantie' (Berlin, 1809) eh. 8, 'Elementi di Elettrometria animale' (Milan,
1816; tr. Kieser, 'Archiv' 1819, 4 i pp. 1-119) ch. 13; P. G. van Ghert
'Tagebuch' ('Archiv' 1817, 2 ii p. 14); Charles Clous ton 'An Explanation
of the Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland on Scientific Principles'
(Edinburgh, 1867).
Bende Bendsen's account of skipper Joseph Steen of Aerösköbing in Den-
mark is probably the immediate source of Hegel's observation: see 'Noch
ein paar Fälle einer eigenen Art des zweiten Gesichtes' ('Archiv' 1821, 8
iii pp. 125-8). Cf. 1. M. Boberg 'Motif-Index ofEarly Icelandic Literature'
(Copenhagen, 1966) pp. 84-5.
28 5, 15
Bende Bendsen 'Einige Beispiele solcher Personen die ihre Todesstunde
vorausgesagt haben' ('Archiv' 1821, 8 iii pp. 102-5); Dr. W. Krimer of
Aachen 'Beitrag zur Geschichte der Todes-Ahndungen' (Nasse's 'Zeit-

schrift für die Anthropologie' 1824, ii pp. 374-83); Dr. Hohnbaum of Hild-
burghausen 'Psychologische Fragmente' (Nasses's 'Jahrbücher für Anthro-
pologie' 1830, I pp. 126-8).
Bendsen mentions, among others, Bede, Christian III of Denmark,
Lavater and Henry IV ofFrance; cf. G. 1. Wenzel op. cit. (1800) pp. 33-6.
Kant remained sceptical ('Anthropologie' 1798 §§ 35-6): "It is not difficult
to see that all divination is a chimera, for how can one sense what still has
no being? Judgements based on obscure notions ofsuch a causal relationship
are not premonitions, since one can develop the notions giving rise to them,
and explain them as one does a considered judgement."
28S, 17
Scotland. The very term 'second sight' (Germ. Zweite Gesicht) originates
in the Gaelic distinction between two sights 'an-da shealladh', one of which
is ordinary vision. 'Taibhsearachd' is the gift of supernatural sight, 'taibhsear'
being the seer, and 'taibs' the visionary thing seen. J ohn Aubrey (1626-
1697) 'Miscellanies' (London, 1696; ed. J. B. Brown, Fontwell, Sussex,
1972) pp. 176-92, collected a considerable amount of material on 'second-
sighted men in Scotland', but it was Robert Kirk's (c. 1641-1692) 'The
Secret Commonwealth' (1691; Edinburgh, I8IS) which drew general at-
tention to the phenomenon. During the early years of the eighteenth century
several works appeared which were still the main sources for the investi-
gation of the subject a hundred years later: Martin Martin 'A Description
of the Western Islands of Scotland' (London, 1703; 2nd eel. 1716); John
Frazer 'Deuteroscopia (Second Knowledge), or ABriefDiscourse concerning
Seconel Sight' (Edinburgh, 1707; reprinteel 1820); Daniel Defoe (166 1-
1731) 'The Second-Sighted Highlander' (London, 17IS), 'Secret Memoirs
of. .. Duncan Campbell' (London, 1732) pp. 129-33; John Macpherson
'Treatise on Second Sight' (Eelinburgh, 1763).
It seems to have been G. H. Richerz's edition of L. A. Muratori's 'Della
Forza della Fantasia Umana' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1785) pt. II pp. 137-39 which
first brought this British material to the notice of German scholars. Interest
in the subject while Hegel was lecturing at Jena, Heidelberg anel Berlin
was very wielespread, see: C. C. E. Schmid 'Anthropologisches Journal' vol.
3 no. I pp. 49-S8 (Jena, 1803); D. Tieelemann 'Handbuch der Psychologie'
(Leipzig, 1804) pp. 325-6; 'Bibliotheque du Magnetisme animal' vol. 8
pp. 60-92, IS9-76 (Paris, 1819); 'Archiv f.d. thier. Mag.' 1820, 6 iii pp.
93-141; 7 ii pp. 154-7; 1821,8 iii pp. 60-130; 1822, IO ii pp. 163-9. Cf.
'Berliner Schriften' pp. 691-2.
Holland, Martin (op. cit. p. 312) notices that, 'The Second Sight is not
confineel to the Western isles alone, for I have an account that it is likewise
seen in several parts of Holland, but particularly in Bommel, by a woman, for
which she is courted by some, and dreaded by others.' See Hegel's general
correspondence with P. G. van Ghert ('Briefe' IV p. 222), the account of
Dimmerus de Raet by I. van Diemerbroeck (1609-1674) 'Tractaat over
de Pest' (1644; Amsterdam, 1711), and E.J. Dingwall 'Abnormal Hypnotic
Phenomena' (London, 1967) pp. 51-100.
Westpkalia, A. W. Nordhoff, who edited the 'Archiv für den thierischen
Magnetismus' (Jena, 1804), was a general practitioner at MeIle near Osna-
brück prior to 1803; cf. Hegel's 'Briefe' I p. 425; C. L. Michelet 'Anthro-
pologie' (Berlin, 1840) pp. 185-6.
The second sight in this part of Germany was the subject of an excellent
analytical investigationjust before the war, see Karl Schmeing 'Das "Zweite
Gesicht" in Niederdeutschland' (Leipzig, 1937). Schmeing approaches the
subject in the light of E. R. Jaensch's (1883-1940) theory of eideticism, that
is to say, the capacity for generating subjective intuitive pictures. The
emphasis he lays upon inherited characteristics and environment (pp.
104-27) provides a point of contact with Hegel's general assessment of the
phenomenon.
Cf. E. J. Dingwall (op. cit.) pp. 101-99.
285,21
Jean Paul (1763-1825) seems to have named the double-ganger: 'Wenn
ich gar ganze Leichen- und andere Processionen zu Doppelgängern ver-
dopple.' 'Siebenkäs' (Berlin, 1796/7) iv, 166. The best contemporary account
ofit was provided by F. Oldenburg (1767-1848) 'Om Gjenfrerd eller Gjen-
gangere' (Copenhagen, 1818); cf. D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'System des
Tellurismus' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1822) vol. 11 p. 64; 'Archiv f.d. thier. Magn.'
(1821,8 iii pp. 120-4).
'Doppelgänger' was subsequently anglicized, although 'wraith', 'fetch'
and 'double' were already in use: see Anne Grant (1755-1838) 'Memoirs'
(3 vols. London, 1844) vol. 3 p. 66; John Banim (1798-1842) 'Tales, by the
O'Hara Family' (3 vols. London, 1825) vol. 2 p. 128; W. Hone (1780-1842)
'The Every-Day Book' (3 vols. London, 1827) vol. 2 p. 1012.
Cf. C. O. Parsons 'Witchcraft and Demonology in Scott's Fiction' (Edin-
burgh and London, 1964).
285, 3 1
D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'Das zweite Gesicht (second sight) der Ein-
wohner der westlichen Inseln Schottlands, physiologisch gedeutet' (Archiv
f.d. thier. Mag. 18206 iii pp. 93-141); see also loc. cit. 7 ii pp. 154-7,8 iii
pp. 60-130, 10 ii pp. 163-9; cf. 'Berliner Schriften' pp. 691-2.
The English collection of this material referred to by Hegel may be either
D. Webster's (anon.) 'A Collection ofRare and Curious Tracts on Witchcraft
and the Second Sight' (Edinburgh, 1820) B. Mus. cat. 19159, or the
'Observations on Popular Antiquities' (2 vols. London, 1813) by John
Brand (1744-1806), note 229, 20. Other contemporary English works
concerned with the second sight are: Emelia Harmes' 'Caledonia' (3 pts.
Hamburg, 1803) pt. 111 p. 72; J. G. Lockhart 'Memoirs of... Scott' (7 vols.
Edinburgh, 1837/8) vol. 111 p. 228 (1814); 'Blackwood's Magazine' vol.
3 pp. 18-20, 1818; James Prior (1790?-I869) 'An Original Narrative of a
Voyage' (London, 1819) p. 41; W. G. Stewart 'The Popular Superstitions ...
of. .. Scotland' (Edinburgh, 1823) p. 16; J. Macculloch 'The Highlands'
(4 vols. London, 1824) vol. 2 p. 32.
28 5, 34
For accounts of visionary funeral processions in the literature on the
second sight then available, see J ohn Frazer 'Deuteroseopis ... or ... Second
Sight' (Edinburgh, 1707; reprinted 1820) pp. 16-7; C. C. E. Schmid
'Anthropologisches Journal' (Jena, 1803) vol. 3 no. I p. 58; W. G. Stewart
op. cit. pp. 32-4.
On the sight ofa corpse on a table, see note 279,31 (I8IO). The transition
from this to the next instance of the second sight mentioned by Hegel was
almost certainly suggested by the widespread reporting of corpse candles, see
W. Howells 'Cambrian Superstitions' (Tipton, 1832); 'Westminster Review'
vol. 17 pp. 402-4 (October 1832); 'Berliner Schriften' p. 69!.
286,2
For 'othwendig' read 'nothwendig'.
28 7,3
It was widely recognized at that time that a peculiar and localized 'stand-
point of spiritual development' was necessary to the occurrence of the
second sight. Martin (op. cit., 1716) p. 3 I 2, 'It is observable, that it was much
more common twenty years ago than at present; for one in ten do not see it
now that saw it then.' Dr. Johnson, 'A Journey to the Western Islands of
Scotland' (1775; 'Works' 9 vols. Oxford, 1825) vol. IX pp. I04-8: 'It is
ascribed only to a people very little enlightened; and among them, for the
most part, to the mean and ignorant.' Cf. Patrick Graham 'Sketches of
Perthshire' (2nd ed. Edinburgh, 1812) p. 244.
The articles in the 'Bibliotheque du Magnetisme animal' vol. 8 pp. 60-92,
156-76, (Paris, 1819), attempt to review both its geographical and its
historical distribution. G. E. Schulze, 'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed.
Göttingen, 1826) p. 515 notes that living in a certain kind of countryside
has a distinct influence upon the mentality of a people.
Cf. George Borrow (1803-1881) 'Wild Wales' (London, 1862) eh. 28:
'The power (of the second sight) was at one time very common amongst
the Icelanders and the inhabitants of the Hebrides, but it is so no longer.
Many and extraordinary instances of second sight have lately occurred in

that part of England generally termed East Anglia, where in former times
the power of second sight sei dom manifested itself.'
287, 22
Second sight was much discussed during the whole of the period 1700-
1830. Those who took it seriously usually regarded it as tangible evidence
of a 'spirituality' which they assumed to be opposed to materiality, and those
who attempted to deny that it was worthy of serious consideration, had
usually assessed the presuppositions of the would-be spiritualists rather
more accurately than they had those of the phenomenon itself. By treating
second sight as an instance of the 'immersion of spirit in wh at is singular
and contingent', Hegel is putting forward an assessment ofit which although
it is by no means unique in the literature of the time, does illustrate extremely
weIl the effectiveness of his general method in resolving the seemingly
incompatible differences of interpretation brought forth by what he calls
the 'understanding.'
The 'spiritual' view was the earliest, see Kirk op. cit. p. 53 (1691): 'Since
the Things seen by the Seers are real Entities, the Presages and Predictions
found true, but a few endued with this Sight, and those not of bad Lyves, or
addicted to Malifiees, the true Solution of the Phaenomenon seems rather to
be, the courteous Endeavours of our fellow Creatures in the Invisible World
to convince us, (in Opposition to Saduces, Socinians, and Atheists) of a
Deity; of Spirits; of a possible and harmless Method of Correspondence
betwixt Men and them, even in this Lyfe.'
This sort of thing gave rise to a very natural reaction. Hume formalized
his prejudice against taking second sight seriously by invoking quantitative
eategories: 'As finite added to finite never approaches a hair's breadth
nearer to infinite; so a fact incredible in itself, aequires not the smallest
aceession of probability by the accumulation of testimony.' 'Life and
Correspondenee' by J. H. Burton (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1846) I p. 380. James
Beattie (1735-1803), 'Essays' (Edinburgh, 1776) pp. 169-74 dismissed the
phenomenon as a 'distempered faney', and the geologist John Maceulloch
(1773-1835), 'The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland' (4 vols.
London, 1824) vol. Ir p. 32, waxed eloquent on the theme: 'Sinee the
second sight has been limited to a doting old woman or a hypoehondrical
tailor, it has been a subject for ridicule; and, in matters of this nature,
ridicule is death.'
A satisJactory assessment of the phenomenon only became possible onee
these extreme views had been abandoned. Dr. Johnson (op. cit. 1775 pp.
104-8) seems to have initiated the constructive and yet critical attitude
required: 'This receptive faculty, for power it cannot be called, is neither
voluntary nor constant. The appearances have no dependence upon choice:
they cannot be summoned, detained, or recalled. The impression is sud den,
and the effect often painful ... There is, against it, the seeming analogy of
things confusedly seen, and little understood; and for it, the indistinct cry of
national persuasion, which may be perhaps resolved at last into prejudice
and tradition. I never could advance my curiosity to conviction; but came
away at last only wilIing to believe.' A similar but slightly more positive
approach was suggested by George Dempster (1732-1818) in a letter to
Boswell dated 16th February 1775: 'Second sight ... will be classed among
the other certain, though unaccountable, parts of our nature, like dreams.'
'Life of Johnson' (ed. G. B. HilI and L. F. Powell, 6 vols. Oxford, 1934/64)
vol. V p. 407.
Johnson's attitude to the second sight was made known in Germany by
J. A. E. Goeze (1731-1793), 'Natur, Menschenleben und Vorsehung' (7 vols.
Leipzig, 1789/94) vol. III pp. 243-4, and as has already been noticed (note
285, 17), the phenomenon attracted a great deal of serious attention in the
country during Hegel's lifetime. Hegel's own assessment of it resembles that
put forward by D. G. Kieser in the article already referred to (note 285, 3 I) :
'Consequently, when man's life oJfeeling perceives at a distance in time and
space, this corresponds to bis doing so through the animation of his reason.
Both procedures are therefore properties of the human soul, the former
being afeeling at a distance, the latter a cognition at a distance . .. In moments in
which man is immersed within hirnself, in which he surrenders hirnself
without reßection to his inner feelings, the specific feeling of a distant or
future event suddenly appears to hirn, and presents itself to his awakened
reßection. - Here the awakened life of the understanding - usually called
refiection - is momentarily suppressed, while the life of feeling is momen-
tarily heightened.'
Cf. P. S. Ballanche (1776-1847) 'Vision d'Hebal' (Paris, 1831); J. G.
Dalyell (1775-1851) 'The Darker Superstitions of Scotland' (Edinburgh,
1834) pp. 483-4; A. L. Caillet 'Manuel Bibliographique des Sciences Psy-
chiques' (3 vols. Paris, 1912/13); Karl Schmeing op. cit.; J. L. T. C. Spence
'Second Sight. Its History and Origin' (London, 1951); E. J. Dingwall
'Abnormal Hypnotic Phenomenon' (London, 1967).
287, 3 1
William SachevereIl 'An Account of the Isle of Man' (London, 1702;
ed. J. G. Cumming, Douglas, 1859) p. 20: 'One Captain Leathes, who was
the chief magistrate ofBelfast, and reputed a man ofgreat integrity, assured
me he was once shipwrecked on the Island, and lost a great part of his
crew; that when he came on shore the people told hirn he had lost thirteen
of his men, for they saw so many lights going toward the church, which was
just the number lost. Whether these fancies proceed from ignorance, super-
stition, or prejudice of education, or from any tradition or heritable magie,
which is the opinion of the Scotch divines concerning their second sight, or
whether nature has adapted the organs of some persons for discerning of
spirits, is not for me to determine.'
Cf. Martin Martin (d. 1719) 'A Description of the Western Islands of
Scotland' (London, 1703; 2nd ed. 1716) p. 313; D. G. Kieser (Archiv f.d.
thier. Mag. 1820,6 iii p. 118); 'Berliner Schriften' p. 691.
28 7,37
J. J. Winckelmann (17 17-1768), the art critic and historian, was mur-
dered in Trieste on 8th J une 1768 by a certain Francesco Arcalengi, evi-
dently for the gold medallions and coins he had with hirn. On May 14th he
had written to a friend from Vienna: 'The journey has not cheered me up,
but has made me feel extremely depressed ... I have done all I can to make
myself enjoy it since lieft Augsburg, but my heart says no, - 1 have been
unable to overcome the repulsion I feel for this long journey.' 'Briefe' (ed.
L. Diepolder and W. Rehm, 4 vols. Berlin, 19S2-7) vol. III p. 389.
Cf. D. von Rosetti 'Winckelmann's letzte Lebenswoche' (Dresden, 1818);
'Sämtliche Werke' (ed. J. Eiselein, 12 vols. Donauäschingen, 182S/9).
289, IS
J. Heinecken (1761-18SI) 'Ideen und Beobachtungen' (Bremen, 1800) pp.
12S-8, gives the precise words of one of his magnetized patients, 'I see the
inside of my body, all parts seem to be equally transparent and permeated
by light and warmth; I see the blood streaming in my veins, note precisely
the disorders in one part or the other, and think carefully of a cure which
might put them right, and then it is as if someone were calling to me that use
should be made ofthis or that.' C. A. F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetismus'
(Berlin, 181S) p. 160 et seq. cites numerous cases ofthis kind; cf. note 311,26.
289, 22
This passage certainly seems to imply that a guardian spirit is essentially a
projection of a person's 'true self'. Plato, 'Phaedo' 108 b, provides evidence
of pagan belief in guardian spirits, and Christ (Matthew XVIII v. 10) con-
firms the significance ofit. Cf. Plotinus 'Enneads' 111,4. Honorius of Autun
(d. IISI), 'Elucidarium' ii, 31, was the first clearly to define Christian belief
in such beings, 'Unaquaeque etiam anima, dum in corpus mittitur, angelo
committitur.' St. Thomas Aquinas ('Summa Theol.' 1 q. 113, a. 4) held that
only angels of the lowest order fulfilled this function.
The subject was by no means absent from the literature on animal
magnetism current in Germany and France during the opening decades of
the last century: see Joh. Friedr. von Meyer 'Blätter für höhere Wahrheit.
Aus Beiträgen von Gelehrten, ältern Handschriften und seltenen Büchern.
Mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Magnetismus' (3 pts. Frankfurt-on-Main,
1818/22) eh. IX; 'Vom Dämon des Sokrates und von den Schutzgeistern
einiger andern berühmter Personen' ('Annales du Magnetisme animal'
1815/16 i, iv sects. 24-7; 'Archiv f.d. thier. Magn.' 1818, 2 ii pp. 127-33);
D. G. Kieser 'Daemonophania, bei einem wachenden Somnambul beo-
bachtet' ('Archiv' 1819, 6 i pp. 56-147), 'Geschichte einer dämonischen
Kranken' ('Archiv' 1820,6 iii pp. 1-92); cf. 'Archiv' 1819,5 ii p. 163; A.
Dupuget 'Le Demon de Socrate' (Paris, 1829); J. U. Wirth (1810-1859)
'Theorie des Somnambulismus' (Leipzig and Stuttgart, 1836) pp. 307-1 I.
289, 29
This looks very much like a paraphrase of what Bende Bendsen (1787-
1875) writes in 'Archiv' 1821, 9 i p. 134, 'Das schlafwachende Leben hat
sowohl seine sittliche schlechte und gute Seite, als das natürliche, und
derjenige, welcher im gewöhnlichen Leben nicht frei von moralischen
Fehlern ist, wird sie oft im somnambulen Zustande noch weniger verbergen
können.' Cf. his 'Tagebuch einer lebensmagnetischen Behandlung der
Wittwe A. M. Petersen zu Arröeskjöping' ('Archiv' 1821,9 iii pp. 42-203),
where a detailed account is given of religious idealism becoming apparent
during magnetic trances. A similar case (a sixteen year old girl) is recorded
by G. Cless of Stuttgart, 'Geschichte einer im Gefolge eines Nervenfiebers
entstandenen, und durch den Lebens-Magnetismus geheilten Krankheit'
('Archiv' 1818,4 i p. 71).
29 1 ,8
Hegel speaks of 'Mitempfindung' here, not of 'Sympathie', but it is un-
likely that there is any particular significance in this: see his letter to van
Ghert, written from Nuremberg on 15th 1810 ('Briefe' I 329, 30-7). Cf.
Friedrich Hufeland (1774-1839) 'Ueber Sympathie' (181 I; 2nd ed. Weimar,
1822); 'Hegel Briefe' I p. 201 (12th April 1812).
29 1 , 14
F. B. de Sauvages (1706- 1767) 'Nosologia Methodica sistens Morborum
Classes juxta Sydenhami mentem et Botanicorum ordinem' (Leyden, 1759;
2 vols. Amsterdam, 1768) vol. II pp. 262-3 mentions this case under the
dassification dass VIII Vesaniae, order III Deliria, sect. XIX Daemono-
mania, sub. sect. VI hysteria, and adds that Dr. Descottes of Argenton-sur-
Creuse, Berry, France, communicated it to him by letter in 1760. Un-
fortunately, all the town records of Argenton disappeared in 1940, so that
it has been impossible to find out anything further about Dr. Descottes.
J. H. D. Petetin (1744-1808), 'Electricite Animale' (Lyon, 1805) p. 90,
gives the following account of the case: 'Deux filles domestiques agees de
vingt ans, liees de la plus etroite amitie, affectees d'hysterie, se trouverent
mieux par I'usage du castoreum, de Ia rhue, de la terebenthine; mais elles ont
presente pendant six mois des phenomenes singuliers, ordinairement
attribues au pouvoir des demons. IOSeparees de plusieurs maisons, elles se

predisoient mutuellement, trois ou quatre jours d'avance, leurs paroxismes
hysteriques et les accidens dont ils seroient accompagnees; 2° elles imitoient
assez bien la voix des animaux, du chien, du chat, de la poule; 3° elles
montroient une memoire prodigieuse, et un esprit de la plus grande vivacite;
designoient sous des noms supposes, les personnes qui les entouroient et s'en
divertissoient d'une maniere plaisante; elles tomboient dans un profond
sommeil, dont il etoit impossible de les tirer en les pin<;ant, en les brulant;
cependant elles s'eveilloient d'elles-memes, en criant qu'on les avoit frap-
pees ou pincees violemment a la cuisse, a la jambe; et la partie qu'elles
designoient etoit meurtrie, comme avec les ongles, quoique personne ne
les eut touchees.'
The case is also mentioned by C. A. F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetis-
mus' (Berlin, 1815) p. 295; J. P. F. Deleuze (1753-1835) 'Historie Critique
du Magnetisme Anima!' (2nd ed. 2 vols. Paris, 1819) vol. II pp. 329-30;
J. C. L. Ziermann 'Geschichtliche Darstellung des thierischen Magnetismus'
(Berlin, 1824) p. 17I. Other cases mentioned by Kluge in this connection:
J. H. Jung-Stilling (1740-1817) 'Theorie der Geisterkunde' (Stuttgart,
1808) p. 151; A. Wienholt (1740-1804) 'Heilkraft des thierischen Magnetis-
mus' (3 vols. Lemgo, 1802/5) vol. 3 sects. 2 and 3. Cf. A. C. A. Eschenmayer
'Versuch' (1816) §§ 22-4; J. A. L. Richter 'Betrachtungen über ... Mag-
netismus' (Leipzig, 1817) pp. 93-5; A. Bertrand 'Traite du Somnambulisme'
(Paris, 1823) p. 127; J. C. Colquhoun 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols. Edinburgh,
1836) vol. II p. 42; E. Mavor 'The Ladies of Llangollen' (London, 197 I).
291, 19
C. P. Moritz (1757-1793) 'Desertion aus einem unbekannten Bewegungs-
grunde', in 'Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde' vol. II pp. 16-7 (Berlin,
1784). The incident took pi ace in a Prussian regiment stationed near
Breslau. A condensed version of the original ac count is to be found in J. A.
E. Goeze (1731-1793) 'Natur, Menschenleben und Vorsehung' (7 vols.
Leipzig, 1789/94), and is repeated almost word for word by Bende Bendsen
in 'Beiträge zu den Erscheinungen des zweiten Gesichts' ('Archiv' 1821,
8 iii p. 125)' For similar cases, see J. A. L. Richter 'Betrachtungen über
den animalischen Magnetismus' (Leipzig, 1817).
29 1 , 33
Griesheim wrote 'Tissot', not 'Descottes'.
293, 12
In these two sentences Hegel speaks first of 'animalischen' and then of
'thierischen' magnetism. C. A. F. Kluge 'Animalischen Magnetismus' (Berlin,
1815) p. xiii discusses the significance of this terminological difference: 'The
Latin loan-word animal magnetism has been used throughout instead of the
otherwise normal German expression 'thierisch'. The reason for this is that
the latter expression, on account of its being of too narrow an application,
denotes only what is subordinate, while the former is of wider significance,
and precisely on account of this has a higher connotation, which is more
suited to this means of healing, for it is a means which, like magnetism
itself, lies directly between anima and animal, pertaining conjointly to them
both.' Cf. Joseph Weber (1772-1831) 'Der thierische Magnetismus' (Land-
shut, 1816) p. 3 note, A. Wienholt 'Bey trag zu den Erfahrungen über den
thierischen Magnetismus' (Hamburg, 1787) pp. 19-30.
Friedrich Anton Mesmer (1733-1815) was born at Weil, near the point
at which the Rhine leaves Lake Constance. He studied medicine at Vienna
under Gerhard van Swieten (1700-1772) and Anton de Haen (1704-1776),
two of the most distinguished of Boerhaave's pupils, but the sources of his
original ideas are probably to be sought in the astrologicalliterature of the
seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries (Kluge op. cit. pp. 28-31). It is
certainly not true that he began by 'inducing the magnetic state by means of
magnets', as Hegel suggests (Vera I, 348 n. I). His discovery of animal
magnetism arose out of cosmological considerations, which were probably
suggested to hirn in the first instance by Father Maximilian Hell (1720-
1792), the imperial astronomer at Vienna: see his dissertation 'De plane-
tarum influxu in corpus humanum' (Vienna, 1766). By 1772 he was however
experimenting with the effect of the magnet upon the human body, and
evidently pondering upon problems involving the relationship between the
macrocosm and the microcosm. Much of his thinking involved the postu-
lation of connections and analogies between levels of enquiry the subject
matters of which differ widely in degree of complexity: see, for example, his
'Memoire sur la decouverte du magnetisme animal' (Paris, 1779; Germ. tr.
Carlsruhe, 1781; French ed. 1799 p. 46), 'Comme le feu, par un mouvement
tonique determine, differe de la chaleur, ainsi le magnetisme, dit animal,
differe du magnetisme naturel: la chaleur est dans la nature, sans etre Jeu,
elle consiste dans le mouvement intestin d'une matiere subtile ... J'entends
par ton un mouvement tonique, le genre ou mode special du mouvement qu'ont
les particules d'une fluide entre elles; ainsi a l'egard des particules de quelques
fluides, le mouvement est ondulatoire ou oscillatoire; dans d'autres il est
vibratoire, de rotation, etc.' Cf. 'Memoire de F. A. Mesmer, docteur en
medecine, sur ses Decouvertes' (Paris, 1799) pp. 6-7, 'La conservation de
l'homme, ainsi que son existence, sont fondees sur les lois generales de la
nature ... l'homme possede des propri!~tes analogues a celles de l'aimant; ... il
est doue d'une sensibilite, par laquelle il peut etre en rapport avec les etres
qui l'environment, meme les plus eloignes; et. .. il est susceptible de se
charger d'un ton de mouvement.'
In these works he adopted a Newtonian theory of the aether, and by this
means brought motion, action, ebb and flow, the properties of matter,
polarity, inclination, reflection etc. etc. within the scope of his generalized
consideration of 'animal magnetism' itself. This aspect of his theorizing was
still being taken seriously while Hegel was lecturing at Heidelberg and
Berlin, see C. C. Wolfart (d. 1832) 'Mesmerismus oder System der Wechsel-
wirkungen' (Berlin, 1814), and made a scientific assessment ofthe true value
ofhis discovery somewhat difficult. Cf. note 243,31; George Winter 'History
of Animal Magnetism; its origin, progress, and present state' (London, 180 I) ;
J. C. Colquhoun 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1836) chs. 10 and I I;
A Drechsler 'Astrologische Vorträge' (Dresden, 1855); C. G. Carus 'Ueber
Lebensmagnetismus' (Leipzig, 1857) ch. 11. Stefan Zweig 'Die Heilung
durch den Geist' (Leipzig, 1931); J. L. Wohleb 'Franz Anton Mesmer'
('Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins' N. F. 53 pp. 33-130, 1940);
H. Franke 'Der Mesmerismus und die deutsche Dichtung' ('Schwaben' 12
pp. 121-4, 1940); D. M. Walmsley 'Anton Mesmer' (London, 1967).
293,21
Note 29,2.
295, 18
Note 257, 29.
295, 3 1
This use of the specialized word 'epopt' (Gr. E-1TChr'T7}S", formed on €TTl +
root OTT to see), seems to indicate that Hegel has classical Greek instances in
mind here, although the remark is quite evidently meant to be of general
application. At Eleusis in Attica, the epoptae had their final initiation into
the mystery when they were shown certain holy objects: see Plato 'Phaedrus'
250 c 4, 'Symposium' 210 al; P. Merlan 'From Platonism to Neoplatonism'
(The Hague, 1960); C. A. Lobeck (1781-1860) 'Aglaophamus, sive de
theologiae mysticae Graecor' (Regiomonti, 1829); Cf. 'Berliner Schriften
1818-1831' p. 631; 'Hegel Briefe' 111 p. 87.
297,2
Henbane (Bilsenkraut; Hyoscyamus niger). The ancient Celts regarded
the plant as sacred on account of its being associated with the god Belenus,
hence its German name. Belenus (Irish Beltene) was the Celtic equivalent
of the Greek Apollo i.e. the god of the sun and of the return of summer
(May ISt): see Jan de Vries 'Keltische Religion' (Stuttgart, 1961) D.I.4
pp. 83-4. Henbane was used for curing mental diseases in Anglo-Saxon
England: O. Cockayne 'Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early
England' (Rolls Series, 2 vols. London, 1864/5) vol. 11 p. 137, and was not
dropped from English pharmacopoeias until 1746: see Nicholas Culpeper
(1616-1654) 'The Complete Herba!' (London, 1653; new ed. London,
1850) p. 92; Thomas Green 'The Universal Herba!' (2 vols. London, 1823)
vol. I pp. 724-5. It was, however, Anton von Stoerck (1731-1803) 'Libellus,
quo demonstratur ... etc.' (Vienna, 1762; Germ. tr. Augsburg, 1763) who
first revived interest in it as a eure for toothache, epilepsy, convulsions and
fits, and in Hegel's day its use as such was already well-established: William
Rowley (1742-I806) 'Truth vindicated, or the specific differences ofmental
diseases ascertained' (London, I 790) pp. I 8-9; William Pargeter (1760-
I8IO) 'Observations on Maniacal Disorders' (Reading, 1792; Germ. tr.
Leipzig, 1793) Germ. tr. pp. 65-7; A. Fothergill (I735?-18I3) 'Of the
Efficacy of the Hyoscyamus, or Henbane, in certain Cases of Insanity'
('Memoirs of the Medical Society of London' vol. I pp. 3IO-I5, I787).
J. A. E. Goeze (I 73 I-1793) 'Natur, Menschenleben und Vorsehung'
(7 vols. Leipzig, 1789/94) vol. VI pp. 30-40, shows that the ancient con-
nection between henbane and May Day was still remembered at the end ofthe
eighteenth century, 'When a witch wanted to start on her trip to the Brocken,
she would strip and rub herself in with the so-called witch's unguent, which
was prepared from benumbing plant juices, and especially from henbane.
As soon as the ointment took effect, the body became benumbed, dead,
devoid of sensation. In this state the soul was able to pursue its dreams
and imaginations in a correspondingly unhindered manner. And in this
state everything that was supposed to take place on Blocksberg took place
in the person's soul.' Enchanter's nightshade (Hexenkraut, Circ<ea lutetiana)
was evidently also associated with such practices. Cf. Johann Wierus (I5I5-
I588) 'De Daemonum praestigiis' (I566; Basel, I583) bk. III eh. 17 p. 313;
notes 23I, 3, 307, 34; 'Hegels Briefe' II p. 243; G. R. Boehmer 'Bibliotheca
Scriptorum Historiae Naturalis' (9 vols. Leipzig, 1785/9) vol. VI pp. 9-IO,
304-6; N. Taylor 'Plant Drugs' (London, 1966) pp. 43, 146-8.
297, 13
'Magnetized' water played an important part in the magnetic eures of the
time: see Kluge op. cit. pp. 404-7. Metals were found to have a powerful
and predominantly unpleasant effect upon magnetized persons (op. cit.
pp. 136-46), and it was therefore usual for them to take off their rings etc.
while being treated (op. cit. p. 369). Silk was generally found to hinder
magnetic treatment (op. cit. pp. 83, 172,369,489), and glass was also usually
classed as an insulator (op. cit. p. 403). Kluge notes that, 'in this conducting
and insulating of magnetic power one finds a great deal of similarity with
electricity' (op. cit. p. 403; cf. 'Phil. Nat.' II.I71-3).
There is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the conducting and
insulating proper ti es of various substances by D. G. Kieser in 'Archiv f.d.
thier. Magn.' I819, 5 ii pp. 36-7; cf. C. G. Nees von Esenbeck 'Entwick-
lungsgeschichte des magnetischen Schlafs und Traums' ('Archiv' 1820, 7
i p. 22).
The true significance of much of this data, which was carefully recorded,
assembled and categorized, was not always immediately apparent: see P. G.
van Ghert 'Tagebuch einer magnetischen Behandlung' ('Archiv', 18I7,
2 i p. I 17), 'Da ich heute Abend zum Erstenmale meine Hände auf ihre
Brust legte, sagte sie, daß es nicht durchdringe. - Ich sah, daß sie ein
seidenes Tuch umhatte, ließ sie dieses wegnehmen, und die Wirkung ging
jetzt eben so stark, als die anderen Male' (23rd February 1810; cf. 24th
May 1810, p. 169).
297, 15
The animals mentioned here by Hegel indicate that his source is an artide
by Gerbrand Bakker (1771-1828), J. H. G. Wolthers (1777-1840) and P.
Hendriksz 'Bijdragen tot den tegenwordigen staat van het animalisch
Magnetismus in ons vaderland' (2 pts. Gröningen, 1814/18; pt. I tr. F. Bird,
Halle, 1818; reviewed by Kieser, 'Archiv' 1819,6 i pp. 148--60), see pt. II
ch. ii, where the magnetizing of dogs, cats, monkeys and pigeons is recorded.
Cf. 'Hegel Briefe' vol. II p. 379. Certain horse-breakers and cattle cas-
trators working in Germany at this time were reputed to have used anima I
magnetism in their work.
K. C. Wolfart 'Beitrag zur Wirkung des Magnetismus bei Thieren'
('Jahrbücher für den Lebens-Magnetismus, oder Neues Askläpieion' 1819,
2, xi p. 185); C. F. Nasse 'Ueber das Irreseyn der Thiere' ('Zeitschrift für
psychische Aerzte' 1820, 1 pp. 170--224); B. Bendsen 'Tagebuch einer
lebensmagnetischen Behandlung' ('Archiv' 1821, 9 i p. 126), a cat and a
dog; J. C. Passavant 'Untersuchungen über den Lebensmagnetismus'
(Frankfurt-on-Main, 182 I) p. 72; C. F. Flemming 'Beiträge zur Philosophie
der Seele' (2 pts. Berlin, 1830) pp. 229-30.
297,30
Hegel also discusses shamans in his 'Philosophy of History' and 'Philo-
sophy of Religion' (Jubiläumsausgabe vol. 11 p. 232, vol. 15 p. 305); cf. D.
Tiedemann 'Handbuch der Psychologie' (Leipzig, 1804) pp. 327-9. The
use of different drugs in various parts of the world, induding India, is
discussed by J. C. L. Ziermann 'Geschichtliche Darstellung des thierischen
Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1824), p. 163.
It looks very much as though Hegel's interpretation of the Delphic
Orade, as given here, was based upon C. A. F. Kluge's 'Animal. Magn.'
(1815) pp. 16-17. Cf. John Potter (c. 1674-1747) 'The Antiquities ofGreece'
(2 vols. Oxford, 1697/9; tr. J. J. Rambach, Halle, 1775) Germ. tr. pp. 593-
662. In respect of his interpretation of the function of the priests at Delphi,
see J. G. Dalyell (1775-1851) 'The Darker Superstitions of Scotland'
(Edinburgh, 1834) pp. 491-2, 'An ample field for sinister prediction is
opened by the casualties ofhuman life. Those who have watched the progress
of the world, may form reasonable anticipations of futurity. Troubles, wars,
pestilence, or conflagrations, are never of long cessation: faithless friends
and disappointed expectations are not to be rated with the rarest subjects
of experience.'
297, 35
J. C. Prichard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp.
415-6 gives the following description of Mesmer's baquet: 'A little wooden
tub, of different forms, round, oval, or square, raised one foot or one foot
and a half, was placed in the middle of a large room. This tub was caBed
'the baquet'; its covering was pierced with a certain number of holes, from
out of which came branches of iron, jointed and flexible. The patients were
placed in several rows round this 'baquet', and each person held the branch
of iron, which, by means of the points, could be applied directly to the part
affected; a cord was placed round the bodies of the patients, which uni ted
them one to another. Sometimes a second chain was formed by com-
munication with the hands, that is to say, by applying the thumb of one
between the thumb and first finger of the next person; the thumb thus held
was then pressed, and the impression received on the left was returned by
the right, and circulated all around. A piano-forte was placed in a corner
of a room; different airs were played upon it; sometimes the sound of the
voice in singing was added. All the magnetizers had in their hands a little
rod of iron, ten or twelve inches long. This rod was looked upon as the con-
duc tor of magnetism; it possessed the advantage of concentrating it in its
point, and of rendering the emanations more powerful. Sound, according to
the principles of Mesmer, was also a conductor of magnetism; and, in order
to communicate the fluid to the piano, it was sufficient to let the rod ap-
proach it. The cord with which the patients were surrounded was destined,
as weB as the chain of thumbs, to augment the effects by communication.
The inside of the 'baquet' was said to be so formed that it might concentrate
the magnetic fluid; there was nothing, however, in reality, in its formation
which could excite or retain magnetism or electricity." D. G. Kieser, 'Das
magnetische Behältniß (Baquet), ('Archiv' 1818, 3 ii pp. 1-180) gives the
best contemporary German account of the apparatus and also supplies a
sketch of it (p. 181); cf. his 'Das siderische Baquet und der Siderismus'
('Archiv' 1819,5 ii pp. 1-84).
The frontispiece in A. M. J. C. de Puysegur (1751-1828) 'Memoires pour
servir a l'histoire et a l'etablissement du Magnetisme Animal' (1784; 3rd
ed. Paris, 1820) consists of an illustration of a number of people sitting
around a magnetized tree: see C. A. F. Kluge op. cit. pp. 415-23 for an
extended account of this. Cf. J. G. Petri 'Der thierische Magnetismus, in
seiner Anwendung auf die Pflanzenwelt' (Ilmenau, 1824); W. D. Hackman
'The Researches ofDr Martinus van Marum (1750-1837) on the influence
of electricity on animals and plants' ('Medical History' vol. 16 pp. 11-26,
1972).
299,2
'Encyclopaedia' § 330; Phil. Nat. II.191-205.
2gg, 23
Literally, 'heftels this through a certain warmth in his hand'.
2gg,2g
All the details given here with regard to the various techniques involved
in magnetic stroking are to be found in Kluge op. cit. pp. 324-41. Joseph
Weber 'Der thierische Magnetismus' (Landshut, 18 I 6) p. 17 notes that there
was a distinct geographical distribution in respect of the techniques used for
imparting magnetic inftuence: in Paris manual stroking was favoured, in
Lyon and Ostend the will of the magnetizer was regarded as the most
important factor, whereas in Strassburg both manual stroking and the will
were employed.
Van Ghert probably drew Hegel's attention to this aspect of animal mag-
netism. In his 'Tagebuch' ('Archiv' 1817, 2 i pp. 22-4), he describes in
detail the various effects elicited by stroking in various directions (3 I st
August 1810), and, evidently in all solemnity, records the following on
I Ith April 1810 (2, i p. 157): "Ich zog meine Schuhe aus, setzte meine Füße
auf ihre Brust, und hielt sie hintenüber. Sie können sich nicht vorstellen,
sagte sie, wie stark die Wirkung Ihrer Füße, ist, und wenn Sie sie noch
länger auf meiner Brust halten, dann müßen Sie mich auf dem Stuhle fest-
binden, oder ich werde noch fallen."
Many practitioners recorded the warmth in their hands: see J. H. D.
Petetin (1744-1808) 'Ueber die Phänomene der Catalepsie und des Som-
nambulismus' (Nordhoff 'Archiv für den thierischen Magnetismus' vol. I
pp. 22-3, 1804); A. M. J. C. de Puysegur (1751-1828) 'Du Magnetisme
Animal' (Paris, 1807), 'Mais pourquoi arrive-t-il qu'on s'echauffe en
marchant? je n'en sais rien; cela est, parce que cela est." Dr. de Valenti of
Sulza paiq. particular attention to the sensations he experienced in his
hands while magnetizing, and even claimed that they emitted sparks: see
'Archiv' 1820,6 ii pp. 77-134 (2nd August 1819); 'Archiv' 1820,7 i p. 121
(5th September 181g).
299,34
D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'Die Heilung des Kropfs' ('Archiv' 1820, 7 i
pp. 137-54) drew attention to the possibility of the Royal Touch being of
Scandinavian origin. Queen Anne was the last English monarch to touch
for scrofula, but the practice was in the news while Hegel was lecturing at
Berlin on account of Charles X's having revived the ancient ceremony at
Rheims on 31st May 1825. The Biblical origin is quite clear (Gen.
XLVIII.I4, Luke XIII. 13, Acts VIII.q, XIII.3), St. Remigius is said to
have conferred the power upon Clovis king of the Franks (d. 5 II), and it
now looks as though both the Scandinavian and the English traditions had
a common continental origin: W. Bonser 'The Medical Background of
Anglo-Saxon England' (London, 1963) pp. 271-6; W. A. Chaney 'The
552 . Hege!' s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
Cult of Kingship' (Manchester, 1970) p. 73. The subject attracted a great

deal of scholarly attention in Germany: see J. J. Zentgraff (1643-17°1) 'De
tactu regis Franciae' (Wittenberg, 1675); K. P. J. Sprengel (1766-1833)
'Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde' pt. III p. 289
(Halle, 1794); J. Ennemoser (1787-1854) 'Der Magnetismus' (Leipzig, 1819)
pp. 252-63; J. C. L. Ziermann 'Geschichliche Darstellung des thierischen
Magnetismus' (Berlin, 1824 pp. 178-9.
The cures effected by private persons such as 'the Stroker' Valentine
Greatrakes (1629-1689) and J. J. Gassner (1727-1779) aroused new
interest after 1820, when a host of similar healings took place in the Rhine-
land: see Dr. Ulrich ofCoblence 'Bemerkungen über die Wunderheilungen'
(Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1.397-412, 1823); A. C. A.
Eschenmayer (1768-1854) 'Ueber Gassner's Heilmethode' ('Archiv' 1820,
8 i pp. 86-99).
299, 36
On the role of faith and will in magnetic eures, see Kluge op. cit. pp.
3 I 7-9. This is part of a section in which Kluge discusses the physical and
psychic characteristics required of a successful magnetizer. He heads this
section with a quotation from Schiller:
'Es ist nicht draussen, da sucht es der Thor,
Es ist in dir, du bringst es hervor.'
3°1, 16
On anima I Lymph, see Phi!. Nat. § 365 (III.161-3).
301 ,23
G. I. Wenzel (1754-18°9) 'Unterhaltungen über ... Ahndungen' (1800)
pp. 1-2, "One occasionally catches sight of evidently human shapes, which
are neither created by the imagination nor brought forth magically as the
effect of smoke or by optical and other artificial means, but which are not
actually ghostly appearances. They stand before us as shadows do. They
appear suddenly, and seem to bear some resemblance to the departed ... It
appeared, but it was only an appearance, as if the souls of the deceased had
cast themselves into an aetherial mould ... " Wenzel go es on to attempt a
physical explanation of this sort of thing. The subject was much discussed
in Germany in the period immediately following the publication of J. K.
Wetzel's (1747-1819) 'Meiner Gattin wirkliche Erscheinung nach ihrem
Tode' (Chemnitz, 1804).
301 , 37
Note 293, 12.
302 , 3 1
Griesheim wrote 'Kiesels'.
3° 2,33
Kehler seems to have written 'hinuntergeschnift'.
3°3,7
Though somewhat uncommon at that time, this use of 'Naivität' is not
peculiar to Hegel: see]. G. C. Kiesewetter 'Faßliche Darstellung der Erfah-
rungsseelenlehre' (2 pts. Vienna, 1817) p. 246. When translating Hegel,
'naivety' is not to be confused with 'unconstrainedness' (Unbefangen-
heit); cf. 79,28; 227, 25; 235, 20; 327, 16; 403, 22.
303, 12
Armand Marie Jacques Chastenet, Marquis de Puysegur (1751-1825)
certainly deserves Hegel's eulogy. He was the grandson ofJ. F. de Puysegur
(1655-1743), marshaI of France. He entered the artillery in 1768, and in
1783 saw active service in Spain, taking part in the siege of Gibraltar. Mter
the war he returned to Paris with his brother J. M. P. C. de Puysegur (1755-
1820), and became acquainted with Mesmer. The healing powers of animal
magnetism interested hirn, not the intrinsic nature of the phenomenon, and
when he met Lavater in Lausanne in 1785 he took great delight in displaying
these powers to hirn.
In 1786 he was put in command of a regiment at Strassburg, and it was
in this city that he established the first of the provincial 'Societes de
I'harmonie' (notes 317, 37; 321, 16). He showed some sympathy with the
revolution in its initial stages, but found he was unable to approve of the
way in which it developed, and in 1792 he resigned his commission and
retired to his estate at Buzancy near Soissons. The family horne became a
hospital for the psychically disturbed, and a retreat for victims of the
revolution. An elm on the estate was used for mass eures (297, 35), and
among those who enjoyed his hospitality at this time was Joseph Fievee
(1767-1839), who wrote 'La Dot de Suzette' (Paris, 1798) at Buzancy.
Puysegur composed three spirited comedies at this time: 'La Journee des
Dupes' (1789), 'L'Interieur d'un menage republicain' (1794) and 'Le Juge
bienfaisant' (1799). In 1797 he was accused of having corresponded with
his brothers, and imprisoned for two years with his wife and children. Mter
his release in November 1799 he was elected mayor of Soissons, and held the
office until 1805. At about this time he paid 1,200,000 francs to clear his
father-in-Iaw's debts.
Although he was not shown any particular favour at the restoration, he
was raised to the rank of Lieutenent-General. When Charles X was crowned at
Rheims, he insisted upon exercising the ancient right of his family to camp
in the park by the Vesle. The weather was wet, and he died soon afterwards.
Hegel was evidently intimately acquainted with many of his works on
animal magnetism; the following list is, I think tolerably complete: 'Receuil
des pieces les plus interessantes sur le magnetisme animal' (Paris and
Strassburg, 1784); 'Du Magnetisme animal' (Paris, 1807; 2nd and 3rd
eds. Paris, 1820); 'Recherches, experiences et observations sur l'homme
dans l'etat du somnambulisme naturel' (Paris, 181 I); 'Memoires pour servir
a l'histoire et l'etablissement du magnetisme animal' (2 vols. London, 1786;
Paris, 1809; grd ed. Paris, 1820); 'Les Fous, les insenses, les maniaques et
les frenetiques ne seraient-ils que des somnambules desordonnes' (Paris,
1812); 'Brochures sur le magnetisme' (Paris, 1813); 'Appel aux savans
observateurs du dix-neuvieme siede de la decision port~e par leurs prede-
cesseurs contre le magnetisme animal', (Paris, 181g; Dutch tr. Amsterdam,
1818); 'Les verites cheminent' (Paris, 1814); 'Le magnetiseur amoureux'
(2 vols. Paris, 1824).
See: A. C. P. Callisen 'Medicinische Schriftsteller-Lexicon' (33 vols.
Copenhagen and Altona, 1830-1845) vol. XXXI p. 324; J. P. F. Deleuze
'Histoire critique du magnetisme animal' (2 vols. Paris, 1813).
303, 18
Arnold Wienholt (1749-1804) was one of the first to bring animal mag-
netism to the notice of the German medical world: see 'Beiträge zu den
Erfahrungen über den thierischen Magnetismus' (Hamburg, 1782), 'Mag-
netistischen Magazin für Niederdeutschland' (9 pts., Bremen, 1787/9),
'Heilkraft des thierischen Magnetismus' (3 pts. Lemgo, 1802/6), 'Sieben
psychologische Vorlesungen über den natürlichen Somnambulismus'
(Lemgo, 1805). Interestingly enough, it was J. C. Colquhoun's translation
of this last book (Edinburgh, 1845), which helped to confirm the pioneering
English work of James Braid (1795 ?-1860): see for example 'Neurypnology;
or, the rationale of nervous sleep, considered in relation with animal
magnetism' (London, 1843), most ofwhich was subsequently translated into
German: 'Der Hypnotismus: ausgewählte Schriften von J. Braid' (tr. W.
Preyer, Berlin, 1881/2). It was Braid who coined the term 'neuro-hypnotism',
subsequently shortened to 'hypnotism' (1842/3).
On the main features of early nineteenth century German interpretations
of animal magnetism, see note 243, 31, and H. Haeser 'Lehrbuch der
Geschichte der Medicin' (3rd ed.Jena, 1881) vol. 11 pp. 784-92. They tended
to be either hopelessly mystical, rigidly formalistic, or naively reductionist,
and there was of course no lack of those intent upon treating the whole
thing as a simple delusion. J. W. Ritter (1776-1810), 'Der Siderismus'
(Tübingen, 1808) pp. 28-35 provides an insight into the potential merits and
demerits of what might be regarded as a typically German attitude to this
research, 'It goes without saying in respect of the treatment of the subject,
that in the first instance this involved the testing of everything involved; the
organizing of all data of this kind into a whole; the filling in of gaps by means of
research, which had to bear out this whole; and the reduction of the whole
to its simplestfactors, whereby it acquired laws ... The main object ofthe whole
Campetti project was in fact to transplant the matter into a German milieu ...
I have carried out the research in order so to establish the matter in Germany,
that even if I die tomorrow it will never again be allowed to lapse in this pre-
eminently scientific country, until (like so much with it!-) it has been fully
clarified once andfor alt. I know the physicists of Germany, and the men who
in true freedom ofspirit find reason enough to enter into the detail ofnature,
and who combine every possible precaution with all the rigorous discipline
essential to advancing the truth to the point of ultimate clarity.'
Puysegur, in his 'Du Magnetisme Animal, consididere dans ses rapports
avec diverses branches de la Physique generale (Paris, 1807), makes the
disarming remark that (p. 8), 'Je n'ai pas aujourd'hui plus de moyens de
rendre raison des phenomenes du magnetisme animal; il existe, parce il existe;
depuis vingt ans je n'en ai pas appris davantage.' He then goes on to indulge
in aseries of cosmological phantasies involving God, soul, matter etc. In his
'Recherches, Experiences et Observations Physiologiques sur l'Homme
dans l'etat de somnambulisme naturel, et dans le somnambulisme provoque
par l'acte magnetique' (Paris, 181 I), he informs us that, 'Nous devons a
Locke cette lumiere de la saine et vraie philosophie, la connaissance de la
premiere de toutes les verites physiologiques, savoir, qu'il n'y a pas d'idees
innees, et que I'homme n'en acquirt que par suite ou I'effet des impressions
qu'il re<;oit des objects exterieurs, par entremise et le canal de ses sens.'
D. G. Kieser 'Rhapsodieen aus dem Gebiete des thierschen Magnetismus'
('Archiv' 1817, 2 i pp. 65-80) examines the difficulties involved in formu-
lating a worthwhile theory of animal magnetism. In the 'Archiv' 1817, 2
ii pp. 148-9 there is a criticism of the outdatedness of current French inter-
pretations of the phenomenon. Dr. Andresse of Berlin, 'Blicke auf das
magnetische Schlafwachen in heilkundiger Hinsicht' (K. C. Wolfart
'Jahrbücher für den Lebens-Magnetismus, oder Neues Askläpieion' 1818,
I i p. 167) criticizes the pseudo-philosophical interpretation of the phe-
nomenon then current.
303, 20
Carl Alexander Ferdinand Kluge (1782-1844) was born at Straussberg
in Mittelmark, where his father was town surgeon. He began his medical
training at the Berlin College of Surgery in 1800, and qualified in 1804.
After a short period as surgeon to the Cadet Corps in Berlin, he studied at
Erfurt for a while, and took his doctorate there in 1806 with a dissertation
'De iridis motu'. In r807 he was appointed surgeon-in-chief to the Crown
Prince, later Frederick William IV of Prussia, and in 1809 instructor at the
Berlin College ofSurgery. In 1814 he became director ofthe surgical section
of the Iying-in department of the Charite hospital at Berlin, and retained
the post for the rest of his life.
In the professional medical world of post-war Prussia he was known mainly

as a surgeon and tocologist. On 30th April 1821 he was appointed Professor
extraordinarius at the University of Berlin, and empowered to deliver
lectures in the medical faculty, and from this time onwards was a member
of most of the main medical councils of the country. There is an excellent
characterization of hirn by J. H. Schmidt (1804-1852) in the 'Medicinische
Zeitung von dem Vereine für Heilunde in Preussen' (17th year no. 44 pp.
201-3, Berlin, Ist November 1848). Schmidt contrasts hirn with his col-
leagues J. F. Dieffenbach (1794-1847) and A. L. E. Horn (1774-1848),
taking hirn to be 'ein durch und durch mathematischer Kopf', who as a
writer was reproductive rather than creative, 'The medical faculty of Berlin
once said of Blumenbach that he breathed life even into dead bon es ('Ossa
loquijussit'); I should like to say precisely the opposite of Kluge, he has given
the soul a skeleton ... He was an embodied logic, an analysis, an anatomy of
thought, a Non plus ultra of classification, an intercalating-system of divisions
and sub-divisions, and precisely on ac count of this perhaps, unrivalled as a
teacher ... '
Kluge wrote very little, and it is somewhat curious perhaps, that the one
book for which he is remembered, 'Versuch einer Darstellung des animali-
schen animalischen Magnetismus als Heilmittel' (Berlin, 181 I; 2nd ed. 1815;
3rd ed. 1819), should have been on a subject which did not concern hirn
professionally. Van Ghert recommended it to Hegel soon after its first
appearance ('Hegel Briefe' I p. 399), and in the next few years it was trans-
lated into Dutch (Amsterdam, 1812), Swedish (Stockholm, 1816), Danish
(Copenhagen, 1817) and Russian (Daniel Wellanski, 1818). The British
Museum has a copy ofthe second German edition with manuscript notes by
Coleridge, but it never appeared in English. J. N. Ehrhart, who reviewed
it in the 'Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung' vol. I pp. 113-41, 145-55
(Salzburg, January-February 1813), noted, as Hegel did, that its
main importance lay in the classification it offered, 'It would be
difficult to say whether new ideas and discoveries or the orderly
interrelating of what is given into a systematic whole, had contributed more
to progress in the sciences.' (p. 114). Van Ghert ('Briefe' 11 p. 40) writes as
follows to Hegel on 4th October 18 I4: 'Have you read Kluge yet? He has
collected all kinds of data concerning this important subject, and spared
neither care nor labour in order to make the book definitive. It is a pity
however that he should have included so many old wives' tales, the outcome
of chance and imagination, in an otherwise excellent work. Unfortunately,
he is unacquainted with the nature of spirit, and is therefore unable to
distinguish between show and actuality.'
This classification, regarded by Hegel as being 'superficial but usable',
consists of a basic distinction between what is theoretical (pt. I) and what is
practical (pt. 11). Part one of the book (1815 ed.) is then subdivided into
three sections: i) the history of the discovery of animal magnetism (pp. 15-
80), ü) a survey ofmagnetic phenomena (pp. 81-204), and iii) the explana-
tion (physiological) of the same (pp. 205-308). Part two is also divided into
three: i) what is required of the magnetizer (pp. 313-19), ii) magnetic
treatment (pp. 320--423), and iii) how to determine cases in which the use
of animal magnetism will be beneficial (pp. 424-42). Each of these seetions
is subdivided into paragraphs, and each paragraph is supplied with a
detailed bibliography. The whole work is weH indexed.
It should certainly be noticed in connection with this classification, that
there are considerable differences between the lay-out of Hegel's treatment
of animal magnetism in his recorded lectures, and the subdivisions pre-
sented in Boumann's text. On 30th June 1825 (Griesheim Ms. p. 163, Kehler
Ms. p. 120) Hegel began by developing the general Notion of disease out
of his discussion of the child in the womb, and criticizing Windischmann
(321,39). He then went on to deal with the physiological aspect ofenthusi-
asm, to distinguish between feeling and consciousness, and with the help
of this distinction to elucidate the phenomena re~orded by van Helmont,
Scheffner, Nicolai, Descottes, Kieser etc. It was at this point (4thJuly) that
he defined the magnetic state proper as a connection with external events
and other people, which is exploited, so to speak, by the magnetizer. A
discussion of the magnetizer's techniques, magnetic sleep, and the use of
clairvoyance for the diagnosis of diseases foHowed, and the exposition ended
with areturn to the general Notion of illness and an assessment of the
healing power of animal magnetism (Ilth July: Griesheim Ms. p. 200,
Kehler Ms. p. 145). Although the broad dialectical structure of this ex-
position is fairly clear, it is entirely lacking in the neat sub-divisions of the
subject to be found in the Boumann text.
Since the five main divisions of the version of § 406 actuaHy published
by Hegel in 1830 correspond closely with neither his recorded lectures nor
the three main divisions of Boumann's text, further evidence is necessary
before any final conclusions can be reached with regard to the most accept-
able interpretation of this section of the 'Encyclopaedia'. It looks as though
Kluge's seven levels of magnetic phenomena (pt. 1 sect. ii) may weH have
influenced Boumann's editing (or Hegel's presentation) of 275,6- 293,6.
The rounding off of the printed exposition with healing, although absent
from the text published by Hegel, is not only confirmed by the recorded
lectures, but is in itself satisfying and convincing ('Phi!. Nat.' 111.202-9),
and we are therefore almost certainly justified in treating the pervasive and
immediate telos of this sphere as not open to serious questioning.
30 3,22
Peter Gabriel van Ghert (1782-1852), a Dutchman, matriculated at Jena
on 22nd November 1804. He was advised to take part in Hegel's classes, and
attended regularly, but since his German was rather poor, he was unable to
follow very well. Hegel noticed this and gave hirn private tuition, and
before long a elose friendship had developed. He retumed to Holland after
four terms, and Hegel's farewell entry in his album (2nd September 1806)
has been preserved ('Hoffmeister 'Dokumente' p. 375). During the Summer
Term of 1805 he heard Hegel's lectures on Natural Law, and the Latin
thesis on this subject for which he was awarded his doctorate at Leyden on
26th January 1808, contains a certain amount ofmaterial which is simply a
translation of his Jena notes.
He held an appointment in the Dutch Ministry of Culture from 1808
1810. On 4th August 180g, having heard of Hegel's editing of the 'Bam-
berger Zeitung' and of his schoolmastering at Nuremberg, he wrote to hirn,
'filled with the holiest feeling of respect and friendship', 'weeping' over the
'ruination' of his old teacher, amazed that, 'the best men of Germany
should have such a minimal interest in science that they should allow true
philosophers to go hungry', praising the 'divine Phenomenology', and offering
to exert influence on Hegel's behalf with regard to getting a professorship
in Holland ('Briefe' I p. 2g0). Hegel handled the matter well in his letter of
16th December 180g (I p. 2g8), and the subsequent correspondence be-
tween them is one of relaxed friendliness and mutual respect. Van Ghert
sensed something of Hegel's true greatness as a thinker, and Hegel was
pleased to enjoy the friendship of an admirer and an influential adminis-
trator. In 181 I van Ghert published a lengthy and obtusely adulatory
review of the 'Phenomenology' ('De Recensent' Year 6, pp. 20-74, 181 I).
In October 1822 Hegel paid a personal visit to van Ghert and his family in
Brussels.
From 18IO onwards van Ghert worked for the Dutch police in ajudicial
capacity. Soon after the union of Holland and Belgium in 1815, the king
appointed hirn commissary and then referendary to the Department of
Roman Catholic Culture. The buming issues at this time were the control
of religion, the press and education. The bishops of Ghent soon condemned
the extension of state control forced upon Belgium by the Dutch, and it was
van Ghert's task to see that the policy of the Royal Government prevailed.
University reform was pushed through between 1815 and 1817, and in
1824 the general educational system was brought under secular control by
making the state registration of all teachers obligatory. From 1825 onwards
only those educated at one of the universities of the realm were allowed to
teach in the new secondary schools. In the same year, the Philosophical
College, which was akin to Joseph II's General Seminary, was founded at
Louvain, and it was decreed that all those reading for the priesthood should
attend a course there before studying theology at one of the episcopal
seminaries. The College professors were recommended by van Ghert, and
then appointed by the sovereign in consultation with the archbishop of
Nolls to Volume T wo: Anthropology • 559
Mechlin. Church and popular opposition to this policy proved too strong
for the civil authorities however, the College was closed early in 1830, and
when the revolution broke out in the August of that year, the liberals joined
the Church in opposition to the Royal Government. See H. Pirenne 'His-
torie de Belgique' (7 vols. Brussels, 1909/32) vol. VI bk. üi p. 310 (1926);
E. de Moreau 'Historie de l'Eglise en Belgique' (2 vols. Brussels, 1940/8);
'The New Cambridge Modern History' vol. IX pp. 472-80 (Cambridge,
1965); K. Jürgensen 'Lamennais und die Gestaltung des belgischen Staates'
(Wiesbaden, 1963); A. F. Manning 'De Permanente Commissie ... 1827-
1830' (Archiefvoor de Geschiedenis van de Katholieke Kerk in Nederland'
Ist Year, p. 109ff., 1959).
It has often been suggested that the part played by van Ghert in this
attempt to bring Belgium under Dutch control was determined by his
Hegelianism. His intellectual relationship with his former teacher was,.
however, by no means a straightforward one. Although Hegel probably
approved of the secularization policies in which van Ghert became involved,
van Ghert was the executor not the originator of these policies, and his
reasons for pursuing them, in so far as they were a matter of intellectual
conviction and not simply of professional expediency, could hardly be
regarded as distinctively Hegelian. Curiously enough, he differed from his
teacher even on the central issue of his religious allegiance, for whereas
Hegel enjoyed parading his Protestantism ('Berliner Schriften' pp. 572-5,
1826), van Ghert never abandoned his Roman Catholicism. He seems,
moreover to have feared that their friendship might have been harmed had
Hegel got to know ofthis, and as late asJuly 1817 ('Briefe' 11, p. 165) Hegel
was still under the impression that his friend was a Protestant. To some
extent, van Ghert's 'Hegelianism' evidently consisted of the hope that the
philosophical system might enable Roman Catholicism to shed the dead
wood of scholasticism and enter into a more effective dialogue with the
modern world: see A. V. N. van Woerden 'Po G. van Ghert tussen Hegel en
de Una Saneta' (Alphen, 1965). He also saw that it might be used in an
anti-liberal and absolutist manner however, and in a letter to the Ministry
at The Hague written on 3rd August 1835, he noted, 'that Hegel's philo-
sophy is the ideal antidote to the abominations ofliberalism'; see 'Algemeen
Rijksarchief 's-Gravenhage: Collectie A. G. A. van Rappard' . A comparison
between van Ghert's Roman Catholicism and that of J. N. Möller (1777-
1862), who also knew Hegel and had connections with Louvain, would be
an interesting undertaking: see A. H. Winsnes 'Nicolai Möller: Fra Leibniz
til Hegel' (Oslo, 1969). Cf. J. J. F. Wap(?) 'Necrologie Mr. Petrus Gabriel
van Ghert' ('Astrea' 11, 1852, pp. 1-11); L. J. Rogier 'Piet van Ghert en
Hegel' ('Studien' CXXI, 1934,11 p. 115); A. E. M. Ribberink 'Van Ghert;
achtergronden van een falen' ('Archiefvoor de Geschiedenis van de Katho-
lieke Kerk in Nederland' 10th Year sect. üi pp. 329-42, December 1968);
Joachim Bremer (Uerdingerstrasse 3IO, Krefeld) 'Das Problem der Realisier-

ung der Philosophie - Hegel und van Ghert' (Paper, Hegel Congress,
Antwerp, 1972).
The subject of animal magnetism figures quite prominently in Hegel's
correspondence with van Ghert. On 22nd June 18IO (I p. 317) he wrote to
Hegel telling hirn that he had been magnetizing one of his relatives for the
past six months, and asking hirn to remind hirn of, 'the Notion of animal
magnetism which you provided us with in the Philosophy of Nature, and
which I have forgotten.' Hegel replied as follows on 15th October 18IO (I
p. 329): 'This obscure region of the organic relationship seems to me to be
particularly worthy of attention on account of its not being open to ordinary
physiological interpretations; it is precisely its simplicity which I regard as
being its most remarkable characteristic, for what is simple is always said
to be obscure. The instance in which you applied magnetism also con-
sisted of a fixation in the higher systems of the vital processes. I might
summarize my view as folIows: in general magnetism seems to me to be
active in cases in which a morbid isolation occurs in respect of sensibility,
as also in the case of rheumatism for example, and its effect to be a matter
of the sympathy which one animal individuality is able to enter into with
another in so far as its sympathy with itself, its inner f1uidity, is interrupted
and hindered. This union leads life back again into its general and pervasive
stream. The general idea I have of magnetism is that it pertains to life in its
simplicity and generality, and that in it life relates and manifests itself as
does the breath of life in general, not divided into particular systems, organs
and their special activity, but as a simple soul to which somnambulism and
the general expressions are connected; they are usually bound up with
certain organs, but here they may be exercised by others almost promiscu-
ously. It is up to you, as your experience provides you with the intuition of
the matter, to examine and define these thoughts more closely.'
Van Ghert subsequently published two works on the subject, both of
which he sent to Hegel ('Briefe' 4th October 1814, 12th June 1818, II pp.
39, 19 1). The first of these, 'Dagboek der magnetische Behandeling van
Mejufvrouw B ***' (Amsterdam, 1814; tr. Kieser 'Archiv' 2i 3-188; 2ii 3-51,
1817) is the diary (20.12. 1809-17.12 18IO) mentioned by Hegel, and is
quoted by hirn elsewhere in the lectures (279, 3 I). The introduction to it
contains many references to Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, as weIl as
an attempt to belittle contemporary Dutch philosophers and establish the
importance of animal magnetism as a field of enquiry, but it shows little
real insight into the nature of German idealism. It was by no means the
only description of 'magnetic cu res in the form of a diary': cf. M. Tardi
'Tagebuch der magnetischen Behandlung' (1786; Nordhoff's 'Archiv' I
pp. 51-156; II pp. 1-159, 1804); A. Wienholt 'Drey verschiedene Abhand-
lungen über Magnetismus' (ed. J. C. F. Scherf, Bremen, 1807) no. III
pp. 87-114 (1789-1796); F. K. Strombeck (note 309, 41). The second work
was 'Mnemosyne, of aanteekeningen van merkwaardige verschijnsels van
het animalisch magnetismus' (Amsterdam, 1815; tr. Kieser 'Archiv' 1818,
3 iii pp. 1-97). The experiment with the snuff and the peppermint-drop
etc., mentioned by Hegel, was performed on 5/6th June 1815, and an
account of it appears on pp. 20-1 of the German translation. The most
important discovery made by van Ghert in this field is also recorded in this
work, see note 3 I 3, 19.
Extracts from van Ghert's commemorative oration on Hegel are to be
found in G. Nicolin 'Hegel in Berichten seiner Zeitgenossen' (Hamburg,
.1970) pp. 506-10. Cf. E. J. Dingwall 'Abnormal Hypnotic Phenomena'
(London, 1967) pp. 55-72.
303, 26
Although the condensed essence of this fascinating attempt to define the
nature of animal magnetism is apparent in what Hegel published (note
243, 3 I), it is of such central importance to an understanding of bis interest
in the phenomenon, that it is difficult to see why Boumann should have
excluded it from his version of the lectures.
305, 1
Karl Eberhard Schelling (1783-1854), the brother of the pbilosopher,
was born at Bebenhausen on 10th January 1783, where his father, Josef
Friedrich S. (1737-1812) was a teacher at the monastery school. He was
educated at Schondorf, and at Blauberen (1797/9), and then went up to
Jena, where his brother was lecturing, to study medicine. He was joint
defendant of Hegel's habilitation thesis in 1801 ('Phil. Nat.' 1.372), and
attended Hegel's classes during the period 1801/2. In 1802 he moved
to Tübingen, where he prepared his doctorate, 'Cogitata nonnulla de
Idea Vitae, hujusque formis praecipuis' (38 pp. Tubingae, 1803), under C. F.
Kielmeyer (1765-1844). Kielmeyer knew the Schelling family weIl, and was
sympathetic toward the physiophilosophers in general. He is remembered
more as a teacher than as an author, but his views on physiology and
zoology were published, 'Ueber die Verhältnisse der organischen Kräfte
unter einander in der Reihe der verschiedenen Organisationen' (Stuttgart,
1793; new. impr. Tübingen, 1814), and a great deal ofhis manuscript material
has been preserved in the Stuttgart library.
Schelling's barbarous Latin was criticized in the 'Medicinisch-Chirurgische
Zeitung' vol. 11 p. 443 (Leipzig, 1804). After taking bis doctorate, he went
to Vienna to study physiological optics under J. A. Schmidt (1759-1809),
and finally settled in Stuttgart as a general practitioner in 1805.
During this period he prepared an expanded German version of his thesis,
which eventually appeared as 'über das Leben und seine Erscheinung'
(Landshut, 1806). This work was quite weIl reviewed ('Jahrbücher der
Medicin als Wissenschaft' vol. I sect. ii pp. 134-60, Tübingen, 1806; 'All-
gemeine Medizinische Annalen' pp. 866-glg, October 1806; 'Medicinisch-
Chirurgische Zeitung' vol. III pp. S7-76, Leipzig, 1806). Since it is of
interest not only as the outcome of Schelling's training as a medical practi-
tioner, in which Hegel evidently played a not unimportant part, but also as
the foundation of a view of organic and psychic phenomena which was
evidently still congenial to Hegel as late as the 1820'S, it may be of interest
to examine it in some detail. The reviewers praised Schelling for avoiding
the disadvantages of reductionism, and formulating a definition of life which
did justice to its complexity in respect of inorganic or simply physiological
phenomena, and they were right to do so. He indicates the importance of
thinking in terms of levels, and criticizes Leibniz for not realizing that the
gradations between the single and the absolute monad are infinite (pp.
xiii-xiv). The conception of an absolute soul apparently diversified into its
individual equivalents brings to mind certain of Hegel's expositions (Enc.
§§ 3gl-S), as does the treatment of the aether (sect. 232), sleeping and
waking (sect. 243), and disease and death (sect. 301-S).
The magnetic experiments mentioned by Hegel were published by Schelling
as two separate articles: 'Ideen und Erfahrungen über den thierischen Mag-
netismus', and 'Weitere Betrachtungen über den thierischen Magnetismus,
und die Mittel ihn näher zu erforschen' ('Jahrbücher der Medicin als
Wissenschaft' ed. A. F. Marcus and F. W. J. Schelling vol. II sect. i pp. 3-
46, sect. ii pp. I S8-go, Tübingen, 1807). These articles were recommended
to Hegel by F. W. J. Schelling soon after they appeared, and he evidently
found them 'very weIl done' ('Hegel Briefe' vol. I pp. IS8, 161,471). They
put forward Mesmer's view that animal magnetism is a cosmological matter
(pp. 8-14), and that it, 'can only be grasped in the proper way when it is
regarded as a truly new process of development, by means of which the
organism is led through various stages in precisely the same way as it is in
the course ofits natural development' (pp. 24-S)' They pay some attention
to the history of the subject, including the career of Valentine Greatrakes
(p. 16g), and attempt to establish the differences between voltaism, galvan-
ism and animal magnetism (pp. I 78-g). Schelling rounded off his presenta-
tion ofthe phenomenon with a general consideration ofthe soul, 'Grundsätze
zu einer künftigen Seelenlehre' (loc. cit. II ii pp. Ig0-224).
In 1814 Hegel's sister Christiane (1773-1832) had to retire from her
work as a governess on account of a nervous disability, and it was probably
soon after this that Kar! Schelling began to tend her. He did so without
taking any remuneration ('Hegel Briefe' vol. II p. 487), partly, no doubt,
on account of his respect for her brother, which was already well-known in
the Stuttgart area at about this time (Nicolin 'Hegel in Berichten' p. 14S).
Hegel visited Stuttgart in the spring of 1818, after an interval of twenty
years, and bis closer friendship with Schelling seems to date from this period
('Briefe' vol. 11 p. 194). When Christiane received the three Hegel medal-
lions from Mrs. Hegel in March 1832, she wasjust leaving the house to see
Schelling, and took his medallion with her (Nicolin op. cit. p. 662).
Although Schelling was widely known as a philosophical physician, and
became fellow of the Royal College of Medicine in 1814, he spent the
whole of his working life in Stuttgart. Here he was generally respected as a
medical practitioner predisposed to gentle medicines and remedies;-
botany was a constant source of interest and enjoyment, 'and the tranquilly
indefatigable life of the plant did indeed answer most completely to his
conception of both organic life in general, and the healthy and diseased
states of human life in particular.' See the obituary notice in the 'Jahre-
shefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg' vol. 11
pp. 64-6 (Stuttgart, 1855).
Cf. 'Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales. Biographie Medicale' (Paris,
1825) vol. 7 p. 134; A. Dechambre 'Dictionnaire Encydopedique des
Sciences Medicales' (Paris, 1879) vol. 7 pp. 428-g.
3°5,3°
For Hegel, the reproductive system itselj, is the digestive system: Enc.
§ 354 (Phil. Nat. 111. 11 7; 125). On the connection between this and the
sex-drive, see Enc. § 368. Detailed considerations of the neurological factors
involved in animal magnetism are to be found in Kluge op. cit. 205-308
and A. C. A. Eschenmayer 'Versuch die scheinbare Magie des thierischen
Magnetismus aus physiologischen und psychischen Gesezen au erklären'
(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1816).
306,3 1
Kehler wrote 'Vanhelmut'.
3°7,9
J. H. D. Petetin (1744-1808) 'Memoire sur la decouverte des phenomenes
que presentent la catalepsie et le somnambulisme' (Lyon, 1787). Hegel
probably read the German version of this work, 'Ueber die Phänomene der
Catalepsie und des Somnambulismus' (Nordhoff 'Archiv für den den thieri-
schen Magnetismus' vol. I pp. g-50, Jena, 1804), or the summary ofPetetin's
ideas in Kluge op. cit. pp. 356-62.
Petetin postulated an electric fluid, which was diffused and concentrated
mainly by means ofthe blood, 'So ist doch das Blut der Haupt-Sammelplatz
desselben; durch das Herz, die Schlagadern und ihre letzten Zweige fort-
getrieben, entladet es sich bisweilen überflüssig." (Germ. tr. p. 43). It is
almost certainly the following passage on page 46 that Hegel has in mind
here, "Damit also der Somnambulismus entstehe, bedarf es einer Reaktion
des Gehirns, die das elektrische Fluidum in die beyden Nerven des achten
Paars treibt, dieses Fluidum muß den Weg zu den Sinnesorganen verlassen,
die Höle des Magens erfüllen und den Membranen dieses Eingeweides eine
Sensibilität geben, die die vor allen hervorstehende Sensibilität der Netzhaut
übertrifft. "
Cf.]. C. Colquhoun (1785-1854) 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols Edinburgh, 1836)
vol. 1. p. 217, note.
30 7, 13
Note 247, 22; A. C. A. Eschenmayer 'Der Zusammenhang der Pubertäts-
Entwicklung und überhaupt der Veränderungen und Störungen der
Geschlechtsorgane mit der Disposition zum thierischen Magnetismus'
('Archivf.d. thier. Magn.' 1817, I i pp. 25-7; cf. 1818, 2 iiip. 139); Kluge
op. cit. pp. 59, 67.
307, 22
'Halbschlaf' or dog-sleep was a widely recognized and fairly clearly de-
fined state. Kluge op. cit. p. 91 takes it to be the second of seven degrees of
magnetization, but H. B. von Weber 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthro-
pologie' (Tübingen, 1829) gives the more generally accepted definition,
"The various intermediate states between waking and sleep, in which only
certain of the activities of spiritual life have ceased, while others are still
funtioning, are generally known as dog-sleep. More closely defined however,
this term refers to the intermediate state which precedes falling asleep
completely, in which sight (even when the eyes are still open), taste and
feeling by means of touch, have al ready ceased as in deep sleep, although
awareness of what is said still survives for some time."
Cf. R. F. 'Physiologische Bemerkungen über den thierischen Magnetis-
mus' (Nordhoff's 'Archiv' pt. I pp. 157-74; pt. II pp. 160-77, 1804);]. C.
Hoffbauer 'Psychologische Untersuchungen' (Halle, 1807) § 203 et seq.;
]oseph Weber 'Der thierische Magnetismus' (Landshut, 1816); Bende
Bendsen 'Tagebuch' ('Archiv' 1821, 9 ii p. 187); Samuel Hibbert-Ware
'Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions' (Edinburgh, 1824) chs. 18-20;
J. C. Prichard 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 422-9.
30 7, 34
]ean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644): see Phil. Nat. III.287. The
reference here is to § 12 of' Demens Idea': see 'Ortus medicinae' (Amsterdam,
1648); 'A Ternary of Paradoxes' (tr. Walter Charleton, London, 1650);
'Opera Omnia' (Frankfurt, 1682) pp. 262-72; 'Workes' (1662; London,
1664) pp. 274-5, "And therefore I did promise to my self, that that poyson
after the manner of a Keeper, and a huske, did cover some notable and
Virgin-Power, created for great uses, and the which might by Art, and Sweats
allay poysons, and cause them to vanish. Wherefore I began divers wayes
to stir or work upon Wolfs-bane: And once, when I had rudely prepared
the Root thereof, I tasted it on the top of my tongue: For although I had
swallowed down nothing, and had spit out much spittle, yet I presently
after, feit my skull to be as it were tied without side with a girdle .. , I feit
that I did understand, conceive, savour, or imagine nothing in the head,
according to my accustomed manner at other times; but I perceived (with
admiration) manifestly, clearly, discursively, and constantly, that the whole
office was executed in the Midriffs, and displayed about the mouth of the
Stomach, and I feit that thing so sensibly and clearly, yea, I attentively
noted, that although I also felt sense and motion to be safely dispensed
from the head into the whole body, yet that the whole faculty of discourses
was remarkably and sensibly in the Midriffs, with an excluding of the head,
as if the mind did at that time, in the same place meditate of its own
counsels. "
On black henbane (Bilsenkraut; Hyoscyamus niger) and enchanter's
nightshade (gemeine Hexenkraut; Circaea lutetiana), and the uses to which
they were put, see note 297, 2. Since Kehler and Griesheim agree that Hegel
attributed Helmont's sensations to digitalis, it seems reasonable to attribute
the slip in the published text to Boumann. Digitalis was widely used,
especially in England, for controlling mental disturbances : J. B. Friedreich
'Literärgeschichte der ... psychischen Krankheiten' (Würz burg, 1830) pp.
359-60. Helmont actually used not wolfs-bane (Sturmhut, Aconitum
lycoctonum), but common monk's-hood (Eisenhütlein, Aconitum Napellus),
and as all the contemporary references to his experiment name the plant
correctly, it is difficuIt to postulate the origin of Hegel's error: see Thomas
Arnold (d. 1816) 'Observations on ... Insanity' (2 vols. Leicester, q82/6;
Germ. tr. J. C. Ackermann, Leipzig, 1784/8) Germ. tr. pp. 156-9; J.
Ennemoser (1787-1854) 'Der Magnetismus' (Leipzig, 1819) pp. 616-35;
J. C. Passavant (1790-1857) 'Untersuchungen über den Lebensmagnetismus
(Frankfurt-on-Main, 1821) pp. 245-50.
J. B. Friedreich op. cit. p. 153 records the experiment correctly and then
asks, 'Does this not indicate that clairvoyance takes place in the procardia ?"
The alkaloid aconitine was first examined by P. L. Geiger (1785-1836)
'über einige neue giftige Alkaloide' (Liebig's 'Annalen' VII p. 267, 1834).
30 9,4
Kluge op. cit. pp. 94-5 is almost certainly the origin of this observation.
In Kluge's grading of the seven degrees of magnetization, the crucial dis-
tinction is that between the first four and the last three: "This fourth degree
(of simple somnambulism) distinguishes itself from the preceding ones
through the presence of consciousness and the faculty of expression, as weIl
as by the unique relationship of the connection with the external world. It
distinguishes itself from the subsequent degrees in that the consciousness
present here is not heightened in any way ... This fifth degree is that of self
observation; this and all the subsequent magnetic states may be given the
general name of clairvoyance, the patient who is in this state being called a
dairvoyant. "
Kluge op. cit. pp. 55-6 praises Puysegur for making the advance beyond
Mesmer of treating animal magnetism as a psychic as welt as a physical
phenomenon. This was obviously a point which Hegel would be likely to
notice. Cf. Puysegur's 'Memoires pour servir a l'histoire et a l'establissement
du Magnetisme Animal' (1784; 3rd ed. Paris, 1820) pp. 88-9.
309, 10
Tenses thus.
309, 4 1
Friedrich Karl, Freiherr von Strombeck (1771-1848), the distinguished
lawyer and c1assical scholar. He came of an ancient Brunswick patrician
family, and it was at the town Grammar School that he first developed his
life-Iong love of classical languages. In 1789 he was matriculated at the
University of Helmstedt in order to read law, and two years later passed on
to Göttingen, where he continued his legal studies and also read aesthetics.
He toured nothern Italy in 1793, perfecting his knowledge of the language
and pursuing his classical interests, and at about this time published trans-
lations of Ovid's 'Remedia Amoris' (Brunswick, 1791) and 'Ars Amatoria'
(Göttingen, 1795)' This manysided activity attracted the attention of the
Duke ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who appointed hirn puisne-judge in 1795.
In 1799 he was sworn in as privy councillor to the duke, and put in charge
of the financial and legal interests of the duke's sister, Augusta Dorothea,
the last abbess of Gandersheim.
After the battle of Jena in 1806, the ducal family was broken up, and
Strombeck retired with the abbess's entourage to Denmark for a while. He
managed to deal with the Napoleonic administration in preserving her
revenues however, and was rewarded accordingly in her will (1810). In
1812 he was made Freiherr and Knight of the Westphalian Crown. On
Ist September 1810 he was appointed President of the Court of Appeal at
Celle, but he was removed from this post after the battle of Leipzig, and it
was not until 1819 that he began to reassume the legal and administrative
positions he had held before the War of Liberation.
Strombeck continued to publish in several fields throughout the whole
of his long life. During Hegel's lifetime he issued important works on French
and penallaw, 'Rechtswissenschft des Gesetzbuchs Napoleons' (Brunswick,
1811), 'Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches' (Brunswick, 1829), a translation
ofScipione Breislak's (1748-1826) 'Introduzione alla geologia' (181 I; 3 vols.
Brunswick, 1819/2 I ), and various edi tions and translations of classical au thors :
Notes 10 Volurne T wo,' Anthropology . 567
Tibullus (Göttingen, 1799), Propertius (Brunswick, 1803), Tacitus (Bruns-

wick, 1815/16), Sallust (Göttingen, 1817) and Cicero (Brunswick, 1827).
Soon after Hegel's death he published an autobiography, 'Darstellungen aus
meinem Leben' (2 pts. Brunswick, 1833).
We know from the catalogue of Hegel's library (no. 1415) that he
possessed a copy of Strombeck's 'Geschichte eines allein durch die Natur
hervorgebrachten animalischen Magnetismus und der durch denselben
bewirkten Genesung' (Brunswick, 1813). This work was reviewed in 'Medic.
chirurg. Zeit.' 1813 vol. 4 no. 91 pp. 193-204, and 'Allg. medic. Anna!. der
Heilkunde' 1813 October p. 861; 1814 February pp. 75-114, and criticized
in an anonymous work 'Lettre a Mad ... etc. Par un ami de la verite (Cassei,
1813). A French translation of it soon appeared (Paris, 1814), and Strom-
beck replied to his anonymous critic in 'Nachtrag zu der Geschichte'
(Cassel, 1813): reviewed, 'Medic. chirurg. Zietung' loc. cit. pp. 206-7;
'Allg. medic. Annal. der Heilkunde' 1814 March pp. 212-3; and by J. S. C.
Schweigger (1779-1857) in his 'Journal für Chemie und Physik' 1814
October vol. I I pp. 80-108. J. C. Colquhoun recommends the work in his
'Isis Revelata' and his tr. ofWienholt's 'Seven Lectures' (Edinburgh, 1845)
pp. 160-1.
Strombeck and his wife took J ulie *** (b. 1793) into their house in the
summer of 18 I o. He describes her as having a certain dignity and nobility
of manner, as of a sanguine-melancholy temperament, and mentions that
there was a stubborn streak in her basic disposition. Her fits began about a
year after she had arrived, when she began to regard herself as transported
into heaven, and to converse 'with angels' in iambic pentameters. "Wie
oft habe ich es bedauert", writes Strombeck (p. 6), "ihre rührenden Gebete
nicht niedergeschrieben zu haben." On 20th July 1812 he began to keep a
detailed day to day account of the girl's psychic state. He publishes the
entries for the greater part of January 1813 in full, and those for the I Ith,
12th and 13th of the month are supplemented by notes taken down by
other observers. He distinguishes four main stages in the development of
these trances : i) sleep; ii) seeming to be awake while possessed by one fixed
idea; iii) that of being apparently self-possessed, but while able to declaim
whole scenes from Goethe's 'Faust' with complete fluency, unable to read
easily; iv) that of being capable of recollecting all the events of her normal
life, but not what had happened during the first stages of the trance (p. 8).
Cf. note 317, 16.
3 11,4
Kluge op. cit. pp. 296-9. Cf. D. G. Kieser (1779-1862) 'Rhapsodieen aus
dem Gebiete des thierischen Magnetismus' ('Archiv f.d. thier. Magn.' 1817,
2 ii pp. 63-147).
311, 26
Cf. note 289,15, Arnold Wienholt (1740-1804), 'Heilkraft des thierischen
Magnetismus' (3 vols. Lemgo, 1802/5) vol. 111 sect. 2 pp. 74, 76, 117, 128,
132, 224 etc.; sect. 3 pp. ll, 26, 43, 71, 284 etc. was the first to make this
widely known, J. C. Colquhoun, Wienholt's English translator, discusses
the subject at some length in his 'Isis Revelata' (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1836)
vol. 2 ch. 29. Gabriel Andral (1797-1876) questioned the validity and value
of such recommended cures in aseries of lectures subsequently translated
and published in the 'Lancet' (10th March 1833, pp. 769-78). See, how-
ever, A. M. J. C. Puysegur 'Recherches ... sur l'homme' (Paris, 1811) chs. 6
and I I ; K. von Strombeck op. cit. p. 202; Kluge op. cit. pp. 179-85, 286-7;
P. G. van Ghert 'Mnemosyne' (Amsterdam, 1815; tr. Kieser 'Archiv' 1818,
3 iii p. 37, note); Joseph Weber 'Der thierische Magnetismus' (Landshut,
1816) p. 18; Dr. Tritschler of Cannstadt 'Sonderbare, mit glücklichem
Erfolg animal-magnetisch behandelte Entwicklungs-Krankheit eines drey-
zehnjährigen Knaben' ('Archiv' 1817, I i pp. 133-5); A. Bertrand 'Traite
du Somnambulisme' (Paris, 1823) pp. 109-23.
311, 28
Cf. Phil. Nat. 111.332, 350 (§ 360); William Smellie (1740-1795) 'Essay
on Instinct', a paper read 5th December 1785 ('Trans. of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh' vol I (Hist.) pp. 39-45, 1788).
The clearest parallel to Hegel's remark in the literature of the time is an
article by Joh. Mich. Leupoldt, then teaching at Erlangen. 'Ueber den
wesentlichen Zusammenhang des ältesten Naturdienstes, des Orakelwesens,
der künstlerischen Begeisterung, Divination des Traumes und des mag-
netischen Hellsehens mit der Natur des thierischen Instinkts' ('Archiv' 1820,
7 ii pp. 72-124); cf. 'Archiv' 1820, 6 ii pp. 100, 127-8); J. A. L. Richter
'Betrachtungen über den animalischen Magnetismus' (Leipzig, 181 7) p. 47;
A. Bertrand op. cit. (1823) pp. 109-23.
A. M. J. C. de Puysegur 'Recherches ... sur l'homme' (Paris, 1811) ch. I I
p. 201, "Les phenomenes de l'electricite nous donnent bien l'idee de
l'isolement des somnambules; les phenomenes de l'aimant, celle de leur
plus ou moins grande mobilite magnetique; l'instinct des animaux, quoiqu'
inexplicable sans doute, nous peut fair croire encore a la possibilite d'un
instinct semblable dans l'homme, plus a decouvert, et apparemment plus
developpe (sic) dans l'etat de somnambulisme." Puysegur then goes on to give
examples of cures suggested by 'somnambulistic' patients.
313, I
G. 1. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Unterhaltungen über ... Träume und Ahn-
dungen' (1800) p. 38 records the case of a Berlin apothecary's apprentice
who dreamt beforehand of the winning numbers (22 :60) in the Royal
Prussian Lottery of 30th May J 768.
3 1 3, 7
The Francis Moore (1657-1715), 'Old Moore' ofthis period was a certain
Adam Müller, who correctly prophesied the military events of 1805/6, the
burning of Moscow, and the battles of Leipzig and Waterloo: see J. A. L.
Richter 'Betrachtungen über den animalischen Magnetismus' (Leipzig,
1817) pp. 83-6.
The pamphlet literature published in Germany during the War of
Liberation provides many expressions of feeling and foresight similar to that
mentioned here by Hegel. The following curious instance of foresight in the
Prussian Army just prior to Waterloo (i.e. Belle Alliance) is recorded by
Dr. W. Krimer of Aachen, 'Beitrag zur Geschichte der Todes-Ahndungen'
(Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1824, 2 pp. 378-9): L. von F.
was twenty-six years old, perfectly normal and healthy, and in 1815 had
already served in the army as a commissioned officer for two years, "On the
evening of 14th June von F. was together with some twenty other persons,
when the order suddenly came round for all the troops to decamp imme-
diately, since an engagement was imminent. He was not put out by this in
the slightest, and remarked to all present that it would be a pleasant and
convenient way to get to Paris, but that it would be his last trip, since he
was not going to survive the battle. Although the enemy were in the im-
mediate vicinity, he kept his high spirits until the evening ofthe seventeenth.
On the eighteenth he had an air of deep seriousness however; he said good-
bye to his comrades, wrote another letter to his relations, and at noon went
calmly but solemnly into battle." He did not survive.
Cf. 'European Magazine' vol. 53 p. 430 (June, 1808) 'Concordance of
Buonaparte's name with the beast mentioned in the Revelations' (XIIIv.
18); vol. 65 pp. 510-1 (June, 1814); 'Blackwood's Magazine' vol. 2 vii pp.
36-8 (October, 1817); note 343,34; A. T. Blayney (1770-1834) 'Narrative of
a forced Journey' (2 vols. London, 1815) vol. II pp. 411-2.
3 1 3, 19
P. G. van Ghert, 'Mnemosyne' (Amsterdam, 1815; tr. Kieser 'Archiv'
1818, 3 iii pp. 1-97), Germ. tr. pp. 35-9, describes an experiment he pre-
formed with Miss K. on 20th June 1815. The young woman thought she
had pulmonary consumption, but discovered and mentioned while in a
trance that this was not the case, adding that she was worried that when spe
awoke she would not remember this. Van Ghert told her to think about ~he
number six, and to connect this with her discovery. He left her to think
about this for three minutes and then reminded her of the connection. When
she awoke the mentioning of the discovery and the number enabled her to
recall what had transpired.
Van Ghert has a long note on this in which he suggests that this formation
of a 'focus of thought-pictures' enables the patient who has gone into herself
570 . Hegel's Philosophy Q/ Subjective Spirit
in the trance to establish a connection with the external world. He adds

that he regards it, "as one of my happiest discoveries." D. G. Kieser
'Mnemonische Versuche an Somnambulen' ('Archiv' 1819, 6 i pp. 165-7)
confirms the effectiveness of van Ghert's technique.
3 1 3, 30
Ferdinand Lehmann 'Fortsetzung der mittelst des Zoo-Magnetismus
unternommenen Kuren' ('Archiv' 1819, 5 iii) pp. 7-8, "Ich habe hieraus
und zufolge meiner anderweitigen Erfahrungen geschlossen, daß es den
Magnetisirten durchaus nachteilig ist, wenn sie in Gegenwart fremder mit ihnen nicht
in magnetischer Verbindung stehenden Personen und an einem Orte magnetisch schlafen,
wo viel Geräusch und Getöse ist." Cf. Dr. Spiritus of Solingen 'Beobachtungen
über die Heilkraft des animalischen Magnetismus' ('Archiv' 1819, 5 iii
p.83)·
3 1 5,4
In the recorded instances of this it was certainly not the case that the
magnetizer had to know the time: J. H. D. Petetin 'Memoire' (Lyon, 1787;
Germ. tr. Nordhoff's Archiv, 1804) experiment 7. Cf. Kluge op. cit. pp.
110-1, 117-8; Dr. Lechler ofLeonberg, 'Geschichte eines mit merkwürdigem
Hellsehen und Divination verbundenen Somnambulismus' ('Archiv' 1818,
3 i pp. 76-102), see 8th January 181 I; P. G. van Ghert 'Sammlung merk-
würdiger Erscheinungen' (tr. Kieser, 'Archiv' 1818, 3 iii p. 22), - 10th
June 1815; J. D. Brandis 'Ueber Psychische Heilmittel und Magnetismus'
(Copenhagen, 1818) § 51; A. Bertrand 'Traite du Somnambulisme' (Paris,
182 3) pp. 313-6.
315, 20
This point is made by Johann Stieglitz (1767-1840), in 'Ueber den
thierischen Magnetismus' (Hanover, 1814), and called in question by
Bende Bendsen (1787-1875) 'Tagebuch einer lebensmagnetischen Be-
handlung' ('Archiv' 1821, 9 i pp. 134-5): "Vanity and the desire for
admiration are a characteristic trait of the female sex in general, but
certainly not of the somnambulist in particular."
3 1 5, 24
When J. J. Gassner (1727-1779) claimed that the cures he effected by
the laying on of hands were the same as those of Christ and therefore
miracles, the Archbishop of Prague was moved to criticize the assertion in a
pastoral letter: "The basic tenets of Gassner's system are false, encroach
too closely upon the authority of the Church, and are at variance with the
principles of sound philosophy and theology." Cf. 'Archiv' 1821, 9 ii pp.
21-8. Puysegur 'Du Magnetisme anima!' (Paris, 1807) pp. 426-72 gives
advice as to how to avoid the bad effects of animal magnetism. D. G. Kieser
'Rhapsodieen' ('Archiv' 1817, 2 ii pp. 63-147), admits of the phenomenon

that, 'Wenn er in vielen Fällen Genesungsmittel ist, so muß es auch Fälle
geben, wo er schädlich wirkt, Gift ist." An account of the control on the
practice of animal magnetizing exercised in Württemberg between 181 land
1817 is to be found in the 'Archiv' 1818,3 i p. 101-2.
3 15,30
'Herself' has been used only on account of the gender of 'Person' in
German.
3 15, 33
The importance of posing these questions correctIy is emphasized by
Kluge op. cit. pp. 374-5; cf. J. P. F. Deleuze 'Histoire Critique du Mag-
netisme Animal' (2 vols. Paris, 1813) vol. 1 pp. Ig6-7; 'Archiv' 1817, 2 ii
p. 157·
316, 3 1
Griesheim wrote 'nimt' .
317, 16
Note 309, 41. Strombeck op. cit. records the following requests: a bowl
of broth, a glass of malaga wine, a cup of camomile-tea, the bathing of her
elbows with eau-de-Cologne, sugar, to be stroked with an iron key, to have
a wet cloth placed on her brow, the fulfilment of whieh gave rise to the
following dialogue (p. Igo):
Strombeck "Is everything allright again now?"
She "Yes. "
Strombeek "I like doing all 1 can for you."
She "You have been sedueed into this."
Strombeek "Who seduced me?"
She "Your best friend."
3 17,23
A. M. J. C. de Puysegur 'Memoires pour servir a I'histoire et a l'etab-
lissement du Magnetisme Animal' (3rd ed. Paris, 1820) pp. 168-g: "Je
questionnais un jour une femme en etat magnetique, sur l'etendue de I'empire
queje pouvais exercer sur elle: je venais (sans meme lui parler) de Iaforcer,
par plaisanterie, de me donner des coups avec une chasse-mouche qu'elle
tenait a la main. "Eh bien, lui dis-je, puisque vous etes obligee de me battre,
moi qui vous fais du bien, il y a a parier que, si je le voulais absolument, je
pourrais de meme faire de vous tout ce que je voudrais, vous faire deshabiller,
par example, ete .... Non pas, monsieur, me dit-elle, il n'en serait pas de
meme: ee que je viens de faire ne me paraissait pas bien; j'y ai resiste long-
temps; mais comme c'etait un badinage, a la fin j'ai cede, puisque vous le
vouliez absolument: mais quant a ce que vous venez de dire, jamais vous ne
pourriez me forcer a quitter mes derniers habillernens : mes souliers, mon
bonnet, tant qu'il vous plaira; mais passe cela, vous n'obtiendriez rien."
A third person was present while this was taking place.
Arnold Wienholt, 'Bildungsgeschichte als Mensch, Arzt und Christ'
(Bremen, 1805) p. 159 et seq. mentions the case ofa magnetiser's attempting
to kiss a clairvoyant, who was immediately attacked by cramps, and who
died six months later of epilepsy. Cf. Kluge op. cit. pp. 198-202.
3 17,37
Madame Westermann (d. 115.2.1792), Lavater's correspondent. Her
sister Mlle. Schwing was also well-known locally on account of her visions.
Mesmer visited Strassburg in 1778, and in 1785 a 'Societe harmonique'
was founded there at the instigation of A. M. J. C. de Puysegur (note 303, 12)
and under the presidency of Count Lutzelbourg: R. Reuss 'Histoire de
Strasbourg' (Paris, 1922) p. 325. The main records of this society were
destroyed when the University Library was damaged during the 1870/1
war, but see ms. 1337b in the Strassburg Municipal Library.
Hegel probably knew of this circle through the writings of the publicist
and Boehmian theosophist F.-R. Saltzmann (1749-1820), whom he seems to
have mentioned in his Jena aphorisms. See A.-L. Salmon 'Frederic-Rodolphe
Saltzmann' (Paris, 1932) pp. xii, 30, and especially the reference to GelIert
on p. 81; M. Dorn 'Der Tugendbegriff Chr. F. Gellerts' (Diss., Greifswald,
1919).
3 1 9,8
Most general accounts of animal magnetism published in German during
the first half of the last century contained fairly extensive accounts of the
history of the phenomenon: for an English equivalent, see J. C. Colquhoun
'An History of... Animal Magnetism' (2 vols. London, 1851). In some cases
this historical interest became an end in itself, and tended to divert attention
from the practical importance and philosophical significance of the phenom-
enon: see, for example, J. F. von Meyer 'Blätter für höhere Wahrheit.
Aus Beiträgen von Gelehrten, ältern Handschriften und seltenen Büchern.
Mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Magnetismus' (3 pts. Frankfurt-on-Main,
1818/22); Joseph Ennemoser (1787-1854) 'Der Magnetismus nach der
allseitigen Beziehung seines Wesens, seiner Erscheinungen, Anwendung
und Enträthselung in einer geschichtlichen von allen Zeiten und bei allen
Völkern Entwickelung dargestellt' (Leipzig, 1819).
32 I, 16
Although Hegel's use of the word 'harmony' in this context is certainly
related to at least one aspect of his conception of the soul (note 265, 26;
Phil. Nat. II.282, 287), it was also a commonplace in the literature of the
time. Mesmer founded a 'Societe de l'harmonie' in Paris, and by the early
years of the last century no less than sixty such societies, so named, had
been founded, "Diese Verbindungen nannten sich harmonische Gesellschaften,
weil ihr Zweck dahin ging, überall der Harmonie der Natur nachzuforschen
und hierdurch physisch und moralisch wohlthätig auf die Menschen zu
wirken" (Kluge op. cit. p. 53). In the terminology of the time moreover,
'mettre en harmonie' designated the establishment of the rapport between
the magnetizer and the patient (Kluge op. cit. p. 343).
Cf. J. L. Boeckmann 'Archiv für Magnetismus und Somnambulismus'
(8 pts. Strassburg, 1787/8) pt. III pp. 3-37; J. A. E. Goeze 'Natur, Men-
schenleben und Vorsehung' (7 vols. Leipzig, 1789/94) vol. III pp. 1-3;
J. M. Cox 'Practical Observations on Insanity' (2nd ed. London, 1806)
case VII p. 78; Aristotle 'De Anima' 407b-8a.
321 , 39
This extract, which is taken from the conclusion of the lecture delivered
on 28th June 1825, was preceded by a discussion ofthe child in its mother's
womb (235, 19-239, 23) and the general nature of disease. On the following
day Hegel began with a consideration of the physiological aspect of en-
thusiasm and the passage in Plato's 'Timaeus' (cf. 249).
Karl Josef Hieronymus Windischmann (1775-1835), in his 'Ueber
Etwas, das der Heilkunst Noth thut. Ein Versuch zur Vereinigung dieser
Kunst mit der christlichen Philosophie' (Leipzig, 1824), attempted to
make the following points:
i) 'The physician learns from experience that more is to be elicited from
nature simply by me ans of goodwill, than is to be soli ci ted by these elemental
or organic means ... ; and how much more extensively and directly does this
work when the goodwill and effort are permeated by the deep healing of
the spirit of prayer, when the goodwill is religious, the outcome of Christian
love' (p. 232).
ii) 'Consequently, the stages of the scientific and artificial method, in' their
true and essential significance, also have to correspond to this divine order
and graded sequence in the world of creatures ... The genuine method of
healing and of overcoming evil is in truth a medicina corporis, a medicina
animae and a medicina mentis, based upon the study of nature, of the soul, and
of spirit' (p. 250).
iii) 'The Christian art of healing is therefore a genuine following of the Saviour
(imitatio Christi), who, as the true source of the life of all creatures, works
within them as within serving or free members for the salvation of the whole,
preserving what is healthy, rejecting what is tainted, mitigating what is
litigant' (p. 251).
Goethe (Gedenkausgabe ed. E. Beutler, Zürich and Stuttgart, '949, vol.
14 pp. 345-6) reviewed the work, criticizing the formlessness of its lay-out,
commenting upon the Egyptian origins of the idea that a physician should
be a priest, and observing that the necessity of such a combination is not
borne out by the history of medicine. An extended interchange of views on
the work took place in Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für Anthropologie' 1823/4.
Windischmann had written to Hegel on 2nd June 1823 mentioning the
forthcoming appearance of his book, and in the October of that year he
sent hirn a copy. On 3rd March 1824 he wrote again, asking for his judge-
ment on it, and Hegel eventually replied on I uh April, making his main
point as diplomatically as possible, 'You have concerned yourselfprincipally
with medicine, and exposition is most apposite if one concentrates upon
the actual need and deficiency of a subject.' ('Hegel Briefe' vol. 111 pp. 16,
25, 33, 36, 39)· Windischmann was often precipitate in his correspondence
with Hegel, and on 5th September he replied, confessing that he had poured
hirnself into the book in order 'to wake up the slumberers and snorers of the
medical profession' (op. cit. p. 46). On 27th October 1825 he wrote again,
telling Hegel that he had met Karl Simrock (1802-1876) during September,
that he had received from hirn a garbled version of what Hegel
had said about the book in the lectures delivered that summer, and that he
would much appreciate it if Hegel would send hirn further details of the
criticism (op. cit. p. 98).
Windischmann had been trained in philosophy and medicine at the
universities of Mainz, Würz burg and Vienna. He began his practical work
as a physician at Mainz in 1797, and in 1803 was appointed professor of
Natural Philosophy at Aschaffenburg. During this early period he pub-
lished a number of works concerned with the philosophical interpretation
of various branches of natural science, and there is some evidence that
Hegel was already acquainted with them during theJena period: 'Versuch
über die Medicin; nebst einer Abhandlung über die sogenannte Heilkraft
der Natur' (Ulm, 1797); 'Ueber den einzig möglichen und einzig richtigen
Gesichtspunkt aller Naturforschung' (Reil's 'Archiv der Physiologie' 1800,
vol. 4 sect. 2 pp. 290-305); 'Ueber die gegenwärtige Lage der Heilkunde'
(Hufeland's 'Journal' 1801, vol. 13 sect. I pp. 9-31); 'Ideen zur Physik'
(Würzburg and Bamberg, 1805); 'Platon's Timaeus' (Hadamar, 1805);
'Versuch über den Gang der Bildung in der heilenden Kunst' (Frankfurt-
on-Main, 1809).
His review of Hegel's 'Phenomenology' (1809; 'Briefe' vol. I pp. 306,
496), though favourable, was not particularly perceptive or constructive,
but it initiated a desultory correspondence between the two men, in which
Windischmann tended to push forward his mysticism while Hegel did his
best to evade the topic in order to avoid prejudicing the friendship ('Briefe'
I pp. 313, 323; 11 224, 352, 425)'
Windischmann was appointed to the Catholic professorship of the History
of Philosophy at the newly founded University of Bonn in 1818, and from
}lotes to Volume Two: Anthropology· 575
that time onwards, although he still hoped that Hegelianism might come to
play its part in Catholic affairs, he tended to become increasingly orthodox
in his general attitude toward the church. The doctrines of Georg Hermes
(1775-1831), the main purport ofwhich was the adjustment ofthe principles
of Roman Catholic theology to the supposed requirements of Kantianism,
were all the vogue at that time, and Windischmann was one of the first
('Katholikon' 1825) to anticipate the final condemnation of them by
Gregory XVI in 1835. During this period he also published, beside the
work criticized here by Hegel, 'Ueber den Begriff der christlichen Philo-
sophie' (Bonn, 1823), 'Kritische Betrachtungen über die Schicksale der
Philosophie in der neueren Zeit' (Frankfurt-on-Main, 1825), and 'Die
Philosophie im Fortgang der Weltgeschichte' (3 pts. Bonn, 1829/34). These
works are in many respects in tune with the writings of J. J. Görres (1776-
1848), whose brand of mysticisrn was to constitute the centre of German
Catholic intellectual life during the 1830's.
The last-mentioned of them brought about the final break in Windi-
schmann's friendship with Hegel. In his lectures on the philosophy ofhistory,
Hegel accused hirn of having plagiarized his interpretation of Chinese
philosophy. The accusation was apparently unjustified, but Hegel never
replied to the letter in which Windischmann pointed this out ('Briefe' III
p. 265, Ist August 1829)' Windischrnann evidently deeply regretted this
parting of the ways. ('Hegel in Berichten' 618).
'Katholische Kirchenzeitung' (ed. J. V. Höninghaus, 2nd year p. 328,
Frankfurt-on-Main, 1839); Carl Werner 'Geschichte der katholischen
Theologie' (Munich, 1867) pp. 413-40; Adolf Dyroff 'K. J. H. Windi-
schrnann und sein Kreis' (Cologne, 1916); A. Sonnenschein 'Görres,
Windischmann und Deutinger als christliche Philosophen' (Bochum, 1938);
S. Merkle in 'Historisches Jahrbuch der Görres-Gesellschaft' vol. 60 pp.
179-220 (Cologne, 1940); D. von. Engelhardt 'Hegels philosophisches
Verständnis der Krankheit' ('Sudhoffs Archiv' vol. 59 no. 3 pp. 225-45,
1975)·
322 ,30
For y) read ß).
323,27
In September 1816, the editors ofthe projected 'Archiv für den thierischen
Magnetismus' (12 vols. Altenburg and Leipzig, 1817-1824), A. C. A.
Eschenmayer, D. G. Kieser and F. Nasse, announced the overall purpose
oftheir periodical as follows (1817, I i p. I): "Life at the present time, after
having proved its power in external strife, answers the solemn and demanding
summons to turn inwards to the sciences. The profound significance of
political life having revealed itself to man in vast movements, the now
habitual striving toward what is higher having called hirn to the innermost
576 . Hegel' s Philosophy qf Subjective Spirit
secrets of life and driven hirn to examine them, it is the wonderful phe-
nomenon of animal magnetism which has become the principal object of
study among the most powerful intellects of our time." The similarity
between this passage and the opening theme of Hegel's inaugural lecture
delivered at Berlin on 22nd October 1818 ('Berliner Schriften' ed. Hoff-
meister pp. 3-2 I) may not be simply a coincidence.
323, 30
In organic contexts, Hegel uses the word 'Selbstgefühl' to refer to senti-
ence (Phil. Nat. III.402), in the Phil. Hist. 241-3 he uses it in the more
usual sense of 'self-confidence.' At this juncture it has the precise and litera I
meaning of thefeeling (§§ 403-10) involved in being aware of oneself. Such
feeling adumbrates the ego of consciousness (§ 412), but is not yet conscious-
ness proper since the subject, "is unable to work up the particularity of its
self-awareness into ideality and so overcome it."
Such distinctions owe so much to the analysis and structuring involved
in Hegel's own manner of thinking, that an investigation of contemporary
usage throws litde light upon them. J. B. Basedow (1723-1790) for example,
in his 'Practische Philosophie' (1758; 2 pts. Dessau, 1777), takes self-
awareness to be synonymous with consciousness. Nevertheless, Hegel may
have been inftuenced by H. B. Weber's distinction between self-awareness
and self-consciousness: 'Vom Selbstgefühle und Mitgefühle' (Heidelberg,
1807) p. 36: "The former refers to the particular consciousness of our subject
as an effective force, the second generally to the universal consciousness of
our self-subsistent ego." Cf. Weber's 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthro-
pologie' (Tübingen, 1829) pp. 194-207; J. G. E. Maaß (1766-1823) 'Ver-
such über die Gefühle' (2 pts. Halle and Leipzig, 181 I) pt. II pp. 236 et seq.,
392 et seq.
3 2 4,5
1827: 'Es ist in der Besonderheit', corrected (p. 544) to 'die Besonderheit'.
324, 10
Griesheim wrote 'alles Inhalts', and 'ihren Inhalte'.
325, 23
Although this transition from animal magnetism to mental derangement
is clearly formulated in the 1817 Encyclopaedia (§§ 320- I), and is weIl
documented in respect of the 1820/22 lectures ('Hegel-Studien' vol. 7,
1972 151a, vol. 10, 1975 pp. 28-31), it was altered in 1825. For a possible
reason for this, see note 387, 6.
The main difference in 1825 was that habit was treated not as the sequent
but as the antecedent of mental derangement. After concluding the lectures
on animal magnetism, Hegel spent almost three whole sessions (Monday
11th, 12th, 14th July) discussing subjectivity, drives and satisfaction, and
the habitual control of such urges. Derangement was then introduced as

the morbid breakdown of this control. It is quite clear that § 407 was
inserted in 1827 in order to provide the basis for a further discussion of
second thoughts on this revised transition. Since we have no record ofHegel's
having lectured on his mature view of the matter, this Addition has been
inserted simply in order to illustrate the similarity between one of the
points made in 1825 and the final published text of 1830.
32 5,4 1
Specific instances of all the general phenomena mentioned here are to be
found throughout §§ 403-10.
327, I
In 1825 (Friday 15th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 22nd July) Hegel lectured on
mental derangement in a manner closely resembling the exposition of the
matter provided here in Boumann's text.
32 7, 23
Everything is not in order, there is a screw loose, eine Schraube ist locker.
Hegel's definition of derangement derives from the literal meaning of the
word, the origin of which lies in the popular conception of the mi nd as a
piece of clockwork. It is important to note, however, that it is not confined
to the relationship between subjective factors, but also involves "the totality
systematized in the subject's consciousness." Cf. Kant's 'Versuch über die
Krankheiten des Kopfes' (1764, 1912 ed.) pp. 264-5. "Even in its healthiest
condition, everyone's soul is constantly picturing various images of things
which are not present, or rounding off an incomplete similarity between
things present presentatively by means of one chimerical trait or another,
etched into sensation by the creative poetic faculty ... It is this characteristic
of the disturbed person,... this presentation of certain things as clearly
sensed which are nevertheless entirely absent, that is called derangement. The
deranged person is therefore a waking dreamer."
For a similar definition confined to the relationship betweenfaculties, see
J. C. Hoffbauer (1766-1827) 'Psychologische Untersuchungen' (Halle,
1807) p. 373: "One isjustified in calling every derangement an aberration,
since the essen ce of derangement consists precisely in its involving a disturb-
ance of the proper relationship between various faculties of the soul." Cf.
his 'Untersuchungen über die Krankheiten der Seele' (2 pts. Halle, 1802/3)
1.3°1-2; D. Tiedemann (I 748-1 B03) 'Handbuch der Psychologie' (Leipzig,
IB04) pp. 327-37; F. A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, IBoB) II.318-
33; J. E. von Berger (1772- I 833) 'Grundzüge der Anthropologie' (Altona,
IB24) p. 550; A. Combe (1797-1847) 'Observations on Mental Derange-
ment' (Edinburgh, IB31).
329, 27
Cf. note 367, 10. J. F. Zückert (1737-1778) 'Von den Leidenschaften'
(1764; 3rd ed. Berlin, 1774) § 55, took the transition from passion to in-
sanity to depend upon an exciting of the imagination resulting in phan-
tasms' being mistaken for actual sensations. For later views on this, see
J. C. A. Heinroth (1773-1843) 'De morborum animi' (Leipzig, 181 I); C. F.
Nasse (1778-1851) 'Ueber das Verhältniß zwischen Schmerz und Irreseyn'
('Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1825, i pp. 112-26).
In early nineteenth century German, see J. B. Friedreich 'Systematische
Literatur der ... Psychologie' (Berlin, 1833) sects. 767-818, Wahnsinn was
used as a broadly generic term in precisely the same way as insaniry was in
English: G. M. Burrows (1771-1846) 'An Inquiry into certain errors relative
to Insanity' (London, 1820) ;J. Conolly (1794-1866) 'An Inquiry concerning
the Indications of Insanity' (London, 1830). The literal meaning of the
German word is 'wanting in wit', whereas the basic meaning of its English
equivalent is 'unsound'.
32 9,38
Cf. 155,34.
330 ,3
1817: 'unterworfen und versteckt hält'. Corrected (p. 544) to 'halten'.
331, 18
Phil. Nat. §§ 371-2. By assessing and defining derangement in this way,
and by emphasizing the truly psychic treatment of it, Hegel is evidently
passing judgement upon a controversy which divided the German psy-
chiatrists of his day, and which was also an important topic of debate in
France and England.
The somatic school attempted to interpret all psychic disorders as deriving
from bodily disease, and was of the opinion that a preservation of bodily
health would necessariry give rise to a healthy mind: T. A. Ruland (1776-
1846), 'Medizinisch-psychologische Betrachtungen' (Würzburg, 1801)
emphasized the importance of the neurological system, F. Franke (1796-
1837) 'De sede et causis vesaniae' (Leipzig, 1821), that of distinguishing
between the brain and the other organs, and L. Buzorini (1801-1854),
'Untersuchungen über ... Geisteskrankheiten' (Ulm, 1824), the significance
of the neurological system in classifying mental diseases. C. F. Nasse (1778-
1851) edited the school's main periodical 'Zeitschrift für psychische Aerzte'
(5 vols. Leipzig, 1818{26).
The ideas of the German psychic school were anticipated by G. E. Stahl
(1660-1734), see Phil Nat. 111.230, 375, and directly influenced by the
writings of Andrew Harper (c. 176o-c. 1835), whose 'Treatise on ... Insanity'
(London, 1789) was translated into German by G. W. Consbruch (Mar-
burg, 1792). Harper came to the conclusion that, "Actual insanity ...
Notes to VolU11Ul Two: Anthropology • 579
seldom arises from any other source than a defection in the mind alone":
'Observations on ... Insanity' (London, 1790) p. 10. F. E. Beneke (1798-
1854), 'Beiträge zu ... Seelenkrankheitskunde' (Leipzig, 1824) went on to
assert that what are usually treated as the bodily causes of psychic effects
ought to be regarded as partaking of the nature of the soul. K. W. Ideler
(1795-1860), in 'Anthropologie für Aerzte' (Berlin and Landsberg, 1827),
a work which Hegel had in his library (no. 1468)' took ethical insight to be
the criterion ofa healthy soul, andJ. C. A. Heinroth (1773-1843), 'Lehrbuch
der Störungen des Seelenlebens' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1818) 1.179 attributed,
"all evil, induding the disturbances of psychic life, to sin." Cf. J. C. Prichard
'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 234/9.
Although Hegel evidently appreciated the merits of both schools, he
criticizes the naive reductionism ofthe one (373, 7ff.) as weIl as the excessive
spiritualism of the other (309, IIff.). His general assessment of derange-
ment, in that it holds the balance between both extremes, has its dosest
parallels in the work of James Graham (1745-1794), 'The Guardian of
Health' (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1790), F. Groos (1768-1852) 'Untersuch-
ungen über ... Irreseins' (Heidelberg, 1826), 'Entwurf einer philosophischen
Grundlage für die Lehre von den Geisteskrankheiten' (Heidelberg, 1828),
G. Blumröder (1802-1853), 'Ueber das Irresein' (Leipzig, 1836) and J. C.
A. Grohmann (1769-1847).
Cf. the criticism of Heinroth's theory by R. W. M. Jacobi (1775-1858),
'Beobachtungen über die Pathologie' (Elberfeld, 1830), and W. Kramer
(1801-1875), 'Kritische Untersuchungen' (Berlin, 1826); S. Kornfeld
'Geschichte der Psychiatrie' in T. Puschmann 'Handbuch der Geschichte
der Medizin' III. 601-728 (Jena, 1905).
33 1 ,24
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) came of a medical family which had been
established for sorne generations in the Toulouse area. He began to study
theology at the University of Toulouse, but eventually transferred to the
medical faculty, and graduated in 1773. His principal interest at this time
was the application of mathematics to human anatomy. In 1778 he moved
to Paris, where he became acquainted with the sensationalist doctrines of
Locke and Condillac. It was at this time that the works of William Cullen
interested him in the dassification of diseases, and that the illness of a
friend called his attention to the problems involved in analyzing and curing
mental disorders.
He played no part in politics during the revolution, but concentrated
instead upon helping those who were suffering from the turmoil. In August
1793 he was put in charge of a Paris asylum, and his removal of the patients'
chains was commemorated throughout the city by the publication of a
number of popular prints. On 13th May 1795 he was appointed chief
physician at the Hospice de la Salpetriere, a position which he held for the
rest ofhis life. The hospital included a six hundred bed ward for the mentaHy
ill, and Hegel is here referring to the publications resulting from his treat-
ment of these unfortunates, see: 'Recherches et observations sur le traitement
moral des alienes' ('Memoires de la Societe medicale d'emulation de Paris'
vol. 2 pp. 2 I 5-55, 1799); 'Traite Medico-Philosophique de I'Alienation
Mentale' (Paris, 1801; Germ. tr. 1801; Eng. tr. 1806). In 1822 Pinel was,
for a short period, dismissed from his position as Professor of Medical
Pathology on account of his being suspected of liberalism. See G. L. Cuvier
'Eloge de Pinel' ('Memoires de l'Acadernie des Sciences' IX).
In his 'Nosographie philosophique' (Paris, 1798; 6th ed. 3 vols. 18 I 8),
Pinel classifies diseases as fevers, inflammations, hrernorrhages, neuroses,
and organic lesions. Mental disorders are classified as neuroses, together
with diseases of the sense organs, visceral disorders and dysfunctions of the
genital organs. See 'Dictionnaire des Sciences medicales' (Paris, 1812-1822)
vol. 36 p. 251; E. Fischer-Hornberger 'Eighteenth-Century Nosology and
its Survivors' ('Medical History' vol. XIV no. 4 pp. 397-403, October
1970). Pinel never lost his early interest in the application of mathematics
to medicine, and made good use of it in respect of mental derangement:
see 'La medecine rendue plus precise et plus exacte par l'application de
l'analyse' (Paris, 1802), and the article published in the 'Memoires de la
classe des sciences mathematiques et physiques de l'Institut' (1807, pp.
169-205).
Despite these inauspiciously formal elements in Pinel's thinking, Hegel is
right to praise hirn for the humanity and benevolence of his treatment of
the insane. He warned against 'metaphysical discussions and ideological
ramblings', and was fuHy aware of the very limited efficacy of purely
physical treatment such as bloodletting and purging. He was the first really
influential physician to advocate gentleness, understanding and goodwill in
dealing with mental derangement, although such an approach was already
widely used in England before he published at the turn of the century: see
'Edinburgh Review' vol. 2 pp. 160-72 (April, 1803);' Quarterly Review'
August, 1809 pp. 155-80.
L.-R. Semelaigne 'Philippe Pinel et son oeuvre au point de vue de la
Medecine Mentale' (Paris, 1888); 'Philippe Pinel' ('Journal ofNervous and
Mental Disease' 114, no. 4 pp. 313-23, October, 1951); W. H. Lechier
'Neue Ergebnisse in der Forschung über Philippe Pinel' (Diss. Münich,
1960); M. Foucault 'Histoire de la folie a l'age classique' (Paris, 1961); K.
M. Grange 'Pinel and eighteenth-century psychiatry' ('Bulletin of the
History of Medicine' vol. 35 pp. 442-53, 1961); K. Kolle 'Grosse Ner-
venärzte' (3 vols. Stuttgart, 1956-63) vol. I; E. H. Ackerknecht 'Medicine
at the Paris Hospital' (Baitimore, 1967); Martin Schrenk 'Über den Um-
gang mit Geisteskranken' (Berlin, 1973) pp. 54-60 and 119-29.
The 'Traite Medico-Philosophique' was translated into German by

Michael Wagner (1756-1821), 'Philosophisch-medicinische Abhandlungen
über Geistesverirrungen oder Manie' (Vienna, 1801), and into English by
David Daniel Davis (1777-1841), 'A Treatise on Insanity' (Sheffield, 1806;
ed. P. F. Cranefield, New York, 1962).
337,6
Cf. Kant 'Versuch über die Krankheiten des Kopfes' (1764; Prussian
Acad. ed. Berlin, 1912) p. 265, "The deranged person is therefore a waking
dreamer."
339, 15
C. Buchanan (1766-1815) 'Christian Researches in Asia' (London, 1811)
pp. 130-41; T. D. Fosbrooke (1770-1842) 'British Monachism' (1802; 2nd
ed. London, 1817) pp. 419-88; 'Morning Chronicle' March 9th 1826 p. 3
col. 2.
341, I
'The order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection
ofthings.' (Ordo, et connexio idearum idem est, ac ordo, et connexio rerum):
see 'Spinoza Opera' (ed. C. Gebhardt, 4 vols. Heidelberg, 1925) vol. II
p. 89, 'Ethics' pt. II prop. 7.
Spinoza takes this proposition to be based upon the axiom that, "the
knowledge of an effect depends on and involves the knowledge of a cause"
(pt. I, iv) and to be proved in that, "the idea of everything that is caused
depends on a knowledge of the cause, whereof it is an effect."
343, 28
This analysis of the difference between error and derangement, and of
their origin in finite thinking's involvement in an apparently essential dis-
tinction between subjective thinking and externality, is central to this
seetion of the Anthropology. Hegel places it in a broad philosophical context
by means of the quotation from Spinoza, realizing, probably, that it is
helpful to consider it as an important modification of the 'nihil est in in-
tellectu, quod non prius fuerit in sensu' doctrine.
The introduction of this doctrine into early nineteenth century German
attempts to define derangement was due to a considerable extent to the
influence of Alexander Crichton's (1763-1856) 'An Inquiry into the Nature
and Origin of Mental Derangement' (2 vols. London, 1798; extracts in
Germ. Leipzig, 1798; tr. J. C. Hoffbauer, Leipzig, 1809, 2nd ed. 1810).
Crichton gives the following explanation of' diseased perceptions' (11. 33 1-2) :
"Every altered state ofthe brain which does not amount to a certain degree
of destructive pressure, excites, by the laws of thought, amental perception,
but as the sensorial impressions of diseased action are different from those
which are derived from external objects, so the images which are excited in
the representative faculty are also different. But nothing can be represented
in the mind which has not formerly been received through the medium of
the external senses, or concluded by the operations of reasoning; and there-
fore, all the ideas of delirious people, however different they may appear
to be from any thing which has formerly been seen, heard, touched, tasted,
smelt or concluded, are only new assemblages or combinations of prior
sensations and thoughts. The representations of delirium, therefore, are in
this respect, like those of the faculty of fiction." Cf. J. B. Friedreich (1796-
1862) 'Versuch einer Literärgeschichte der Pathologie' (Würzburg, 1830)
pp. 520-31.
343,34
This example of a deranged presentation was very common at that time,
and provides an interesting illustration of a clear connection between social
structure and mental illness: L. A. Muratori (1672-1750) 'Über die Ein-
bildungskraft' (1760; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1785) pt. II p. 7; Thomas Arnold
(1742-1816) 'Observations on ... Insanity' (1782/8) pp. 122/3, a much-
quoted case in Hegel's day; John Haslam (1764-1844) 'Observations on
Insanity' (1798; Germ. tr. Stendal, 1800) pp. 64, 80; Pinel 'Traite' sect. II
no. 22. John Croft (1732-1820) informs us that when Laurence Sterne's
wife had a touch of insanity in 1758, "She fancied herself the queen of
Bohemia", and that, "he treated her as such, with all the supposed respect
due to a crowned head." 'Scrapeana' (London, 1792) p. 22. Napoleon gave
rise to a distinct form of derangement: W. Hone (1780-1842) 'Buona-
partephobia' (10th ed. London, 1820); John Conolly (1794-1866) 'An
Inquiry concerning ... Insanity' (London, 1830) p. 406.
345,8
G. Polivka 'Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder
Grimm' (5 vols. Leipzig, 1913/31) II.121 ;J. Grimm 'Deutsche Mythologie'
(Berlin, 1875) 1.915.
In Hegel's day, the abundant evidence of cynanthropy and lycanthopy in
folk-lore and mythology was usually treated as subject-matter for the
pathologist: J. C. Reil 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 338; D. Tiedemann
(1748-1803) 'Handbuch der Psychologie' (Leipzig, 1804) pt. 2, sect. iii,
ch. 9; J. B. Friedreich (1796-1862) 'Versuch einer Literärgeschichte der
Pathologie' (Würzburg, 1830) pp. 17-23; H. Gaidoz 'Lycanthropie sous
la revolution fran<;aise' ('Folk-lore' 1909 pp. 207/8).
345, 36
Hegel probably took this anecdote from J. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhap-
sodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 441. The son ofthe Prince ofConde seems to have
been Henri-Jules de Bourbon (1643-1709). Reil gives as his source the
'Memoires Secrets sur les Regnes de Louis XIV et de Louis XV' (1791;
ed. A. Petitot and Monmerque, 2 vols. Paris, 1829) by Charles Pinot Duclos
(1704-1772). Cf. Pinel 'Traite' (1801) sect. no. xxi.
347,9
Hist. Phil. 111.5 I 2; cf. Enc. §§ 465-68.
353,7
Since the general principles of Hegel's manner of exposition might have
been illustrated equally weIl from any sphere of the 'Encyclopaedia', he
evidently refers here to Phil. Right simply because it was the most detailed
treatment of any part of it which had then been published.
355, 12
'Was dem Wahne der Seele entgegensteht'. 'Wahn' is the first element in
the German word for insanity (note 329, 27), and derives from OHG*
wana i.e. 'wanting'. Interpreted literally therefore, the word might be
regarded as almost synonymous with 'vacuity' (Leerheit) as used in 355, 2.
355, 28
The common-Iaw of Prussia distinguished between imbeciles and the
insane, treating the former as irresponsible and equating the latter with
minors: K. G. Neumann (1772-1850) 'Die Krankheiten des Vorstellungs-
vermögens' (Leipzig, 1822) p. 391.
When Hegel mentions natural imbecility other than cretinism, he prob-
ably has in mind its being inherited or rooted in clearly physical factors: M.
V. G. Malacarne (1744-1816) 'Nervoencefalotomia' (Pavia, 1791); J. C.
Fahner (1758-1802) 'Beiträge zur ... Arzneikunde' (Stendahl, 1799); C.
Hastings (1794-1866) 'A Remarkable Coincidence of anomalous structure
in the brains of two idiots' ('London Medical Repository' vol. 7 pp. 74-8,
181 7).
Imbecility brought on by psychic causes was known (Nasse's' Zeitschrift
für psychische Aerzte' IH. sect. 4 pp. 869-77, 1820), and there were records
of its having been cured: T. Percival (1740-1804) 'Moral and Literary
Dissertations' (Warrington, 1784) p. 134; 'Sammlung für Aerzte' vol. XV
sect. I pp. 11-13, 1792.
357,3
Wolfgang Höfer (1614-1681), 'Hercules medicus' (Nuremberg, 1675)
was the first physician to describe cretinism, which he had observed in the
Alpine valleys of Styria. He noticed its connection with goitre, but instead
of tracing its endemic nature to the contents of the water drunk in the area,
attributed it to the idle lives and fatty diets of the affiicted populations.
Albrecht Haller (1708-1777), 'Elementa physiologiae corporis humanae'
(8 vols. Lausanne, 1757-1766; Germ. tr. Berlin, 1759-1776) vol V. p. 570
simply noticed that the cretins of Valais Jailed to respond to any stimulant, and
it was this characteristic which interested many of the physicians of Hegel's
day. Joseph (1768-1808) and Karl (1769-1827) Wenzel 'über den Cretinis-
mus' (Vienna, 1802) pp. 115, 133, noticed that, "Cretins occasionally bite
themselves and pull out their pubic hairs. This does not, presumably, give
rise to no pain, but they are unaware that what they are doing is the cause
of it, for they do not regard the part they are injuring as apart of them-
selves." Cf. J. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' etc. (Halle, 1803) p. 407.
M. V. G. Malacarne (1744-1816) investigated the brains and skulls of
three dead cretins, 'Sur l'etat des Cretins' (Ticini, 1789), and this line of
research was followed up by J. F. Ackermann (1765-1815), 'Ueber die
Kretinen, eine besondere Menschen-Abart in den Alpen' (Gotha, 1790),
who described malformations in the skulls and nerves of the corpses he had
dissected. F. E. Fordere's (1764-1835) 'Essai sur le goitre et le cretinage'
(Turin, 1792; Germ. tr. H. W. Lindemann, Berlin, 1796; 2nd ed. Paris,
1800) was the most important treatise on cretinism available to Hegel, and
probably constitutes the basis of his assessment of it. It tended to shift
interest from dissection to environment, heredity and goitre: see Pinel 'Traite
(1801) sect. IV no. 24. Henry Reeve (1780-1814) observed cretins in Valais
in 1805, and in his 'Account ofCretinism' ('Edinburgh Medical and Surgical
Journal' vol. V pp. 31-6, 1809) makes particular mention ofthe enlargement
of the thyroid gland which usually accompanies the disease; cf. Richard
Clayton (d. 1828) 'On the Cretins ofthe Vallais' ('Memoirs ofthe Literary
and Philosophical Society of Manchester' vol. III no. 13); 'Medical and
Physical Journal' June, 1815. A. E. Iphofen (I 774-c. 1820) spent two
decades studying cretinism and finally published 'Der Cretinismus medi-
cinisch and philosophisch untersucht' (2 pts. Dreden, 1817), a work which
had the effect of encouraging further research into the sexual characteristics
of cretins: see Carl Maffei 'Dissertatio de sexismo specie Cretinismi' (Land-
shut, 1817); J. Häussler 'über die Beziehungen des Sexualsystems zur
Psyche überhaupt und zum Cretinismus insbesondere' (Würzburg, 1827);
J. B. Friedreich (1796-1862) 'über die äussern Geschlechtsorgane der
Kretinen' ('Zeitschrift für Physiologie' vol. IV sect. I p. 119)'
Several studies were devoted to the endemie nature of the disease: see, for
example Franz Sensburg 'Der Cretinismus mit besonderer Rücksicht auf
dessen Erscheinung im U ntermain- und Rezatkreise des Königreichs
Bayern' (Würzburg, 1825); F. Schnurrer (1784-1833) 'Geographischen
Nosologie' (Stuttgart, 1813) pp. 542-51 - Savoy, Russia, Sumatra, China.
L. C. E. Vest (1776-1840) called attention to the possible effect of the
drinking water in these areas, 'Vorläufige Charakteristik einer in den Wassern,
welche den Kropf und Cretinismus erzeugen, in Verbindung mit Kieselerde
vorkommenden Substanz' ('Medicinsch Chirurgische Zeitung' no. 46,
June, 1831). Cf. the review of Malthus' 'Essay on Population' in the 'Salz-
burger medieinisch-chirurgische Zeitung' vol. III p. 251 (1808) in which

the occurrence of cretinism in a certain valley is traced to the habit of con-
suming a particularly intoxicating kind of eider.
Hegel's assessment of cretinism as a form of derangement very dosely
involved in environmental i.e. natural factors, rather than as a predominantly
physiological disease, was therefore in tune with the research being carried
out in this field during his lifetime. It is interesting to find John Aber-
crombie (1780-1844), 'Inquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers' (3rd
ed. Edinburgh, 1832) pp. 343-4, giving a similar assessment a loosely triadic
structure, "The most striking illustration of the various shades of idiocy, is
derived from the modifications of intellectual condition observed in the
Cretins of the Vallais. These singular beings are usually divided into three
classes, which receive the names of cretins, semi-cretins, and cretins of the
third degree. The first of these classes, or perfect cretins, are, in point of
intellect, scarcely removed above mere animallife. Many of them cannot
speak, and are only so far sensible of the common calls of nature, as to go,
when excited by hunger, to places where they have been accustomed to
receive their food. The rest of their time is spent, either basking in the sun,
or sitting by the fire, without any trace of intelligence. The next class, or
semi-cretins, show a higher degree of intelligence; they remember common
events, understand what is said to them, and express themselves in an in-
telligible manner on the most common subjects ... The cretins of the third
degree learn to read and write, though with very little understanding of
what they read, except on the most common topics. But they are acutely alive
to their own interest, and extremely litigious." Joseph Hillebrand 'Die
Anthropologie als Wissenschaft' (Mainz, 1823) p. 83 makes mention of
grades of cretinism. Hegel took notes on Lady Sydney Morgan's (1776-
1859) account ofthe cretinism in the mountains ofnorthern Italy published
in her 'Italy' (2 vols. London, 1821; French tr. 4 vols. Brussels, 1821); see
'Berliner Schriften' (ed. Hoffmeister, 1956) p. 730.
Cf. Josias Simler (1530-1576) 'Vallesiae descriptio ... De Alpibus com-
mentarius' (Tiguri, 1571); Felix Platter (1536-1614) 'Praxeos Medicae'
(2 vols. Basel, 1656) ch. 3;J. C. Spurzheim (1776-1834) 'Observations on ...
Insanity' (London, 1817; Germ. tr. Hamburg, 1818) pp. 120-2; J. E.
Georget (1795- I 828) 'Idiotisme' (Article in the 'Dictionnaire de medecine').
The first cretin school was founded in Salzburg in 1816; cf. J. Guggenbühl
(1816-1863) 'Du cretisme, de son histoire et de son traitement' (BibI.
univ. de Geneve, 1850).
357,9
'Traite' (1801) sect. VI no. 22, "It may be thought astonishing, that in
an object of so much importance as that of ascertaining the actual existence
ofmental derangement, there is yet no definite rule to guide us in so delicate
586 . Hegel' s Philosoph) 0/ Subjective Spirit
an examination. In fact, there appears no other method than what is

adopted in other departments of natural history: that of ascertaining
whether the facts which are observed belong to any one of the established
varieties of mental derangement, or to any of its complications with other
disorders. I could here quote several examples of complicated mania
illustrative of my position. I shall confine myself to one, that of a young
woman, twenty-eight years of age, with fair hair, and little expression in her
countenance. Her state of derangement, it is supposed, originally depended
upon a fright which her mother received during her pregnancy. She re-
mained like astatue (comme un automate), constantly in the same place.
She could not speak, notwithstanding that her organs of speech appeared
perfect in their conformations. It was with great difficulty that she was
taught to enunciate the vowels e, o. Of affections she appeared not to
possess any; a circumstance that might have disposed a nosologist to refer
her case to the species of idiotism. But there were two or three acts that she
could perform, which appeared to indicate that her idiotism was not com-
plete."
357, 12
W. F. Dreyssig (1770-1809), 'Handbuch der Pathologie' (2 pts. Leipzig,
1796/9) I p. 261 et seq. gives the generally accepted physiological reason for
this connection between epilepsy and imbecility, "Clonic cramps usually
occur only in those muscles subject to the will of the soul, but not infre-
quently they also extend to those muscles and stimulatable parts of the
body lying outside the control of the will, and are accompanied by a com-
plete suppression of the interior and exterior senses, in which case they are
known as epilepsy ... On occasions, an extremely protracted epilepsy will
change into other diseases, such as frenzy, lameness, speechlessness, squinting,
dumbness, blindness and apoplexy, and when this happens it either dis-
appears completely, or is accompanied by imbecility, which is frequently
brought about by epilepsy" (p. 271).
Cf. S. A. Tissot (1728-1797) 'Traite de l'Epilepsie' (Lausanne, 1770;
Germ. tr. Berlin, 1771); K. F. Rehfeld (1735-1794) and F. Henning (1767-
c. 1840) 'Dissertatio sistens analecta historica ad theoriam epilepsiae'
(Greifswald, 1788).
357, 16
A collection of extraordinary case-histories relating to catalepsy, preter-
natural sleep and trances is to be found in William Johnstonls edition of
Nathaniel Wanley's 'Wonders of the Little World' (1678; 2 vols. London,
1806) vol. II pp. 390-7. The following case, recorded by Theophile Bonet
(1620-1689), in his 'Medicina septentrionalis collatitia' (2 vols. Geneva,
1684) bk. I sect. xvi ch. 6 was often cited in the general psychiatric text-
books of Hegel's day; "George Grokatzki, a Polish soldier, deserted from
his regiment in the harvest of the year 1677. He was discovered, a few days
afterwards, drinking and making merry in a common alehouse. The moment
he was apprehended, he was so much terrified, that he gave a loud shriek,
and immediately was deprived of the power of speech. When brought to a
court martial, it was impossible to make hirn articulate a word; nay, he
then became as immovable as astatue, and appeared not to be conscious of
any thing which was going forward. In the prison to which he was con-
ducted he neither ate nor drank; neither did he make any water nor go to
stool. The officers and the priests at first threatened hirn, and afterwards
endeavoured to soothe and calm hirn; but all their efforts were in vain. He
remained senseless and immovable. His irons were struck off, and he was
taken out of his prison, but he did not move. Twenty days and nights were
passed in this way, during which he took no kind of nourishment, nor had
any natural evacuation; he then gradually sunk and died."
Cf. A. Crichton (1763-1856) 'An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of
Mental Derangement' (2 vols. London, 1798; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1809) bk.
III ch. iv; Samuel Hibbert-Ware (1782-1848) 'Sketches of the Philosophy
of Apparitions' (Edinburgh, 1824; Germ. tr. Weimar, 1828) pp. 253-4; F. B.
de Sauvages (1706-1767) 'Nosologia Methodica' (1760; 5 vols. Paris, 177 I)
vol. II p. 2; S. A. Tissot (1728-1797) 'Sämmtliche zur Arzneikunde gehörige
Schriften' (7 vols. Leipzig, 1779-1784) vol. 5 p. 504; L. E. Hirschel (1741-
1772) 'Gedanken von der Starrsucht oder Catalepsis' (Berlin, 1769); J. F.
Abel (1751-1829) 'Sammlung und Erklärung merkwürdiger Erscheinungen
aus dem menschlichen Leben' (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1784) pp. 34-53;
W. F. Dreyssig (1770-1809) 'Handbuch der Pathologie' (2 pts. Leipzig,
1796/9) vol. I pp. 315-35; G. 1. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Unterhaltungen
über ... Träume und Ahndungen' (1800) pp. 116-20; J. C. Reil (1759-
1813) 'Rhapsodieen über ... Geisteszerrüttungen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 130-1.
357,27
J. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen über die Anwendung der psychischen
Curmethode auf Geisteszerrüttungen' (Halle, 1803) p. 362, "A melancholy
person, who was as motionless as a pillar, said nothing, and paid no attention
to anything about hirn, was cured in the following way. There was a man
in the area who was particularly good at copying. He dressed hirnself in
the same way as the patient, went to hirn in his room, and sat down opposite
hirn, assuming the identical expression and posture. At first the patient
appeared not to notice his companion, but after a while he eyed him. The
latter did the same, and instantaneously emulated each of the deranged
person's gestures, motions and movements, until he flew into arage, leapt
out of his chair, began to talk, and was cured. It is not often that a patient
regains his health immediately after having been in such astate. Usually,
he falls into another kind of melancholy, which demands its own particular
kind of treatment." For direct evidence of Hegel's having read Reil, see
'Berliner Schriften' ed. Hoffmeister p. 692. Cf. A. Lewis 'J. C. Reil: In-
nova tor and Battler' ('Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences'
vol. I pp. 178-90, 1965).
The extra details in Hegel's account of this case seem to indicate, how-
ever, that he had it from another source, although I have not found it
recorded elsewhere. Cf. Rev. James Brewster 'Account of the Remarkable
Case of Margaret Lyall' ('Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh'
vol. VIII pp. 249-56, 1818); 'Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 p. 30, 8 (1975).
357,3 1
This definition of 'Zerstreutheit', though by no me ans aperversion of
normal German usage, is interestingly idiosyncratic when considered in the
light of what are evidently Hegel's sources at this juncture. I t differs signi-
ficantly from that of Kant for example, who in his 'Anthropologie' (1798)
§ 47, draws a distinction between 'Zerstreuung' (distraction) and 'Geistesab-
wesenheit' (absent-mindedness). Hegel's 'Zerstreutheit', if we are to judge
from the examples he gives ofit, has to be taken as the equivalent ofKant's
'Geistesabwesenheit'. In his choice of examples he seems to have been in-
fluenced at this juncture by two works which, in respect of illustrative
material, are often identical: J. C. Hoffbauer's (1766-1827) 'Untersuchung
über die Krankheiten der Seele und die verwandten Zustände' (2 pts.
Halle, 1802/3) see esp. pt. I pp. 5-31, 44,74,82-86, andJ. C. Reil's (1759-
1813) 'Rhapsodieen' etc. (Halle, 1803) pp. 105-10. In spite of his making
good use of these books however, Hegel actually reverses one of their most
explicit and important linguistic distinctions (Reil pp. 109-10): 'Self-
possession therefore holds the centre between distraction (Zerstreuung) and
absorption (Vertiefung). Both states are deviations from it in different
directions. The further a person moves from the normal standpoint in the
centre, so much the more is he absorbed at the one extreme and distracted
at the other, and at both extremities he is on the way to derangement. The
distracted person flits from one thing to another without keeping to any-
thing in particular, the absorbed person is unable to tear hirnself away from
the object which has captured hirn. Both therefore fail to apprehend the
impressions they should in their given situation.'
Reil's 'Vertiefung' is therefore Hegel's 'Zerstreutheit', and Reil's 'Zer-
streuung' Hegel's 'Faselei' (desipience). The reason for this linguistic
novelty is probably to be found in Hegel's attempt to elicit a dialectical
structure from the subject matter of this sphere. Cf. Christian Ludwig Funk
'Versuch einer praktischen Anthropologie' (Leipzig, 1803) pp. 245-6;
F. A. Carus (1770-1807) 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) II pp. 253-66.
359,6
Plutarch's 'Marcellus' 19; cf. Reil op. cit. p. 102: "Marcellus was most
of all afHicted at the death of Archimedes; for, as fate would have it, he was
intent on working out some problem with a diagram and, having fixed his
mind and his eyes alike on his investigation, he never noticed the incursion
of the Romans nor the capture of the city. And when a soldier came up to
him suddenly and bade hirn follow to Marcellus, he refused to do so until
he had worked out his problem to a demonstration; whereat the soldier was
so enraged that he drew his sword and slew hirn. Others say that the Roman
ran up to hirn with a drawn sword offering to kill hirn; and, when Archi-
medes saw him, he begged him earnestly to wait a short time in order that
he might not leave his problem incomplete and unsolved, but the other
took no notice and killed hirn. Again there is a third account to the effect
that, as he was carrying to Marcellus some of his mathematical instruments,
sundials, spheres, and angles adjusted to the apparent size of the sun to the
sight, some soldiers met him and, being under the impression that he carried
gold in the vessel, slew hirn."
359, 17
Charles, Comte de Brancas (d. 1681): seeJean de la Bruyere (1645-1696)
'Les Caracteres de Theophraste' (6th ed. Paris, 1691), 'De I'Homme' no. 7.
In a note first added to the eighth edition of the work, La Bruyere observes
of Menalque that, 'Ceci est moins un caractere particulier qu'un recueil de
faits de distractions.' Some of the humorous instances he collected under
this name derive from the doings of the abbot of Mauroy and the Prince of
Conti. M. A. Regnier and M. G. Servois 'Oeuvres de La Bruyere' (4 vols.
Paris, 1865-1922) vol. 2 pp. 6-15, 281-91.
Hegel is referring to the following passage, "He enters an Apartment,
passes under a Sconce, where his Periwig hitches, and is left hanging. The
Courtiers look on hirn and laugh: Menaclas looks also, laughs louder than
any of them, and turns his eyes round the Company to see the Man, who
shews his Ears, and has lost his Wig." 'The Characters... made English
by several hands' (London, 1699) pp. 245-53.
Cf. Pinel 'Traite' (1801) sect. IV iv no. 17; Reil 'Rhapsodieen' pp. 105-7;
F. A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808) 11 pp. 257-8, who refers to
la Bruyere and quotes a similar story involving the eccentric Whig physician
Messenger Monsey (1693-1788) and his brother.
359, 20
See G. H. Richerz's (1756-1791) addition to ch. 8 of L. A. Muratori's
(1672-1750) 'Della Forza della Fantasia Umana' (Venice, 1766; Germ. tr.
2 pts. Leipzig, 1785) pt. 11. p. 29, "It was doubtless on account of an absent-
mindedness brought on by deep meditation that Newton, as the story goes,
used the finger of a lady who was sitting next to hirn as a tobacco-stopper."
Cf. Reil op. cit. p. 105;J. F. Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' I p. 738
(Leipzig and Altenburg, 1816).
Newton's absent-mindedness had become proverbial by the end of the
eighteenth century: see the quaint effusions of the Rev. Johnson Grant in
Nicholson's 'Journal of Natural Philosophy' vol. XV pp. 108-26 (1806),
"It is possible for a Newton to be so deeply absorbed in thought, and to
have practised abstraction so thoroughly, that the firing of a cannon will
not break the train of his ideas" (p. 120). Although some of the anecdotes
then circulating were undoubtedly authentic, there are good reasons for
regarding the one quoted by Hegel as apocryphal. David Brewster informs
us that when Newton, "was asked to take snuff or tobacco, he declined, re-
marking that he would make no necessities to himself." 'Memoirs of. ..
Newton' (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1855) 11.410. B. L. B. de Fontenelle's 'Life of
Sir Isaac Newton' (London, 1728) is not the sort of work to contain such a
story, but had it been genuine, it would surely not have been missing from
the fund of Oxfordian and anti-Newtonian tittle-tattle to be found in Thomas
Hearne's (1678-1735) 'Remarks and Collections' (ed. C. E. Doble, 11 vols.
Oxford, 1885-1912).
359, 23
Cf. 367, 29. This remark is also evidently based upon Reil op. cit. pp.
105-6, who quotesthe following anecdote from J. B. Erhard's (1766-1827)
'Versuch über die Narrheit und ihre ersten Anfänge' (Michael Wagner's
'Beiträge zur philosophischen Anthropologie' 2 vols. Vienna, 1794/6 I pp.
100-43), "I know an extremely learned and rational professor who is often
doing foolish things such as this. On one occasion he intended to visit a very
good friend. It was a moonlit night, and the friend saw him coming. There
was a cartload of hay in front of the door. Our professor wanted to go
straight to the door, found the hay-cart in the way, and tried to move it.
When he found he was unable to do so, he went back, returned a little later,
tried once more to shift it, found once more that he could not, and went
home. The next day his friend asked him what he had been up to the
previous evening. He remembered all that had taken place, and said that
it had never occurred to him to walk round the hay-cart. I could give ex-
amples of this sort of thing from my own experience, as could any of my
readers. A person can to a great extent be lacking in outer self-possession
without our having to classify him as being positively foolish."
In 1840 G. A. Gabler supplied Rosenkranz with a similar anecdote about
Hegel: H. Kimmerle 'Hegel-Studien' vol. 4 p. 71, 1967.
359,33
Pinel 'Traite' (180 I) sect. IV no. xix characterizes the specific character
of desipience as folIows: "Rapid succession or uninterrupted alternation of
isolated ideas and evanescent and unconnected emotions. Continually
repeated acts of extravagance: complete forgetfulness of every previous
Notes to Volume Two: Anthropology • 591
state: diminished sensibility to external impressions : obliteration of the
faeulty ofjudgement: eontinual aetivity, devoid ofpurpose and design, and
a kind of automatie existenee." Hegel's adaptation of this definition, his
emphasis upon, "the inability to fix attention upon anything definite", is
interesting in that it ignores Pinel's psyehologieal eonsiderations, and takes
a simple subjeet-objeet antithesis to be eentral here. It should be remem-
bered, however, that he may not have read Pinel in the original (note 361 , 9).
J. C. Priehard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp.
6-7, 83-99, uses Pinel's deseription of this ease as a definition of what he
ealls 'ineoherenee or dementia'. For eontemporary evidenee of the equiva-
lenee of'desipienee' and 'Faselei', seeJames Sims (1741-1820) 'Pathologieal
Remarks upon various kinds of Alienation of Mind' ('Memoirs of the
Medical Society ofLondon' vol. V pp. 372-406, 1799) pp. 374/5, andJ. B.
Friedreich (1796-1862) 'Versuch einer Literärgeschichte' (Würzburg, 1830)
p. 53 2 •
361 ,9
Pinel 'Traite' (1801; tr. M. Wagner, Vienna, 1801) sect. IV no. xix.
Hegel is quoting here not from the German translation, but from the
version of Pinel's account given by J. C. Reil (1759-1813), 'Rhapsodieen'
(Halle, 1803) pp. 400-1. The original is as follows, "Il s'approche de moi,
me regarde, m'accable d'une loquacite exuberante et sans suite. Un moment
apres, il se detourne et se dirige vers une autre personne qu'il assourdit de
son babil eternel et deeousu, il fait briller ses regards, et il semble menacer:
mais autant incapable d'une colere emportee que d'une certaine liaison dans
les idees, ses emotions se bornent a des elans rapides d'une effervescenee
puerile qui se ealme et disparoit d'un clin d'oeil. Entre-t-il dans une ehambre,
il a bientöt deplace et bouleverse tous les meubles; il saisit avee ses mains
une table, une chaise, qu'il enleve, qu'il secoue, qu'il transporte ailleurs,
sans manifester ni dessein, ni intention directe; a peine a-t-on tourne les
yeux, il est deja bien dans une promenade adjacente, Oll s'exerce encore sa
mobilite versatile; il balbutie quelques mots, remue des pierres, et arrache
de l'herbe qu'il jette bientöt au loin pour en cueillir de nouvelle: il va, vient
et revient sur ses pas; il s'agite sans cesse sans conserver le souvenir de son
etat anterieur, de ses amis, de ses proches, ne repose la nuit que quelques
instans, ne s'arrete qu'a la vue de quelque aliment qu'il devore, et il semble
etre entraine par un roulement perpetuel d'idees et d'affections morales
decousues qui disparoissent et tombent dans le neant aussitöt qu'elles sont
produites. '
361 , 15
This definition of delirium is in substantial agreement with that given
by Alexander Criehton (1763-1856), 'An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin
of Mental Derangement' (2 vols. London, 1798; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1798)
I pp. 140-1 (bk. Ich. 5), "The diseased notions which delirious people
entertain are of two kinds. Firstly, they are diseased perceptions, referred
by the patient to some object of external sense; as when he believes he sees,
hears, tastes and smells things which have no real existence ... Secondly,
they are diseased abstract notions, referable to the qualities and conditions
of persons and things, and his relation to them; as when he imagines that
his friends have conspired to kill hirn; that he is reduced to beggary; that
he is forsaken by God, etc."
Gf. J. c. Prichard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous
System' (London, 1822) sect. II pp. 117-9; K. G. Neumann (1772-1850)
'Die Krankheiten des Vorstellungsvermögens' (Leipzig, 1822) pp. 77-85,
where the physiological foundations of delirium are dealt with.
361 ,28
H. B. Weber 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Tübingen,
1829) p. 381: "The main reason for the talkativeness and gossiping which are
characteristic of so many members of the female sex, is that since speech is
so important to them as wives and mothers, in bringing up young children
and being immediately responsible for the horne, they have a natural gift
for it. What is more, it is not only unusual for them to be closely involved
in business capable of actively occupying and interesting the mind for any
length oftime, but unlike men they also have little access to any other means
of overcoming the bad effects of boredom. They therefore take to gossiping
more readily and easily than men, to discussing the news of the town and
other trivialities at interminable length, and not infrequently to scandal-
mongering and slander (a foul woman often has a foul mouth)."
Weber goes on to discuss the so-called 'imbecillitas sexus' i.e. the woman's
being regarded as legally irresponsible for her actions.
363,21
Monomania was much discussed in England and France toward the end
ofthe 1820'S: see Alexander Morison (1779-1866) 'Gases ofMental Disease'
(London, 1828) pp. 55-108; David Scott of Edinburgh, 'A Gase of Mono-
mania, caused by circumscribed chronic meningitis' ('Edinburgh Medical
and Surgical Journal' no. 96, vol. 30 pp. 37-43, July 1828); John Elliotson's
(1791-1868) article in 'The London Medical Gazette' May, 1831: J. L.
Michu 'Discussion medico-Iegale sur la Monomanie homicide' (Paris,
1826); J. E. D. Esquirol (1772-1840) 'Note sur la Monomanie homicide'
(Paris, 1827; Germ. tr. Nurnberg, 1831); A. Brierre de Boismont (1797-
1871) 'Observations medico-Iegales sur la monomanie homocide' (Paris,
1827).
365,2
By the 1820'S empirical observation of a variety of cases had already given rise
to the general idea that fixation upon one thing in such a way as to disrupt
and pervert a balanced and all-round awareness, was the central feature of
foolishness properly so called: see Georg Weber 'Geschichte eines Wahn-
sinnigen mit der fixen Idee des Krankseyn' ('Archiv für medicinische Erfah-
rung' vol. XIV sect. I pp. 124-38, 1810); F. Groos (1768-1852) 'über den
Ursprung und das Wesen der fixen Ideen' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für psychi-
sche Aerzte' 1822 sect. 4 p. 71); M. E. A. Naumann (1798-1871) 'Etwas
über fixe Ideen' (K. Hohnbaum and Ferd. Jahn 'Medicinische Conver-
sationsblatt' 31st J uly 1830).
It should be noted however, that Hegel is concerned here, not with the
clearly infinite complexity ofthe psychological involvement ofsuch fixations,
but simply with the very general factor of, "regarding what is merely sub-
jective as objective." In the sphere of psychology itself, the treatment of the
"infinitely numerous images and presentations" preserved within intelli-
gence (§ 453) and of the objectification of such as sign and symbol (§ 457),
might be regarded as corresponding to that of fixation here in the Anthro-
pology.
SeeJ. B. Friedreich (1796-1862) 'Systematische Literatur der ... Psycho-
logie' (Berlin, 1833) pp. 244-6.
365, 15
Cf. 79, 23-8 I, 6. The plight of George III after 1788 undoubtedly helped
to confirm the view that mental derangement was particularly prevalent in
England, as did the fact that the running of private madhouses was a
lucrative business: W. Parry-Jones 'The Trade in Lunacy' (London, 1971),
and that so many who indulged in it published analytical and theoretical
works which were translated into German.
F. B. Osiander (1759-1822), 'über den Selbstmord' (Hanover, 1813),
made the first systematic German attempt to analyze the reasons for this
'situation'. Basing his argument upon an astonishingly detailed and wide-
ranging knowledge of English nationallife, he came to the conclusion that
the bad air ofthe factories, houses and towns, heavy drinking, drugs, obesity,
smoking, the educational system, religion, pauperism, gambling, boxing
and duels, public entertainments, inborn eccentricity, the death penalty,
sexual morality and the idleness of the wealthy were the main factors giving
rise to such widespread mental derangement. J. C. Spurzheim (1776-1832),
'Observations on ... Insanity' (London, 1817; Germ. tr. Hamburg, 1818)
pp. 164-72, simply confirmed Osiander's general analysis, but G. M.
Burrows (1771-1846), 'An Inquiry into ... Insanity' (London, 1820; Germ.
tr. Leipzig, 1822) reacted patriotically to his country's reputation as a hive
of insanity and suicide, and dabbled in continental statistics in an attempt
to bring other nations into the picture; "Having once imbibed an opinion
that the English were peculiarly prone to insanity, it was no violent
assumption to infer that they must consequently be most devoted to the
practice of suicide. Accordingly, we find divines, philosophers, poets, and
authors of all kinds, adopting it as an historie fact; and attaching this crime
as innate in the British character. Even the celebrated Montesquieu has
condescended to become a vehicle of this calumny. Feeling as aBriton,
jealous of the moral as weIl as of the religious principles of my countrymen,
I have endeavoured to repel this charge" (p. 87). I. Macalpine and R.
Hunter, 'George III and the Mad-Business' (London, 1969) p. 294, are of
the opinion that Burrows made his point and 'laid the ghost', but it was
not until the end ofthe 1820'S that reliable surveys and analyses ofthe whole
subject began to make their appearance: see Sir Andrew Halliday (1781-
1839) 'A General View of the present state oflunatics and lunatic asylums
in Great Britain and Ireland and some other Kingdoms' (London, 1828,
cf. J. B. Friedreich's 'Magazin für Seelenkunde' vol. 5 p. 183); 'Report
from a select Committee on pauper Lunatics in the County of Middlesex'
(House of Commons, 29th June 1827); 'The Lancet' vol. 2 p. 577
(1829-1830); G. M. Burrows 'A Letter to Sir Henry Halford' (London,
1830 ).
328-51 gives the most accurate and illuminating survey of the whole situ-
ation. In 1829 the population of England was about 12,700,000, and I in
every 1,000 was deranged; Wales had 817,438 inhabitants, I in every 800
ofwhom were deranged; Scotland 3,244,248, I in every 574 being deranged.
Of the 14,000 deranged persons in England in that year, 11,000 were
paupers. In agricultural districts the average ratio of deranged persons in
the population was I to 820, whereas in industrial districts it was I to 1,200.
The figures for most other European countries at that time show much the
same pattern. In Norway in 1825, for example, there were 1,909 deranged
persons in a total population of 1,°51,318 i.e. I to 551 in a predominantly
agricultural society, broadly comparable in nearly every respect with
Scotland's: see Frederik Holst (1791-1871) 'Beretning, Beuenkning og
Indstilling fra en til at unders0ge de Sindssvages Kaar i Norge' (Christiania,
1828). For a comprehensive survey ofthe European literature on the subject
see J. B. Friedreich (1796-1862) 'Systematische Literatur der... Psycho-
logie' (Berlin, 1833) pp. 329-5 I.
Prichard (op. cit. p. 336) gives the main reason for the various 'forms of
folly' being apparently 'particularly incident to the English', "Idiots who are
at large wander about the country, and the females often bear children. I
have frequently seen, in Herefordshire, a female dumb idiot, who was said
to have borne several children by unknown fathers. Sir Andrew Halliday
has made similar observations. We should hear without surprise of the
permission of such things in Turkey or Kafferland, but in a country having
police regulations it would not be expected. All pauper idiots and lunatics
ought to be kept in proper asylums, where every possible alleviation of their

calamitous lot should be afforded them, and the public should thus be
protected against such evils as those just pointed out."
British legislation for dealing with the deranged was not non-existent, no
less than eight relevant Acts or amendments were passed between 1744 and
1824, but it was highly ineffectual, and it was not until 1828-1832 that
Parliament made effective provision, "for the erection and regulation of
county lunatic asylums, and the care and maintenance of pauper and crimi-
nallunatics." See D. H. Tuke 'Chapters in the History of the Insane in the
British Isles' (London, 1882); W. Holdsworth 'A History of English Law'
(ed. A. L. Goodhart and H. G. Hamburg, London, 1952) vol. X p. 179;
A. J. F. Brierre de Boismont (1798-1881) 'Les fous criminels de I'Angleterre.'
(Paris, 1869; Germ. tr. 1871); Kathleen Jones 'A History of the Mental
Health Services' (London, 1972).
365, 22
Hegel is here referring to what was then a well-recognized category of
mental derangement, the melancholia Anglica or morbus Anglicus. F. B. de
Sauvages (1706-1767), 'Nosologia Methodica' (1760; 5 vols. Paris, 1771;
Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1790--97) dass 8, order i, sect. 3, 'Melancholia anglica.
Taedium vitae'; cf. A. C. Lorry (1726-1783) 'De Melancholia et morbis
melancholicis' (2 vols. Paris, 1765; Germ. tr. 2 vols. Frankfurt and Leipzig,
1770) pt. 11 cap. 6 (vol. I p. 380): "Taciturnum est illud atque morosum,
circa omnia externa inattentum, iisque familiare, qui nimia meditatione
morbum hunc contraxerint, diciturque vicinis nostris Britannis, genti ad
scientias promovendas natre familiare: ita verum est, quod ait Plinius, quod
aliquis sit morbus per sapentiam mori."
The primary authority for the formulation of this category by eighteenth
century nosologists seems to have been a publication by the Scotsman George
Cheyne (1671-1743), 'The English Malady' (3 pts. London, 1733): "The
tide I have chosen for this treatise, is areproach universally thrown on this
island by foreigners, and all our neighbours on the continent, by whom
nervous distempers, spleen, vapours, and lowness of spirits, are in derision,
called the English malady. And I wish there were not so good grounds for
this reflection. The moisture of our air, the variableness of our weather,
(from our situation amidst the ocean), the rankness and fertility of our soil,
the richness and heaviness of our food, the wealth and abundance of the
inhabitants (from their universal trade), the inactivity and sedentary occu-
pations of the better sort (among whom this evil mostly rages), and the
humour of living in great, populous and consequently unhealthy towns,
have brought forth a dass and set of distempers, with atrocious and frightful
symptoms, scarce known to our ancestors, and never rising to such fatal
heights, nor affiicting such numbers in any other known nation. These
nervous disorders being computed to make almost one third of the com-
plaints of the people of condition in England" (preface pp. i-ii).
Cf. B. Fawcett (1715-1780) 'Observations on ... Melancholy' (Shrews-
burg, 1780; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1785), the only work by means of which
Burton's 'Anatomy of Melancholy' (1621; reprinted, 1800) was known in
Germany at this time; F. B. Osiander op. cit.; 'General Index to Dodsley's
Annual Register 1758-1819' (London, 1826) pp. 602-5; B. G. Lyons 'Voices
of Melancholy' (London, 1971); L. S. King 'George Cheyne, Mirror of
Eighteenth Century Medicine' ('Bulletin of the History of Medicine' vol.
48 pp. 5 17-39, 1974)·
365, 27
Pinel 'Traite' sect. VI no. vi: 'A literary gentleman, who was given to
the pleasures of the table, and who was lately recovered from a tertian
fever, experienced in the season of autumn all the horrors of the propensity
to suicide. He weighed with shocking calmness the choice ofvarious methods
to accomplish the deed of death. A visit which he paid to London, appears
to have developed, with a new degree of energy, his profound melancholy
and his immovable resolution to abridge his term of life. He chose an
advanced hour of the night, and went towards one of the bridges of that
capital for the purpose of precipitating hirnself into the Thames. But at the
moment ofhis arrival at the destined spot, he was attacked by some robbers.
Though he had Iittle or no money about hirn, he feit extremely indignant
at this treatment, and used every effort to make his escape; which, however,
he did not aeeomplish before he had been exceedingly terrified. Left by his
assailants, he returned to his lodgings, having forgot the original object of
his sally. This recounter seems to have operated a thorough revolution in the
state of his mind. His eure was so eomplete that, though he has since been
a resident of Paris for ten years, and has subsisted frequently upon scanty
and preearious resources, he has not been sinee tormented by disgust with
life. This is a case of melancholie vesania, which yielded to the sudden and
unforseen impression of terror."
J. C. Hoffbauer (1766-1827) gives an account of this case in his 'Psy-
chologische Untersuchungen über den Wahnsinn' (Halle, 1807) p. 276.
Cf. George Borrow (1803-1881) 'Lavengro' (1851) ch. XXXI.
365, 3 1
The Portsmouth Case was reported at length in 'The Morning Chronicle'
between 13th February and Ist March 1823, and it was almost certainly
from this newspaper that Hegel knew of it: see 14th February p. 4, "Jos.
Head - 'Examination reassumed by Mr. Wetherell.) - Returned with Lord
Portsmouth, when he went into Hampshire after his seeond marriage
frequently, while there he told witness that Lady Portsmouth ill-treated
hirn, by horse-whipping and threatening hirn; said the late Lady Portsmouth
had behaved very kindly to hirn; in the late Lady Portsmouth's life-time
witness often went out with Lord P. in his phaeton, both in town and
country; they frequently passed a funeral, when his Lordship would some-
times hit at the coachmen driving the mourning-coaches or hearse, and
would call them Anthony and Joe; he often ordered his phaeton to follow
in the procession, and when it arrived at the burial ground he generally
accompanied the corpse into the church and to the ground; witness was
frequently at the church at Hurstbourne when the beIls were being rung,
and his Lordship always rung one; sometimes his Lordship would flog the
ringers with the rope; witness once divided a sum of money amongst the
ringers, which the clerk brought hirn, his Lordship's share was fifteen pence,
which he took; don't recollect his Lordship's paying, but he often received his
share; when people were ill Lord Portsmouth would very frequently inquire
how they were, and orders always were given to the clerk to let hirn know
when they died, that his Lordship might toll the church bell; knows that his
Lordship frequently left the house, when so informed, for the purpose of
ringing the bell"
John Charles Wallop, third Earl of Portsmouth (1767-1853) married
Grace Grantley (1752-1813), 'a pleasant and agreeable lady, but ofan age
which did not promise prolific consequences' in 1799. She died without
issue, and on 7th March 1814 he married Mary Anne Hanson, the daughter
of his solicitor. It has been no ted that 'so long as the noble lord was sane
he took no part in politics', but he had definitely developed an interest by
1820, when he exercised his hereditary right to make decisions bearing upon
the fate of his country by voting against Queen Caroline: see H. A. Double-
day 'The Complete Peerage' (London, 1910-1959) vol. 10 p. 612, Lady
Anne Hamilton (1766-1846) 'Secret History of the Court of England' (2
vols. London, 1832) vol. II p. 6. Since by this time it was well-known that
Lady Portsmouth was the mistress of the earl's physician, that both lovers
were in the habit of bullying hirn, and that the unfortunate nobleman's
eccentricity was by no means confined to an interest in politics, and since
his estates at the time of his second marriage were worth fI7,000-fI8,000
per annum, the question of his sanity, and so of the validity of this second
marriage was raised.
On Monday 10th February 1823, five commissioners appointed by the
Lord Chancellor under a commission de lunatico inquirendo, and a jury of
twenty-four, met at the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, to inquire
whether the earl was not of sound mind and capable of conducting his own
affairs. The enquiry las ted about a fortnight, and the mass of evidence was
greater than in any case which had come before the court in living memory.
On 28th February Mr. Commissioner Trawer summed up at great length,
"He particularly commented on the evidence of the medical men who had
declared Lord Portsmouth to be of unsound mind, and put it to the jury

whether they had seen anything in their examination ofhis Lordship to lead
them to a different conclusion." ('The Gentleman's Magazine' vol. 93 pt. i
p. 270, Jan.-June, 1823). The verdict was unanimous, "ThatJohn Charles,
Earl of Portsmouth, is a man of unsound mind and condition and incapable
of managing hirnself and his affairs; and that he has been so from the Ist
Jan. 1809." In May 1828 the marriage was declared null and void on account
of the earl's having entered into it when of an unsound mind: 'The Annual
Register ... of the year 1828' (London, 1829), Chronicle pp. 59-63.
"A Genuine Report of the Proceedings on the Portsmouth Case' (79PP.
London, 1823; B.Mus. Cat. 6495 e. 20), see esp. pp. 12, 18; JohnJohnstone
(1768-1836) 'Medical Jurisprudence: on madness' (Birmingham, 1800),
the first English work on the medical and psychiatric aspects of crime;
Anthony Highmore (1758-1829) 'A Treatise on the Law of Idiocy and
Lunacy' (London, 1807); T. E. TomIins (1762-1841) 'A Law-Dictionary'
(4th ed. 2 vols. London, 1835), article 'Idiots and Lunatics'; T.L.S. I I Dec.
1970 p. 1434·
36 7,4
J. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 353, quotes the
case of the Englishman recounted by Pinel (Eng. tr. p. 183), and then
continues, "Another hanged hirnself; his servant cut hirn down, and he
survived. At the end of the year he paid his servant his wage, and deducted
twopence. The servant asked the reason for this. "Because you cut a rope
without my ordering you to", was the answer." Cf. G. I. Wenzel (1754-1809)
'Versuch einer praktischen Seelenarzneikunde. Mit einem Anhange von
Krankheitsgeschichten der Seele' (Grätz, 1801) p. 53.
367, 10
Throughout the eighteenth century, the attention that had been paid to
the affections and passions by Descartes, 'Les passions de I'äme' (1649),
Hobbes 'De homine' (1657), Spinoza 'Ethics' (1677) and Locke 'Human
U nderstanding' (1690), led German psychologists to classify these psychic
phenomena as somewhat vaguely related to feeling and to the baser appetitive
faculty (Begehrungsvermägen). The passions were ranged in accordance
with the exciting or depressing nature, the actual or simply imagined
presence of their external causes, and were taken to have a potential both
for good and for evil: see Johann Friedrich Zückert (1737-1778) 'Von den
Leidenschaften' (Berlin, 1764); c. J. Tissot (1750-1826) 'De 1'Influence des
Passions de l' Ame dans les Maladies' (Paris and Strassburg, 1798; Germ.
tr. J. G. Breiting, Liepzig, 1799); Max Dessoir 'Geschichte der Neueren
Deutschen Psychologie' (2nd ed. Berlin, 1902) pp. 439-445
Kant 'Anthropologie' (1798; Prussian Academy ed.) pt. I §§ 73-88 gave
the subject a clearer form by classifying the passions under the appetitive
faculty and the affections under feeling. This distinction was generally
accepted by eady nineteenth century German psychologists: J. G. C.
Kiesewetter (1766-1819) 'Erfahrungsseelenlehre' (2 pts. Vienna, 1817)
pt. I p. 319 for example, sees the irrational passion of motherhood as giving
rise to doting and molly-coddling, and the inclination to sexual love as giving
rise to natural and healthy love between parents and children. Gottlob
Ernst Schulze (1761-1833) 'Psychische Anthropologie' (3rd ed. Göttingen,
1826) § 203, like Hegel, recognizes that certain passions may give rise to
imbecility and derangement.
36 7, 13
See note 343, 34. Two cases in which people identified themselves with
Christ gained some publicity at that time: D. C. Ruggieri 'Geschichte der ...
zu Venedig ... vollzogenen Kreuzigung' (tr. J. H. G. Schlegel, Rudolstadt,
1807; 2nd ed. Meiningen, 1821); Ludwig Meyer 'Schwärmische Greuel-
scenen, oder Kreuzigungsgeschichte' (1823; 2nd ed. Zürich, 1824). On
identification with God, see T. Arnold (1742-1816) 'Observations on ...
Madness' (Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1784/8) I p. 123, Caelius Aurelianus (H. c.
450) 'De morbis acutis' (Amsterdam, 1755) 1,5, p.328.
36 7, 15
See notes 345, 8 and 383, 19. The barley-corn case is not simply an invention
of Hegel's: see his notes on psychology (1794) ed. Hoffmeister 'Materialien'
(1936) line 474. It was quite well-known that Leibniz's friend G. W.
Molanus (1633-1722), abbot of Loccum, "in the last years of his life,
imagined hirnself to be a badey-corn. He spoke quite rationally about
everything else, and with anyone who visited hirn, but the lord abbot com-
pletely refused to go out of doors, for fear he might be pecked up by chickens."
SeeJ. G. Zimmermann (1723-1795) 'Ueber die Einsamkeit' (4 pts. Leipzig,
1784/5) pt. II pp. 76/7. Johannes Broen (1660-1703) mentions a similar
case in his 'Animadversiones Medicae' (Leyden, 1695; 2nd ed. Naples,
1721) p. 142, "This explains why some of those suffering from melancholy,
when they happen to dwell upon a long nose, are persuaded that their own
nose is so long that all who come near them will bump into it; and why
others, who happen to concentrate upon butter, glass or corn (frumento),
imagine themselves to be like butter, glass or corn, and are therefore afraid
of fire, other people or chickens, imagining that they will be destroyed by
them."
369, 8
It is almost certain that the ultimate origin of this observation is Pinel's
'Traite' sect. IV no. II and sect. V no. 18: "I leave to the historian of the
revolution to paint, in its proper and odious colours, that most barbarous
600 • Heget' s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
and tyrannical measure which deprived infirmaries and hospitals of their

valuable endowments, and abandoned the diseased and the infirm to all the
vicissitudes of public fortune." Cf. J. C. Hoffbauer (1766-1827), 'Unter-
suchungen über die Krankheiten der Seele' (2 pts. Halle, 1802/3) pt. I pp.
176-8;J. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 177; Richard
Powell (1767-1834) 'Observations upon the comparative Prevalence of
Insanity at different Periods' ('Medical Transactions of the London College
of Physicians' vol. 4 pp. 131-59, 1813); G. M. Burrows (1771-1846) 'An
Inquiry into ... Insanity' (London, 1820; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1822) p. 89,
"At the eventful era of the French revolution, and for some years after, the
lunatic establishments of France were inundated by the victims of that
great event." .
Richard Mead (1673-1754) evidently told J. G. Zimmermann (1728-
1795), see his 'Erfahrung in der Arzneiwissenschaft' (2 pts. Zürich 1763/4)
pt. II p. 439, that economic crises such as those associated with the South
Sea Company (17 I 1-172 I) had the effect of filling the madhouses of London
with a ftood of new patients: G. H. Richerz's (1756-1791) ed. of L. A.
Muratori 'Über die Einbildungskraft des Menschen' (2 pts. Leipzig, 1785)
pt. II pp. 54-5; Thomas Arnold (1742-1816) 'Observations ... on Mad-
ness' (1782/6; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1784/8) Germ. tr. pt. II p. 242; Hoff-
bauer op. cit. vol. 3 p. 134 (Halle, 1807). Richard HaIe (1670-1728) seems
to have been the ultimate originator of this observation.
369, I I
Nothing as comprehensive as the analysis of the psychological effect of
religion in Robert Burton's (1577- 1640) 'The Anatomy of Melancholy'
(Oxford, 1621) was available in German at this time. Joachim Friedrich
Lehzen (1735-1800) published a translation ofBenjamin's Fawcett's (1725-
1780) 'Observations on... Religious Melancholy' (Shrewsbury, 1780) at
Leipzig in 1785 however, and this work opened up a field of psychological
enquiry which was weIl established in Germany by the time Hegel was
lecturing at Berlin: see 'Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen über Melancho-
lische, besonders über die religiöse Melancholie. Von einem Prediger am
Zuchthause zu T." (Leipzig, 1799); F. L. H. Bird (1793-1851) 'Über
Religiöse Melancholie' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für Anthropologie' sect. I p.
228, 1823; sect. 4 p. 279, 1826); J. K. Mezger 'Einige Vorlesungen über
religiöse Schwärmerei' (Aarau, 1819);J. B. Friedreich (1796-1862) 'Versuch
einer Literärgeschichte der ... psychischen Krankheiten' (Würz burg, 1830)
pp. 625-35; 'Systematische Literatur der... Psychologie' (Berlin, 1833)
pp. 258-60; S. Kornfeld 'Geschichte der Psychiatrie' in T. Puschmann's
'Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin' vol. 3 pp. 657-8 (Jena, 1905). Cf.
note 383, 36.
370, 20
For 'Sehr heiße' read 'Eine sehr heiße.'
37 1,8
Several cases of this kind were recorded by C. P. Moritz (1757-1793)
and C. F. Pockels (1757-1814) in their 'Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelen-
kunde' (10 vols. Berlin, 1783-1794) I ii p. 10, III iii p. 35, VI iii p. 47, and
were given a wider currency by Alexander Crichton (1763-1856), who
quoted them in his 'Inquiry into ... Mental Derangement' (2 vols. London,
1798; Germ. t? 1798, 18°9, 1810) val. II pp. 2°5-19. Since many other
such cases were cited in the psychiatrie works of the time, it 'may be of
interest to quote at length that given in the 'Magazine' in vol. VI, pt. iii
pp. 47-51. In December 1786, a certain Catherine Hausierin (b. 1741) of
Donauworth had been married for twelve years to a husband who. had
always treated her severely and who had recently beaten her for stealing
milk: "After this treatment she went to bed, trembling for fear, and dreading
worse usage the next day. Her daughter, a little girl about seven years old,
came to her bedside, and prayed with her. She had formed the resolution
of leaving her husband, and asked her daughter if she would stay with her
father. This the girl refused to do, as she was afraid of him. After praying
devoutly, early in the morning, she left her husband's house, and took her
daughter along with her, and also her infant, which was only two months
and a half old. As she was about to depart, she again asked her daughter
if she would not rather live with her father; but the girl answered that she
would rather die. The thoughts which this answer occasioned in the mother's
mind, the misery and distress which surrounded her, the fear of what might
happen to her children in case she died, and, at the same time, her own
ardent wish to finish her existence, all these things caused her to form the
barbarous resolution of drowning them. The infant she took in her arms,
and being arrived at the border of the Danube, she caused her daughter to
kneel down and pray to God to deserve a good death. She then tied the
infant in the arms of the girl, blessed them by making the sign of the cross
on them, and threw them into the river. She afterwards returned to the
village and told what she had done."
Cf.]. C. Spurzheim (1776-1832) 'Observations on ... Insanity' (London,
1817; Germ. tr. Hamburg, 1818) pp. 180-6; J. C. Prichard (1786-1848)
'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 384-99; Alexander Watson
(1799-1879) 'A Medico-Legal Treatise on Homicide by External Violence'
(Edinburgh, 1837); J. B. Friedreich (1796-1862) 'Systematische Literatur
der ... Psychologie' (Berlin, 1833) pp. 400- J.
G. I. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Unterhaltungen über ... Träume und Ahn-
dungen' (1800) pp. 139-40, records the case of a man who, because he,
"wanted to be a second Abraham", slaughtered all his children; cf. Kierke-
gaard 'Frygt og Breven' (Copenhagen, 1843).
37 1, 15
Pinel 'Traite' (1801) sect. I no. 5: "I cannot here avoid giving my most
decided suffrage in favour of the moral qualities of maniacs. I have no where
met, excepting in romances, with fonder husbands, more affectionate
parents, more impassioned lovers, more pure and exalted patriots, than in
the lunatic asylum, during their intervals of calmness and reason. A man of
sensibility may go there every day of his life, and witness scenes of in-
describable tenderness associated with most estimable virtue." Emphasis
upon the moral qualities of maniacs was, as Hegel notes (331, 18), central
to Pinel's revolutionary approach to mental derangement, and contrasts
sharply with the general eighteenth century attitude.
Hegel seems to have come across this passage in Pinel's book itself. The
periodic plight of his sister and the fate of Hölderlin may have caused him
to take particular note of it: Rosenkranz 'Hegel's Leben' 1844 pp. 424-5;
W. Treher 'Hegels Geisteskrankheit oder das verborgene Gesicht der
Geschichte' (Emmendingen, 1969) pp. 193-5. Cf. G. Schmidt 'über den
Seelenreiz' (Berlin, 1803) p. 167; C. C. E. Schmid's 'Anthropologisches
Journal' vol. 4 no. i pp. 156-67 (Jena, 1804).
371, 22
For general considerations of the influence of the seasons, times of day
and atmospheric conditions upon mental derangement: Thomas Forster
(1790-1845) 'Observations on ... Insanity' (London, 1817; Germ. tr.
Leipzig, 1822); Franz Amelung (1798-1849) 'über den Einfluß der
Atmosphäre' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' 1826 pt. 2 pp.
201-8); M. Allen 'Cases ofInsanity' (London, 1831) pp. 13-131. Cf. Phil.
Nat. §§ 287,361, Phil. Sub. Sp. §§ 391-2.
Michael Wagner (1756-1821), in his German edition of Pinel's book, see
'Philosophisch-medicinische Abhandlungen über Geistesverirrungen oder
Manie' (Vienna, 180 I) makes the following observation in a note (p. 325):
"I noticed in the Viennese madhouse this year, that nearly all the insane
became unsettled during the solstice. The epileptic attacks were more
frequent during July and at the beginning of August; some of the insane
became recidivous and nearly all became restless. I t was only the weather
that was constantly changing, the thermometer and the barometer showed
no marked fluctuations. - One also noticed a certain restlessness in the
insane when there was a thunderstorm on the way." Pinel (sect. I no. 3,
sect. VI no. 20) notes that one should be careful about releasing patients
during periods of extreme heat or cold since they are then most likely to
lapse into their former illness. This blending of Wagner's notes and Pinel's
observations, and the fact that Hege! took some of his information concern-
ing Pinel's book from J. C. Reil's 'Rhapsodieen' (note 361 , 9) probably
accounts for the uncertainty in 39, 36.
Beat was generally recognized as tending to augment and aggravate
mental derangement: see Joseph Mason Cox (1762-1822) 'Practical Ob-
servations on Insanity' (2nd ed. London, 1806; Germ. tr. Halle, 1811) case
X p. 92 (a young woman of 22): "At the elose of one of the hottest days in
July, after a long ramble over rugged steeps, precipices and mountains,
in one of the most romantic parts of North Wales, a peasant found her,
seated on a hillock, exhibiting all the usual symptoms of furious madness,
surrounded by fragments of plants and drawings, making the most frantic
gesticulations, vociferating with great vehemence, and spouting parts of
Shakespeare." Cf. J. C. Prichard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity'
(London, 1835) p. 203, "It has been observed that cooks and other persons
exposed, in consequence of their employments, to great heat, are for this
cause occasionally affected with mania." Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759-1822)
'Abhandlung über den Wahnsinne' (1793; Germ. tr. 3 pts. Leipzig, 1795)
pt. III p. 655.
Cold was often observed to be a matter of indifference to the deranged
however, see John Haslam (1764-1844) 'Observations on Madness and
Melancholy' (2nd ed. London, 1809) p. 84, "Of the power which maniacs
possess of resisting cold, the belief is general, and the histories which are on
record are truly wonderful: it is not my wish to disbelieve, nor my intention
to dispute them; it is proper, however, to state that the patients in Bethlem
Hospital possess no such exemption from the effects of severe cold." John
Edmonds Stock (1774-1835) 'An Inaugural Essay on the Effects of Cold
upon the Human Body' (Philadelphia, 1797), 'Medical Collections on the
Effects of Cold as a Remedy in certain Diseases' (London, 1806), basing his
theoretical reasoning upon the Brunonian system (Phi!. Nat. III. 379-80) ,
even advocated its use in curing derangement.
37 1 ,24
165-8: "Idiotism and imbecility are observed in childhood, but insanity,
properly so termed, is rare before the age of puberty." Cf. Andrew Harper
(d. c. 1830) 'A Treatise on ... Insanity' (London, 1789; Germ. tr. Marburg,
1792) p. 23; Kant 'Anthropologie' (1798) § 53.
The connection between insanity and mature sexual desires and activity
was widely recognized at this time. P. J. G. Cabanis (1757-1808) 'Traite de
... l'Homme' (Paris, 1802; Germ. tr. Halle, 1824) 1.369 mentions castration
as a means ofpreventing madness, V. Chiarugi (1759-1822) 'Della pazzia'
(Florence, 1793; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1795) p. 300 recommends sexual
604 . Heget' s Philosophy of the Subjective Spirit
intercourse as a means of curing it. Cf. Reil 'Rhapsodieen' (1803) pp. 185,
261, 349.
Reil (op. cit. p. 261) and F. A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808)
II p. 332 regard childhood in general as being comparatively free of mental
disturbanees. If Hegel is retailing this view, he is certainly mistaken: J. E.
Greding (1718-1775) 'Medicinisch-chirurgische Schriften' (Altenburg,
1781) 1.280; W. Perfect (1740-1789) 'Annals of Insanity' (1803) no. 62;
R. W. M. Jacobi (1775-1858) 'Sammlungen für die Heilkunde der Gemüth-
skrankheiten' (Elberfeld, 1822); G. H. Schubert 'Die Geschichte der Seele'
(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1830) pp. 405-6.
37 1, 27
Pinel 'Traite' (1801) sect. I no. 5:" Menofrobustconstitutions, ofmature
years, with black hair, and susceptible of strong and violent passions,
appear to retain the same character when visited by this most distressing of
human misfortunes (maniacal paroxysms). Their ordinary energy is en-
hanced into outrageous fury. Violence, on the other hand, is seldom char-
acteristic of the paroxysms of individuals of more moderate passions, with
brown or auburn hair. Nothing is more common than to see men, with light
coloured hair, sink into soothing and pleasurable reveries; whereas it seldom
or never happens that they become furious or unmanageable. Their pleasing
dreams, however, are at length overtaken by and lost amid the gloom of an
incura ble fa tui ty. "
Cf. R. W. M. Jacobi (1775-1858) 'Sammlungen für die Heilkunde der
Gemüthskrankheiten' (Elberfeld, 1822) I p. 298;J. C. Prichard (1786-1848)
'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) p. 169.
37 I, 3 I
For Hegel's treatment of the purely physiological aspect of the nervous
system, see Phil. Nat. § 354. As has already been noticed (note 331, 18),
such members of the somatic school as T. A. Ruland (1776-1846) and L.
Buzorini (1801-1854) attempted to reduce all forms of derangement to
neurological considerations. AIthough Hegel evidently saw the potential
of such an endeavour, he probably realized that anatomical neurology itself
was in too primitive astate to facilitate much of an advance in this direction,
and naturally feit obliged to call attention to the limited applicability of
anatomy at this level.
373,10
The meaning of this remark is perfectly clear if we look at the empirical
methods of the would-be theoretical psychiatrists of Hegel's day, which
closely resembled those apparent in the early papers of the Royal Society.
The best German work for getting a comprehensive view of what Hegel has
in mind here is P. J. Schneider's (1791-1871) 'Entwurf zu einer Heilmittel-

lehre gegen psychischen Krankheiten, oder Heilmittel in Beziehung auf
psychische Krankheitsformen' (Tübingen, 1824), in which the remedies
available are classified as either 'antagonistic', 'antiphlogistic', 'narcotic'
or 'exciting'. Insight into the corresponding British attitude may be gained
from John Haslam's (1764-1844) 'Observations on Insanity' (2nd ed.
London, 1809). See also Andrew Marshal's (1742-1813) 'The Morbid
Anatomy of the Brain' (London, 1815), which contains detailed accounts of
the post mortem operations carried out at the Bethlehem Hospital.
Case-histories were simply listed und er the headings of certain remedies,
- arsenic, belladonna, camphor, digitalis, opium, vinegar; blisters, setons,
blood-letting, purging, vomiting, castration ; cold-bathing, electricity,
hunger, the swing, journeys, music, etc. etc. etc. There was quite clearly
little point in attempting to elicit a dialectical structure from such astate
of affairs.
373, 13
From 1728 until 1816 the position of physician to the Bethlehem Hospital
was held by the Monro dynasty: J ames (1680- 1752), J ohn (17 I 5-179 I) and
Thomas (1759-1833). According to the constitution ofthe establishment, 'the
physician was to attend the said Hospital every Monday and Wednesday,
to examine and prescribe for the patients': 'The Report of the Select Com-
mittee' (London, 1792) p. 44; 'Standing Rules and Orders for the Govern-
ment of... Bethlem' (London, 1792; French tr. Paris, 1799). After 1770 the
public were no longer allowed in to view the patients for entertainment.
Rumours began to circulate as to the way in which the hospital was being
run, and Thomas Bowen feit obliged to assure the general public that,
"Such is the comfortable subsistence, kind treatment, and able medical aid
which the patients here meet with, that many who are intimately acquainted
with the conduct of the house have declared, that if ever God should be
pleased to visit them with insanity, Bethlem Hospital is the place into which
they would wish to be admitted' : 'An Historical Account of. .. Bethlem
Hospital' (London, 1783) p. 12. In 1804 however, the condition ofthe build-
ing was found to be so dangerous that it was decided that only those patients
who had already been petitioned for should be admitted : 'Proceedings of
the Committee and Reports from Surveyors respecting the State of Bethlem
Hospital' (London, 1805). Parliament authorized the erection of a new
building in 1810, and it was finally opened in August 1815.
A Committee of the House of Commons investigated the running of
the hospital in 1815, and Hegel is evidently referring to its findings. Dr.
Thomas Monro, who had been visiting physician since 1783, gave evidence
as follows: "Patients are ordered to be bled about the latter end of May,
according to the weather; and after they have been bled, they take vomits,
once a week for a certain number of weeks; after that we purge the patients.
That has been the practice invariably for years long before my time; it was
handed down to me by my father, and I do not know any better practice."
See J. B. Sharpe 'Report ... from the Committee appointed to consider ...
Madhouses in England' (pp. 411, London, 1815); D. H. Tuke 'Chapters in
the History ofthe Insane in the British Isles' (London, 1882) ch. 2; 'Quarterly
Review' vol. 15 pp. 387-417 (1816); Sydney Smith (1771-1845) in the
'Edinburgh Review' 1817 p. 443. John Haslam (1764-1844), who had been
resident apothecary at the hospital since 1795 also gave evidence in 1816.
His 'Observations on Insanity' (London, 1798; 2nd ed. 1809; Germ. tr.
Stendal, 1800) give a good idea of the methods of cure used at Bethlehem
at that time. He evidently had his doubts as to the efficacy of purging, "Es
ist seit vielen Jahren Gebrauch im Bethlem-Hospital, den heilbaren Kranken
im Frühlinge jedes Jahres vier oder fünf Brechmittel zu geben; aber ich
habe bey dem Nachschlagen meines Krankenbuches nicht gefunden, daß
Kranke von dem Gebrauche dieses Mittels besondern Nutzen gehabt
haben." (Germ. tr. p. 92). Cf. John Monro (1715-1791) 'Remarks on Dr.
Battie's Treatise on Madness' (London, 1758).
Hegel is evidently mistaken in accusing Monro of pluralism.
It is, perhaps, of interest to note that a few years after this Parliamentary
investigation, the question arose as to whether or not it was expedient to
appoint a resident chaplain at the Bethlehem-Hospital, and that in the
ensuing debate the importance of the moral treatment advocated by Hegel was
emphasized, and Pinel was quoted at length: see, 'Bethlem Hospital. A
Letter to the President, upon the state of the question, as to the expediency
of appointing a resident chaplain. From a Governor' (London, 1819);
'Bethlem-Hospital. Chaplaincy Appointment. A second postscript to a
letter to the president upon the state of this question' (London, 1820).
373, 19
This mistake almost certainly originated in Hegel's faulty note-taking
while reading ]. M. Cox's (1762-1822) 'Praktische Bemerkungen über
Geisteszerrüttung' (London, 1804; 2nd ed. 1806; Germ. tr. A. H. Bertels-
man, Halle, 181 I; Fr. tr. L. Odier, Geneva, 1816), Eng. 2nd ed. pp. 96-7,
Germ. tr. p. 112 (Case XI), "Es ist wohl bekannt, daß Vater Mobillon (sic)
dem Trepanieren eine plötzliche Zunahme seiner Geisteskräfte verdankte.
Man erzählt, daß ein Sohn des neulich verstorbenen berühmten Dr. Priest-
ley, durch einen Fall aus einem Fenster, vom Blödsinn wieder hergestellt
wurde."
Cox was referring to J ean Mabillon (1632-1707), the Benedictine scholar,
who was said to have been dull-witted until he fractured his skull by falling
down stairs at the age oftwenty six: see]. C. Prichard (1786-1848) 'Treatise
on Diseases of the Nervous System' (London, 18 I 2) p. 458. Thierry Ruinart
(1657-1709) 'Abrege de la vie de dom Jean Mabillon' (Paris, 1709) pp.

22-36 gives a somewhat different account of Mabillon's intellectual dis-
ability however; cf. 'Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexikon' vol. 9 col. 19
(Halle and Leipzig, 1739). Bernard de Montfaucon (1655-1741), far from
being dull-witted in his youth, was something of an infant prodigy.
Despite the unfortunate example he gives, Hegel is justified in calling
attention to such cases, many of which were common currency in the text-
books ofthe time: see M. Wagner (1756-1821) 'Beiträge zur Philosophischen
Anthropologie' (2 vols. Vienna, 1794/6) vol. I pp. 26516; Georg Thom
(1757-1808) 'Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen aus der Arznei-Wundarznei-
und Entbindungswissenschaft' (Frankfurt, 1799); G. I. Wenzel (1754-
1809) 'Menschenlehre oder System einer Anthropologie' (Linz and Leipzig,
1802) p. 195. D. Tiedemann (1748-1803) 'Handbuch der Psychologie'
(Leipzig, 1804) pt. II 84; J. C. Hoffbauer (1766-1827) 'Untersuchungen
über die Krankheiten der Seele' (pt. 3 Halle, 1807); J. C. Prichard 'A
Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 209-27; F. B. Winslow (1810---
1874) 'On obscure Diseases ofthe Brain and Disorders ofthe Mind' (London,
1860) pp. 457-9.
373,26
For instances of cures effected by means of these remedies, see P. J.
Schneider (1791-1871) 'Entwurf zu einer Heilmittellehre' (Tübingen,
1824) p. 231 - blood-letting; J. P. Frank (1745-1821) 'Kleine Schriften
praktischen Inhaltes' (Vienna, (797) p. 266 - purging ; J. M. Cox (1762-
1822) 'Practical Observations on Insanity' (2nd ed. London, 1806; Germ.
tr. Halle, 181 I) pp. 139-48 - plunge-bathing.
Cf. J. B. Friedreich 'Versuch einer Literärgeschichte' (Würzburg, 1830)
pp. 338-83; 'Systematische Literatur der Psychologie' (Berlin, 1833) pp.
176- 2 35.
375, 13
Hegel is here referring to what was generally called 'the moral treatment
of insanity.' Pinel gives a full account of it in section two of his 'Traite'
(180 I). As he acknowledges, he owed some debt to British doctors, to the
widely publicized successes of Francis Willis (1718-1807) for example, and
to the writings of Richard Fowler (1765-1863), whose essay upon his
establishment in Scotland he praises for, 'les princpes les plus purs et les plus
eleves de la philanthropie, tres-heureusement appliques au traitement moral
de la manie'.
This 'moral treatment' involved paying less attention to medicines, drugs,
purgatives, emetics, camphor, opium, cold baths, blood-Ietting, blistering
pIasters, setons, swings etc.: see the account of the methods then in use
in the Bethlehem Hospital given by John Haslam (1764-1844) in his
'Observations on Insanity' (London, 1798; Germ. tr. Stendal, 1800), and
G08 . Hege!' s Philosophy of Suhjectir'e Spirit
emphasizing the importance of kindliness, tact, cleanliness and humanity

in the treatment of the insane. Pi ne! gives the following account of the
French physician who had the greatest influence upon hirn in this respect,
"The gentleman to whom was committed the chief management of the
hospital, exercised towards all that were placed und er his protection, the
vigilance of a kind and affectionate parent. Accustomed to reflect, and
possessed of great experience, he was not deficient either in the knowledge
or execution of the duties of his office. He never lost sight of the principles
of a most genuine philanthropy. He paid great attention to the diet of the
house, and left no opportunity for murrnur or discontent on the part of the
most fastidious. He exercised a strict discipline over the conduct of the
domestics, and punished, with severity, every instance of ill treatment, and
every act of violence, of which they were guilty towards those whom it was
merely their duty to serve. He was both esteemed and feared by every
maniac; for he was mild, and at the same time inflexibly firm. In a word,
he was master of every branch of his art, from its simplest to its most com-
plicated principles - . Such are the materials upon which my principles of
moral treatment are founded."
See: A. Walk 'Some aspects of the "moral treatment" of the insane up to
1850' ('Journal of Mental Science' vol. 100 pp. 807-837, 1954); E. T.
Carlson and N. Dain 'The Psychotherapy that was moral treatment'
('AmericanJournal ofPsychiatry' vol. 117 pp. 519-24, 1960); W. F. Bynum
'Rationales for Therapy in British Psychiatry 1780-1835' ('Medical History'
vol. 18 pp. 317-34, 1974).
375, 16
William Cullen (1710- 1790), in his 'First Lines of the Practice of Physic'
(4th ed. 4 vols. Edinburgh, 1784) vol. IV pp. 153-4 advocated the heating
of the insane und er certain circumstances: "Fear, being a passion that
diminishes excitement, may therefore be opposed to the excess of it; and
particularly to the angry and irascible excitement of maniacs ... This awe
and dread is therefore, by one means or another, to be acquired; ... some-
times it may be necessary to acquire it even by stripes and blows." John
Haslam (1764-1844) criticizes hirn for this, and is in fuH agreement with
Pine! and Hege! on the point, "It has been recommended by very high
medical authority, to inflict corpora I punishment upon maniacs, with a
view of rendering them rational by impressing terror. What success may
have followed such disgraceful and inhuman treatment I have not yet
learned, nor should I be desirous of meeting with any one who could give
me the information. If the patient be so far deprived of understanding, as to
be insensible why he is punished, such correction, setting aside its cruelty,
is manifestly absurd ... It should be the great object of the superintendant
to gain the confidence of the patient, and to awaken in hirn respect and
Notes to Volume T wOr: Anthropology • 609
obedience: but it will readily be seen, that such confidence, obedience, and
respect, can only be procured by superiority of talents, discipline of temper,
and dignity of manners. Imbecility, misconduct, and empty consequence,
although enforced with the most tyrannical severity, may excite fear, but
this will always be mingled with contempt." 'Observations on Insanity'
(London, 1798 Germ. tr. Stendal, 1800) pp. 122-5 (Germ. tr. p. 79-81).
375,21
Gox op. cit. (1806) pp. 98-g, Gase XIII, "Mr. - , an ingenious mechanic,
aged 26, sanguineous temperament prone to excesses, especially in sacrificing
at the shrines of both Venus and Bacchus ... after a week of constant riot
and intoxication became insane ... His mechanical skill was most ingeniously
applied, and his success in removing bolts, locks etc. was inconceivable ...
He one night opened the roof of his chamber and scaled the top of the
house, but, by some accident he fell from a wall ten feet high, bruised his
head. .. Though only the day before the accident he was most furiously
insane, no marks of the disease were now obvious, nor could a trace of
mental alienation be discovered ... He now became a very reformed char-
acter, is a great comfort to his friends, and a valuable member of society."
375,27
J ohann Gottfried Langermann (1768-1832) was born in Maxen near
Dresden. His intellectual potential attracted the attention of court-marshal
von Schönberg, who arranged for hirn to be educated at the Kreuzschule in
Dresden and introduced hirn to learned and polite society. In 1789 he went
up to Leipzig University to read law, his tory and philosophy, and after
finishing these studies took a post as resident tutor in the horne of a Leipzig
merchant. It was then that he began to take an interest in the natural
sciences, and in 1794 he eventually decided to study medicine at Jena. At
the University he heard Hufeland, Loder, Stark, GöttIing, Scherer and
Fichte, and mayaIso have come into contact with Goethe and Schiller.
On 24th June 1797 he defended his thesis 'De methodo cognoscendi
curandique animi morbus stabilienda' (Jena, 1797): see J. B. Friedreich
'Literärgeschichte' (Würzburg, 1830) pp. 596-9; T. Puschmann 'Handbuch
der Geschichte der Medizin' (Jena, 1905) vol. III pp. 655-6; 'Neues
Journal der Erfindungen, Theorien und Widersprüche' vol. II pt. 3 p. 222;
'Med. chir. Zeit.' vol. IV p. 394, 1801. In this work he shows hirnself to be
a disciple ofG. E. Stahl (1660-1734) in that he accepts matter as being in-
capable of animation, and takes the soul and not the body to be the initiating
factor in all psychic phenomena. He wants psychiatry to be founded ex-
clusively on observation and induction, and realizes that this will require
a new and more effective method of classification, which he then attempts
to formulate. Though he emphasizes the central importance of the soul in
6 10 • Hegel' s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
diagnosis, he also advocates careful attention to the bodily condition of the

patients.
He taught in a medical college for a few years after leaving Jena, and in
1805 was appointed director of the St. Georgen Lunatic Asylum at Bay-
reuth. At about the same time he published 'Ueber den gegenwärtigen
Zustand der psychischen Heilmethode der Geisteskrankheiten und über
die erste zu Bayreuth errichtete psychische Heilanstalt' ('Medicinisch
chirurgische Zeitung' ed. J. J. Hartenkeil, Salzburg, 1805, vol. 4 no. 83
pp. 90-3). In this article he criticizes Pinel, together with the Brunonian
system and cranioscopy and says of his earlier work, "I believe I have
shown there, that no philosopher since Leibnitz and no physician since
Stahl has had a correct idea of the nature of psychic diseases, and that even
the recent mixture of success and failure in the attempts made by Willis
constitutes nothing more than such a blind and unmethodical experi-
mentation as was practised in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries."
Despite this criticism however, Hegel is right to notice the similarity between
Langermann's central ideas and those of Pinel. Langermann speaks here of,
"The power of the psychic forces in man, the possibility of deliberately
stimulating and guiding them where they are submerged beneath natural
necessity, until reason becomes dominant; the striving toward ethical
development, which can never be completely eradicated in any spiritual
disturbance, or at least the recognition of the morallaw which is traceable
even in the grea test depths of insani ty ... " etc.
The success of the institution at Bayreuth made hirn famous. In 1810 he
became a member of the Prussian Privy Council, with wide responsibilities
for the medical services of the kingdom, and from 1812 until 1825 was in
constant contact with Goethe: see Ludwig Geiger 'Ein wenig bekannter
Freund Goethes' ('Goethe Jahrbuch' vol. 24 pp. 256-61, 1903). In Berlin
he wrote very little, but he had a great personal influence, helped to found
the medical establishments at Siegburg and Leubus, reformed the veterinary
schools of Prussia, and took a particular interest in encouraging the young
to take up medicine.
K. W. Ideler (1795-1860): obituary notice in 'Medicinische Zeitung.
Herausgegeben von dem Verein für Heilkunde in Preussen' Ist year no. 15
pp. 67-8, Berlin 12th December 1832; 'Langermann und Stahl als Begründer
der Seelenheilkunde dargestellt' (Berlin, 1835); W. Leibbrand and A.
Wettley 'Der Wahnsinn' (Munich, 1961) pp. 499-502; Alfons Fischer
'Geschichte des Deutschen Gesundheitswesens' (2 vols. Hildesheim, 1965)
II.281-4; Martin Schrenk 'über den Umgang mit Geisteskranken' (Berlin,
1973) pp. 51-3 and 82-92.
377, 15
Pinel 'Traite' (1801) sect. II no. 23, "A young man, already depressed
by misfortune, lost his father, and in a few months after a mother, whom he
tenderly loved. The consequence was, that he sunk into a profound mel-
ancholy; and his sleep and appetite forsook hirn. To these symptoms
succeeded a most violent paroxysm of insanity. At a lunatic hospital,
whither he was conveyed, he was treated in the usual way, by copious and
repeated blood-letting, water and shower baths, low diet, and a rigorous
system of coercion. Little or no change appeared in the state of the symp-
toms. The same routine was repeated, and even tried a third time without
success, or rather with an exasperation of the symptoms. He was at last
transferred to the Asylum of Bicetre, and with hirn the character of a
dangerous maniac. The governor, far from placing implicit confidence in
the accuracy of this report, allowed hirn to remain at liberty in his own
apartment, in order more effectually to study his character and the nature
of bis derangement. The sombrous taciturnity of this young man, his great
depression, his pensive air, together with some broken sentences which were
heard to escape hirn on the subject of his misfortunes, afforded some insight
into the nature of his insanity. The treatment most suitable to his case was
evidently to console hirn, to sympathise with his misfortunes, and, after
having gradually obtained his esteem and confidence, to dweIl upon such
circumstances as were calculated to cheer his prospects and to encourage his
hopes. These means having been tried with some success, a circumstance
happened which appeared at once to give countenance and efficiency to the
consolatory conversations of the governor. His guardian, with a view to
make his life more comfortable, now thought proper to make small remit-
tances for his use; which he promised to repeat monthly. The first payment
dispeIled, in a great measure, his melancholy, and encouraged hirn to look
forward to better days. At length, he gradually recovered his strength. The
signs ofgeneral strength appeared in his countenance. His bodily functions were
performed with regularity, and reason resumed her empire over his mind."
377,3 1
Francis Willis (1718-1807) became famous throughout Europe on account
of his handling of George III during the 1788{9 crisis and of Queen Maria
of Portugal at about the same time, aIthough it is doubtful whether his
success involved any technique other than the exercise of his character. The
Willis manuscripts provide a vivid examplefrom April{May 1801 ofthe sort
of situation Hegel probably had in mind in respect of George III, "On the
King getting sight of me he seemed surprised and would have hastily passed
and escaped out of the room but I prevented hirn ... I spoke to hirn at once
of his situation and the necessity there was that he should be immediately
under control again. His Majesty sat down, turning very pale and ... looking
very sternly at me exclaimed 'Sir, I will never forgive you whilst I live"
(British Museum Add. mss. 41692-3).
See Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter 'George III and the Mad-
Business' (London, 1969); note 383, 31.
379, 16
Pinel 'Traite' (1801) sect. II no. 24, uses this case in order to illustrate
the truth of the following statement made by Gaspard Charles Delarive
(1770-1834) in a letter written from London on Ist July 1798, and pub-
lished in the 'Bibliotheque Britannique' vol. 8 pp. 300-27, 'Dans le traite-
ment moral, on ne consirlere pas les fous comme absolument prives de
raison, c'est-a-dire, comme inaccessibles aux motifs de crainte, d'esperance,
de sentimens d'honneur... Il faut les subjuguer d'abord, les encourager
ensuite.' This letter is translated in full and published as an appendix in
M. Wagner's translation of Pinel's work (Vienna, 1801) pp. 376-409.
D. D. Davis (1777-1841) translates Pinel's account as follows: "A gentle-
man, the father of a respectable family, lost his property in the revolution,
and with it all his resources. His calamities soon reduced hirn to astate of
insanity ... Never did a maniac give greater scope to his extravagance. His
pride was incompressible and his pomposity most laughably ridiculous. To
strut about in the character of the prophet Mahomet, whom he believed
hirnself to be, was his greatest delight. He attacked and struck at everybody
that he met with in his walks, and commanded their instant prostration and
homage. He spent the best part of the day in pronouncing sentences of
proscriptions and death upon different persons, especially the servants and
keepers who waited upon hirn ... He was desired to be peaceable and quiet.
Upon his disobedience, he was ordered to be put into the strait-waistcoat,
and to be confined to his cell for an hour, in order to make hirn feel his
dependence. Soon after his detention, the governor paid hirn a visit, spoke
to hirn in a friendly tone, mildly reproved hirn for his disobedience, and
expressed his regret that he had been compelled to treat hirn with any
degree of severity. His maniacal violence returned again the next day. The
same means of coercion were repeated. He promised to conduct hirnself
more peaceably; but he relapsed again a third time ... The governor ...
ordered hirn to immediate confinement, which he declared should likewise
be perpetual, pronounced this ultimate determination with great emphasis,
and solemnly assured hirn, that, for the future, he would be inexorable ...
His repeated and earnest solicitations were treated with levity and de-
rision. But in consequence of a concerted plan between the governor and
his lady, he again obtained his liberty on the third day after his confine-
ment. I t was granted hirn on his expressly engaging to the governess, who
was the ostensible means of his enlargement, to restrain his passions and by
that means to skreen her from the displeasure of her husband for an act of
unreasonable kindness. Mter this ... when he could with difficulty suppress
his maniacal propensities, a single look from the governess was sufficient to
Notes to Volurne Two: Anthropology· 613
bring him to his recollection... His insane propensities and recollections
gradually, and at length, entirely disappeared. In six months he was com-
pletely restored. This very respectable gentleman is now indefatigably
engaged in the recovery of his injured fortune."
379, 29
Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1738) told his nephew Abraham Kaauw
Boerhaave (1715-1758) of this case, and the latter's account of it in his
'Impetum faciens dictum Hippocrati per corpus consentiens' (Leyden,
1745) § 406, p. 355 is the ultimate source of Hegel's information: 'Scilicet,
praemonitis ephoris, praesentibus omnibus, jussit per cameram disponi
fornaces portabiles, prunis ardentibus instructas, atque iis imponi ferreos
hamulos, ad certam figuram adaptatos, tum ita mandavit; quia omnia
frustra forent, sese aliud nescire remedium, quam, ut qui primus, puer
foret vel puella, infausto morbi paroxysmo arriperetur, locus quidam nudati
brachii candente ferro ad os usque inureretur, utque gravitate pollebat
dicendi, perterriti omnes ad crudele remedium, dum instare sentiunt
paroxysmum, omni mentis intentione, & metu dolorificae inustionis, eidem
resistunt fortioris oblatione ideae: & certe, quantum valeat hic ab objecto
animae intentae revulsio, docet epilepsia diversis modis curata, ut quidem
ipse terror (a) eandem sustulerit, febris epidemica (b), quartana (c),
ptyalismus (d), matrimonium (e), virga (f).'
This took place in the town orphanage at Haarlem. Both boys and girls were
affected. It was evidently a case of contagious hysteria, no epilepsy in the
modern sense of the word seems to have been involved.
G. H. Schubert (1780-1860) mentions the case in 'Die Geschichte der
Seele' (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1830) p. 8Il, and says that it was 'fre-
quently cited', but 1 have been unable to trace any other contemporary
references to it. Cf. G. A. Lindeboom 'Boerhaave in het weeshuis' ('Neder-
lands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde' Jaargang 102, no. 24, 14thJune 1958);
B. P. M. Schulte 'The Concepts of Boerhaave on Psychic Function and
Psychopathology' in G. A. Lindeboom 'Boerhaave and his Time' (Leiden,
1970) pp. 93-10 1.
379,34
Hegel probably first noticed this case in the account of it given by J. C.
Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 339. It was widely quoted
in the general nosological works and textbooks of the time, most of which
giveJoseph Raulin (1708-1784), 'Traite des Affections vaporeuses du Sexe'
(Paris, 1759) sect. 3 ch. i p. 125 as their source: 'Le fameux Nicole racontait
que toutes les filles d'une Communaute tres-nombreuse etoient saisies tous
les jours a la meme heure d'un acces tres singulier de vapeurs. 11 se mani-
festoit par un miaulement general ou toutes avoient part, et qui duroit plusieurs
heures au grand scandale du Couvent, jusqu'a ce qu'on l'eut fait cesser;

on verra dans la cure les moyens que l'on prit a cet effet .. .' Raulin cites
Nicole 'Naturalisme des convulsions' (Soleure, 1733) as his source, but I
have been unable to trace the work.
379,36
For other cases of contagious epilepsy, often involving women and girls,
see G. H. Schubert (1780-1860) 'Die Geschichte der Seele' (Stuttgart and
Tübingen, 1830) pp. 810, 811, 834.
381, 28
This method of cure became widely known on the continent on account of
Pinel's having mentioned it: see 'Traite' (1801) p. 62, Germ. tr. (1801) p. 67,
Eng. tr. (1806) p. 64; cf. J. C. Hoffbauer (1766-1827) 'Psychologische
Untersuchungen' (1807) pp. 334-8. He knew ofit from an artide published
by Gaspard Charles Delarive (1770-1834) of Geneva, 'Sur un nouvel
establissement pour la guerison des alienes' ('Bibliotheque Britannique'
vol. I pp. 300-27, Geneva, 1798), "Cette idee d'employer les fous a labourer
la terre pour les guerir, n'est pas nouvelle. Le Dr. Gregory raconte qu'un
fermier dans le Nord de l'Ecosse avoit acquis une assez grande reputation
dans l'art de guerir la folie. 11 n'entendoit rien a la Medecine, mais c'etoit un
homme de bon sens tres vigoreux et assez brutal. Sa methode consistoit
simplement a occuper ses maladies a cultiver ses terres, les uns lui servoient
de domestiques de campagne, les autres de betes de somme; illes atteloit a
sa herse et a sa charrue, apres les avoir reduit a l'obeissance la plus complete
par une voIee de coups qu'il leur donnoit au premier acte d<:. rebellion"
(pp. 32 5-6).
Delarive studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh from 1795
until 1798. During the Winter Terms 1795/6, 1796/7 and 1797/8 he attended
the lectures given by James Gregory (1753-1821), and it was evidently
there that he heard about the Scottish farmer: see 'Names of the Students
attending the Lectures on the Practice of Medicine in the University of
Edinburgh 1790-1812' (James Gregory ms. Univ. Edin. Lib.) pp. 56, 67.
Unfortunately, the records we have of Gregory's lectures provide us with
no dues as to the identity of the farmer: see William Robertson 'Gregory's
Lectures on the Practice of Physic' (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1798; ms. Univ.
Edin. Lib. Dc. 7. 119) vol. 11 p. 697, "Maniacs have been cured by being
employed at hard labour and great exercise, this will assist them in recovering
the proper train oftheir thoughts. AJourney is good, a great deal more is to
be made by gende means than by any remedies. A maniac is never perfectly
cured." Cf. J. H. Goetze 'Notes on the Practice of Physic taken in Dr.
Gregory's Lectures - Edinburgh in 1803-4-1808' (ms. Univ. Edin. Lib.
20822) p. 496.
The situation with regard to the treatment of the insane in the north of
Scotland was improved by the opening of the Northern Infirmary at Inver-
ness in 1804. On other curious Scottish methods of dealing with insanity,
see Robert Heron (1764-1807) 'Observations made in a Journey through
the Western Counties of Scotland' (2 vols. Perth, 1793) vol. I pp. 282-4;
J. G. Dalyell (1775-1851) 'The Darker Superstitions of Scotland' (Edin-
burgh, 1834) p. 82; Arthur Mitchell 'On Various Superstitions in the
North-West Highlands and islands of Scotland, especially in relation to
Lunacy' ('Proceedings ofthe Antiquarian Society ofScotland' vol. iv, 1862).
]. C. W. Wendt (1778-1838) of Copenhagen and A. L. E. Horn (1774-
1848) of Berlin developed special methods of therapy for the insane as the
result ofPinel's having pointed out the value ofbodily exercise; cf.]. C. Reil
(1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) p. 244; ]. C. Prichard (1786-
1848) 'A Treatise in Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 292-6.
381 ,35
J oseph Mason Cox (1762-1822) studied at Leyden, where he was awarded
his doctorate on 18th July 1787 after having defended a thesis 'De Mania'
(Lugd. Bat. 1787). Soon afterwards he published an article on the efficacy
of Digitalis in curing insanity: see Andrew Duncan (1744-1828) 'Medical
and Philosophical Commentaries' vol. IV p. 261; 'Medicinische Comment.
von einer Gesellschaft Aerzte zu Edinburgh' (Altenburg, 1792) 2nd decad.
vol. IV p. 5; 'Medicinisch chirurgische Zeitung' vol. IV p. 141, 1794. He
evidently ran a private lunatic asylum at Fishponds near Bristol. It was his
'Practical Observations on Insanity; in which so me Suggestions are offered
towards an improved Mode of treating Diseases of the Mind, and some
Rules proposed which it is hoped may lead to a more Humane and successful
Method of Cure: to which are subjoined, Remarks on Medical Juris-
prudence as connected with Diseased IntelIect' (London, 1804) which
brought hirn farne. Two further English editions were published (1806,
1813), it was well reviewed in the 'Göttingsche gelehrte Anzeigen' 1809
nos. 163, 164, the 'Med. chir. Zeit.' vol. 4 pp. 297-305, 1812, and the
'Halle allg. Lit. Zeit.' no. 3 January 1812 as weIl as being translated into
German by A. H. Bertelsmann (Halle, 18ll), and into French (Geneva,
1816) with notes, by L. Odier (1748-1817). The work probably owed its
success to Cox's attempt to cut theory to a minimum and be as practical
as possible in his approach, "Most medical writers, in detailing the morbid
phenomena of the human mind, and the means of removing them, appear
to have been more anxious to display their own ingenuity in the result of
their abstruse speculations than to furnish the inquiring student with a
plain practical manual, to direct his judgement in the treatment of maniacal
patients" (p. ix). It was almost certainly this feature of the book which
appealed to Hegel most strongly.
6 I 6 . Hegel' s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
Cox gives an account of 'swinging' and eight case-histories to illustrate

its effectiveness on pp. 137-76 (1806 ed.), "The ... circulating (swing) is
easily constructed by suspending a common Windsor chair to a hook in the
ceiling, by two parallel ropes attached to the hind legs, and by two others
passing round the front ones joined by a sliding knot, that may regulate the
elevation of the patient when seated, who, besides being secured in a strait
waistcoat, should be prevented from falling out of the chair by a broad
leather strap, passed round the waist and buckled behind to the spars,
while another strap to each leg may fasten it to the front ones of the chair.
The patient thus secured, and suspended a few inches from the ground; the
motion may be communicated by an attendant turning him round according
to the degree of velocity required... The employment of such Herculean
remedies requires the greatest caution and judgement, and should never
be had recourse to but in the immediate presence of the physician ... The
impression made on the mind by the recollection of its action on the body
is another very important property of the swing, and the physician will often
only have to threaten its employment to secure compliance with his wishes,
while no species of punishment is more harmless or efficacious" (pp. 137,
138, 140, 144)·
Although Cox became widely known for having thus advocated the use of
the swing, he was by no means the first physician to have done so: see
Caelius Aurelianus (H. c. 450) 'De morbis acutis et chronicis' (Amsterdam,
1755); Avicenna (980-1037) 'Canon' (ed. J. B. Pasquati, Patavii, 1659)
bk. 3 i tr. 4 c. 17; C. G. Kratzenstein (1723-1795) 'Novum medicinae'
(Copenhagen, 1765); J. C. Smyth (1741-1821) 'An Account of the Effects
of Swinging on the pulmonary consumption and hectic fever' (London,
1787); Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) 'Zoonomia' (London, 1794/6; Germ.
tr. Hanover, 1795/9) vol. I pp. 245-6. Cf. A. L. E. Horn (1774-1848)
'Glückliche Heilung eines Wahnsinnigen' ('Archiv für med. Erfahrungen'
January-February 1813 p. 114); 'Beschreibung der in der Irrenanstalt zu
Berlin gebräuchlichen Drehmaschinen' (Nasse 'Zeitschrift fur psychische
Aerzte' 1818 p. 219); J. C. Prichard (1786--1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity'
(London, 1835) pp. 273-4.
By the 1820'S the swing was losing favour with German psychiatrists: see
P. J. Schneider (1791-187 I) 'Krankengeschichte von Irren nebst Bemer-
kungen' (Nasse's 'Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie' vol. I p. 452, 1823).
38 3, 19
"A certain patient convinced himself that he had a hay-wain together
with two horses and a waggoner in his stomach. His doctor was unable to
persuade him that this was not the case. Another person agreed with him,
sympathized, checked his stomach, and said that he could distinctly feel
the wain and the wheels, the waggoner and the horses. This cheered the
Notes to Volurne Two: Anthropology· 617
patient up. The doctor then told him of a medicine which was able to reduce
the size of such objects, and gave him an emetic. The patient feIt ill, the
doctor caused him to put his head out of the window, and just as he was in
the process of vomiting, a waggoner drove out towards the farm on a hay-
wain. The patient thought that these were the objects he had had in his
stomach." J. C. Reil (1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 34H2.
Cf. G. I. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Versuch einer practischen Seelenarzneikunde'
(Grätz, 1801) p. 37. Reil makes no mention ofthis being an English story.
Similar cases involving crickets in the stomach: Michael Wagner (I 756-
1821) 'Beyträge zur philosophischen Anthropologie' (2 vols. Vienna, 1794-
1796) I pp. 279-80, frogs: Felix Platter (1536-1614) 'Observationum in
hominis affectibus plerisque' (3 vols. Basel, 1614) vol. I p. 43 etc., were very
common in the works on insanity published in the eighteenth century. Since
the same cases appear in many places, it is difficult to trace actual sources :
see for instance, J. C. Hoffbauer (1766-1827) 'Untersuchungen über die
Krankheiten der Seele' pt. I (Halle, 1802) pp. 123-4.
Hegel is clearly right to consider folly of this kind as an 'illness which has
already diminished in intensity', and to use it in order to make the transition
to a further level of Anthropology. Cases such as those he cites were, in fact,
often classified as 'part-fools' (Partial-Narren): see L. A. Muratori (1672-
1750) 'Über die Einbildungskraft des Menschen' (ed. Richerz, 2 pts.
Leipzig, 1785) pt. 11 p. 12, "Part-fools, labouring under a single delusion,
usually recover if one undertakes to delude them in precisely that respect in
which they are deluding themselves. One such person took it into his head
that he had acquired horns. When he would not allow himself to be con-
vinced that this was not the case, the doctor offered to cure him by means of a
delicate operation. Then, while making sure that the patient saw his saw
and knife, he secretly brought in a pair of horns. During the sawing the
horns fell to the ground, and to the delight of everyone present the patient
jumped up from his couch, cured, and in a much better mood than he had
been before the operation. Another person thought he had a snake or some
such dangerous animal in his stomach. He was dealt with in the same way,
and with the same result." Cf. 'Zur Psychologie ... ein Manuskript 1794'
p. 182, 19.
383,3 1
This is evidently a reference to the way in which George 111 was treated
during his confinement at Kew (29 November 1788-14 March 1789).
"24January 1789. The Chair in which He has now been confined is a new
one made on purpose. It is a common chair placed upon a Hoor ofits own,
which prevents a Person from moving it, nor can it be thrown down as a
common Chair might be. When it was first brought into the Room to be
made use of, the Poor King is said to have eyed it with some degree of
Awe ... 30January. The last night has been a very restless one ... Spieer had
been out for the Arquebusade Bottle, to put from it to his face and skin,
having been struck by The King, who it seems had endeavoured, when the
shutters of his Windows were opening, to run into the next room to get to
his Pages, but had been stopped by Spicer... Dr. Willis had the King
confined to his Chair this Morning for a short time, and gave hirn a severe
lecture on his improper conversation, Eliza, etc.; H. My. becoming more
loud and impatient under this lecture, Dr. Willis ordered a Handkerchief
to be held before his Mouth, and he then continued and finished his Lec-
ture." - 'The Diaries of Colonel the Hon. Robert Fulke Greville' (ed.
F. M. Bladon, London, 1930) pp. 187, 198, 199.
The king dubbed this his 'Coronation Chair'. Hegel is perfectly justified
in noting its apparent connection with his cure, for he did in fact improve
in health soon after this extraordinary treatment. His malady has recently
been diagnosed as a particularly virulent form of a rare hereditary metabolic
disorder known as porphyria: I. Macalpine and R. Hunter 'George 111 and
the Mad-Business' (London, 1969); J. Brooke 'King George 111' (London,
1972) pp. 318-43; T. L. S. January 1970.
383,36
It is difficult to see why, in the summer of 1825, Hegel should have re-
garded the adverse psychological effects of religion as a thing of the past.
The psychiatrie literature of the time is full of passages in which the authors
take the excessive dedication and enthusiasm which certain religious move-
ments elicited from their members to be the cause of mental disturbances.
W. Pargeter (1760-1810), 'Observations on Maniacal Disorders' (Reading,
1792; Germ. tr. 1793) for example, blames 'Pilgrim's Progress', Watts's
hymns and Wesley's sermons for aggravating the insanity rampant in
England (p. 31), and his German translator adds a note to the effect that
these are English mystical-religious effusions, "an denen es in Teutschland
leider auch nicht fehlt" (p. 25). Cf. G. I. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Unterhalt-
ungen über Ahndungen' (1800) pp. 139-40. Many of the case-histories
recorded in the works of the time, and, indeed, quite a few of those actually
quoted by Hegel (343, 32; 369, 9; 377, 33; 379, 29; 385, 14), make it quite
clear that many of the fixations which he took to be central to derangement
arose directly out of the effects of social structure and religion upon the
individual.
The connection between religion and mental alienation was already a
fairly weIl established field of research: J. P. Falret (1794-1870) 'De
I'Hypochondrie' (Paris, 1822); W. S. HaIlaran 'Practical Observations on
Insanity' (Cork, 1818); J. M. Leupoldt (1794-1874) 'Heilwissenschaftliche
Seelenheilkunde' (Berlin, 1821); R. W. M. Jacobi (1775-1858) 'Samm-
lungen rur die Heilkunde der Gemüthskrankheiten' (Elberfeld, 1822); J.
Guislan (1797-1860) 'Traite sur l' Alienation Mentale' (2 vols. Amsterdam,

1826); J. C. Priehard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835)
pp. 187-201. Hegel would almost eertainly have eritieized Feuerbaeh's
'Das Wesen des Christentums' (1841) as an unwarranted attempt to reduce
religion itself (Ene. §§ 564-71) to anthropology, though he Inight have had
some sympathy with the attaek upon institutionalized religion (Phil. Right
§ 270) undertaken by the early Marxists: H. S. Harris 'Hegel's Develop-
ment' (Oxford, 1972) pp. 165-6.
385, 12
Levinus Lemnius (1505-1568) of Zieriksee, who studied medicine at
Ghent and Louvain, and towards the end of his life was ealled to Sweden
to deal with the eeeentricities of Eric XIV, gives an account of this case in
his 'De habitu et eonstitutione eorporis' (Antwerp, 1561; Italian tr. Venice,
1567, Germ. tr. Erfurt, 1582) bk. II eh. 6: see the English translation by
T. N. 'The Touchstone of Complexions' (London, 1633) pp. 241-2: "After
this like sort even within our memory, a eertain Gentleman fell into sueh an
agony and fooles paradise, that he thought hirnselfe dead, and was in him-
selfe persuaded to bee departed out of this life; and hereupon when his
friends and aequaintance with all kinde of faire speeches, flattering terms,
and chiding words had assayed to restore hirn to his former strength and
powers now decayed, he turned the deafe eare to all that they said: and
refused all that they to hirn offred, affirming hirnselfe to be dead, and that
a man in his caSe needed no sustenance or nourishment. So long continued
he in this fond humour, till he was ready to starve for hunger.
When the seventh day was near at hand (longer then which day, starved
and famished persons cannot live) they began to devise with themselves
which way to heale this absurd passion and distemperance of their friend.
They used therefore this policy: They caused certaine counterfeit persons
lapped in their shrowding sheets, and tyed after the manner of dead Corses
that be layed upon Coffins, and carried to buriall, to be brought into a
darke Parlour: where these disguised persons sitting downe at the Table,
which was well furnished with choice of sundry dishes, fell to their victuals
lustily. The passioned party beholding these fellowes, demanded of them
whereabout they went, and what kind of people they were: They answered
that they were dead men. What? (quoth he) doe dead men eate and
drinke? Yea (said they) and that shalt thou prove true, if thou wilt eome
and sit with uso Straightwayes skipped this pacient out of his Bed, and
with the other counterfeit dead men fed very well and largely: and after
supper he was brought into a sleepe by a drinke of purpose made for that
intent. For they that be distract of their right wits, must be handled arti-
fieially, and by no way so soon recured and brought into order, as by sleepe."
On aecount of the variations in Hegel's version, it seems reasonable to
suppose that he also had in mind the following case, which was frequently
cited in conjunction with Lemnius's. It is first recorded by Thomas Hey-
wood (d. 1650?) in 'The Hierarchie of the blessed Angells' (London, 1635)
bk. 8 p. 551: "A young man had a strong imagination, that he was dead;
and did not only abstain from meat and drink, but importuned his parents,
that he might be carried unto his grave and buried before his flesh was quite
putrified. By the counsel of physicians he was wrapped in a winding sheet
and laid upon abier, and so carried toward the church upon mens shoulders.
But by the way two or three pleasant fellows, suborned to that purpose,
meeting the hearse, demanded aloud of them that followed it, whose body
it was there coffined and carried to burial? They said it was such a young
mans, and told them his name. Surely (replied one of them) the world is
very weH rid of hirn, for he was a man of very bad and vicious life; and his
friends may rejoice, he hath rather ended his days thus, than at the gallows.
Which the young man hearing, and vexed to be so injured, roused hirnself
up upon the bier, and told them, That they were wicked men to do hirn that
wrong, which he had never deserved: and told them, That if he were alive,
as he was not, he would teach them to speak better of the dead. But they
proceeding to deprave hirn and give hirn much more disgraceful and
contemptible language, he not able to endure it, leapt from the hearse, and
fell about their ears with such rage and fury, that he ceased not buffetting
with them, till quite wearied, and by his violent agitation the humours ofhis
body altered, he awakened as out of a sleep or trance, and being brought
horne and comforted with wholesome diet, he within few days recovered
both his pristine health, strength and understanding." Cf. William Pargeter
(1760- I 8 10) 'Observations on Maniacal Disorders' (Reading, 1792; Germ.
tr. Leipzig, 1793) pp. 32-3; John Conolly (1794-1866) 'An Inquiry con-
cerning the Indications of Insanity' (London, 1830) pp. 311-3; J. C.
Prichard (1786-1848) 'A Treatise on Insanity' (London, 1835) pp. 301-2.
385, 17
Joseph Mason Cox (1762-1822) 'Practical Observations on Insanity'
(2nd ed. London, 1806; Germ. tr. Halle, 18ll) case VII, Eng. p. 66; Germ.
tr. pp. 77-8: "The Author recollects a singular instance of a deranged idea
of a maniac being corrected by a very simple stratagern. The patient
asserted that he was the Holy Ghost, a gentleman present immediately
exclaimed, you the Holy Ghost! wh at proof have you to produce? I know
that I am, was his answer; the gentleman said how is this possible, there is
but one Holy Ghost, is there? how than can you be the Holy Ghost and I
be so too? He appeared surprised and puzzled, and after a short pause said
but are you the Holy Ghost? When the other observed, did you not know
that I was? his answer was, I did not know it before, why then I cannot be
the Holy Ghost."
"I have found Religion and Love the most frequent among the exciting
causes of madness" says Cox (p. 20), and in the course ofhis book he proposes
five main remedies for religious insanity: the 'antiphlogistic', involving the
removal of all stimuli, even light; constant intoxication over a 'period of
several days; reasoning and diversion; liberty, exercise, fresh air and a
regular daily routine; and music.
On the Holy Ghost fixation, cf. Johannes Weyer (1515-1588) 'De praes-
tigiis daemonum' (Basel, 1563) book III, cap 7 2, "Three men in Friesland,
not far from Groeningen, as I have been informed, were possessed with so
great a degree of fanaticism, that they imagined themselves to be the
Father, Son and Holy Ghost, and the barn in which they lived to be Noah's
ark: to which many others, in the like manner affected, resorted, that they
might obtain salvation." Thomas Arnold (1741-1816) 'Observations on ...
Insanity' (2nd ed. 2 vols. London, 1806) vol. I p. 116; J. C. Spurzheim
(1776-1832) 'Observations on ... Insanity' (London, 1817) p. 249.
J. G. Dalyell (1775-1851), 'The Darker Superstitions of Scotland' (Edin-
burgh, 1834) notes that in Ireland fatuity is usually equated with sanctity,
and that the, "Arabs have a profound respect for idiots, whom they consider
as people beloved of Heaven, and totally unable to think of the things ofthis
world." Cf. J. B. Lucotte du Tilliot 'Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la
fete des fous' (Lausanne and Geneva, 1741); George Francis Lyon (1795-
1832) 'A Narrative of Travels in Northern Mrica' (London, 1821); Lionel
Trilling 'Mind in the Modern World' (T.L.S. 17th November 1972
p. 1385).
385,37
Two cases have been confused here. D. Tiedemann (1748-1803), 'Un-
tersuchungen über den Menschen' (3 pts. Leipzig, 1777/8) pt. III pp. 378-9:
"The person who was of the opinion that his legs were made of straw was
cured in the following manner. He was earnestly advised to protect his legs
with the sturdiest of boots in order that he might travel into the country for
convalescence. He eventually agreed to this, and it was arranged that during
the journey he should be attacked by two students in disguise, who should
seem to be intent on robbing and murdering hirn. Frightened as he was, he
forgot about his straw Iegs, jumped out of the carriage, and was cured of
his quirk."
The case involving glass legs was widely quoted at that time, and originated
in Gerard van Swieten's 'Commentaria in Hermanni Boerhaave Aphorismos
de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis' (5 vols. Lugduni Bat. 1745/72; Eng.
tr. 18 vols. London, 1771/3) sect. 113 (vol. II p. 123): "When a man of
letters, by over study, fell into the present distemper, he conceited his legs
were made of glass, and therefore would not presume to stand or walk
upon them, but being carried from the bed to the fire side, sat there from
morning till night. The maid-servant, bringing some wood to keep up the
fire, threw it rudely down, so as to put the champion in fear of his glass legs,
for which he therefore smartly rebuked her: thereupon, the maid being of
an angry temper, and tired of her master's foolishness, struck him a good
blow upon the shins with one of the sticks, the smart pain of which rouzed
his anger to get up and take revenge for the injury: soon after his anger
was over, and he grew well pleased that he could stand upon his legs again;
that vain notion being thus suddenly expelled from his fancy."
Cf. Michael Wagner 'Bey träge zur philosophischen Anthropologie' (2
vols. Vienna, 1794/6) vol. II pp. 55-6; J. C. Reil 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle,
1803) p. 341; J. C. Hoffbauer 'Untersuchungen' (Halle, 1807) pt. III p.
245; J. B. Friedreich 'Literärgeschichte' (Würzburg, 1830) p. 260; 'Zur
Psychologie ... ein Manuskript 1794' p. 182, 19.
38 7,3
Pinel 'Traite' (1801): sect. II no. I I, 'A celebrated watchmaker, at Paris ...
fancied that he had lost his head on the scaffold; that it had been thrown
promiscuously among the heads of many other victims; that the judges, having
repented of their sentence, had ordered those heads to be restored to their
respective owners, and placed upon their respective shoulders; but that, in
consequence of an unfortunate mistake, the gentleman who had the manage-
ment of that business, had placed upon his shoulders the head of one of his
unhappy companions... A keen and unanswerable stroke of pleasantry
(une plaisanterie fine et sans replique) seemed best adapted to correct this
fantastic whim. Another convalescent of a gay and facetious humour, in-
structed in the part he should play in this comedy, adroitly turned the
conversation to the subject of the famous miracle of Saint Denis. Our
mechanician strongly maintained the possibility of the fact and sought to
confirm it by an application of it to his own case. The other set up a loud
laugh, and replied with a tone of the keenest ridicule: "Insene que tu es,
comment Saint-Denis auroit-il pu baiser sa tete? etoit-ce avec son talon?"
This equally unexpected and unanswerable retort, forcibly struck the
maniac. He retired confused amidst peals of laughter, which were provoked
at his expense, and never afterwards mentioned the exchange of his head."
J. B. Friedreich 'Versuch einer Literärgeschichte der Pathologie' (Würzburg,
1830) pp. 447-8. Hegel's immediate source may have been J. C. Reil
(1759-1813) 'Rhapsodieen' (Halle, 1803) pp. 85-6.
38 7,5
See 'Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 pp. 29-31 (1975) für Hegel's lecture-notes
relating to the subject-matter of this Addition. This exposition of mental
derangement is in many respects a reproduction at the psychic level of the
treatment of bodily disease at the organic level (Phil. Nat. §§ 371-4) . .lust
as in bodily disease, one part of the organism establishes itself in opposition
to the activity of the whole, so in mental disease, "the subject which has
developed an understanding consciousness is still subject to disease in that
it remains engrossed in a particularity of its self-awareness which it is unable
to work up into ideality and overcome." See W . .lacobs 'Der Krankheitsbe-
griff in der Dialektik von Natur und Geist bei Hegel' ('Hegel-Studien',
Beiheft I I pp. 165-73); D. von Engelhardt 'Hegels philosophisches Ver-
ständnis der Krankheit' ('Sudhoffs Archiv' vol. 59 no. 3 pp. 225-:-46,
1975)·
Since the mental activity of the individual presupposes its functioning as
an organism, its mental aberrations are often rooted in the malfunctions of
its body. On the other hand, self-awareness is the presupposition ofmorality,
and emphasis upon the potential moral and social capabilities of the
deranged can therefore play an important part in rehabilitating them
(Pinel). As has al ready been noticed (note 331, 18), the psychiatrists of
Hegel's day tended to lay emphasis upon one or the other of these two
aspects of mental derangement. The somatic school concentrated upon the
organic presuppositions of derangement, the psychic school upon the higher
spiritual activities of which the mentally disturbed were potentially capable.
Experience had also taught them that external natural infiuences had to
be taken into account in any ccimprehensive diagnosis of mental disease
(note 371,22).
Hegel reconciles these differences of approach simply by applying the
general principles of his system, - by attempting to give every aspect of
the phenomenon its systematic placing, and so indicating the specific rele-
vance which each has to an overall (i.e. Notional) understanding of it. In
respect of the various forms of derangement, this systematic placing involves
a classificatory progression from those which are predominantly physical,
such as cretinism, to highly intellectual cases involving moral and ethical
idealism. The simplicity and effectiveness of Hegel's procedure at this
juncture contrasts sharply with the elaborate artificiality of the other
attempts at classifying derangement current at the time: see E. Fischer-
Hornberger 'Eighteenth Century Nosology and its Survivors' ('Medical
History' vol. XIV no. 4 pp. 397-403, October 1970).
In the spheres of botany and zoology, the artificial classificatory system
of Linnaeus tended to stimulate progressive and fruitful research (Phil. Nat.
III.264, 275, 366). In the sphere ofnosology however, it encouraged attempts
to simplify and impose apparent order upon diseases which were very im-
perfectly understood, even at a predominantly physical level. In the case
of derangement, as in the case of physical diseases, imperfect diagnosis
carried out in the light of erroneous, over-simplified and arbitrarily
systematized principles, gave rise to much practical inefficiency, and to a
terminological chaos. * The truth of the matter was, that the medical
knowledge of the day, unlike the botanical and zoological knowledge, was
incapable of providing a satisfactory empirical foundation for the sort of
elaborate classificatory system being formulated. For typical eighteenth
century attempts at classifying derangement see: A. C. Lorry (1726-1783)
'De Melancholia' (Paris, 1765; Germ. tr. Frankfurt/M., 1770); D. Mac-
bride (1726-1778) 'A Methodical Introduction to ... Physic' (London, 1772;
Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1773); W. Cullen (1710-1790) 'First Lines of... Physic'
(1776; Germ. tr. Leipzig, 1778/85) vol. 4; F. B. de Sauvages (17°6-1767)
'Nosologica Methodica' (1760; 5 vols. Paris, 1771); P. Pinel (1745-1826)
'Nosographie philosophique' (Paris, 1798; 6th ed. 3 vols. 1818); J. B. Erhard
(1766-1827) 'Versuch über die Narrheit' (M. Wagner's 'Beiträge zur
philosophischen Anthropologie' I p. 100, Vienna, 1794).
Although such nosological systems became much less common after the
turn of the century, the controversy between the somatic and the psychic
schools gave a certain incentive to further artificial systematization: J. F.
Fries (1773-1843) 'Handbuch der psychischen Anthropologie' (Jena,
1820; 2nd ed. 1839); C. F. Flemming (1799-1880) 'Beiträge zur Philo-
sophie der Seele' (2 pts. BerHn, 1830).
387,6
Although there are few similarities between them, §§ 409-10 correspond
to §§ 322-5 in the 1817 Encyclopaedia. From the notes published in 'Hegel-
Studien' vol. 10 pp. 31-3 (1975), it looks as though the 1820/22 lectures on
these paragraphs began by discussing the difficulty of distinguishing be-
tween derangement and the limitedness of the understanding, and between
derangement and boorishness. Hegel seems to have gone on to discuss the
nature of the superstition involved in eating fish on Fridays and refusing to
eat pork, and to have touched upon the meaningless of rote prayers and the
nature of religious customs. These remarks may have been censured by the
authorities. In any case, in the 1825 lectures (Tuesday 12th July, Thursday
14th July), they were omitted from the exposition of habit, which was
treated as the antecedent of mental derangement. Hegel subsequently skipped
§§ 322-4, and spent most of the session on Monday 25th July expounding
what appears in Boumann's text as the subject-matter of § 410.
387, 18
§ 426 et seq. The containing (gehaltvolle) truth of the specific sensations,
desires etc. is their conscious incorporation into the psychology of individuals,
* See the emphasis upon the importance and difficulty of defining terms in the
survey of works by Haslam, Pinel, Cox and Arnold which appeared in the 'Quarterly
Review' (vol. 11 pp. 155-80, 1809). A lexicographical analysis ofthe Anglo-German
psychiatrie literature ofthis period, especially the translations, would be an extremely
valuable undertaking.
Notes to VolU1ll8 Two: Anthropology • 625
as, for example in the pursuit of happiness (§ 479). At this level, the self
simply feels (is aware of) them. Cf. J. F. Fries (1773-1843) 'Neue oder
anthropologische Kritik der Vernunft' (1807; 2nd ed. 3 vols. Heidelberg,
1828/31) 11 pp. 3-4: "The intrinsic content (Gehalt) of the sequence of
logical thought consists of the metaphysical cognitions ... Sensuous intuition
provides us with the first content (Inhalt) of cognition from the outer and
inner world, mathematical intuition first connects this material."
'Gehalt' was originally 'what is held', in custody for example. Since the
fifteenth century it has also meant the standard of a precious metal, and this
meaning gave rise to Luther's using it in order to refer to the intrinsie worth
or merit of someone or thing. Towards the elose of the eighteenth century it
was introduced into aesthetics in order to distinguish between the original
living experience basic to art, and the various artistic forms in which this
experience finds expression: see G. Lukacs 'Beiträge zur Geschichte der
Ästhetik' (Berlin, 1954).
389, 9
On thephysiological foundations ofthis, see F. G. de la Roche (1743-1813)
'Analyse des fonctions du systeme nerveux' (2 vols. Paris, 1778; Germ. tr.
Halle, 1794/5) pt. IV ch. 8, in which the connection between the nervous
system and habit is carefully investigated.
389, 17
Logic §§ 84-1 I I; Phil. Nat. §§ 254-9.
389, 26
Hegel may weIl have drawn upon F. A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols.
Leipzig, 1808) 1.511-2 in formulating this §: "Nature stands in need of
being circumscribed by a free being or its substitute, by something which
bestows limitation, nisus and unity upon both nature and itself. The original
substitute was the blind compulsiveness of instinct. The next is habit, which
man recognizes as his nurse, that which takes knowledge temporarily in
charge and fosters its freedom, that which, though less compulsive and
therefore less blind than instinct, is still an unenlightened mentor. Facility is
more elosely associated with nature, but in that it has an affinity with
capacity rather than need, it is the immediate anticipation of habit. Similarly,
habit is more elosely associated with freedom, though with wilfulness rather
than the will itself."
391, 22
§ 175 deals with three forms ofthejudgement ofreßection. In the universal
form, "(all men are mortal, aIl metals conduct electricity) ... the individuals
form the foundation for reßection, and it is only our subjective action which
collects and describes them as 'all'."
393,2
Cicero 'De Finibus' 5.25.74: "Consuetudine quasi alteram quandam
naturam effici." Cf. F. A. Carus op. cit. 1.514. Hegel (Berlin notes) copied
out the following passage from 'Memoires secrets sur la Russie' (Paris,
1800) 11.115: "Le peuple russe, abruti par des siecles d'esclavage, est
semblable aces animaux degeneres, pour qui la domesticiee est devenue une
seconde nature."
393,37
For contemporary views on the sort of sexuality necessitated by cloistered
virtue, see K. G. Neumann (1772-1850) 'Die Krankheiten des Vorstellung-
vermögens' (Leipzig, 1822) p. 291. Cf. the frightful case diagnosed by P. J.
Schneider (1791-1871) 'Krankengeschichten von Irren' (Nasse's 'Jahr-
bücher für Anthropologie' vol. I pp. 159-62).
397, 19
§§ 452, 461 et seq.
397,25
12 5,9.
403,22
Phil. Nat. 11.224.
4°3,26
Matthew VI.I I.
4°5,4
Phil. Nat. 111.131; 319.
405, 15
Sound enough, and with various parallels in the anthropologicalliterature
of the time: H. B. von Weber 'Anthropologische Versuche' (Heidelberg,
1810) pp. 230-65; J. F. Fries 'Handbuch der Psychischen Anthropologie'
(2 vols. Jena, 1820/1) 11.59-96. Cf. L. A. Gölis (1764-1827) 'Vorschläge
zur Verbesserung der körperlichen Kinder-Erziehung' (2nd ed. Vienna,
1823); 'Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 p. 32 (1975).
4°7, 14
Hegel himself found great difficulty in dancing.
4°7,24
Note 223, 35.
409, 14
In the 1817 Encyclopaedia (§§ 326-8) this concluding section of the
Anthropology was headed 'The actuality of the soul'. As is apparent from
the notes published in 'Hegel-Studien' vo!. 10 pp. 34-5 (1975), the subject-
matter of the earlier lectures was much the same as that here. In 1825
Hegel devoted part of the afternoon session on Monday 25th July, and part
of the following session (26.7) to the subject.
On the juxtaposing of habit and the actuality of the soul, see J. F. Fries
'Handbuch der Psychischen Anthropologie' (2 vols. Jena, 1820/1) 11.46-7.
Much of the subject-matter treated here by Hegel is to be found illustrating
much the same general theme in H. B. von Weber's 'Handbuch der psychi-
schen Anthropologie' (Tübingen, 1829) pp. 63-74, and G. H. Schubert's
'Die Geschichte der Seele' (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1830) pp. 800-36.
4 10, 14
For 'vollkommener' read 'vollkommenerer'. Cf. Nicolin and Pöggeler's
ed. of the 'Encyclopaedia' (Hamburg, 1959) p. 343.
4 11,4
The word 'tone' often occurs in Hegel's Jena writings, but seems to have
dropped out of his usual vocabulary after the Bamberg period. It was used
to refer to the motion or tension uniting particulars in physical phenomena
such as magnetism (Phi!. Nat. 11.113, 13), to the degree of firmness or
tension proper to the organs or tissues of a healthy body (G. E. Stahl 'De
motu tonico vitali' Jena, 1692), and to astate or temper of mind (O.E.D.,
1820). It is evidently the second and third of these meanings that Hegel has
in mind here.
H. F. Delius (1720-1791) 'Toni theoria, magnum medicinae incremen-
tum' (Erlangen, 1749); F. G. de la Roche (1743-1813) 'Analyse des fonctions
du systeme nerveux' (2 vols. Paris, 1778; Germ. tr. J. F. A. Merzdorff, 2 vols.
Halle, 1794/5) pt. 111 eh. IV, 'Tonische Kraft; F. A. Mesmer (1734-1815)
'Memoire ... sur ses Decouvertes' (Paris, 1799) p. 7: "J'entends par ton un
mode particulier et determine du mouvement qu'ont entre elles les parti-
eules qui constituent le fluide." J. F. Pierer (1767-1832) 'Medizinisches
Realwörterbuch' vol. 8 pp. 361-2 (Altenburg, 1829).
41 1,6
Cf. J. Ith (1747-1813) 'Versuch einer Anthropologie' (2 pts. Berne,
1794/5) 11.336 : "Das was der Menschheit jenes hohe unnennbare Interesse
verschaft, hauptsächlich in den Seeleneinfluß und Seelenausdruck gesucht
werden muß. Dieser geistige Abglanz im Körper stellt gleichsam beyde
Welten in Harmonie dar, und erzeugt eine mittlere Gattung zwischen
sinnlichen und Vernunftgefühlen, in welchen das Angenehme von jenem
mit dem Geistigen von diesen ästhetisch verbunden erscheint."
41 1,25
Paracelsus (1493-1541) developed the doctrine of the 'signature' of
plants, according to which certain parts of a plant resemble the diseases
they are capable of curing. For example, he took the 'yellow-blooded'
celandine to be a remedy for jaundice, the cordiform leaves of the lilac to
be a cure for heart diseases, and the spotted leaves of the lungwort to be good
for chest complaints: see D. Schmaltz 'Pflanzliche Arzneimittel bei Theo-
phrastus von Hohenheim' (Stuttgart, 1941); Elisabeth Rössiger 'Heilplfanzen
bei ... Paracelsus' (Diss. Munich, 1943). Cf. Oswald Croll (1580-1609) 'De
signaturis internis Rerum' (Frankfurt, 1609; Germ. tr. Frankfurt/M., 1623).
Phil. Rel. 1.280-1,]. Pereira (1804-1853) in 'London Medical Gazette' 1836.
4 14,3 2
Griesheim wrote 'intera&silari'.
4 5,4
1
'Hegel-Studien' vol. IO p. 34 (1975): "The question of the difference
between human and animal organisms has been raised. It is not a matter of
single moments, even of the voice, for birds can imitate, but of the human
expression." Cf. Phil. Nat. 111.169; 351; G. I. Wenzel (1754-1809) 'Neuen
... Entdeckungen über die Sprache der Thiere' (Vienna, 1800).
4 1 5,6
Aristotle 'On Youth and Old Age' 468 a: "Because of his erect carriage,
man of allliving creatures has this characteristic most conspicuously, that
his upper part is also upper in relation to the whole universe, while in other
animals it is midway."
4 15, 13
Aesthetics 727-50.
4 15, 17
On the earlier history of this observation, see Theodore Spencer 'Shakes-
peare and the Nature ofMan' (2nd ed. London, 1969) pp. 4-5. It was such
a commonplace during the eighteenth century, that there is little point in
giving specific references, but see J. F. Blumenbach (1752-1840) 'De Generis
Humani varietate nativa' (Göttingen, 1781) § 17; E. A. W. Zimmermann
(1743-1815) 'Geographische Geschichte des Menschen' (3 vols. Leipzig,
1778/83) 1.124-9; Herder 'Ideen' (Suphan's ed. XIII.IIO-51).
4 15, 19
Hegel almost certainly has in mind the well-known illustration in the
'Amoenitates Academicae' vol. vi (Leiden, 1764), published under the
auspices of Linnaeus. This shows an Orang-Utang, sitting and holding a
staff, a Chimpanzee, a hairy woman with a tail, and another woman more
completely coated with hair.
Edward Tyson's (1650-1708) 'Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris'
(London, 1699) had first brought the almost human characteristics of the
creature into general discussion. L. M. J. Grandpre (1761-1846) 'Voyage
ala cöte d'Afrique' (2 vols. Paris, 1801; Germ. tr. M. C. Sprengel, Weimar,
1801, Eng. tr. 1803), gave a memorable account of a tarne female Orang-
Utang which did simple jobs on board ship, Pieter Camper (1722-1789)
published a monograph on the animal's natural history (Phil. Nat. III.360),
J. B. Monboddo (1714-1799) called attention to its significance in both
'The Origin and Progress ofLanguage' (Edinburgh, 1773/92) and 'Antient
Metaphysics' (Edinburgh, 1779199), and Thomas Love Peacock (1785-
1866), 'Melincourt' (1817) actually made it the subject of a novel. The
result was that nearly every contemporary German work on anthropology
made mention of it, usually in order to drive horne the same point as that
made here by Hegel.
4 15,23
See Pietro Moscati's (1739-1824) much discussed suggestion that our
upright position is unnatural, and the cause of many diseases and infirmities:
'Delle corporee differenze essentiali che passano fra la struttura de' bruti e
la umana' (Milan, 1770; Germ. tr. Göttingen, 1771). Cf. C. F. Nasse (1778-
1851) 'Die Aufrichtung der Menschengestalt' ('Zeitschrift für die Anthro-
pologie' 1825 ii pp. 237-54).
4 15, 35
Cf. Phil. Nat. III.305-7. There seems to be some confusion here. Goethe's
discovery of the intermaxillary bone was made in [784, though bis account
of it was not published until 1820: 'Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt'
(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1820) vol. I sect. ii pp. 199-251.
Goethe's examination of the skull of a wether in the Jewish cemetary in
Venice took place in April [790: 'Zur Morphologie' Bd. 11 Heft i (Stuttgart
and Tübingen, 1823) pp. 46-51 (date given -1791); E. Köpke 'Charlotte
von Kalb' (Berlin, 1852). It was on the basis of this that he first formulated
the theory of the vertebral analogies of the skull.
G. Schmid 'Goethe und die Naturwissenschaften' (Halle, 1940) pp.
3 4-26.
1
4 17,4
Aristotle 'Oe Anima' 432a: "The soul, then, acts like a hand; for the hand
is an instrument which employs instruments." Cf. Blumenbach op. cit. § 18.
W. Liebsch 'Grundriß der Anthropologie' (2 pts. Göttingen, 1806/8)
I.275-6; J. Hillebrand 'Die Anthropologie' (Mainz, 1823) pp. 94-5; G. H.
Schubert 'Die Geschichte der Seele' (2 vols. Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1830)
I.329-30. C. L. Michelet 'Anthropologie' (Berlin, 1840) p. 217 raises the
subject of chiromancy in this connection : see C. Donati 'Demonstratio Dei
ex manu humana' (Wittenberg, 1686).
4 17,22
G. L. Staunton (1737-1801) 'An Authentie Account ofan Embassy from
the King ofGreat Britain to the Emperor ofChina' (2 vols. London, 1797;
Germ. tr. M. C. Sprengel, 2 pts. Halle, 1798) 11.101. This, the first British
Embassy to the court of the Grand Cham, arrived at Peking in 1793. When
the ambassador George Macartney (1737-1806) discussed the etiquette
of the proposed audience with the mandarins: "His Excellency observed,
that to bis own Sovereign, to whom he was bound by every bond of allegi-
ance and attachment, he bent, on approaching him, upon one knee; and
that he was willing to demonstrate in the same manner, his respectful senti-
ments towards his Imperial Majesty. With tbis answer the mandarines
appeared extremely pleased; and said they would return soon with the
determination of the court, either to agree to the reciprocal ceremony as
proposed by the Embassador, or to accept of the English obeisance in lieu
of the Chinese prostration." The next British embassy, headed by Lord
Amherst (1773-1857) in 1817, proved to be less successful in reaching an
understanding on matters ofetiquette: C. Abel (1780-1826) 'Narrative ofa
journey in the interior of China' (London, 1818) pp. 83, 355; 'Quarterly
Review' vol. 16 pp. 408-14 (January 1817); 'Edinburgh Review' pp. 434-7
(February 1818).
When in 1655 the Russian ambassador refused to comply with the nine
prostrations (san-kwei-kew-kow) required for an audience with the Emperor,
he was dismissed out of hand. In 1656 the Dutc~ complied, and established
the first European Embassy in China: J. Nieuhoff 'Ambassade ... vers
l'empereur de la Chine' (Leyden, 1665; Eng. tr. London, 1673) p. 214
(tr. pp. 118/9). On similar kow-towing elsewhere in the East, see Ralph
Fitch (d. 1606): J. H. Ryley 'Ralph Fiteh' (London, 1899) p. 161 - Burma;
John Barrow (1764-1848) 'A Voyage to Cochinchina' (London, 1806) pp.
294/5; Hugh Boyd (1746--1794) 'AJournal ofan Embassy' (London, 1800;
Germ. tr. Berlin and Hamburg 1802) vol. 11 pp. 124/5 - Ceylon; G. Tim-
kowskii 'Travels of the Russian Mission' (2 vols. London, 1827) 1.99-
Mongolia.
4 17,35
For the classic contemporary survey of the physiological differences
between man and animals, see J. F. Blumenbach (1752-1840) 'De Generis
Humani varietate nativa' (Göttingen, 1781) §§ 11-29.
419, IO
Vico suggested, 'La Scienza Nuova' (1744) § 434, that before language
had originated, men could only, "express themselves by gestures." Herder
expresses the same view in bis 'Fragmente' (1766), and it had become a
commonplace by the end of the eighteenth century: B. de Mandeville
(1670-1733) 'The Fable of the Bees' (ed. F. B. Kaye, Oxford, 1924) 11
Notes to Volurne T wo: Anthropology . 63 I
284-8; E. B. de Condillac (I7 15-1780) 'Essai sur l' origine des connais-
sances humaines' (1746; 'Oeuvres', Paris, 1798) I.260 et seq.; Thomas
Reid (1710-1796) 'An Inquiry into the Human Mind' (Edinburgh, 1764)
p. 102;]. B. Monboddo (1714-1799) 'The Origin and Progress ofLanguage'
(Edinburgh, 1773/92) 1.461.
4 19, 14
John Bulwer (H. 1654) 'Chirologia, or The Naturall Language of the
Hand' (London, 1644) p. 151 provides sketches ofthe gestures by means of
which the hands can express feelings, intentions, questions, etc. An excellent
survey ofthe subsequent development ofthis field of enquiry, with particular
reference to deafand dumb language, is provided by J. Knowlson 'Universal
language schemes in England and France 1600-1800' (Toronto, 1975)
pp.2II-23·
419, 22
Directly or indirectly, this paragraph undoubtedly owes a great deal to a
work by Johami Jakob Engel (1741-1802), 'Ideen zu einer Mimik' (2 vols.
Berlin, 1785/6; Sämmtliche Werke, Berlin 1804 vols. VII and VIII; Eng.
tr. Henry Siddons, London, 1807). Engel, - poet, dramatist, tutor to the
Humboldt brothers and the Crown Prince of Prussia, was appointed
Director ofthe Berlin Theatre Royal in 1787. In this book, which contains a
series of attractive illustrations, he analyzes the ways in which we express
ourselves by postures, gestures and facial expressions. It was soon recognized
that the subject was of importance as a field of scientific study, see]. F.
Pierer 'Medizinisches Realwörterbuch' vol. 5 pp. 311-3 (Altenburg, 1823),
although there was much uncertainty about the relationship in which it
stood to pathognomy and physiognomy.
Engel is now recognized as one of the forerunners of the modern psychology
of expression: Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) 'The Anatomy of Expression'
(London, 1806); K. Bühler 'Ausdruckstheorie' (Jena, 1933) pp. 32-52;
S. Honkavaara 'The psychology of expression' ('Brit. J. Psychol. Monogr.,
Suppl. 32, 1961); R. Kirchhoff 'Methodologische und theoretische Grund-
probleme der Ausdrucksforschung' ('Studium Generale' 15 pp. 135-56,
1962). On the French background to Engel's ideas, see H. Josephs 'Diderot's
Dialogue of Language and Gesture: Le neveu de Rameau' (Ohio State
Univ. Press, 1969) pp. 62-3.
421, I I
A. W. Schlegel (1767-1845), 'Cours de Litterature Dramatique' (3 vols.
London, 1814), makes this point, and it is discussed in Hegel's 'Aesthetics'
1187-8. Cf. 'Quarterly Review' vol. 12 p. 121 (October 1814): "This surely
is suffering the imagination to get the better of the judgement. The sudden
transitions of the countenance from sorrow to joy, or from pity to anger, are
what chiefly determine the genius ofthe actor ... Can any one, who recollects
the expressive features of Garrick, and has seen them change with the
slightest variation of passion, regret that they were not covered with a mask,
and thus deprived of the power of utterance ?"
421, 31
Cf. note 163, 27.
4 23,4
See the review of 'Hints to the Public and the legislature, on the Nature
and Effect ofEvangelical Preaching' (4 pts. London, 1808/10), on the physio-
logical effect of Methodism: "They have stript religion of all its outward
grace, and, in proportion as they overspread the country, the very character
of the English face is altered ; for Methodism transforms the countenance as
certainly, and almost as speedily, as sottishness or opium. Go to their
meeting-houses, or turn over the portraits in their magazines, and it will be
seen that they have already obtained as distinct a physiognomy as the Jews
or the Gipsies - coarse, hard, and dismal visages, as if some spirit of dark-
ness had got into them and was looking out of them." 'Quarterly Review'
vol. IV p. 508 (Nov. 1810). Cf. 'Adam Bede' (1859) bk. Ich. 2.
423, 16
Hege! would appear to be mistaken in attributing a Biblical origin to this
proverb. G. von Gaal 'Sprichwörterbuch in sechs Sprachen' (Vienna, 1830)
no. 729 gives a Latin original: "Effuge, quem turpi signo natura notavit"
and an English equivalent: "Beware him whom God hath marked." Cf.
Genesis IV. 15.
The proverb is quoted by G. I. Wenzel (1754-1809) in his 'Unterhaltun-
gen über die auffallendsten neuern Geistererscheinungen' (1800, no place)
p. 49, and discussed at some length with reJerence to Socrates by J. J. H. Bücking
'Medicinische und physikalische Erklärung deutscher Sprichwörter und
sprichwörtlicher Redensarten' (Stendal, 1797) no. 14 (pp. 53/4). Cf. M. P.
Tilley 'A Dictionary of the Proverbs in England in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries' (Univ. ofMichigan, 1950) G. 177 (p. 260).
4 2 3, 19
Logic §§ 172-3. Statements such as 'the rose is red' are assessed as being
correct, but not true in that the predicate is not adequate to the subject i.e.
the rose is more than simply red. Similarly, a person with a pretty face will
certainly be more than just a pretty face.
423, 24
Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801) was influenced by the biological,
physiological and psychological theories of his fellow countryman Charles
Bonnet (1720-1793), which were, in their turn, rooted in Leibnizian

metaphysics. The supposed science of physiognomy had been professed
throughout the whole of the ancient, mediaeval and early modern period,
and had enjoyed a certain amount of standing as a philosophical subject on
account of a treatise on it attributed to Aristotle. During the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries its general reputation declined, and by an English
Act of 1743, all persons pretending to have skill in it were deemed rogues
and vagabonds, and liable to be publicly whipped or sent to a house of
correction. Lavater gave the 'science' a new lease of life by means of his
'Physiognomische Fragmente zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und
Menschenliebe' (4 vols. Leipzig and Winterthur, 1775/8), which he wrote
in conjunction with Goethe. Goethe subsequently lost interest in the subject,
and satirized Lavater: E. von der Hellen 'Goethes Anteil an Lavaters
Physiognomische Fragmente' (Frankfurt/M., 1888).
During the early decades of the nineteenth century attitudes to the subject
varied considerably. Kant had taken it quite seriously in his 'Anthropologie'
(1798) pt. 2 A, and soon afterwards Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) published
his 'Anatomy of Expression' (London, 1806). As late as 1840 we find Hegel
being criticized for belittling its importance (I. H. Fichte's 'Zeitschrift für
Philosophie und spekulative Theologie' N. F. H, i pp. 210-66), but by and
large the general attitude was sceptical: see G. C. Lichtenberg's (1742-
1799) humorous treatment; 'Blackwood's Magazine' vol. 5 pp. 157-60
(1819), vol. 6 pp. 650-5 (1820).
4 23,39
Hist. Phil. I.384-486.
4 24,3 6
The original has 'idielle'.
4 2 5, 3
"La parole a eti: donnee a l'homme pour desguiser sa pensee." Talleyrand
evidently said this to the Spanish ambassador Izquierdo in 1807: see B.
Barere (1755-1841) 'Memoires' (Paris, 1842) vol. 4 p. 447. Hegel came
across the remark in the 'Morning Chronicle' of 3rd February 1825 p. 2
col. 2: see 'Hegel-Studien' vol. I I (1976).
427, 28
§ 382. On 'real possibility' and 'actuality', see Logic §§ 143-7.
42 9, 3
Cf. note 133, 29.
42 9,3 0
This conclusion closely resembles the beginning of Kant's 'Anthropology':
"Man is raised infinitely higher than all other living beings on Earth in that
he is able to form a conception of the ego. It is in that he does so that he is a

person, and on account of the unity of consciousness that he is one and the
same person throughout all the changes he may undergo ... It is noteworthy,
however, that although the child begins to speak fairly early on, it is only
at a relatively late stage, perhaps as much as a year afterwards, that he
begins to talk in terms of 1. During this period he speaks about himself in
the third person, - Charles wants to eat, walk, etc., and it is as if a light
has dawned upon hirn when he begins to talk in terms of I. From that day
onwards he never relapses into his former manner of speaking. - Previ-
ously, he was simply aware ofhimself, now he thinks about hirnself."
Cf. The notes published in 'Hegel-Studien' vol. 10 p. 35: "Higher
awakening within itself which is not simply natural, the ego being the root
ofspirituallife in general." F. A. Carus 'Psychologie' (2 vols. Leipzig, 1808)
I. I I I.
INDEX TO THE TEXT
abdomen, 189, 305, 307; abdorrrinal adult, and child, 229; life, 101
illness, 191 adultery, 155
ability, artistic, 87 advanced, culture, 287
absent-mindedness, 87, 355, 357, 359 affectation, 419
absolute, freedom, 87; negation, 399; affection, 47, 163, 175, 177, 235; in
uncertainty, 369 madhouse, 371
abstract, freedom, 215 affirmation, 417
abyss, of ego, 9; of inner being, 275; of Africa, 49, 55, 69; Africans, 49, 75
spirit, 361 ages of life, 427
Academy, Munich, 261 agreeableness, 423
accidence, 207 agreement, 419
accident, irrational, 119 aggregate, 5 I
accidentality, 103 aim, 225, 341, 343
acidity, 173 air, 105, 135, 171, 173
acoustic ducts, 5 I albino,237
acrobat, 405 alertness, 24 I
action, contemplated, 81; ethical, 87; alkalinity, I 73
lively, 365; rational, 119 America, 49, 63; Americans, 61-65;
activity, 19, 89, 97, 125, 2Il; accom- American culture, 63; race, 5 I, 53
plished, 123; and body, 407; and rest, amity, league of, 71
137; blunting of, 123; honourable, Amoretti, C., 259
12 I; natural, 2 I; practical, 12 I; self- anatomist, 371; anatomy, 223
conscious, 127; spiritual, 133, 163 ; Anaxagoras, 9
unconscious, 325; volitional, 415 Ancients, 39, 249, 42 I
actor, 421 angel,3 17
actual, soul, 2 I, 409, 41 I; unity, 347 anger, 163, 191, 185,419,423
actuality, 7, 23, 33, 87, 143, 149, 207, anguish, 29 I
2°9,215,217,273,343,353,363; and animal, 29, 4 1, 45, 47, 1°9,175,177,199,
dreaming, 143; and Notion, 19; and 23 1, 263, 3Il, 417; and magnetism,
possibility, 295; and totality, 273, 341; 297; and man, 413; body, 33, 37, 405;
apparent, 271; as restraint, 369; divination, 43; formation, 173; head,
aversion to, 119, 365; centre of, 345, 5 I; instinct, 37; juice, 191; life, 13,
355; concrete, 273, 343, 4°1; dis- 29, 105, 135, 137, 145, 187, 201, 405;
satisfaction with, 363; feeling for, 109; lymph, 47, 3°1; magnetism, 243, 257,
immanent, 247; of ego, 427; of 263,319; and soul, 307; evoking, 293;
extern al world, 109; of soul, 205, 255; history, 291; literature, 3°3-3°5;
of spirit, 411, 427; total, 347 name, 293; manner, 42 I; organism,
actualization of, content, 341; freedom, 107, 135, 165,295; rutting-season, 37;
6 I; ideal, Il 9, 123; purpose, 407; sacrifice, 43; self-awareness, 105; soul,
self, 429; universal, I 17; will, 351 155, 183,429;sphere,299
adjusting, to present, 369 Anthropology, 3,21,67,83,95, 125, 133,
admonition, 3 I 7 16 5, 185,203,207,233,271,319,349,
Anthropology-contd. aura, 301

401 , 4 11 , 413; development, 429; aural cavity, 51
philosophie, 175; that which is anthro- authority, I I I ; over insane, 377
pological, 99, 177 avarice, 367
anticipation, 327, 389 aversion, 119, 365, 419
antipathy, 181 awakening, 323, 427; conscious, 3°9;
antiquity, 115, 135 natural, 25, 429
anxiety, 187; and illness, 325 awareness, 345, 355; lack of, 361; of
ape, 413 contradiction, 367; of delusion, 269;
Apis, 35, 37 of relationships, 265; soul-Jike, 257
apothecary, 373
apparent actuality, 27 I
apparition, 271 bacchanalian intuition, 9
appeal,375 baldness, 359
appropriation, 387 baquet, 297, 317
apriori, understanding, 243 barking, 345
aptitude, 45, 9 1, 315 barley-corn, 367
Arabs, 59, 67 barometer, 41
Archimedes, 359 baseness, 289
Aries, 35, 37 basic division, 219
aristocracY,9 1 basis, of spirit, 14 I
Aristotle, 3 Bayreuth, 375
arithmetic, mental, 93 beard,47
arm, 237,415,417 beauty, 181, 185
army discipline, 43 becoming, 19
arrogance, 381 Bedlam,373
art, 137; Greek, 43; artist, 63, 77; being, 23, 127, 149, 401, 425, 427; and
artistic, ability, 87; talent, 101; work, thought, 347; of soul, 387
415; artistry, ofsoul, 409 belief, 383
arterY,47 bell,365
artfulness, 375 Belle Alliance, battle of, 313
articulate speech, 201 benevolence, 33 I
artificial production, of magnetic state, Berkeley, G., 17
295 Berne, 9 1, 93
artillery, 309 Beware ofthose whom God hath marked,
Asia, 57; Asiatic race, 69 42 3
assessing others, 423 Bible, 109, 155,231,383,4°3,423
association of ideas, 129 Bichat, M. F. X., 135, 137, 187
astonishment, 4 I 9 bile, 191
astral spirits, 3 I bird, migration, 37
astrology, 3 1, 33 birth, 99, r05
astronomy, 35, 23 I birthmark, 237
astuteness, 375 bi tterness, I 73
asylum, lunatic, 337, 373, 377, 379 black, 179; race, 47
asymmetry, 137 Black Henbane, 307
Athens, 69, 7 I blasphemy, 155
athlete, 405 blather, 361
atmosphere, 41, 263, 301, 303 blindness, 181,267,31 I
atom, 17,71 blood, 47, 163, 191, 307; circulation,
attention, 353, 359 135; -letting, 373, 383
attitude, 369 blue, 165, r81
attraction, 239 Blumenbach, J. F., 51
Volume Two: Index to the Text • 637
blushing, 191 cause, organic, 237; psychic, 237;

boarding-school, 379 rational, 265; spiritual, 257
bodily, build, 65, 67; condition, 289; cemetary, 415
shape, 223 centre, of sentience, 163
body, 161, 175,289,413; and soul, 5, 7, cerebrum, of reproductive system, 305
13, 17, 321, 403, 407, 4 15, 423, 427; certainty, 107; and empiricism, 373
and spirit, 347, 407; animal, 37, 405; Cevennes war, 257
bearing of, 423; child's 105; import- chain, of determinations, 273
ance, 4°3; mediating soul and world, Chaldeans, 33
4°5; motions of, 407; organic, 4°3; chance, 33, 121,267,3°9,4°1
training of 405; transformed, 429 chandelier, 359
Boerhaave, 379 change, natural, 95,391
books, devotional and derangement, 383 character, 65, 69, 83,91, 155, 223, 225,
boredom, 139, 281 241, 247, 315, 421 ; firmness of, 95;
bowing, 417 indication of, 421; man of, 189;
boy, 109, 111, 275 settled,67
Brahmin,55 charlatanry, 263
brain, 193, 305; injury, 277; -numbing, charm, 73
3°7 checking, ofinner turbulence, 419
bravery,43 cheeks, 51, 53
Brazil, 63, 65 cheerfulness, 187
breach, in being, 295 chemical determinateness, 165, 173
breadth, 169 ehest, 143, 273, 307
breast, 163, 191, 239 child, 53,63,93,95, 101, 145,229, 25 1,
breath, 195; breathing, 105, 135 325, 357, 421 ; and mother, 221, 235;
brightness, 181,311 and parent, 239; as embryo, 223;
brittleness, 173 dependence of, 107; education, 85,
brooding, 89, 385 113; exposing, 57; hand, 417; egoity,
brother, 291 109; ideal of man, 107; in Paradise,
brotherhood, 9 109; in womb, 233; learning, 91;
brows, puckering of, 419 precocious, 101; self, 237; sight, 169;
burial, 287 worship,55
childhood, 103; second, 125
Chinese, 57, 113
choleric temperament, 89
Caesar,67 Christ, 367; birth and resurrection, 39;
camel, 176, 263 Christian, 59; adoration, 35; Catholic,
Camper, P., 51 321; God, 61; peoples, 61, 69, 73;
Campetti, F., 261 principles, 55; Christianity, 53
cannonade, 171 Christmas, 39
canvas, 197 chronicle, 279
caprice, 93, 369 Church, 35; churchyard, 285
Caribs,63 Cicero, 29
caste relationship, in India, 69 Circassian, physiognomy, 53
cat, 93, 297, 379 circle, 273; ofcorporeity, 183; offriends,
catalepsy, 137, 247, 257, 265, 267, 357 273; oflife, 145
category, 11, 129, 141, 243, 253 circulation, 145, 147
Catholic, Christian, 321; doctrine, 75 circumspection, 45
Cato,247 citizenship, 73
Caucasian race, 47, 51, 53, 57, 59 civil, law, Roman, 75; relationships,
causality, 253 369; society, 115, 117,351
causa occasionalis, I 7 civilization, 29; civilized peoples, 415
clairvoyance, 247, 249, 279, 309, 3 11 ; 153, 177,207,213,215,219,225,241,

dangers of, 315; clairvoyant, 283, 289, 275,295,301,327,375,389,391,393,
313; diagnosis, 3 I I 421, 425; and sensation, 159; and
clarity, 139 somnambulism, 245; and soul, 339;
classification, of animal magnetism, 303 concrete, 329; deranged, 345; dis-
clergy, 63, 65, 237, 379 rupted, 367; divining, 227; double,
climate, 27, 29, 67; and mood, 41 145; ego of, 155, 161; free, 205;
clothing, colour of, 18 I healthy, 257; mediated, 305; objective,
coast,49 205, 233, 259, 3 I I, 333, 349, 353, 399,
coercion, of insane, 38 I 403; ordinary, 277; perceiving, 281;
coffin, 385 rational, 249, 335, 349; reflective,
cognition, Notional, 77, 281; scientific, 209,34 1; self-possessed, 243, 249, 319;
245 solitary, 363; somnambulistic, 323;
coherence, of images, 129 sound, 363; spark of, 375; spiritual,
cohesion, 173, 175 161, 257; subjective, 205; thinking,
cold, 393; and insanity, 371 307; true relationship of, 267; under-
collaterality, 33 standing, 129, 327, 337, 361; waking,
collectedness, inner, 145 129, 143, 269, 281
colonization, 63 conservation, 121
colour, 163, 165, 169, 179; and superior- consolation 281
ity, 47; single and universal, 157; contact, immediate, 173, 299
coloured, water, 151 contemplation,39
comedy, 87, 193; in morning, 41; comic, contempt, 111, 381, 419
193, 4 19 content, 167; actualization, 341; and
command, and obedience, 113 form, 347; of ego, 345; of intuition,
communication, volitional, 299 129; of sensation, 159; of soul, 209,
communion, of soul and body, 5, 15 363, 40 I ; of truth, 387
community, of feeling, 263 context, objective, 343
comprehension, 253 continent, 45, 49
eoneentration, 283, 359, 365; of sentient contingeney, 85, 103, 157, 179, 249, 287,
life, 323; of soul, 309 34 1,353,38 7,397,4 11
conception, 223 contradiction, 193, 227, 327, 33 1, 343,
conceptual, epidemie, 325 347, 399; awareness of, 367; in
concrete, consciousness, 329; determina- insanity, 329; offolly, 383; of soul, 333
tion, 135; self-awareness, 425; totality, convention, 181
16 7 eonversation, 309
Conde, Prince of, 345 eonviction, 83
eondolence, 201 copula,7
conduct, 115; practical, 341 copying, 357
confidence, 229, 375 corporality, 171
confirrnation, reciprocal, 129 corporeality, 17 1, 425
conformity, 123 corporeity, 325, 327, 395, 403, 425; and
confusion, 289 ego, 9; and soul, 13, 387, 389, 409;
congeniality, 93 circle of, 183; externality of, 413;
connectedness, 341; objective, 329; instrumentalization of, 395; liberation
universal, 205 from, 479; organic, 427
eonnection, in dreams, 143 corpse, 285
conscience, 155 cosmos, 2 13 ; cosmic life, 29; cosmic
eonscious, awakening, 309; existence, power, 31
217; life, 223, 233; recall, 275; spirit, cotton, 181; planting, 65
145 countenance, 229; play of, 419
consciousness, 25, 27,109,127,129,131, country, love of, 83
Volume Two: Index to the Text . 639
courage, 163; 189, 191 dentition, 233

Cox, J. M., 373, 381 dependence, 325; of child, 107; on
cradle, 137 magnetizer, 313; on magnetic person,
crafts, 9 I; craftsmen, 63 3 I 7; on rational person, 377
cramp, 323 deportment, 189, 4 I 5
cranioscopy, 41 I depression, of spirit, 26 I
crawling journey, 339 depth,sightin, 169, 171
creativeness, 7 deranged, meaning, 347; presentation,
Creole, 63, 65 345,363,377; world, 369; derangement,
cretin, 355, 375 29, 189,215,227,3°9,325,327,331,
crime, and derangement, 333 335, 343, 399, 427; and crime, 333;
criticism, direct, 377; of child, I 15 and duality 349; and illness, 347; and
crotchet, 369, 38 I moon, 39; and nervous system, 37 I ;
crueltY,75 and religion, 383; and somnambulism,
cry, 199; crying, 193,417; ofchild, 107 337; common in England, 363;
cultivation, 65, 4 19 diagnosis, 363; factor, 401; form of,
culture, 253, 32 I ; advanced, 287; 367; healing 373; kinds of, 353;
American, 63; general, 85; social, 77; negative, 339; Notion, 349, 353;
superior, 87; cultured, environment, 89; treatment, 349
nation, 89; person, 37, 243, 421 Descartes, R., 7,15,17
cunning,67 descent, 45
eure, 253, 315, 321, 329, 363; by fright, Descottes, Dr., 291
385; magnetic, 303, 305, 3 I 7; mira- desert, 49, 67, 263
culous, 299, 3 I 9 desipience, 137, 143, 355, 359, 361; and
custom,35 caprice, 369
cyde, 205; of determinations, 273; of desire, 325, 329, 365, 371, 387, 393, 4° 1;
singularities, 165 for universal, 85; to please, 77
despotism, 53, 69
destiny, 31, 239
darkness, 169, 171, 181,31 I; ofspirit, 219 determinate being, 23, 127
dark powers, 371 determination, concrete, 135
day, 143; and night, 135; time ofopposi- development, 95; anthropologieal, 429;
tion, 39; times of, 27, 29; time for in women, 309; of soul, 221, 331;
work,4 1 philosophical, 353; physiologieal, 101;
dead, worship of, 57 process of, 125; spiritual, 101, 107,
death, 39, 97, 99, 187, 189,201,273,279, 287; stage of, 413, 429
33 1, 377, 383, 385, 397; and fright, Devil,23 1
325; and life, 7 I; and love, 73; and devotion, 3 I
physiognomy, 421; and sleep, 135; diabolical potency, 231
approach of, 257; internal, 247; diagnosis, 3 I I, 353
prediction of, 285 dialectic, 79, 193, 195; dialectical
debauchery, 357 progression, 13 I, 147, 399
deceit, 369 diaphragm, 20 I
deception, 267, 283 diary, 303
decision, 41, 81, 225 digestion, 135
deitY,35 Digitalis, 307
delirium, 361, 381 dignity, ofman, 47
Delphic orade, 297 dimension, 169
delusion, 243, 25 1, 269, 355, 379, 38 I, disagreeableness, 423
383 disappointment, 419
democracy, 9 I discipline, 43, I 13
denial,4 17 discretion, 273
disease, 29, 39, 247, 253, 267, 315,319, Dupuis, C.-F., 35

327, 345; avarice, 367; bodily, 255; duty, 89; matrimonial, 65
diagnosis, 311; essence, 295; of soul,
257; physical, 269; psychic, 329;
spiritual, 329; diseased, state, 205; ear, 137; earlobe, 415
subjectivity, 381 Earth, 29, 31, 35, 37, 45, 49, 263; earth,
disgust, 365 17 1; earthiness, 329
disinterestedness, I 17 earthquake, 41, 263
displacement, 307 eating, 309; refusal, 385
displeasure, 177 ecstasy, 297
disposition, 47, 65, 67, 83, 187, 225, 283, education, 85, 111, 113, [2[
293, 30 I , 317; hardening of, 393 ; effect, natural, 409
religious, 317 effort, 407
dispositional disturbance, 223, 239 ego, 45, 109, [27, [4[, 159, 161, 213,
disruption, 333, 367; inner, 369; of self, 2[5,331,349,389,425,427; abstract,
40 I ; of sentient being, [97; overcome, [53, 345; and corporeity, 9; concrete,
40 3 [29, 155, 345; content of, 345;
dissatisfaction, with actuality, 363 impotent, 345; indivisible, 217;
dissection, 279 lightning of, 429; negation of, 347;
dissipation, 32 [ passive, 345; universality of, 347;
dissolution, 173 unmediated, 347; egocentricity, 113:
distance, measuring of, [07 egoistical, purposes, 313
distraction, 3 [5, 33 [ Egyptians,37
distrust, 377 elderly, 10[; and prophecy, 259; mind
diurnal, motion, 35 of, [23
divination, 3[, 43, 45, 213, 285; faculty element, air, 135; elementary difference,
of, 249 263
divine, potency, 23[; reason, 1[9; embodimerit, [63, 183, 189, 199, 327,
worship,65 393, 395, 407; freely willed, 42 I ;
divining, 227, 279; -rod, 263; soul, 25; involuntary, 413; of sensation, 161,
vision, 283 [65,419
division, basic, 2 [9; internal, 325 embryo, 223
doctor,29[ emetic, 383
dog, 26S, 345, 367; and magnetism, 297; emperor,83
scenting, 265 empirical, medicine, 373; relationship,
door, 143 245
double, seeing, 285 emulation, 111
dream, 127, 129, 139, 141,213,227,233, Enchanter's Nightshade, 307
241,265,309,313,329; and actuality, encyclopaedic exposition, 243
[43; connection in, [43; soul, 2[, 2[5; endowment, 85, 223, 295, 397
subjectivity of, 235; waking, 329, 337; energy, 47,9[,301; ofintelligence, 199;
world of, 243 ofwill,415
drinking, 309 enervation, 321
drive, [17,273,325,389; sex, 307 England, 81, 93, 363, 373; king of, 383;
drowning, 285 English, the 63, 285; character, 79;
dual, personality, 337; dualism, 19; introversive, 41; parliament, 41; fool-
duality, [35, 239, 241; and derange- ish, 365; Englishman, 357, 383; living
ment, 349 in Brazil, 63
ducking, 373 enthusiasm, 249; patriotic, 259
dulling, of sense, 267 entrails, consultation of, 4[
dull-wittedness, 63, 277, 357, 373 envigoration, 145
duplication, of personality, 323 environment, 47, 49, 89
Volume Two: Index to the Text • 641
envisioning, 279, 287; individual, 279; 405; world, 245, 247, 253, 321, 327,
soul,277 343, 403, 425: externality, 7, 107, 277,
envy, 181, 185 409, 41 I; and thinking, 339; of
Epieurus,5 eorporeity, 413; ofmatter, 13
epidemie, 29, 325, 379; insanity, 229 extrinsieality, 157, 217, 223, 225, 277,
epidermis, 47 283,389; ofmatter, 13; ofspaee, 109
epilepsy, 263, 357, 379 exultation, 313
epopt, 295 eye, 107, 137, 15 1, 161, 197, 199, 237,
equinox,35 259,269; fixed, 265, 271, 285; looking
error, 187, 279, 329, 333, 339, 341, 343, in, 417
4 23
Eskimo, 63
esprit, 77 face, 51, 187, 19 1, 195, 4 15, 4 17, 423;
essence, 111, 169,231,249,323,427; long, 4I9;facial, expression, 357,421;
God, 17; ofmagie, 231; ofsoul, 429 features, 42 I
Eternal Spirit, 403 fact, 15
ethies, 155, 157, 185, 351, 353: ethical, faeulty, 397; of divination, 249
aetivity, 317; being, 375; capability, fairy-tale, 345
381 ; eharaeter, 65; eonviction, 43; faith, 229, 299; faithfulness, 181
feeling, 317, 371; gods, 31; laws, 371; Fall, Biblieal, myth, 231
matters, 101; nature of action, 87; falsehood, 279
person, 369; relationship, 365; sensa- familiarity, 2°5, 407
tion, 125; substance, 7 I ; world order, family, 83, 93, 115, 125, 223, 351;
79, 103; ethicality, 12 I characteristics, 9 I; life 39; relation-
Ethiopian race, 5 I ship, 71
euphony, 181 Far East, 49, 59
Europe, 49, 67; Christian peoples of, 73; farmer, 275; Scottish, 381
freedom of, 43; peoples of, 69; Euro- fate, 225, 239, 291; foreknowledge of,
peans, 59,60--61,63,65,417; children, 2!h; of individual, 241
91 father, affectionate, 371; and son, 239
evening, imagination, 41; mood, 39 fauna, 45
evil, 109, 155,331,423; root of, 113 'Faust',27 1
evoking, of animal magnetism, 293 fear, 191, 379
evolution, 17, 35 features, play of, 415
exaltation, 257, 259 feebleness, 119
exeellenee, 10 I feeling, 131, 141, 167, 171, 173, 179,201,
exclusiveness, of soul, 2 I 9 2°3,241,249,259,265,267,269,295,
exeretion, 197 325, 387, 391; and refleetion, 9; self-
exercise, 407 possession, 319; sensation, 203, 261;
existenee, 283, 397, 41 I; natural, 393; bodily, 329; erudity of, 181; fOT
objective, 343; of soul, 395 actuality, 109; life, 21 I, 365; life of,
expectation, 419 225, 243, 247, 25 1, 253, 387; moral
experience, I II, 125, 137, 155; enrich- and ethical, 37 I; of friendship, 229;
ment, I 15; sympathetie, 29 I pleasant, 3°7; religious, 3 19; subjeet,
experiment, magnetie, 303 213, 269, 277, 325; substantiality,
expression, 42 I ; gestural, 4 I 9; of human- 253; sympathetie, 263
ity, 409; of soul, 409; pathognomic, feeling soul, 21, 207, 215, 219, 273, 291,
409, 42 I; physiognomie, 42 I 32 I, 333; immediacy of, 22 I; stages,
expulsion, 193 33 1
extension, I 7, 169 feet, 137, 187
exteriority, 165; exterioTization, 183: female, 73, 30 I; diseases, 247; friends,
external, nature, 427; necessity, 121, 223; magnetic, 3 I 7; nature, 223;
642 . Hegel' s Philosoph) of Subjective Spirit
female-contd. freedom, 5, 27, 45, 53, 87, 97, 155, 245,

patient, 3°3; sex drive, 307 295, 3° 1, 379, 401 , 4 13, 4 21 , 429;
feminine individuality, 73 absolute, 55, 87; abstract, 2 15;
festival, 35 actualised, 6 I; and habit, 393; re-
fetishism, 53 straint, 205; sea, 69; ofsoul, 391; soul
fever, 33, 269, 275, 283 and body, 405; spirit, 327; spiritual,
Fichte, J. G., 73 29; true, 57
finding, 203 frenzy, 357, 369, 37 1, 377
finger, 173, 359 friendship, 115,223,229,273,279; death
firmness, of character, 95; of heart, 273 of, 247
fish, spawning, 37 fright, 237; and eure, 385; and death,
fixation, 255, 329, 349, 361; of eyes, 265, 32 5
271, 285 frivolity, 77, 93
fixed, presentation, 365, 38 I, 383, 399; frontal bone, 5 I
principles, 75 fun, offolly, 337
flora, 45 funeral, 199, 201, 285, 365
fluency, 275 fury, 369, 371, 381
fluidity, of soul, 133 future, 31, 269, 281, 283, 287, 343; care
fly-brush,3 19 for, 65; past and present, 235;
flying, 345 futurity, 281, 285
focus, oflife, 145
foetus, 241, 255
folly, 335, 337, 339, 345,361, 365, 375; gait, 419
contradiction of, 383; intensity of, 387; galvanism, 297
religious, 38 I; varieties of, 367; fool, ganglia,305
337, 375, 385; cured by work, 381; Gauls,67
foolishness, 361, 363, 367; kinds of, 365 gaze, 231
food, 191,201,265,385; taste of, 267 Gellert, C. F., 3 I 7
foramen ovale, 105 general sense, 265, 267, 269
force, 19, 365; and restraint, 377; genius, 85, 93, 221, 225, 241, 245, 249,
natural, 2 I; of solar system, 37; 255, 269, 27 1, 325, 429; and individ-
forcefulness, 3I 7 ual, 239; and philosophy, 87; and
forecasting, 3 I I soul, 399; dominating, 329; evil, 33 I ;
foreknowledge, 28 I, 283, 287 musical, 101; ofman, 233
foreign language, 275 gentleness, 181
forgetting, 123,217,275,359,381 genus, 61, 245, 303, 387; actualisation,
form, and content, 347 97,99; life of, 117; process of, 125;
formal, subjectivity, 233, 253; formalism, unity of, 99
81 geography, 47, 49
formativeness, 425 geometrical problem, 359
fornication, 155 George III, 377, 383
fortuitousness, 285 Georgian, physiognomy, 53; race, 47
fortune-telling, 3 I germ, 67, 175
France, 263; Queen, of, 229; French, 67, Germany, 375; German, 69, 303;
3°3; character, 77; count, 359; character, 81; language, 275; philoso-
doctor, 29 I ; language, 79; man, 297; phy, 73; ridiculousness, 83
peasant, 263; physician, 267; revolu- gesture, 73,187,229,417,419,421
tion, 79, 369 Ghert, P. G. van, 303
free, consciousness, 2°5, 245; mechanism, ghost, 301
33; motion, 33, 4°1; shape, 409; giddiness, 38 I, 383
spirit, 95, 155, 161, 351; universality, girl, 379; and brother, 279; and pro-
425; will, 195, 199,283,421 phecy, 259; periods, 257
Volume T wo: Index to the Text . 643
glance, 299 hardness, 173

glass, 263, 297; feet, 383; legs, 385 hare, 37, 237
God, 7, 15, 17,23 1,249,367,4°3,423; harmony, 255, 323; internal, 347;
and Adam, 109; and nature, 57; natural, IOI; of body and soul, 405;
Christian, 61; conceptions, of, 59; of life, 32 I; of self-awareness, 399; of
existence, 131; grace, 369; objectivity, self-eonsciousness, 355; of spirit, 399;
57; god, 5, 31; of Mongols, 55; pre-established, 17
godlessness, 155 hate, 329
Goethe,J. W. von, 51, 201, 27 1, 415 haughtiness, 377
Göttingen, 385 haywain, 383
goitre, 357 hazel switeh, 261
gold ring, 263 head, 163, 189, 193, 273, 299, 303, 3°7,
good, the, 103, 109; and evil, 113; heart, 373,417; fall on, 373; holding, 419;
155; humour, 195; nature, 377 human, 5 I ; shaking, 4 17; tossing, 4 17
gossip, 77 healing, 253,319, 321; of derangement,
government, and subjects, 83; paternal, 373; through animal magnetism, 32 I
123; power, 59 health, 33, 135, 161, 187, 197, 247, 261,
gravitY,5, 13, 173,301; specific, 175 263,295,319,329,331; ofbody, 405;
Greece, freedom of, 43; Greek, 41, 69, restoration of, 323; spiritual, 373;
7 I ; profile, 5 I ; world, 423 healthy, eonsciousness, 257; mind, 9;
grenadier, 379 person, 233; soul, 347; understanding,
Griesheim, K. G. von, 17, 19,27,35,37, 349
4 1, 47, 51, 63, 67, 71, 89, 1°7, 143, hearing, 167, 171, 251, 265, 267; with
145,179,193,201,237,261,267, 269, stomach, 3 I I
271,273,275,277,285,287,291,297, heart, 137, 153, ISS, 189, 191, 225, 273,
301,303,307,309,317,319,321,325, 329, 33 I ; infernal powers of, 37 I
345, 363, 373, 375, 379, 381 , 383, 4 15, heat,5, 163, 173, 175,393; and insanity,
4 21 ,423 371; of fever, 269
grimace, 419 Heaven, Queen of, 181
groan, of animal, 107 heaviness, 261
ground (eause), 253 Hebrew, 275
growth,105 Hebrides, 285
guardian spirit, 289, 3 I 7 heel,387
guffaw, 195 Heget-Studien, 29, 33, 35, 39, 229, 27 1,
guile, 59 273,30 7, 325, 34 1, 359, 37 1, 379, 425
guillotine, 385 height, 169
guilt, 333 Helmont, T. B. van, 229, 305, 307
Henbane, 297, 305
herd,263
habit, 91, 97, 109, 123, 387, 389, 393, heroie, eure, 373
397, 407, 409, 421 , 425, 429; and High German, 275
freedom, 393; enslaving, 4°1; Notion Highlands, of Seotland, 285
of, 399,413; proeessless, 125; habitual, hiking,37
sentience, 425; skill, 395 Hippoerates, 29
habitat, 67 history, human, 35; of animal, magnet-
hair, 47, 53; eolour of, 37 1 ism, 29 I; of philosophy, 7 I; of world,
Haiti, 55 29,49; philosophy, of, 69
Haller, A. von, 385 hoax, 317
hand, 137, 187, 303, 4I I , 4 17, 419; hobby, 87
warmth in, 299 Holland, 285; Hollands geneva, 303
hanging, oneself, 365 Holy, Ghost, 385; Sepulchre, 339
Hanover, 309 homage,377
homesickness, 211, 247 41; vacant, 367; imaginings, 95, 249,

honour, 121; man of, 75 27 1, 329, 369; imagined, illness, 383
hope, 95, 329, 343 imbeciIity, 355, 361 , 373, 375; natural,
horse, 263, 383 357
hospital, 279 imitativeness, I I I
hospitality, 67 immanence, 9, 81, 203, 245, 247
human, events, 31; history, 35; inward- immateriality, 13, 15; ofsoul, 9, 11,251
ness, 183; nature, 423; life, 35; immediacy, 253, 387; of soul, 221;
occupations, 121 ; organism, 135; immediate, contact, 299; knowledge,
sensation, I 75; shape, 41 I, 415; soul, 247; sympathy, 291
23, 211, 235, 429; voice, 181, 421; immersion, of soul, 307, 40 I, 429
humaniry, 45, 125; destiny, 31 ; evidence imperial city, 91
of, 417; expression of, 409 implicitness, 131
humane treatment, 331 imponderable, 5, 169
humour, 195 impossibility, 281
husband, 223, 229, 279 imposture, 243
hymn, 201 impotence, of ego, 345
hypochondria, 119, 369, 375 impulse, 27, 59, 177, 325, 387, 393;
hypocrisy, 419 natural, 369; to suicide, 365
hypothesis, 17 imputation, 375
inclination, II3, 225, 273, 325, 329, 369;
of Earth's axis, 35
inconsiderateness, 225
I, am what I sense, 207 incrassation, of blood, 307
Idea, 3, 19, 103; and spirit, 427; free, independence, of South America, 63; of
141; logical, 427; of animal, 405; of will, 301; relinquished, 325
life, 5; philosophie, 71 Indian, American, 63, 65; Indians, 297;
ideas, association of, 129 and sea, 69; conception of God, 57;
ideal, 95, I I I; actualization, I 19, 123 ; religion, 55; deranged, 339
destruction, 121; idealism, 19, 117 indifference, to satisfaction, 393
ideality, I I, 13, 325, 327, 387, 429; individual,95, 101,239; and world, 245;
absolute, 195; of material being, 395; fate of, 241; rights, 71; sentient, 173;
ofsoul, 25, 43, 319, 399, 403; physical, soul, 85,203; tyranny, 75; world, 291,
167; undimmed, 209 369; individualiry, 127, 273, 323;
identity, of animal life, 321; substantial, predominance, of, 75; unconscious,
34 1 153; ununderstanding, 153
ideology, 127 individuation, 7
idiosyncrasy, 83, 93, 223 indivisibility, I I
ignorance, 113 indolence, 63, 287
iIl, nature, 369, 371 inducing, animal magnetism, 307; sleep,
illness, 33, 93, 139, 143, 217, 221, 223, 321
227,233,249,269,275,283,319,349, indulgere genio, 225
353, 355; abdominal, 191; and infection, magieal, 229
anxiety, 325; and derangement, 347; infemal powers, ofheart, 371
bodily, 321; experience of, 291; infinity, spurious, 85
imagined, 383; magnetic, 295; mental, influence, 30 I
377; physical, 29 1, 33 1; spiritual, 373, ingenuity, 77
385 inhumanity, Mrican, 75
illusion, poetical, 269 injury, 223, 237; to brain, 277
image, 129, 145,309; imagery, religious, innocence, 101, 107, 109, 113
35 inorganic substance, 297
imagination, 269,343,383,385; evening, Inquisition, 75
Volurne T wo: Index to ehe Text . 645
insanity, 329, 335, 367, 369, 375, 399; irrationality, 249; monkish, 393
and contradiction, 329; and French irritability, 135, 163, 191
Revolution, 369; and puberty, 371; Italic, philosophy, 71
epidemie, 229, 325; fury of, 371; Italy, 279; character of people, 73;
healing of, 373; incipient, 357; pre- political division, 75; physiognomy,
rogative of, 345 53; women, 73
insight, 287
insulator, 297
inspired, rationality, 77 James, 1,93
instinct, 37, 39, 229, 311,325,405,423; jaundice, 191
mating, 37; rational, 23 I jaw, 53; -bone, 51
instruction, 113 jealousy, 369
instrument, 405; hand, 41 I, 417; in- Jesuit, 63, 65
strumentali.<;ation, of corporeity, 395 Jewish cemtery, 415
integrity, 83 Joan of Are, 259
intellectual, character, 65; propensity, 67 joke, 319
intelligence, 101, 133, 135, 189, 199,331, jollity, 181
39 1 journey, crawling, 339
intelligibility, 245 joy, 189
intensity, 155; of feeling, 371; of folly, judge, 385
387; of sensation, 239; intensive, judgement, 7, 247, 423, 425; free, 3;
magnitude, 175; nature of quantum, immediate, 423
283 juristic exposition, 79
intention, impure, 317 justice, 155, 38 I
interest, 121, 137, 139, 203, 225, 245, juxtaposition, 17 I, 253
287,341,343,385,391,409; in object,
123; in world, 6 I; lack of, 103 ;
limited, 97; lively, 367; loss, 357;
Kant, 1., 73,89, 129
private, 75; temporal, 121
Kehler, H. von, 17, 19, 27, 35, 37, 41,
interiority, 165; interiorization, 183
intermaxillary bone, 415 47, 51, 63, 67, 71, 89, 91, 107, 143,
145, 179, 193, 201, 237, 261, 267, 269,
internal, division, 325; sensation, 175;
vision, 315; internaliv, 169; spiritual, 273, 275, 277, 285, 29 1, 297, 301 , 303,
31 I 3°7,309,317,319,321,325,345,363,
intestines, 165, 187; intestinal worms, 37 373,375,379,381,383,415,421,423
Kent, and Lear, 229
intro-reflection, 17,221,427
Kieser's Archive, 285; Journal, 303
introversion, 8 I
killing, 239; those we love, 371
intuition, 7, 57, 61, 129, 139, 143, 161,
king, 229, 343, 367
209,229,251,307,309,315,429; and
kissing, 385, 387
habit, 397; and sensation, 107; and
Kluge, C. A. F., 291, 303
space and time, 389; bacchanalian, 9;
knowing, 247, 259; intuitive, 275
concentrated, 289; content of, 129;
knowledge, 85, 125, 217, 275, 315; and
formal, 247; knowing, 275; knowledge,
language, 113; immediate, 247; in-
289; situation, 283
tuitive, 289; latent, 2 17; of human
intussusception, 105
nature, 423; ofworld, 275; thirst, for,
inurement, 389, 393
61; visionary, 287, 289, 291
involuntary, embodiment, 413, 421
Königsberg, 73
inwardness,83, 1I5, 181, 209, 283, 429;
human, 183; ofsoul, 349
Ionic, philosophy, 71
iris, 237 labour,65
iron, 263, 297, 30 I Lacedaemonians, 69
Lago, di Garda; Maggiore, 261 lightning, 133; of ego, 429

Lamb, adoration, 35; religion of, 37 Ligne, Prinee of, 37
land, 45, 65 limit, 145, 395;of soul's power, 427;
Langermann, J. G., 375 limitation, 333; of self, 325; limitedness,
language, 113, 163, 187, 189, 193, 229, 343,429
411, 421 ; and thought, 425; forgotten, linen, 181
275; Freneh, 79 linguistie, praetiee, 203
laughter, 165, 193, 195, 199, 359, 4 11 , lip, 419
4 17,4 21 literature, on animal magnetism, 303-
Lausitz, 73 3°5
Lavater, J. K., 423 liveliness, 273, 325, 365, 367
law, 61, 91, 123, 129, 157, 191; against liver, 37, 249
navigation, 69; eustomary, 89; ethieal, living, habit of, 397
371; ofnature, 231; oforganism, 405; lobe,oflung, 137
of planetary motion, 33; politieal, 75; loeal, spirit, 65, 67
ofstate, 83; lawfulness, 157 loeksmith, 375
laying, on of hands, 299 logie, 23; and truth, I I ; speeulative, I I ;
le meilleur tue le bien, 81 logieal Idea, 427; thinking, 87
league, ofamity, 71 long face, 419
Lear, King, 229 looking, in the eye, 197, 417
learning, 91,111,115,275; and for- lord,417
getting, 217; to write, 409 lottery, 313
leaves, of universal tree, 21 I Louis XIV, 345
leeeh, 269, 271 love, 101, 117, 181, 229, 247, 273, 329,
legitimation, 81 365; and death, 73; of ehild, 11 5; of
leg, 261; glass, 385 eountry, 83; sensation, of, 125;
Leibniz, G. W. von, 7, 11, 17 loveableness, of ehild, 107; loved ones,
letters, learning, of, 113 273
level,321 Low German, 275
levity, 169 loyalty,83
liberation, from sensation, 393; pride in, lunatie asylum, 373, 377, 379
79; struggle for, 213 lung, 137
life, 145, 295; ages of, 427; and death, 71 ; lustre, 181
animal, 13, 29, 145, 187, 201, 405; lymph, 47, 301
eonseious, 233; eosmie, 29; disintegra- Lyon, 267
tion of, 257; feeling for, 2 I I ; harmony
of, 321; Idea of, 5; indifferenee to,
365; inner, 137; murmuring ofin all, maeroeosm, 27
31; natural, 305; of feeling, 225, 243, madhouse, 309, 377; affeetion in, 371
247, 25 1, 253, 387; of genus, 115; of madness, 367, 377; eured, 383; Notion
motion, 33; manner, of, 67; of soul, of,367
305, 307; of Sun, 29; periods of, 371 ; magie, 241; draught, 3°7; Notion of,
planetary, 27, 45; politieal, 79; 229; of soul, 233; power, 23 1, 325;
potentialities of, 283; praetieal, I 19, relationship, 223, 227, 253, 299
123; private, 233; proeess, 97, 121; magnet, 293, 3°1; magnetic, appearanees,
sidereal, 29; soul-like, 295; spiritual, 30 5; eure, 297, 303, 305; female, 3 17;
21; stages of, 23, 95, 99, 131; tellurie, iron, 3°1; phenomena, 223; rapport,
29; two foei, 145; unity of, 107; way 299; sleep, 301 , 309, 323; somnam-
of, 65; worthwhile, 365 bulism, 243, 289, 29 1, 297, 305, 307,
light, 5, 13, 23, 105, 10 7, 163, 169, 179, 333; somnolenee, 247; state, 259, 275,
197, 259; in ehurehyard, 285; of day, 277, 279, 295, 299; treatment, 321;
135; religion of, 7 vision, 311; magnetism, animal, 243;
Volurne Two: Index to the Text . 647
magnetization, 297, 3°3; magnetizer, 299, Mesmer, F. A., 293, 301, 309; mesmer-
301, 303, 3°9, 317; dependence, on, ism, 293
313; power of, 251; French, 307 metal, 261, 263, 297, 3°1; -divining, 259
Mahomet, 377, 379 metaphysics, I I; naive, 3°3; old, 13, 15;
malady, 31 1,329, 383 metaphysical treatment, 329
Malaysian, race, 5 I, 53 meteorological changes, 41
Malebranche, N., 7, 15, 17 microcosm, 27
malice, 369 midnight, 41, 143
man, 29,47,97,345,4°1; adult, 117; migration, 37
and animals, 107, 155,413; and child, Milan, 261
107; dignity of, 47; genus, 131; life of, milk, I I I ; mother's, 239
33; modern, 43; natural history, 67; mind, healthy, 9; strength of, 229, 317
natural state, 77; power over animals, mine, featureless, of ego, 2 I 7
231; primitive, 229, 231; manhood, 103 miracle, 29, 27 1, 325; eure, 299, 319
mania, 83, 3 15, 371 mirror, of spirit, 33; mirroring, land-
manners, 91, 315 scape,27
mannerism, 87 misery, 371
manteia, 249; mantike, 29 misfortune, 369, 393
many, and one, 9 mockery, 42 I
Martius, K. F. P., 63 moderation, 419
mask,421 modern man, 43
mass, specific, 175 modesty, 81, 419
mat, colour, 181 Mohammedanism, 59, 6 I
mathematics, 101 monad,7, II, 17,247; monadic individ-
mating, instinct, 37 ual, 221
matter, 13; and soul, 9; and truth, 425; Mongols, 55, 57; Mongolian, race, 49,
extrinsicality of, 13; subtlety of, 3; 5 I, 53; shaman, 297
weighted, 163; materialism, 17, 19; monk, 55, 65, 393
materiality, 223, 4°3; materiature, 2 19; monkey, 263; and magnetism, 297
material, being, 15, 27 I; and im- monocotyledon, 223
material, I I, 15 monotony, 137, 147
matrimonial duty, 65 Montesquieu, C. L. de, 77
maturity, inner, 97; spiritual, 95 Montfaucon, B. de, 373
measure, 35, 145, 175 mood, 27, 29, 37, 4 1,75, 177, 179, 181,
mechanical, determinateness, 175; em- 301, 317; hypochondriac, 369; morn-
bodiment, 42 I ; expression, 4°9; shock, ing and evening, 39; ofsympathy, 263;
17 I ; mechanism, 33, 39 I sympathetic, 43; temperamental, 95
mediation, 17, 71, 227, 229, 253, 259, moon, 229; influence, 39
325, 341, 397; in animal magnetism, morale,43
3°1; infinite, 349; of consciousness, morals, 353; moral, beings, 375; feelings,
275; ofspirit, 21; temporal, 283; unity, 371; principles, 331; self-awareness,
4 13 381; significance of punishment, 381;
medicine, and religion, 321 ; rnedical, eure, morality, 351
32 I; training, 289; medicament, 297, morbid, opposition, 323
325; medicinal, know-how, 373; virtue, morning, mood, 39
4 11 mother, 111, 291; and child, 22 I, 223,
mediocrity, 289 233, 235; and foetus, 24 I ; milk of, 239;
meditation, 358, 359 sou1of, 237
Mediterranean, 49 motion, 33, 171; of body, 407; of soul,
melancholy, 89, 3 65, 375 18 5, 193
memory, 277, 39 1, 397 mountain, 49
mental arithmetic, 93 mourner, 199
648 . Heget' s Philosop1!Y of Subjective Spirit
mouth, 411, 417; and gesture, 419; debility of, 261, 263; delicate, 223;
functions, 201 nervous system and derangement, 371
multitude, tyranny of, 75 Netherlands, 37, 303
multiplicity, 353 Neuwied, Prince of, 63
murder, 155, 287; desire to, 371; new, philosophy, 303; World, 49
murderer, tracking of, 263 Newton, 1., 179,359
murmur, 137 Nicolai, C. F., 269, 271
muscle, 135; offace, 415; ofperson, 371 night, 135
music, 265; musical genius, 101 nightmare, 143
mystery, 231 'Night Thoughts' (Young), 275
myth,23 1 Nile, 263
nobility, 117,289
nodding, 417
naivety, 53, 303 noddy, 385
name, 123 non-awareness, 361
Napoleon, 127,313 nodulation, of nerves, 305
narcotics, 307 norm, 83, 241
nasal, tone, 181 North, Africa, 49; America, 63
national, character, 67; culture, 89; nose, 51; wrinkling, 419
difference, 23; history, 67; spirit, 67, Notion, 55, 109, 145, 147, 167, 21 3,293;
69,99, 125 and actuality, 19; determinations of,
nature, and God, 57; religion, 39; spirit, 65; existent, 219; my, 403; oJ,
19,21,23,57; time, 99; dormant, 147; derangement, 333, 349, 353; disease,
entirety, of, 27; external, 427; im- 295; habit, 397, 413; madness, 367;
materiality, 3; impotence, 189; life of, magie, 229; soul, 389, 399, 405; will,
3; philosophy of, 13, 71, 105, 185; 35 I ; speculative, 17; substance oflüe, 5
sublation, 7; totality, !H9; unity with, Notional, cognition, 77, 281; reason, 347;
43; universallife, 3 I ; worship, 31 thinking, 157
natural, 85; awakening, 25; change, 95, nourishment, 301
263, 371, 391; determinateness, 83, nous, 3, 9
93; difference, 47; disposition, 67 ; novelty, 139
effect, 409; history of man, 37, 67; number, winning, 313; numerical forms,
history ofspirit, 87; immediacy, 159; 71
impulse, 369; life, 279, 305; quality, nuns, deranged, 379
23, 27; self, 327; singularity, 387; nutrition, 47, 105
sleep, 321; soul, 21, 25, 47, 177, 199,
339,427; spirit, 45, 99, 349, 361; state
ofman, 77, 145; trait, 91; world, 115 obedience, 113
naturality, 23, 57, 135, 145, 33 1, 4 15, object, interest in, 123
42 9 objective, connectedness, 329; con-
navigation, 69 sciousness, 259, 3 I I, 333, 353, 399,
necessity, 21, 89, 119, 141, 171,259,33 1, 403; context, 343; unity, 335; world,
341, 399; connected, 283; external, 2°9
12 I, 405; rational, 93, 333; universal, objectivity, 335; understandable, 235
4°1 obsession, 36 I
need, physical, 403 obstinacy, 369
negation, absolute, 399; abstract, 125; obstruction, 255; and cure, 321
and preservation, 2 I 7; of ego, 347; of occasionalism, 17
soul, 337; of spirit, 15; negativity, odour, bad, 419
absolute, 5 offen ce, non-criminal, 333
Negro, 47,51,53,55,63 office, makes the man, 83
nerve, 135, 305; abdominal, 305; old age, 97, 101, 103, 123
Volume T wo,' Index to the Text . 649
Old World, 49 87; dominant, 42 I; hatred, 329;

omnipresence, 219 particular, 367
one, and many, 9 passivity, 159,221,251
open-heartedness, 4 I 9 past, 123,269,281,319; dwelling upon,
openness, 377 369; present and future, 235
operation, 277 paternalism, 65; governmental, 123
opium, 325 pathognomy, 165,4°9,421
opposition, 13 I, 369 patient, and physician, 3 13; female, 3°3;
oracle, 43, 241; Delphic, 297 insane, 375, 379
Orang-Utang, 415 patriotic enthusiasm, 259
orderliness, 65, 419 Pausanias, 43
ordo reTUrn atque idearurn est, 341 Pavia, University, 127
organ, 137, 145, 165, 187, 189, 255; peace, with world, I 17
internal, 305; of body, 161; of spirit, pedagogy, 113; play, I I I
32 I ; particular, 269 Penates,39
organic, cause, 237; corporeity, 427; penchant, 113
function, 405; life, 135; process, 413 pendulation, 263
organism, 41, 295, 3°1; animal, 107, 135, pendulum, 263
165; diseased, 319; disruption of, 189; Pennet, of Milan, 26 I
human, 135; laws of, 405; physical, peoples, history of, 65, 67
123, 125; unity of, 323 peppermint, 303
organization, 30 I ; animal, 305; of spirit, perception, 171; conscious, 281
39 1 perfection, 13; animal, 107
oriental, 417; despotism, 43; orientalism, Pericles, 195
7 period, 35; life, 35; of development m
originality, of English, 79; spurious, 85 girls, 257; ofwoman, 309
oscillation, 171 periphery, infinite, 209
ought, 107, 109, I I I, 233, 323 Persian religion, 7
outburst, choleric, 89 personality, 423; dual, 323, 337
oxidizable, metal, 26 I pervasion, ofsoul, 271,407; spiritual, 415
perversity, ofnature, 191
Pescherois, 63
pain, 175, 187, 189, 193, 197, 199,201; Petrareh, 75
tranquil, 369 phantasy, 39
painting, 87 phantom, 271
pale, 191 phenomenon, 99, 27 1, 275
pancreas, 191 philistinism, I 17
pangs, of love, 73 philosopher, 79; philosophy, 45, 87, 127,
pantheism, 9, 3 I 155, 271, 287, 403; Ionic and Italic,
Paradise, 109, 23 I 71; materialistic, 17; new, 303; of
Paraguay, 63, 65 history, 67, 69; ofnature, 13,71, 105,
paralysis, 137, 265 [67, 185; ofreligion, 3 1; ofright, 333,
parents, 101, I I I, 273, 3 I 7; and children, 35[; of spirit, 7; speculative, 13;
91,239; love of, 273 philosophieal, consideration, 257, 353;
Parliament, English, 4 I, 79 development, 353; notions, 245
parodY,93 phlegmatic temperament, 89
particularity, and universal, 61; of phosphorus, 27 [
sensation, 327 physical, aspect of insanity, 371; deter-
partner, affectionate, 37 I minateness, 165; healing, 373; illness,
party strife, 75 29 1, 321, 331; need, 403; organism,
passion, 79, 121,315,325,329,357,363, [23, 125; physicalized, space, 17[;
387,419; consuming, 423; content of, time, 171
physician, 63, 313, 317, 37 1 potion, 297

physicist, 3 pound, weight, 175
physiognomy, 51, 53, 83, 165,41 1,421, power, 325; absolute, I 19; cosmic, 3 I ;
423: physiognomie, appearance, 423; magical, 325 i of man over animals,
expression, 409 231; over knowledge, 275
physiology, 9, 165, 201, 223, 319, 415; practice, 39 1,409; practical, activity, 121;
psychic, 163; physiologieal, appear- conduct, 34 I; life, I 19, 123; relation,
ance, 193; basis, of magnetic state, 169; spirit, 177; practicality, 6 I
3°5; development, 10 I ; healing, 373 prayer, 403
pilgrimage, 37, 39; foolish, 339 pre-established harmony, 17
Pindar, 71 preaching, 125
Pinel, P., 39, 33 1, 357, 361 , 37 1, 375, 377 precept, 125
pining away, 247 precession, of equinoxes, 35
pipe, 359 precocity, 101
pit, of stomaeh, 3 I I predicate, 387, 409
place, 109, 171 prediction, of death, 285
placenta, 223 pregnancy, 257, 357
plains, Asian, 49 premonition, 287; of death, 285; of
planet, 33; planetary, configurations, 31; weather, 263
life, 27, 45 prerogative, of insanity, 345
plant, 29, 35, 37, 41, 47, 107, 2 I I, 361 ; present, adjusting to, 369; past and
life, 105; shape of, 4 I I future, 235
Plataeae, battle of, 43 presentation,9, I I I, 129, 143, 145, 155,
Plato, 15, 29, 71, 249 217,3°9,325,329,341,383,393,4°1,
play, I I I, 115; pedagogy, I I I ; -things, 421,427; and insanity, 375; catching,
I I I 229; co-ordination, 36 I; deranged,
pleasure, 163, 177, 199,307 343, 345, 363, 377; empty, 343, 345;
pluck,43 fixed, 75, 361 , 365, 381 , 383, 399;
plunge-bathing, 373 internal, 271; subjective, 143,355
plurality, of matter, 13 presentative, consciousness, 207; faculty,
pockiness, 181 379; thought, 115
podex, 271 preservation, and negation, 2 I 7
poem, 20 I; poet, 79; poetical illusion, pressure, 175
269; poetry, 201, 271 pride, 329, 363
point, 17, 129, 273, 355; of soul, 11; priest, 41, 299; priestess, 297
subjective, 149 primitive, knowledge, 23 I; magical state,
polarity, terrestrial, 45 23 I; state, 287; of man, 229
politics, 91; political, activity, 79; aware- Prince, de Ligne, 37
ness, 83; exaltation, 257; exposition, princes, of Germany, 83
79; freedom, 79; life, 59, 73, 79; principle, 153; fixed, 75; onesided, 343
principle, 79; rights, 81, unity, 77 prius, 13, 21
pomade, 47 private life, 233
pomposity, 377 privilege, 79
pore, 5 Privy Council, 27 1, 29 1, 375
Portsmouth, Lord, 363 procardium 253, 265, 267, 299, 303, 307
Portugal, 47, 63 process, 97, 167, 171; necessary, 171; of
poser, philosophieal, 127 development, 125; of genus, 125;
positing, 149, 325, 401 organic, 413
possibility, 2°9, 293, 343, 35 1, 395; and profession, 123
actuality, 295; real, 427 profile, 51
posture, upright, 415 progress, 12 I, 203; dialectical, 13 I, 147,
potentiality, of life, 283 399
promise, 379, 4 19 161; person, 377; spirituality, 155;

proof, of God's existence, 131 will, 113,369,395
propensity, 65, 67, 91 rationality, 99, 119, 157, 33 1, 335, 369,
property, 71 375, 379; and playthings, 111; inner,
prophecy, 249, 259, 297 61; inspired, 77; of colour, 181; of
prosaicism, 269 man, 47; ofworld, 121
proscription, 377 raving, 377, 379, 381
protest, 81 ray, 267
psychic, cause, 237; consciousness, 339; reading, 25 I; in procardium, 267; with
disease, 329; healing, 373; physiology, stomach, 31 I
163; relationship, 221, 223; treatment real subjectivity, 255
of deranged, 331 ; insane, 375 reason, 61, 139, 141, 159,341; and heart,
psychology,9, 165 153; and right, 47; and talent, 87; and
puberty, 115; and insanity, 371 understanding, 101; and unreason,
public affairs, 39 369; divine, 119; instinctive, 231; loss
pulsation, 21 of, 331; Notional, 347; residue of, 375;
punishment, just, 381 subjective, 247; truths of, 281; world-
pure, soul, 259; spirituallife, 403 historical, 79
purging, of insane, 373 reasoning, 225
purple, 179 rebellion, 37
purpose, 109, 113, 395, 427;egoistical, recall, 281; conscious, 275
313; general, 73; rational, 339; recitation, 265
subjective, 395; universal, 287 reciprocity, 129, 293
Puysegur, A. M.]. C. de, 277, 297, 303, recognition, individual's search for, 75
309,3 1 9 recollection, 161,209,217,275,277,309,
Pythagorean philosophy, 71 397, 407, 425, 429; of dead, 57;
partial, 3 I 3
rectum, 269
quality, 153, 203, 283, 391; natural, 23, refinement, of French, 77
27 reflection, 39, 75, 37 1, 391, 401 , 423; and
qualitative, difference, 175; natural feeling, 9; rejlecting, consciousness, 209;
determinateness,93 universality of, 387; reflective, con-
quantitative, difference, 105 sciousness, 341; thinking, I I
quantum, 283 reform, 95
quantity, 175 Reil,]. C., 39
Queen, of France, 229; of Heaven, relation, 273; spiritual, 315
181 relationship, 115; magieal, 253; moral,
questioning, a magnetic person, 315 375; negative, 147; sensuous, I I
quietness, 181 relatives, death of, 247; love of, 273
quirk,387 religion, 53, 115, 155, 157, 185,247,317;
and heart, 153; and derangement, 383;
and insanity, 369; and medicine, 321;
race, 47, 99; and skin, 53; human, 47, and nature, 39; no influence on way
69; racial, variety, 23, 45, 47, 51, 65, of life, 67; of Greeks, 43; of Lamb, 37';
99, 12 5 of light, 7; of Mongois, 55; of sublim-
rage, 191,381 ity, 59; origin of, 35; philosophy of, 31
rapacity, 67 religious, disposition, 317; exaltation,
rapport, 291, 313 257; feelings, 319; folly, 381; imagery,
rational, the, 79; achvlty, 127; being, 35; matters, 101; person, 403; scruples
375; cause, 365; consciousness, 249, 75; religiousness, 121
335, 349; environment, 89; liberation, remedy, 311
393; necessity, 93, 333; objectivity, remembrance, 123
652 . Hegel's Philosophy of Suhjective Spirit
remorse, 185 tion, 245; knowledge, 231 ; study, 397;

renunciation, monkish, 393 theology, 155
repentance, 385 Schelling, C., 303
repetition, 147,387,391,4°7 Scheffner,]. G., 271
reproductive, system, 135, 19 1, 305, Schneider, H., 29, 33, 35, 39, 229, 271,
3°7 273,3°7,3 25,34 1,359,37 1,379
resistance, 5, 169 scholar, 77, 359
resolution, 241 school,85, "5; schooling, 87
respect, 365, 383; of insane, 377 Schultz, C. F. L., 271
respiration, 105, 201 Scotland, 285, 381
responsibility, 331 scruple, religious, 75
responsiveness, 91 sea, 45; access to, 67; free element of, 69
rest, 137 season, 27, 29, 37
restraint, and freedom, 205; of insane, second, nature, 391, 401; sight, 285
377 self, 327, 387, 397, 429; actualized, 429;
Resurrection, of Christ, 39 disruption of, 401; limitation, 325;
retention, of sensation, 209 natural, 351; of child, 237; self-
reverie, 271 absorption, 357, 361
revolution, 29, 79 self-awareness, 105, 203, 235, 269, 323,
Richter,]. P., 145 325, 327, 329, 349, 3 87, 393, 425;
right, 47, 107, "5, 121, 185, 203, 35 1, harmonious, 399; mechanism of, 391;
375; equal, 45; ofstate and individual, moral,381
71; Philosophy of, 333, 351 ; political, self-certainty, 343; self-communion, 399,
79, 81 ; sense of, 381 401; self-conceit, 377.
rigidity, 173 self-conscious, activity, 127; life, 29;
Ritter,]. W., 31, 261 spirit, 33; self-consciousness, 225, 243,
river,49 273, 345; harmony of, 355
robber, 143,291,365,385; staged, 383 self-contradiction, 355; deception, 249;
romance, recitation of, 265 discovery, 133; expression, 199; ex-
Rome, 73; Roman, civil law, 75; ternality, 341; identity, 147; im-
republic, 247; Romans, 4 1, 69, 199 mersion, 353; intuiting, 247; mastery,
roughness, 173 21 5
royal colour, 181 self-possession, 129, 143, 145, 225, 243,
rudeness, 383 269, 271, 309, 329, 33 1, 345; self-
rule, "5,407; ruler, 43 possessed consciousness, 249, 319; life,
rutting-season, 37 223
self-reliance, 79; relation, 425, 429;
seeking, 329; subsistence, 247; unity,
sacrifice, 43, 45; killing, 29 161; will, 113; volatilization, 173
Salis, Count, 261 selfhood, 203, 221,241
St. Denis, 385 selfishness, 77, 33 1
St. Vitus's dance, 257 sensation, 25, 27, 47, 75, 133, 143, 147,
salt, 261 ; saltiness, 173 157,163,175,2°3,205,229,263,291,
sanctimoniousness, 423 325,329,347,387,391,4°1,429; and
sanguin, temperament, 89 consciousness, 159; and feeling, 203,
satisfaction, 121, 393 261; and habit, 397; and intuition,
savage, tribe, 91 107; and soul, 153; content of, 159,
scatter-brained, 87 389; direct, 315, embodiment of, 161,
scenting, of cats, 93 165,419; everything in, 153; exterior,
science, 81, 189,411; and astrology, 33; 177; fortuitous, 285; immediate, 207;
beginning of, 351 ; of spirit, 31 ; Greek, inner, 185, 413; intensity of, 239;
43; scientific, categories, 253; cogni- internal germ of, 175; liberation from
Volume T wo: Index to the Text . 653
393; magnitude of, 175; nature of, 151; 97; and universal, 157, 205; concern
of what is ethical, 125; particularity with, 1I9; natural, 387; singulariza-
of, 325; sphere of, 183; subjectivity of, tion, 341; ofmatter, 13
157; unmediated, 261 sister, 291
senses, 163, 165; dulling of, 267; external, size, relative, 171
163; five, 167; general, 265; of right, sizing up, 197
381; specific, 269; system of, 161; skilI, 389; habitual, 395
transposition of, 267 skin, 47; and race, 53
sense-organs, 165, 253 skinflint, 89
sensible, person, 369 skipper, 285
sensibility, 135, 163, 193, 305 skulI, 51, 53, 4 15
sensing, 25, 151; totality of, 2°3; unity slavery, 69, 417
of,39 1 sleep, 25, 127, 13 1, 135, 141, 145, 147,
sensitiveness, 263; sensitivity, 89, 175, 233, 247, 257, 265, 269, 275, 297, 299,
177, 203 3°5,3°7,3°9,391; and death, 135;
sensuousness, 115; relationships, 11; and waking, 137; inducing of, 145;
singularity, 205 magnetic, 30 I, 323; natural, 321;
sentience, 165, 175; habitual, 425; inner, -walking, 135, 137, 265, 267;
335 sleepiness, 137
sentient, individual, 173; life, 323; soul, slovenliness, 419
149, 159, 429 small town women, 361
sentiment, noble, 289 smell, 143, 164, 167, 173, 179,251
sentimentality, 71 smile, 195
serenity, 289 smoothness, 173
seriousness, I I I snow, 237
serpent, in Paradise, 109 snuff, 303
servant, 365, 417; serving, 31 soul,3, 131, 165, 183, 289; a thing, 11;
sex, drive, 3°7; love, 229; -relationship, actual, 11,21, 409,411; all-pervasive,
23, 125, 13 1, 133 27 1; animal, 155, 183; and, animal
shadow, 171 magnetism, 307; body, 5, 7, 13 ,17,
shaker, 381; shaking, hands, 419; head, 4°3,4°7,415,423,427; consciousness,
417 339,425; content, 363; corporeity, 13,
shaman, 297 4°9; expression, 4°9; genius, 399;
shame, 185, 191 matter, 7, 9, 425; nature, 219; natural-
shape, 163, 175; free, 409; human, 415 ity, 205; solar system, 31; sensation,
shock, 237; mechanical, 171 153; sensing, 2°3; spirit, 255; sub-
show, 21, 151 stance, 155, 205; world, 405; artistry
siblings, 273 of, 4°9; awakening, 131 ; being of, 387;
siderism, 3 I, 261 ; sidereal life, 29 closed, 357; concentration of, 3°9;
siesta, 41 contradictory, 333; corporeity of, 387,
sigh, 165, 193, 421 389; deranged, 349; development of,
sight, 165, 167, 169, 197, 199, 251, 267, 331; differentiation of, 135; divining,
395; at a distance, 267; paralysis of, 25; dreaming, 21; envisioning, 277;
137 essence, of, 429; exclusiveness, of, 219;
sign, 187,4°9,411; ofsoul, 417 existence, 395; feeling, 21, 2°7, 215,
signatura rerum, 41 I 273, 321 , 333; filling of, 2°9; free in
silk, 181, 297 body, 405; free motion of, 4°1;
simplemindedness, 197 freedom of, 391; human, 23, 155;
simplicity, 11, 147, 179, 181; ofuniversal, ideality of, 25, 319, 399, 413; im-
4°7 material, 3, 9, 11, 251; immediacy,
singing, 137 389; in sleep, 137; individual, 85, 95,
singular, and universal, 325; singularity, 127; individualization, 83; internal
soul-contd. speech, 201, 251, 265, 419, 421; and

determination, 225; inwardness of, universality, 109; clarity and preci-
349; life of, 3 I, 305, 3°7; light of, 197; sion of, 79; deranged, 343
-like life, 295; magical state, 233; sphere, 27, 87, 95, 121, 145, 161, 167,
microcosm, 27; motion of, 185, 193; 2°5,219,221,223,231,283,41 1,429;
natural, 21, 25, 47, 177, 339, 427; animal, 299; ethical, 351; of body,
nature of, 17; negative of, 337; 183; of finitude, 341; of life, 291; of
Notion of, 389, 399, 405; of mother, sensation, 183; physical, 383
237; positing of, 4°1; quality of, 2°3; Spinoza, B. de, 7,9, 15, 17,341
seat of, I I; -self-accustoming, 2 I ; spirit, 41 I, 427; abyss, 361; and body,
scientific study of, 397; self-relating, 347,4°7; and matter, 5; and nature,
403; sentient, 149,429; stages of, 215, 19, 21, 23, 57; and soul, 255, 321;
427; subjective point of, 149; sub- basis of, 141; being-for-self, 9; con-
stance of, 13, 389; totality of, 209; scious, 145; darkness of, 219; depres-
union of, 235, 279; unity of, 145,209, sion of, 261; diseased, 329; distracted,
395; universal, 23, 97, 149; utterance 33 1; free, 95, 155, 327, 351; freedom
of, 421; waking, 147 of, 4°1; harmony, 399; highest
sobbing, 193 appearance of, 41 I ; implicit, 7;
social, culture, 77; standing, 9 I localized, 65; mature, 95; national,
Socrates, 423 125; natural, 45, 361; natural history,
softness, I 73 87; negative, 15; organ, 321, organ-
soil, and disposition, 67 ization, 39 I ; particularizing, 3; pract-
solar system, 29, 3 I, 33, 37 ical, 177; production of, 19; self-
solarism, 293 conscious,33; speculative, 17; truth of,
soldier, 291 133, 257; truth of nature, 3; waking,
solidity, 163, 175 145
solitary, consciousness, 363 spiritual, categories, 253; development,
solitude, 41, 81 10 I, 107; idiosyncrasy, 93; inwardness,
somnambulism, 289, 3°9, 353, 427; and 177; life, 21; relation, 315; superiority,
consciousness, 245, 323; and de- 45; sympathy, 179; world, 115
rangement, 337; and individual, 251; spirituality, 157, 325, 327, 397; general
magnetic, 243, 297, 305, 307, 333; tone, 4 I I ; objective, 1°3; pervasive,
somnambulist, 25 I 415; surrender, 245
son, and father, 239 spite, 369
sophistry, 75 Spix, J. B., 63
sorcery, 229 spoilt individual, 369
sorrow, 101, 187, 189 spontaneity, of animal magnetism, 257
sound, 163 spring (season), 35, 39
South America, 63; pole, 63 stage, 205, 213, 215, 219, 227, 33 1, 395,
spa, 37 399; and sublation 13; early, 115; of
space, 5, I I, 33, 37, 109, 157, 253, 269, development, 413, 429; oflife, 23, 95,
277,279,281, 283, 389; empty, 429; 99, 125, 131; of soul, 215,427
physicalised, 169, 171; spatial, totality, standing, 109, 395
169; spatiality, 223 star, 23
Spain, 63, 265, 279; political unity, 77; state, the, 61, 351, 353; law, 83; rights
Spaniards, 75, 83; Spanish America, 65 of, 71; statesman, 77, 303
Spartan, ethicallife, 7 I steer (animai), 263
speaking, 109, 181,3°9 Stephanus, H., 249
specific, gravity, 175; mass, 175; sense, stimulation, 37, 143, 307
269 stirring, of soul, 2 I ; subdued, 153
speculation, 17; speculative, conception, stomach, 137, 253, 267, 299, 307, 383;
19; logic, II; philosophy, 13 hearing with, 3 I I ; wagon, in, 367
stoppage, 3 I 9 swing, 381

storm, 285; and insanity, 371 switch,261
story, I I I swoon,93
Strassburg, 3 I 7 sword,93
stream, 175 syllogism, absolute, 7; of sensation, 151
strength, 273,423; ofbody, 405; ofmind, symbol, 181; symbolic, interpretation,
229,3 17 3 II ; nature, 4 17; symbolism, 179;
strife, party, 75 symbolization, 163
striving, theoretical, 341 symmetry, 137
stroking, and magnetism, 299 sympathy, 9, 29, 163, 181, 229; as
Strombeck, F. K. von, 309, 317 experience, 291 ; as feeling, 263 ;
struggle, for liberation, 213 immediate, 291, mood of, 263; spirit-
student, 385; study, 121 ual, 179; unconscious, 37
stupefaction, 357 system, 81
stupidity, 63, 333, 339, 343, 357
stupor, oflife offeeling, 245
stuttering, 91 tableau, 129
Styria, 237 talent, 83,85, 87, 93, 407; artistic, 101
subject, 131, 161, 325, 397, 409; and taste, 163, 167, 173, 179,251,267,3°3,
government, 81; and thought, 425; 393
conscious, 327; deranged, 337, 367; Taurus,35
feeling, 269, 277; inwardness of, 71; teacher,85
permanent, 95; sentient, 175, 193 tears, 163, 195, 197
subjective, idealism, I 17; feeling, 2 13; technical training, 407
presentation, 143; spirit, 185, 427; tedium, 145
substantiality, 223; will 43 teeth, 53, 109, 233
subjectivity, 7,43,71,83,119,125,129, telluric, life, 29; power, 31 ; tellurism, 293
133; concrete, 153; feeling, 325; temper, 223
formal, 233, 253, 335, 35 1; health of, temperament, 83, 87, 89, 225; tempera-
319; of sensation, 157; of universe, mental mood, 95
21 I; ofyouth, 103; passive, 159; real, tenacity, of mind, 125
255; self-assured, 73; unruly, 369 tension, 145; natural, 145
sublation, 5,13,21,61,79,147,149,171, terrestrial, polarity, 45; relationship, 37
217, 281, 387, 389, 399, 401, 425; by Thames, 365
stages, 13; of consciousness, 269; of Thebans, 69, 7 I
externality, 7; of thought, 19 theology, 155
submission, 4 17 theory, 61; theoretical, principles, 331;
subordination, 221 relation, 169; striving, 341; theorizing,
substance, 7, 147, 219; of soul, 97, 155, 3°3
333, 389, 395 thick-bloodedness, 143
subsumption, 329 thief, 143; tracking of, 263
suicide, 201, 365 thing, the soul, I I
summer, 37, 39 thinking, 139, 155, 191, 245, 307; basis
Sun, 35, 39, 229, 237; and insanity, 371; of spirit, 141; consciousness, 305;
life of, 29 derivation of, 19; finite, 341; for
superiority, 419; of colour, 47 oneself, I 13; logical, 87; Notional,
supersensuous, world, I 15 157; reflective, 11; subjective, 339
superstition, 29, 33, 35 thought, 59, 61, 115, 159, 189,217,229;
supremacy, of men, 45 and being, 15, 347; and language,
surface, 169 425; and subject, 425; lively, 365;
suspicion, 369 modes of, 141
sweetness, 173 threads, 247
thunder,4 1 unconscious, activity, 325; individuality,

Tibetans, 55 153; intuiting, 389; posture, 395;
'Timaeus', 249 sympathy, 37; unconsciousness, 9, 27,
time,5, I I, 33, 37, 99, 157, 191,269,277, 177
28 I, 283, 389; measure of, 35; of day, unconstrainedness, 73, 227
37; physicalized, 17 1 understanding, 77, 139, 141, 187, 34 1,
tiredness, 38 I 419; apriori, 243; alert, 241; and
tide, the, makes the man, 83 habit, 397; category of, 141, 243;
tone, 163, 171, 179, 181, 199; ofspiritual- consciousness, 227, 295, 3 1I, 327, 337,
ity, 41 I; spiritual, 417 361 ; firmness of, 77; healthy, 349;
tossing, the head, 417 lack of, 343; reasoning, 10 I ; sophistry
totality, 141, 167, 205; abstract, 429; of, 75; spirit of, 127
actuality of, 245, 341, 347; and union, of soul, 235, 279
derangement, 327; concrete, 129; unit, I I ; and many, 9
feeling, 323; objective, 205; of feeling, unity, 7, 9, 49, 13 1, 147, 24 1, 3° 1;
223, 225; oflife, 32 I; ofself-awareness, absolute, 9 I; abstract, 39 I; actual,
273; of sensing, 203; of soul, 2°9; of 347; concrete, 13, 149; formal, 353;
spirit, 22 I; ordered, 329; presence of, immediate, 405; inner, 273, 323;
143; rational, 139; spatial, 169; living, 189; mediated, 413; objective,
terrestrial, 167 335; of animal sphere, 299; of child's
touch, 1°7, 151, 173,265,297,299,3°3 nature, 107; of genus, 99; of gravity,
trade, 81, 91 173; oflife, 107; of organism, 323; of
tragedy, 195 self, 161; of sensing, 391; of soul, 23,
training, 405, 407 145, 155, 209, 395; of subjective and
transition, to derangement, 325 objective, 335; of thought and being,
transitoriness, 387 15; simple, 325; spiritual, 7 I; sub-
translucency, 47 stantial, 323; with nature, 23 I; with
transparency, 47 world, 119
transpiration, 135, 173 universe, 9, 3 I; subjectivity of, 2 I I ;
transposition, of senses, 267 universal, 61, 123, 165, 331, 369;
tree, 35; magnetizing of, 297; of uni- actualization of, I 17; and particular-
verse, 21 I ization, 61; and singular, 325; con-
trembling, 191 nectedness, 205; desire for, 85; ideal
Treviranus, G. R., 45 of youth, II 5; in particularities, 123;
tribe, savage, 9 I planetary life, 27; self-relating, 427;
Trieste, 287 simplicity of, 407; soul, 23, 25, 97
tripod,297 universality, 95, 109, 32 I ; and singular-
Triunity, 61 ity, 205; formal, 387; of ego, 347; of
true, the, 103, 185 soul, 149; undifferentiated, 127
truth, 3, 5, 7, 25,131,149,155,219; and unmediated knowledge, 277
logic, I I ; and matter, 425; of ideals, unnaturalness, 393
12 I; ofman, 47; ofparticularity, 387; unreason, and reason, 369
of reason, 281; of spirit, 133, 257; unsophistication, 419
truthfulness, 77 ununderstanding, individuality, 153
turbulence, inner, 419 upright, posture, 4 15, 4 I 7; uprightness,
Turks,47 395,4°9
tyranny, 75 usage, 75
utterance, of soul, 42 I
umbilical, cord, 223

unborn child, 105, 235 vacuity, 355; of imagination, 367
uncertainty, absolute, 369 Valladolid, 279
value, objective, 97 weeping, 193, 197, 199, 41 I

vanity, 77, 329, 363, 419; ofclairvoyant, weight, 345; weighted matter, 163
3 15 weIl (water), 175
vegetable, formation, 173; substance, 'Werther', 201
297; world, 223 Western Asia, 49, 59
vegetative, process, 47 West Indies, 63
veneration, 417 Westphalia, 285
Venice, 415 What I think is true, 347
vengeance, 185 white, 47, 179, 181
ventricle, of heart, 137 wife, 223, 357, 365
versatility, 89 wig, 359
vibration, 17 I, 20 I will, 29, 109, 133, 135, 155, 245, 299,
vindictiveness, 59 319,331,333,389,391; actualization,
virtue, 87; medicinal, 41 I 35 I; and standing, 109, 395; curbing
visibility, 259 of, 369; energy of, 415; free, 195, 199,
vision, 169,249,269,271,281; divining, 283, 421; independence of, 3°1;
283; internal, 315 Notion of, 35 I ; rational, 113, 369, 395;
visionary, 139; knowledge, 287, 289, subjective, 43; universal, 37 I; wilful-
291; spirit, I 17 ness, 273
vital, matter, 123 Winckelmann, J. J., 287
voice, 163, 181, 193, 199,201,421 Windischmann, K. J. H., 32 I
volatilization, 173 wine, 325
volition, 67, 79, 393 winning, number, 313
volitional, activity, 415; communication, winter, 37, 237
299 wisdom, 113, 125
Voltaire, F. M. A. de, 77 wiseacre, I 13
vomit, 383 wish,343
vulgarity, 181 wit, 77; witticism, 385, 387
witchcraft, 229
withdrawing, inwards, 301
word, 201
wagon, 383; in stomach, 367 world, 97; advance of, 121; and individ-
waking, 127, 131, 135, 147, 15 1, 233, ual, 245; and myself, 275; complete,
269, 3°5, 329, 391, 427; and sleep, I19, 121; deranged, 369; external,
137; consciousness, 269; dream, 329, 107, 109, 125, 135, 137, 141, 145, 15 1,
337; spirit, 145; state, 139 165,2°5,247,253,321,327,343,4°3,
walking, 109, 265, 361, 419; in sleep, 137 425; history, 29, 49, 67, 71; historical
war, 257; Office, 271 reason, 79; individual, 29 1, 329, 369;
warmth, in hand, 299 interesting, 61; mastery, 61; my,
watchmaker, 385, 387 273; natural, 115; objective, 209; of
water, 71, 197, 261, 263, 297, 301; dreams, 243; order, 79, 103; out of
coloured, 151; -divining, 259; scent of, joint, I 17; rationality of, 121; re-
175 shaping of, I 17; soul, 9, 25, 2 I I ;
Waterloo, batde of, 313 spiritual, 115; substantiality of, 103;
way of life, 65 supersensuous, I15; two worlds, 339;
We see all in God, 15 view of, 235; weariness, 365
weakness, 301, 423; spiritual, 377; woman, 47, 199, 279, 291; clairvoyant,
weakliness, 261; weakmindedness, 379 3°9; I talian, 73 ; magnetized, 3 I 9 ;
wealth,9 1 periods, 35; regard for, 379; small
weariness, 393 town, 361; womanliness, 181
weather, and insanity, 371; premonition womb, 105, 221, 233, 235, 25 I
of, 263; susceptibility to, 261 wonder, tale of, 319
work, 39,41,121,145,309; artistie, 415; Xenophon, 45
eure for foolishness, 38 I
worm, intestinal, 37
worship, 65; Apis, 35; of dead, 57; of yellow, 181
nature, 31 Young, E., 275
wound, 41, 273 youth,95, 103, II5, 275, 277, 373; and
writing, 137, 205, 267, 409 nature, 9; reeolleetions of, 275
INDEX TO THE NOTES
Abel, C., 630 Andree, j., 514

Abel, j. F., 469,587 Andresse, G. A., 5°7, 555
Abercrombie, j., 500, 532, 585 anima mundi, 439
Abicht, j. H., 494, 496 animal, and man, 628, 630; language,
Abraham, 602 628; magnet, 553; magnetism, 440,
absent-mindedness, 588, 589, 590 503,5°4,523,545,547,560,561, and
absorption, 588 anthropology, 511; cosmology, 546,
Abu Ma'shar, of Bagdad, 442 562; healing, 568; music, 523; neuro-
abyss, of ego, 495 logy, 563; religion, 523; bad effects,
Ackerknecht, E. H., 580 570; classification, 556; history, 572;
Ackermann,j. C., 565 interpretation, 554; literature, 511;
Ackermann, j. F., 432, 584 magnetized, 549; sympathy with
aconitine, 565 Earth, 519; time, 536
'Acts', 484, 55 I animism, 433
actuality, and possibility, 633 Anne, Queen of England, 551
Adair, j. M., 472 anthropology, 431, 432, 439; and animal
Adam and Eve, 449 magnetism, 5 I I
'Adam Bede', 632 antipathy, 469
Adelung,j. C., 451 Apollo, 547
aesthetics, and anatomy, 452; race, apoplexy, 586
45° appetitive faculty, 599
'Aesthetics' (Hegel's), 455, 467, 468, 488, Aquinas, St. Thomas, 467, 543
494,63 1 Arabs, and idiocy, 621 ; nature of, 462
aether, 546, 562 Are, joan of, 516
affeetion, 485, 486, 598, 599 Arealengi, F., 543
Mriea, 45 I, 463 Areher-Hind, R. D., 510
Alacaluf people, 456 Arehimedes, 589
albinoism,501 Ardouin, B., 455
Alderson, j., 529 Aretin, C. von, 519
Alexander the Great, 476 Argyle, M., 492
alienation, 618 Aristotle, 431, 434, 442, 466, 479, 481,
Alison, W. P., 526 482,487,499,522,628,629,633
alkaloid, 565 arithmetie, 472
Allen, M., 601, 602 Amold, T., 565, 582, 599, 600, 621, 624
Amelung, F., 601, 602 arsenic, 605
America, 456, 457 Artabanus,481
Amoretti, C., 518, 520, 537 association ofideas, 481
'Anabasis', 447 astrology, 44 I, 442
anatomy, and mathematics, 579; com- atheism, 443
parative, 452 atom, 51o
Anaxagoras, 492 Auenbrugger, L., 506
Andral, G., 568 Augusti, j. C. W., 446
659
660 . Begel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit
Aurelianus, C., 616 Berriat-Saint-Prix, J., 516

Austrian Netherlands, 445 Bertelsmann, A. H., 615
Averdy, C. F. de 1',516 Bertrand, A., 532, 533, 545, 568, 570
Avicenna, 616 Bethlem Hospital, 605
awakening of, ego, 634 Beutler, E., 573
Aymar, J., 521 Bible, 536, 551, 632
Bichat, M. F. X., 483, 489, 493
Bickerstaff, 1., 442
Baader, F. X., von, 503, 504, 525 Biesterfeld, W., 490
Babylon, 441 Billings, J. S., 508
Bacchus, 609 Binterim, A. J., 446
Bachmann, C. L., 524 Bird, F. L. H., 454, 549, 600
Bächtold-Stäubli, H., 492 Birlinger, A., 492
Bacon, F., 471 Black Henbane, 565
Baeumker, C., 436 'Blackwood's Magazine', 506, 569, 633
Baigne, abbot of, 524 Bladon, F. M., 618
Balllet, A., 471 Blair, H., 465
Baillie, J. B., 484 Blasius, Dr., 521
Baldwin, G., 524 Blayney, A. T., 56g
Ballanche, P. S., 499, 542 Blecher, G., 447
baquet, 550 blending, and perception, 474
Barere, B., 633 blindness, 523, 526
barley-com fixation, 599 blisters, 605
Barnstoff, J., 533 Blondel, J. A., 500
Barrow, J., 630 blood-Ietting, 605, 6°7, 611
Bartels, E. D. A., 472 Blumenbach, J. F., 45 1, 452, 453, 454,
Bartier, J. P., 47 1 458,501,556,628,629,630
Basedow, J. B., 576 Blumröder, G., 579
Battie, W., 606 blushing, 490
Baumgarten, S. J., 456 Boberg, I. M., 537
Bayreuth, lunatic asylum, 61o Bockmann, J. L., 511
beating, the insane, 608 body, 439; and soul, 433; mind, 438;
Beattie, J., 541 -mind dualism, 436
Becchetti, F. A., 443 Boeckmann, J. L., 573
Beck, C. D., 510 Boehme, J., 572
Becker, R. Z., 501 Boehmer, G. R., 548
Bede, 534, 538 Boerhaave, A. K., 613
Belgium and Holland, 558 Boerhaave, H., 433, 546, 613, 621
Bell, C., 631 Boismont, A. J. F. B. de, 592, 595
Belladonna, 605 Boll, F., 442
Belle Alliance, battle of, 569 Bollnow, O. F., 475
Bendsen, B., 524, 537, 538, 544, 549, Bonelli, S., 477
57° Bonnet, C., 633
Bendyshe, T., 454 Bonser, W., 551
Beneke, F. E., 579 boorishness and derangement, 624
Benoit,J., 516 Borrow, G., 540, 596
Berend, E., 482 Bosshart, E., 484
Berger, C. G., 499 Bostock, J., 529
Berger,J. E. von, 450, 459, 472, 495, 577 botany, 536, 563, 623
Berkeley, G., 437, 474 Bougainville, L. A. de, 456
Berlin, 462; College of Surgery, 555 Boumann, L., 441, 476, 479, 485, 506,
Beme, 468 557, 561 , 577, 62 4
Volume Two: Index to the Notes . 661
Bourbon, H.-J. de, 582 Burzorini, L., 578, 604

Boussige, J., 5 15 Bynum, W. F., 608
Bouterwek, F., 499 Byron, J., 457
Bouys, T., 516
Bowen, T., 605
Boyd, H., 630 Cabanis, P. J. G., 438, 603
Brahe, T., 442 Caillet, A. L., 542
Draid, J., 506, 554 Calkoen, J. F. van, B., 443
brain, 584 Callisen, A. C. P., 554
Brancas, C. de, 589 Camisards, 516
Brand, J., 498, 540 Campbell, D., 538
Brandis, J. D., 524, 570 Campe, J. H., 495
Bray, A. E., 516 Camper, P., 450, 45 1, 452, 629
Bray, W., 471 Campetti, F., 519
Brazil, 450, 458, 459, 460 camphor, 605
Breislak, S., 566 Carlson, E. T., 608
Breiting, J. G., 508, 598 Caroline, Queen of England, 597
Bremer, J., 560 Carove, F. W., 498
Brendel, A., 524 Cartesian subjectivism, 434
Brende1, J. G., 5 13 Carus, C. G., 5°8, 5 19, 547
Brewster, D., 590 Carus, F. A., 440, 450, 463, 464, 466,
Brewster, J., 588 467,468,469,472,473,475,480,481,
Bristol, lunatic asylum, 615 485,486,499,525,536,577,588,589,
Broad, C. D., 433 604, 625, 626, 634
Broen, j., 599 castration, 6°3, 605
Brooke, J., 618 cat, antipathy to, 469; clavier, 524;
Brown, J. B., 538 magnetized, 549
Browne, T., 499 catalepsy, 524, 551, 586
Brulez, L., 437 category, 435, 481
Brunonianism, 603 Cato, 506, 507
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duke of, 566 cattle, castrating, 549
Bruyere, J. de la, 589 Caucasian race, 450, 453
Bryant, W. M., 476 cauma, 528
Buchanan, C., 581 cause and effect, 581
Buchholz, H. von, 483 Cederschjöld, P. G., 512
Bücking, J. J. H., 632 Cevennes War, 515
Buckingham, Duke of, 469 Ceylon, 630
Bühler, K., 631 Chaldean, 441, 442
bullying, the insane, 597 Chaney, W. A., 551
Bulwer,j.,63 1 character, 468
Bunyan, J., 618 Chardin, J., 453
Burchell, W. j., 477 Charite Hospital, Berlin, 555
Burdach, K. F., 446 Charles IV, emperor, 463; Charles X,
Burdin, C., 506 France, 551, 553; Charles III, Spain,
Burma, 630 461
Burrows, G. M., 508, 593, 600 Charleton, W., 564
Burton, J. H., 541 Charlevoix, P. F. X. de, 461
Burton, R., 596, 600 'Charmides', 502
Busse, L., 433 chemical analysis, 492
Butland, G. J., 456 Chese1den, W., 473, 474
Butte, W., 472 Chevreul, M. E., 519
Buxton, J., 47 1 Cheyne, G., 595, 596
Chiarugi, V., 603 Coopland, G. W., 443

child, body, 473; consciousness, 634; Cordemoy, G. de, 437
development, 475; in womb, 573; corn, origin of, 453
insanity, 603; mother of, 500; psy- corpse, candIe, 540; re-animation of,
chology, 474 517
Chile, human geography of, 456 Corradi, A., 478
China, 630; fireworks, 446; infanticide, Corvisart, J. N., 527
455; philosophy, 575 cosmos, 440; cosmic forces, 440; cos-
chirologia, 631; chiromancy, 629 mology, 546, 562
chorea, 513 Cox, E. G., 458
Choulant, L., 454, 467, 472, 485, 496 Cox,j. M., 446,526,534,573,600,603,
Christ, 570, 599 607,609,615,616,620,621,624
Christian 111, Denmark, 538 Coyer, G. F., 457
Christmas,446 cramp, 518, 572, 586
church, and astrology, 442 Cranefield, P. F., 581
Church, R. W., 435 craniometry, 452
Cicero, 433, 510, 567, 626 Cranz, D., 457
Circassians, 453 Creoles,457
clairvoyance, 516, 536, 566 cretinism, 583
Clarke, C. M., 509 Creuzer, F., 431
Clarkson, T., 454 Crichton, A., 490, 581, 587, 591, 601
classification, 556, 585, 605, 609, 623 Croft, J., 582
Ciavier, E., 447 Croll, 0., 628
Cless, G., 544 Cronke, D., 515
climate, 439, 440; and insanity, 602; Crotch, W., 471
organism, 537 crucifixion, 599
Cockayne, 0., 547 crying, 491
Code Napoleon, 566 Csanady, S., 504
cognition, at a distance, 542 Cullen, W., 537, 579, 608, 624
Colburn, Z., 471 Culpeper, N., 547
cold, and insanity, 603; -bathing, 605 Cumming, J. G., 542
Coleridge, S. T., 556 Cupid and Psyche, 431
colour, 488, 526; of skin, 450; sym- eure, 543'-570
bolism, 489 Cuvier, G. L., 580
Colquhoun, j. C., 505, 506, 512, 521, cynanthropy, 582
526,547,554,564,567,568,572
Combe, A., 477
comedy, 467, 491 Dain, N., 608
command and obedience, 475 Dalyell, J. G., 549, 615, 621
commerciallife, passions of, 463 dancing, 626
commonsense, 522 D'Ancre, L. D., 497, 498
complexity, progression in, 438 'Daniel',442
Comstock, j., 526 Darnley, Lord, 469
Condillac, E. B. de, 579, 631 Darwin, C., 457
Conger, G. P., 440 Darwin, E., 616
Conolly,j., 513, 578, 582, 620 Davis, D. D., 581, 612
Consbruck, G. W., 578 'De Anima', 431, 432, 466, 487,503,522,
consciousness, 510, 576, 634 573, 62 9
Consenza, M. E., 463 death, 43 I, 470, 562; and life, 48g, 535;
convolution, 493 sleep, 480; approaching, 514; catalep-
Cook, J., 457 tic, 587; forecast, 537; foreseen, 569;
Cook, M., 492 imagined, 6 19; life after, 472; oracular,
Volurne T wo: Index to the Notes . 663
515; reappearance after, 552; vision, divining-rod, 52 I

5 14 Doble, C. E., 590
Dechambre, A, 563 dog, magnetized, 549; tracking, 52 I ;
Defoe, D., 515, 538 -sleep, 564
degeneration, and race, 45 I, 459; history, Donati, C., 629
499 Dorn, M., 572
degradation, of race, 456 double-ganger, 539
Delarive, G. C., 612, 614 Doubleday, H. A., 597
Deleuze,]. P. F., 506, 51 1,521,523,527, Dover, T., 514
53 2,545,554, 57 1 drama, 467
delirium, 582, 591 dream, 481, 482, 483, 499, 537; waking,
Delius, H. F., 627 577,5 81
Delphi,549 Drechsler, A., 547
Delrio, M. A, 535 Dreyssig, W. F., 514, 586, 587
demon, Descartes', 496; Socrates', 544 drive, 576
Dempster, G., 542 drunkenness, 457
Denis, St., 622 dualism, body-mind, 432, 436
Denmark, 566 Dubois, F., 506
derangement, 576, 577; and boorishness, Dubois,]. A, 444, 445
624; error, 581; Holy Ghost, 620; Dubroca, L., 455
Napoleon, 582; neurology, 604; social Duclos, C. P., 583
structure, 582 Duff, W., 465
Deren, M., 455 Duncan, A., 615
Descartes, R., 432, 436, 437, 496, 598 Duncan, P. B., 449, 506
Descottes, Dr., 544, 545, 557 Dupaty,]. B., 462
desertion, from army, 545, 586 Dupuget, A, 544
desipience, 588, 590, 59 1 Dupuis, C.-F., 443, 444, 445
Desmaizeaux, P., 434 Dureau, A., 506
Desmoulins, A, 449 Dürr, F., 514
Dessoir, M., 503, 522 Dutch philosophy, 560
Destutt, A L. C. de T., 438, 443 Duzer, C. H. V., 438
development, Notional and natural, 488 dyad,43 1
dialectic, 435, 437, 588, 605, 623 Dzondi, K. H., 486, 490
diaphragm, 493
diary, record of magnetic eures, 560
Diderot, D., 631 Earth, 440, 448
Dieffenbach,]. F., 556 East Anglia, 541
Diemerbroeck, 1. van, 539 Ebert,]. A, 533
Diepolder, L., 543 Eckhart, ]. G., von, 502
diet, 523 economics and madness, 600
Digby, K., 468, 469 Eden, garden of, 450, 453
digestive system, 490 Edinburgh University, 614
Digitalis, 565, 605 education, 475, 476
Dingwall, E. ].,539, 561 Edward IV, England, 498
Dircksen, H. W., 467 effect and cause, 581
disease, 512.513, 562; bodily and mental, ego, 439, 474, 478 , 484, 495, 576, 634
622, 623; classification, 579; endemie, Egypt, 524; medicine, 574
584; Notion of, 557 Ehrhart, J. N., 556
disposition, 463, 485, 496, 497 eideticism, 539
distance, judgement of, 474 Eiselein, ]., 543
distraction, 588 electricity, 432, 514, 550, 563, 605
divination, 5 IO element, 466, 488
Eliot, G., 632 Falret, J. P., 618
EIlis, H., 498 father and son, combat, 502
elm,553 'Faust', 531
embryology, 472 Faust, B. K., 472
Embser, J. V., 510 Fawcett, B., 596, 600
'Encyclopaedia' (Hegel's), 437, 438, 439, fear,608
447,448,522,531,55°,562,563,583, Fechner, G. T., 439
626,627; Heidelberg, 477, 485, 494 feeling, 485, 525, 576, 625; and affection,
Enchanter's Nightshade, 548, 565 599; sensation, 483, 485, 494; general,
endemie disease, 584 522,523; life of, 503, 542.
endowment, 465, 468 Feigl, H., 433
Engel, J. J., 63 1 female, and male, 477; character, 477;
Engel, M., 499 psychology, 477
Englehardt, D. von, 575, 623 Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain, 463
England, and mental derangement, 593; Fermin, P., 460
English, andinsanity, 598; melancholy, Ferriar,J., 5°9, 530
595; poetry, 463; Reform Bill, 463 Feuerbach, L., 619
enlightenment, 516 fever, 536, 544
Ennemoser, J., 473, 500, 552, 565, 572 Feyjoo yMontenegro, B. G., 536
environment and cretinism, 584 Fichte, I. H., 633
epilepsy, 514, 548, 572, 586, 614 Fichte, J. G., 499, 528, 529, 560
epopt, 547 Ficini, M., 535
ergotism, 513 Fievee, J., 553
Erhard, J. B., 590, 624 fingers and sight, 526
Ernst, C., 501 fireworks, 446
error and derangement, 58 I Firmicus, 442
Escandon, J. de, 46 I Fischer, F., 511
Eschenburg, J. J., 497 Fischer-Homberger, E., 510, 623
Eschenmayer, A. C. A., 504, 509, 511, Fiteh, R., 630
514,517,523,531,532,545,552,563, fixation, 592, 599
564,575 Flemming, C. F., 624
Esenbeck, C. G. N., von, 513, 548 Fleteher, S., 475
Eskimos, 457 Fludd, R., 436
Esquirol, J. E. D., 592 Fontenelle, B. L. 8. de 590
Estienne, H., 510 folklore, 501, 582; folk-belief, 513
ether, 432, 546, 562 foolishness and fixation, 593
ethics, 466, 525, 579 Forbes, D., 451
Evelyn, J., 470, 47 1; Richard, 470 Fordere, F. E., 584
evil and healing, 573 Forge, L. de la, 436
evolution and race, 438 Formey,J. H. S., 471
Ewart, J., 514 Formey, M., 498
expression, 631 Forster, T., 602
extension, 435, 436 Fosbrooke, T. D., 581
Exter, F. C., 510 Fothergill, A., 548
eye, 526; contact, 492 Fothergill, J. F., 514
Foucault, M., 580
Foucher, S., 435
facial expression, 631 Fourcroy, A. F., 492
faculty, appetitive, 599 Fowler, R., 607
Fahner, J. C., 583 Foy, M. S., 534
Falconer, W., 440, 507 Franckenau, G. F. de, 515
Falkner, T., 458 Frank, J. P., 607
Volume T wo: Index to the Notes . 665
Franke, F., 578 Gerdessen, I. G., 501

Franke, H., 547 Germans, 462, 463
Franklin, A., 497 gesture, 630, 63 I
Franklin, 8., 505 Geulincx, A., 437
Frast, P. J., 461 Ghert, P. G. van, 505, 513, 524, 528, 534,
Frazer, J., 538, 540 537,539,544,548,551,556,557-561,
Frederick William IV, Prussia, 355 568 , 569, 57°
French, wit, 463 ghost, 530, 552
Freyre, G., 450 giddiness, 529
Friedreich,J. 8.,5°8,525,565,578,582, glass, and magnetism, 548
584,591,593,594,600,601,6°7,6°9, Glover, T., 526
622 Gmelin, E., 513, 525, 532
Fries, J. F., 464, 472, 475, 487, 496, 5°3, gnostics, 439
624, 625, 626, 627 Göckingk, L. F. G. von, 528
Froebel, F., 475 Goethe, J. W. von, 450, 452, 476, 484,
frog, 517 489,49 2,493, 501 , 528 , 53 1, 56 7, 573,
funeral, 492, 540, 597, 619, 620 609,610,629; Theory of Colours, 5°1,
Funk, C. L., 472, 588 53°
Furlong, C. W. F., 456 Goetze, J. A., 614
furor, 510 Goeze, J. A. E., 481 , 535, 537, 542, 545,
548 , 573
God, 441, 555, 6°5, 632; and ideas, 435;
Gaal, G. von, 632 delirium, 592; insanity, 599; occasion-
Gabler, G. A., 590 alism, 436; the human hand, 629;
Gaidoz, H., 582 ontological argument, 437
Galen, 466 Goguet, A. Y., 499
galvanism, 517, 562 goitre, 584
games, 474 Goldbeck, J. C., 467, 472
Gandershein, abbess of, 566 golden age, 499
ganglions, 522 Goldsmith, 0., 461
Garman, D., 510 Gölis, L. A., 626
Garrick, D., 632 Gooch, R., 509
Garve, C., 494 Goodhart, A. L., 595
Gassner, J. J., 552, 570 Görres, J. J., 575
Gebhardt, C., 581 gossip, 592
Gehler, J. S. T., 449 Gottei, G. A., 483
Geiger, L., 610 Göttling, J. F. A., 609
Geiger, P. L., 565 Gouhier, H., 437
Geliert, F., 572 Gräbner, K. A., 474
general, feeling, 522, 523; sense, 522; Graham, J., 579
will, 531 Graham, P., 540
'Genesis', 474, 498, 55 1, 632 Grandpre, L. M. J., 629
genetics, 465 Grange, K. M., 580
genius, 465, 496, 502 Grant, A., 539
genus, and death, 470 Grant, J., 590
geography, 439, 447, 448, 45 1, 584 Grantley, G., 597
geometry, 452 gravitation, 518
George III, England, 593, 594, 611, 612, Gray, T., 484
618 Greatrakes, V., 562
Georget, J. E., 505, 585 Greding, J. E., 604
Georgians, 450, 453 Greeks, 442; philosophy, 440; tragedy,
Gerard, A., 465 53 6
Green, T., 547 Haslam, J., 509, 581, 6°3, 6°5, 606, 6°7,
Greene, M., 496 608, 624
Gregory, John, 473 Hastings, C., 583
Gregory, James, 614 Hauslerin, C., 601
Gregory XVI, 575 Häussler, J., 584
Greve, A. J., 520 Hawkesworth, J., 457
Greville, R. F., 618 Hayem, F., 497
Griesheim, K. G. von, 444, 468, 474, 488, Haygarth, J., 512
545, 552, 553, 557, 565, 57 1, 576, 628 head and heart, 489
Grimm, J., 502, 582 healing, and animal magnetism, 553,
Grohmann, J. C. A., 474, 579 568; evil, 573; natural, 441
Grokatzki, G., 586 Heame, T., 590
Groos, F., 579, 593 heart, 484, 489, 496
Groot, J. J. M. de, 455 heat, 432; and insanity, 603
Groß, Dr., 520, 521 Hebert, A., 533
Gruithuisen, F. von, 472, 486 Hecker,J. F. K., 513
guardian spirit, 543 Hegel, G. W. F., as a dancer, 626;
Guarini Indians ofParaguay, 461 teacher, 476; habilitation thesis, 561;
Guggenbühl, J., 585 inaugurallecture, 576; Jena aphorisms
Guignes, C. L. J. de, 446, 455 572; lectures on Natural Law, 558;
Guislan, J., 61 9 library, 567; mistake, 606; Protestant-
Guthrie, W. K. C., 440 ism, 559; sister, 562, 563, 602; wife,
563
'Hegel-Studien', 445, 453, 466, 47 1, 476,
Haarlem, orphanage, 613 477,494,576,588,59°,622,623,626,
habit, 625 627, 628, 633, 634
Hackman, W. D., 550 Heidenreich, F. W., 433
hair, colour of and violence, 604 Heine, E. F. W., 463
Haiti,454 Heinecken, C. H., 471
HaIe, R., 600 Heinecken, J., 527, 53 1, 543
Halford, H., 594 Heinroth, J. C. A., 450, 463, 465, 467,
Hallaran, W. S., 618 472,477,5°0 ,5 11 , 578, 579
Halle, J. S., 496 Held, C. F., 524
Haller, A. von, 466, 493, 507, 583 Hell, M., 546
Hallett, R., 451 Hellen, E. von der, 633
Halliday, A., 594 Helmont, J. B. van, 498, 557, 564, 565
Hamann, J. G., 530 Helvetius, C. A., 460
Hamberger, G. C., 501 Henbane, 547
Hamburg, H. G., 595 Hendriksz, P., 549
Hamilton, A., 597 Henning, F., 586
'Hamiet' , 476 Hennings, J. C., 525
hand, 551, 629, 631 Henry IV, France, 538; Henry V, Eng-
Hanson, M. A., 597 land,498
happiness, 625 Herder, J. G. von, 441, 454, 473, 474,
Harder, J. J., 507 475,489,503,510,528, 628
Harmes, E., 540 Herholdt, J. D., 512
Harmony, Societies of, 553, 572, 573 Hermes, G., 575
Harper, A., 578 Herodotus, 441, 481
Harris, H. S., 468, 476, 484, 528, 619 Heron, R., 615
Hartenkeil, J. J., 610 Heriod, 480, 499
Hartmann, P. C., 487, 523 Heuss, T., 471
Haser, H., 506 Heywood, T., 620
Volume T wo: Index to the Notes • 667
Hibbert-Ware, S., 529, 564, 587 Idea, 43 I, 435

Highmore, A., 598 idealism, 476
Hildebrandslied, 502 ideas, and God, 435; things, 58 I ;
HilI, G. B., 542 association of, 481
HilIebrand, J., 450, 464, 472, 477. 497, Ideler, K. W., 579, 610
585,629 Ideologues, 438
Hindu infanticide, 455 idiosyncrasy, 469, 470
Hippocrates, 440, 441, 462, 613 idiot, idealized, 62 I ; idiotism, 586
Hirschel, L. E., 587 imagination, 578
'Hist. Phil.' (Hegel's), 433, 434, 435, 436, imbecility, 583, 586, 592, 599
438,447,455,462,510,522,583,633 Imhoff, M. von, 5 I 9
history, and geography, 451; degenera- imitativeness, 475
tive, 499 immortality, of soul, 431, 472
Hobbes, T., 432, 499 inclination, of soul, 43 I, 472
Höfer, W., 583 inclination, and passion, 599
Hoftbauer,J. C., 564, 577, 581 , 588, 596, India, infanticide, 455
600, 6°7, 614, 617, 622 Indians, American, 457, 459
Hoffmann, F., 433,507 induction, and observation, 609
Hoffman-Krayer, E., 492 infant, prodigy, 607; infanticide, 455
Hoffmeister, J., 43 1, 497, 537, 576, 585, inherited insanity, 583
599 Inquisition, Spanish, 463
Hohnbaum, K., 538, 593 insane, beating the, 608
Holbach, P.-H. T. d', 432 insanity, 508, 578, 583; and childhood,
Hölderlin, F., 602 6°3; climate, 602; cold, 603; heat,
Holdsworth, W., 595 603; homicide, 601; law, 595-598,
Holland, 538, 558 601, 606; moon, 446; passion, 578 ;
Holst, F., 594 politics, 597; puberty, 6°3; revolution,
Holy Ghost, and derangement, 620 579, 599, 600, 612; sexual activity,
Homer, 480 603; English, 593; statistics, 594
homesickness, 507 instinct, 503
homicide, 601 insulation, 548
Hone, W., 539, 582 intermaxillary bone, 629
Hönighaus, J. V., 575 intussusception, 473
Honkavaara, S., 631 Iphofen, A. E., 584
Hooper, R., 528 Ireland, W. H., 516
Hopfengärtner, P. F., 526 iridectomy, 473
Horn, A. L. E., 556, 615, 616 Irmscher, H., 510
horse, breaking, 549; origin, 453 irrationality and passion, 599
Howells, W., 540 Isle of Man, 542
Hufeland, C. W., 483, 505 I talian women, 462
Hufeland, F., 470, 510, 544, 574, 609
Humboldt, A. von, 456, 457
Humboldt, W., von, 453 Jacob, L. H., 472
Hume, D., 454, 461 , 477, 516, 522, 54 1 Jacobi, R. W. M., 579, 6°4, 618
humoral pathology, 467 Jacobs, W., 623
humours, 466 Jaensch, E. R., 539
Hunczovsky, J. N., 501 Jahn, F., 593
hunger, 605 James I, England, 468, 469
Hunter, R., 594, 612, 618 Jansen, H. J., 452
Hutcheson, F., 491 Jaques, 472
Huygens, C., 442 Java, 453
hypnotism, 506, 554 Jena, battle of, 566
Jesuits, 461 Kolle, K., 580

John, ofGaunt, 515 Koller, A. H., 441
Johnson, S., 540, 54 1, 542 König-Flachsenfeld, 0.,482
Johnston, W., 440, 525, 586 Köpke, E., 629
Jones, E., 481 Kornfeld, S., 579
Jonson, B., 467 Koster, H., 459, 460
Jordan, L. H., 445 kow-towing, 630
Joseph 11, emperor, 445, 558 Kramer, W., 579
Josephs, H., 631 Kratzenstein, C. G., 616
Judaism, 456 Krausen, C. C., 469, 507
judgement, 432, 434, 483, 625 Krimer, W., 537, 569
Jung-Stilling, J. H., 545 Krug, W. T., 495
Jürgensen, K., 559 Kuhn, D., 531
Kalb, C. von, 629 labour, and mental derangement, 614

Kant, I., 449, 450, 456, 461 , 463, 464, Laignel-Lavastine, M., 489
465,466,477,478,481,486,492,494, Lamb, religion of, 444
528,538,560,575,577,581,588,598. lameness, 514
603,633 La Mettrie, J. O. de, 432
Kaplin, F., 506 'Lancet', 568
Kapp, E., 451 Langermann, J. G., 6°9, 610
Katterfeld, H. E., 519 language, 474, 566, 629, 630; and animal
Kausch, J. J., 52 4 magnetism, 53 I ; thought, 633; animal,
Kavi language, 453 628; deaf and dumb, 63 I; Kavi,
Kaye, F. B., 630 453
Kehler, H. von, 444, 477, 480, 517, 530, Lattre, A. de, 437
53 1,553,557,5 63,5 65 laughter, 490, 491
Kellermann, F. C. de, 534 Lavallee, J., 463
Kepler, J., 44 2 Lavater, J. K., 484, 538, 553, 572, 632,
Kerr, R., 457, 458 633
Kessel, J. H., 5 1 3 law, and insanity, 583, 595, 596, 597,
Keyserlingk, H. von, 467 598, 601, 606; physiognomy, 633;
Kielmeyer, C. F., 561 women, 592
Kieser, D. G., 440, 5°3, 5°4, 508, 51 I, Lawrence, W., 449
5 I 7, 520, 525, 528, 534, 539, 542, 543, Lebrun, P. A., 516, 536
544, 548, 550, 55 I, 555, 557, 560, 56 I, Lechier, Dr., 570
567, 568 , 569, 570, 575 Lechier, W. H., 580
Kiesewetter, J. G. C., 553, 599 Lee, E., 527
Kimmerle, H., 590 Leeeh, application of, 529
Kind, J. L., 533 Legrain, J.-B., 497
King, L. S., 596 Lehmann, F., 570
'King Lear', 463, 473, 497 Leilsbrand, W., 610
kingship, 552 Leibniz, G. W. von, 433, 435,437,480,
Kirchhoff, R., 63 I 5°9,510,559, 562, 610, 633
Kirk, R., 538, 541 Leipzig, battle of, 569
Kluge, C. A. F., 470, 480, 490, 500, 5°5, Lemnius, L., 619, 620
51 1,514,517,519,522,523,524,525, Lindsay, J., 442
526 , 527, 53 2, 543, 545, 546, 548, 549, Lennon, J. M., 436
550, 55 1, 552, 555-7, 563, 564, 565, Lersch, P., 482
566 , 567, 568, 570, 57 2, 573 Lessing, G. E., 494, 528
Knoch, A. W., 520 Leupoldt, J. M., 568, 618
Leuridant, F., 445 ~aaß,J. G. E., 485, 495

Leveling,FI. ~.von,466 ~abillon, J., 606, 607
Levin, FI., 499 ~acalpine, 1., 594, 612, 618
Lewis, A., 588 ~acartney, earl of, 455
lexicography, 624 ~acbride, D., 624
Leyden, J., 45 1 ~acculloch, J., 540
liberalism, and Flegelianism, 559 ~ackenzie, ~., 475, 476
Liberation, War of, 566 ~achery, J., 490
Lichtenberg, G. C., 633 ~acpherson, j., 538
Lichtwer, ~. G., 507 ~acrobius, 445
Liebig, J., 565 macrocosm, 439, 440, 441, 442, 546
Liebseh, W., 450, 453, 479, 486, 523, ~adariaga, S. de, 457
629 madness, 479; and castration, 603 ;
Lieutaud, J. L., 509 economics, 600; love, 621; religion,
life, after death, 472, 535; and death, 618, 621; sexual intercourse, 604
489; of feeling, 542; stages of, 439, ~affei, C., 584
47 1 magie, 496, 542
light, 432, 439 magnetic stroking, 551; magnetization,
Ligne, Prince C. J. de, 445 5 65
Lindeboom, G. A., 613 ~alacarne, ~. V. G., 583, 584
Lindemann, FI. W., 584 ~alay race, 453
Linnaeus, C. von, 628 male and female, 477
liver, and divination, 51 I ~alebranche, N., 435, 436, 437
Llorente, J. A., 463 man and animal, 628, 630
Lobeck, C. A., 547 ~an, Isle of, 542
Locke, J., 432, 579 ~andelkow, K. R, 493
Lockhart, J. G., 540 maniacs, moral qualities of, 602
Loder, J. C., 609 ~anilius, 442
Loftis, L., 507 mankind, origin of, 449
'Logic' (Flegel's), 431, 434, 435, 436, 438, ~anning, A. F., 559
463,47°,479,480,481,483,484,487, mantike, 510
632,633 ~anuel, F. E., 445
Lorry, A. C., 469, 507, 595, 624 Marcellus, 588, 589
lottery, 568 Marcus, A. F., 562
Louis XIV, France, 515, 583 Mardonius, 447
love, and madness, 62 I; Italian, 462; Maria, queen of Portugal, 61 I
sexual,599 Marmontel, J. F., 456
Lucan, 506 Marshai, A., 605
Luccock, J., 460 Martene, E., 446
LukAcs, G., 625 Martinien, A., 535
Luke, St., 551 ~artin, M., 538, 540, 543
Lullier-Winslow, A., 527 Martius, K. F. P., 458
Luqueer, F. L., 476 Marum, ~. van, 550
Luther, ~., 484 Marx, K., 619
Lyall, ~., 588 Mary, Virgin, 488; Queen of Scots, 469
lycanthropy, 582 Masius, G. FI., 472, 486
lying-in, insanity, 508 mask, 632
lymph, animal, 552 mathematics and anatomy, 579
Lynch, J., 457 matter, 436; materia prima, 5°9; ma-
Lyon, G. F., 621 terialism, 432, 438; materiature, 495
Lyons, B. G., 596 Matthew, St., 480, 484, 543, 626
Lysenko, T. D., 459 Mauehart, I. D., 482
Mavor, E., 545 Monro family, 6°5, 606

May Day, 547 Montfaucon, B. de, 607
Mayer, J. F., 504 Montravel, A. A. T. de, 513
Mead, R., 600 moon and insanity, 446
Mechlin, archbishop of, 559 Moor, E., 455
Medici, M. de', 497 Moore, F., 569
medicine, and philosophy, 574; religion, morality, and animal magnetism, 525;
573 moral qualities of maniacs, 602; moral
Meier, W., 508 treatment ofinsane, 580, 606,6°7,610,
Meinberg, E., 476 61 1,612
Meiners, C., 449 Morand, P., 445
melancholy, 587, 596; and religion, 600; More, H., 439
melancholia Anglica, 533, 595 Moreau, E. de, 559
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,J. L. F., 471 Moreau, J. L., 477
Mendelssohn, M., 494, 528, 530 Morgan, S., 585
meningitis, 592 Morison, A., 592
menstruation, 508 Moritz, C. P., 471, 525, 545, 601
mental derangement, 585; and labour, 'Morning Chronicle', 445, 446, 499, 581,
614, neurology, 578 596,633
Mercator, M., 535 Mortimer, C., 520
Merkle, S., 575 Moscati, P., 629
Merlan, P., 547 Moses,443
Merzdorff,J. F. A., 523, 529, 627 mother and child, 500
Mesmer, F. A., 440, 5°5, 524, 546, 547, motion and psychology, 432
550, 566, 62 7 mourning, 492
metal and magnetism, 548; metallic Mozart, W. A., 471, 496
tractors, 512 Muir, K., 497
Methodism, 632 Müller, A., 569
Metzger, J. D., 479, 486, 490 Müller, J., 500
Meusel, J. G., 501 Muratori, L. A., 469, 500, 525, 535, 538,
M'Evoy, M., 523, 526 582, 600, 617
Meyer, J. F. von, 543, 572 murder, 521
Meyer, L., 599 muscles, 586
Mezger, J. K., 600 music, 508, 605, 62 I; and animal mag-
Michaelis, C. F., 472 netism, 523, 550; as eure, 524; musical
Michelangelo, 496 precocity, 471
Michelet, C. L., 476, 477, 535, 539, 629 mysticism, 574
microcosm, 440, 441, 546 myth, 498; mythology, 431, 582
Milt, 8., 505
Milton, j., 459
mind and body, 432, 438 naivety, 553
miracle, 534 Nantes, edict of, 515
Misson, F. M., 515 Napoleon, 477, 478, 566, 56g, 582
Mitchell, A., 615 narcotics, 479
Mohammedanism, 442, 456, 612 Nasse, C. F., 434, 450, 454, 472, 495, 497,
Molanus, G. W., 599 5°0,519,521,538,549,569,574,575,
Möller, J. N., 559 578,602,616,626,629
monad, 43 I, 433, 434, 509, 510, 562 nation, and race, 459; beginning of, 459;
Monboddo,J. B., 629, 631 national characteristics, 461, 471
Mongolia, 630 natura naturans, 441
monkey, magnetized, 549 nature, as macrocosm, 439, 440; natural
monomania, 592 development, 488; disposition, 463
Volume T wo: Index to the Notes . 67 I
Naumann, M. E. A., 593 oxen, origin of, 453

Navare, Joan of, 498 Oxenford, J., 492
necessity, 481 oxygen and life, 432
Negro, 449, 452, 454, 459
Neill, A. S., 475
nervous diseases, 518, 604 palaeontology,448
Neumann, K. G., 508, 529, 583, 592, 626 palsy, 514
neurology, 563, 578, 604 panpsychism, 439
Neuwied, Prince M. of, 458, 460 Panthot,J.-B., 521
Newton, 1., 530, 546, 589, 590 pantomime, 491
Nicholson, W., 473 Paracelsus, 627, 628
Nick, Dr., 524 Paraguay, 461
Nicolai, C. F., 528,529,53°,531,557 paralysis,5 14
Nicolai, E. A., 491, 524 Paravey, C. H. de, 443
Nicolin, F., 476, 483, 494, 519, 627 Pargeter, W., 463, 525, 548, 618, 620
Nicolin, G., 482, 537, 561, 562 Park, J., 475
Nieuhoff, J., 630 Parke, H. W., 510
nightmare, 481 Parkinson, G. H. R., 434
'Night Thoughts', 532 Parliament, British, 446
'nihil est in intellectu • . .', 58 I 'Parmenides' 435
Nisbet, H. B., 450, 45 1, 454, 474, 503 Parnell, T., 499
Noah,621 Parrot, G. F., 512
Noht, H., 484 Parry-Jones, W., 593
Nordhoff, A. W., 51 1,513,526,539,563, Parsons, C. 0., 539
564,57° part-fools, 617
North, H., 502 Partridge, T. E., 445
Norway, insanity in, 594 Pasquati, J. B., 616
nosology, 544, 580, 584, 586, 613, 623, Passavant, J. C., 514,521,523,532,534,
62 4 535,536,549,565
nostalgia, 507 passion, 463, 578, 598, 599
Notion, 434; Notional development, 488; Patagonians, 457
progression, 493 pathology, 582
Novalis, 474 patriotism and madness, 602
numbers and clairvoyance, 536 Pauke, P. F., 461
Nusdorfer, B., 461 Paul, Jean, 475, 482, 483, 539
pauperism and idiocy, 594
Pausanias, 447
observation and induction, 609 Pauw, C., 455
occasionalism, 436, 437 Pavia University, 478
Odier, L., 606 Penates, 445
old age, 477 pendulation, 51 7, 519
Old Moore, 569 Peninsular War, 534
Oldenburg, F., 539 Percival, T., 515, 583
Oman, C., 534 Pereira, J., 628
one and many, 439 Pereire, A., 499
ontological argument, 437 Perfect, W., 463, 604
opium, 6°5, 632 Pericles, 492
oracle, 447, 510, 5 15, 549, 568 Perkins, B. D., 512
Orang-Utang, 628 Perkins, E., 512
organ of soul, 432 Persia, 453
organism and climate, 537 personality, 431
Osiander, F. B., 507, 593, 596 Pescherois, 456
Pestalozzi, H., 475 Plato, 435, 436, 467, 484, 502, 510, 51 I,
Petersen, A. M., 524, 544 535,543,547
Petetin,J. H. D., 526, 527, 544, 55 1, 563, Platter, F., 585, 617
57° play, 474
Petitot, A., 583 PlinY,595
Petitot, C. B., 516 Plischke, H., 458
Petrarch, 463 Plotinus, 436, 535, 543
Petri, J. G., 550 plunge-bathing, 607
Petzold, J. N., 526 Plutarch, 492, 506, 588
Pfaff, C. H., 504, 505 Pockels, C. F., 462, 465, 467, 47 1, 477,
'Phaedo',543 49 1,525,600
'Phaedrus,547 poetry, 492, 529, 567
phantasm, 529 Pöggeler, 0., 456, 466, 627
phantom, 529 poison,564
'Phenomenology', 437, 478, 484, 558, 574 politics and insanity, 597
philosophy, and medicine, 574; Chinese, Pölitz, K. H. L., 465, 467
575 Polivka, G., 582
'Phil Hist.', 447, 455, 456, 462, 549, 575 Pope, A., 491
'PhiJ. Nat.', 43 1, 432, 435, 438, 439, 440, population, world, 453
441,442,445,446,447,45°,451,458, Portsmouth, Lord, 596, 597, 598
465,466,47°,473,474,477,478 ,479, Portuguese, 450
480,484,485,486,487,488,489,49°, possibility and actuality, 633
493,496,512,518,519,522,523,531, Potter, M. A., 502
536,537,548,55°,552,557,563,568, Powell, L. F., 542
573, 576, 578, 602, 6°3, 623, 626, 627, Powell, R., 600
628 Pownall, T., 452
'Phil. Rel.', 434, 44 1, 454, 455, 456, 549 Prague, archbishop of, 570
'Phil. Right', 463, 470, 484, 583 prayer, rote, 624
'PhiJ. Spirit', 434 predicate and subject, 632
'PhiJ. Sub. Sp.', 434, 479, 602 pregnancy, 513, 586
phrenology, 472 Preyer, W., 554
physiology, 433, 472, 486, 625 Prichard, J. C., 449, 453, 506, 511 , 513,
physiognomy, 451, 633 522,525,55°,564,579,591,592,594,
physiophilosophy, 517, 561 603, 6°4, 606, 607, 615, 61 7, 619
pianoforte, 550 Pringle-Pattison, A. S., 431
Picavet, F., 438 Prior, J., 540
Pierer,J. F., 442, 464, 483, 486, 487, 488, procardium, and sight, 525
49°,496,498,5°2, 589, 62 7, 63 1 Prochaska, G., 432
pigeon, magnetized, 549 Propertius, 567
pineal gland, and soul, 432 prophecy, 481, 569
Pinel, P., 526, 579, 5 80, 582, 583, 584, prosaicism, 529
589,59°,591,596,598,599,601,602, proverb, 632
604,606,608,610,612, 61 5,622,623, Prussian common law, 583
62 4 psychiatry, 467, 604, 605, 609, 623
Pirenne, H., 559 psychic school, 578, 623, 624
Pitshaft, J. A., 51 I psychology, 43 1 , 432, 433, 434, 436, 474,
Planck, M., 433 479, 593, 63 I
planet, 439, 520 PtolemY,442
plant, signature of, 627, 628 puberty, 509, 603
Plataea, battle of, 447 purging, 605, 606, 607
Platerus, F., 514 purple, history of, 488
Platner, E., 494, 509 Puschmann, T., 600
Puysegur, A. M. J. C. de, 527, 533, 536, rice, origin of, 453

55°,551,553,555,566,568,57°,571, 'Richard 11', 515
572 Richerz, H. G., 469, 538, 589, 600, 617
Pythagoras, 471 Richter,J. A. L., 521, 545, 568, 569
Rienzi, C. di, 463
Ritter, J. W., 440, 490, 517, 518, 519,
'Quarterly Review', 446, 455, 460, 462, 554
463,47°,475,63 1,63 2 Ritter, K., 451
Quincy, J., 528 Ritzla, P., 482
Rizzio, D., 469
Robertson, W., 456
race, and degeneration, 451, 498; evolu- Robinet, A., 435
tion, 438; nationality, 459; physiog- Roche, F. G., de la, 529, 625, 627
nomy, 451; classification, 450, 452, Rochefort, C. D., 457
453; origin of, 449 Rochefoucauld, Duke de la, 443
Raffies, T., 453 rock salt, effect of, 5 17
Rambach, J. J., 549 Rogier, L. J., 559
Ramsay, j., 454 Rokitansky, C., 467
Rappard, A. G. A., van, 559 Roman, Catholicism, 558, 575; gods, 445
rational psychology, 434 'Romeo and Juliet', 462
Rau, A., 439 Röntgen, H., 451
Raulin, J., 613 Rose, J. H., 478
Raynal, G. T. F., 461 Rosenkranz, K., 446, 455, 467, 478, 590,
reading, and procardium, 526; with 602
fingers, 523 Rosetti, D. von, 543
reason, 481 Ross, J., 457
Reble, A., 476 Rousseau, J. J., 475, 499, 508, 53 1
recollection, by means ofnumber, 569 Rowley, W., 481, 507, 509, 548
reductionism, 432, 433, 438, 522, 562, Royal Touch, 551
579, 6°4 Ruggieri, D. C., 599
Reeve, H., 584 Ruland, T. A., 578, 604
Regnier, M. A., 589 Runge, F., 504
Rehfeld, K. F., 586 Rush, B., 477
Rehm, W., 543 Russell, B., 475
Reicke, R., 530 Russell, W., 456
Reid, T., 522, 631 Russian people, 626
ReH,J. C., 473, 499, 502, 5 10, 5 Il , 517, Ryle, G., 433
522,524,532,574,582,584,587,588, Ryley, J. H., 630
589,591,598,600,6°3,6°4,613,615,
61 7,622
Reinhold, M., 488 Sacheverell, W., 542
religion, 484; and animal magnetism, Sachs, G. T. L., 500, 501
525; madness, 618, 621; medicine, Salet, J., 503
573; explanation of, 443, psychology Salis-Marschlins, K. U. von, 518
of, 600; religious customs, 624 Sallust, 567
Renou, L., 442 Salmon, A.-L., 572
reproductive system, 490 Salzmann, F.-R., 572
Reuss, R., 572 sanctimoniousness, 632
revolution, 445, 553; and insanity, 579, Sandby, G., 506
599, 600, 612; lycanthropy, 582 Sass, H. M., 451
rhabdomancy, 519 Sauvages, F. B. de, 507, 544, 587, 595,
Ribberink, A. E. M., 559 62 4
Savary, A. C., 509 Selden, J., 446

Say, J. B., 464 self-, awareness, 576; control, 577;
Scheffner, J. G., 530, 557 possession, 502
Schelling, F. W. J., 439, 44 1, 499, 5 10, Semelaigne, L.-R., 580
517,560,562 sensation, 486; and feeling, 483, 485, 494;
Schelling,J. F., 561 as content, 624
Schelling, K. E., 561,562,563 sensationalism, 579
Scherer, A. N., 609 Sensburg, F., 584
Scherf,J. C. F., 560 senses, 486, 487, 522
Schiller, F., 528, 552, 609 sentience, 576
Schindler, Dr., 519 Servius, 492
Schlegel, A. W., 476, 497, 529, 631 Servois, M. G., 589
Schlegel,]. H. G., 500, 501 , 599 seton, 605
Schleiermacher, F. E. D., 485 sexual, activity and insanity, 603;
Schlözer, A. L. von, 471 characteristics of cretins, 584; develop-
Schmaltz, D., 628 ment, 5°9; intercourse and madness,
Schmeing, K., 539, 542 603; sexuality, 626
Schmid, C. C. E., 482, 538, 540, 602 shaft, of ego, 495
Schmid, G., 452 Shakespeare, W., 462, 463, 464, 473, 476,
Schmidt, E., 531 482, 497, 515, 628
Schmidt, G., 602, 629 Sharpe, J. B., 606
Schmidt, J. A., 561 Shelley, P. B., 480
Schmidt, J. H., 556 Siddons, H., 631
Schneider, H., 445, 494 siderism, 440
Schneider, P. J., 468, 6°5, 6°7, 616 Siegel, R. E., 466
Schnurrer, F., 584 sight, 525, 527
Schoeneich, C. von, 47 I signature ofplant, 627
Schöner, E., 466 Silber, K., 475
Schopenhauer, A., 489 silk and magnetism, 548
Schrenk, M., 580 Simler, J., 585
Schröter, M., 498 Simrock, K., 574
Schubert, G. H., 431, 468, 482, 501 , 5°4, Sims, J., 59 1
532,604,613,614,629 'Sir Degare', 502
Schulte, B. P. M., 613 skin, colour of, 450
Schultz, C. F. L., 531 skull, vertebral analogies of, 629
Schultze, G. E., 467, 47 1, 474, 475, 477, slavery, 460, 462
485, 540, 599 sleep, 479, 483, 499, 562; and death, 48o ;
Schumacher,]., 44 1, 493 waking, 478; walking, 525
Schwarz, F. H. C., 482 smell, and taste, 486
Schweigger,]. S. C., 567 Smellie, W., 568
Schwertfeger, J., 514 Smith, R., 474
Schwing, M., 572 Smith, S., 606
Scotland, 538; insanity in, 594,6°7,614, Smyth,J. C., 616
61 5 Snellman,]. V., 431
scrofula, 55 I sodal structure, and derangement, 582
sea, influence on character, 462 Socrates, 544, 632
seasons, of year, 439 Solis, A. de, 456
second nature, 626; sight, 503, 538, 539, somatic school, 578, 604, 623, 624
54°,54 1 ,543 Sömmerring, S. T. von, 432, 454, 490
Seebeck, T. J., 517, 518 Sonnenschein, A., 575
seeing, with fingers, 526 sorcery,4gB
Seetzen, U. J., 45 1 sorrow, effect of, 490
soul, 431, 481, 525; a thing, 434; ab- suicide, 506, 596, 598
solute, 562; and body, 433; ethics, 579; sulphur, and cramp, 518
harmony, 572; thought, 436; will, 586; Sulzer, J. G., 494
development of, 488; materialistic Sun, and planets, 520; religion, 444
interpretation, 432; organ of, 432; superstition, 624
world,439 Suphan, B., 474, 489, 628
space, 441, 536 Surinam, 460
Spain, 463, 536 Swabia, 486, 492
Sparta, 447 Sweden, 619
spectre, 529 Swieten, G. van, 546, 621
Spence, J. L. T. C., 542 Swift,J., 442, 515
Spencer, T., 628 swine organ, 524
Spinoza, B. de, 437, 581 swing, 605, 616,617
spirit, 432; and nature, 438; spiritualism, syllogism, 434
579 symbolism, 431, 488, 489
Spiritus, Dr., 524, 570 sympathy, 488, 519, 526, 544; sympa-
Spix, J. B., 458 thetic nerve, 493
Sprengel, K. P. J., 440, 47 1, 552 'Symposium', 547
Sprengel, M. C., 629, 630 system, Hegelian, 431
Spurzheim,J. C., 515, 532, 585, 593, 601
squinting, 586
Stael, Madame de, 464 Tacitus, 567
stages, of life, 471 talent, and genius, 465
Stahl, G. E., 433, 578, 610, 627 Tardi, M., 560
Stapfer, P. A, 465 taste, 486, 526
star, 439 Taylor, A. E., 510
Stark, C. W., 433, 495, 497, 609 Taylor, N., 548
statistics, 472, 594 tears, chemically analyzed, 492
Staunton, G. L., 455, 630 teeth, cutting of, 474
Steeb, J. G., 465 teleology, of dialectic, 437
Steen, J., 537 Teiles, B., 454
Sterne, L., 582 temperament, 466, 468
Stewart, W. G., 540 Tertullian, 442
Stiedenroth, E., 472 Teters, J. N., 483
Stieglitz, J., 504, 570 Teyler's Institute, 444
Stock, J. E., 603 Thaulow, G., 475
Stokes, M. C., 480 Theodosius, 445
stomach, and nervous system, 526 theology, 570
Strassburg, 526, 551, 553, 572 Theophrastus, 468
stroking, 551, 552 things and ideas, 581
Strombeck, F. K. von, 523, 561,566,567, Thomasius, C., 521
568 ,57 1 Thomson, T., 523
Sturm, J. C., 439 Thorndike, A L., 442, 443
stuttering, 468 thought, 481; and language, 633; soul,
Stuttgart, 462 436
St. Vitus's Dance, 513 Thouvenal, P., 518
Suabedissen, D. T. A, 465, 467, 468, Tibullus, 567
472,475,485,486,495,496 Tieck, L., 497
sub-conscious, 431, 509 Tiedemann, D., 434, 469, 475, 49 1 , 494,
subject and predicate, 632 499,525,532,535,538,549,577,607,
subjectivism, Cartesian, 434; subjectivity, 621
439,593 Tilley, M. P., 632
Tilliot, J. B. L. du, 62 I vinegar, 605

'Timaeus', 436, 5 10, 573 violence, and colour of hair, 604
time, 441, 536 Virchow, R., 467
'Times Literary Supplement', 618, 621 Virgin Mary, 488
Timkowskii, G., 630 virtue, 466
Tinker, H., 462 vision, 514, 530, 572
Tissot, C. J., 508, 598 vital ether, 432
Tissot, S. A., 491, 513, 532, 586, 587 Volney, C.-F., 462
tocology, 556 voltaism, 562
Tocqueville, A. de, 462 vomiting, 605
Tode, J. C., 512 Voss, H., 482
tone, 487, 627 Vries, J. de, 445, 547
touch,474
Toussaint-Louverture, P.-D., 454, 455
trance, 570 Wachler, L., 532
Trawer, Mr., 597 Wagner, M., 502, 581, 591, 601, 602, 6°7,
tree, magnetic, 550, 553 612,622
Treher, W., 602 Wähner, A. G., 525
Treviranus, G. R., 447, 448 waking, 478, 562
Tritschler, Dr., 568 Wales, 540, 594
Troxler, I. P. V., 523 Walk, A., 608
truth, 438, 564 Wallis, S., 458
Tuke, D., 595, 606 Wallop, J. C., 597
Tulpius, N., 514 Walmsley, D. M., 547
Turnbull, C., 499 Walton, J., 475
Turner, D., 500 Wanley, N., 440, 525, 586
Tyson, E., 628 Wap,J.J. F., 559
War of Liberation, 566
warmth, in hand, 551
unconstrainedness, 553 water-divining, 517, 518; magnetized,
understanding, 481 548
unit,435 Waterloo, battle of, 569
uprightness, of man, 628, 629 Watson, R. A., 435
urge, 577 Watts, 1., 618
Utterson, E. V., 502 weather, 537
weaving, movement, 484
Weber, G., 593
Valladolid,534 Weber, H. B. von, 466, 468, 472, 475,
Valli, E., 477 484,495,509,511,529,564,576,592,
Vandernoot, H. N. C., 445 626,627
Vater, J. S., 457 Weber, J., 546, 55 1, 564, 568
Vauquelin, L. N., 492 Webster, D., 498, 539
Veit, W., 499 Weigersheim, N., 483
Venus, 609 Wein, J. A., 463
Vera, A., 466,546 Weiss, C., 503
Vergil,492 Weisse, J. F., 519
Vering, A. M., 501 Wellanski, D., 556
vertebral analogies of the skulI, 629 Welsh, language, 532
Vest, L. C. E., 584 Wendt, J. C. W., 615
Vico, G., 499, 630 Wenzel, G. 1., 537, 538, 552, 568, 587,
Villaume, P., 471 598, 601, 607, 617, 618, 628, 632
Vinci, L. da, 496 Wenzel, J., 584
Wenzel, K., 584 Wolff, C., 434

Wemer, C., 575 Wolfs-bane, 564
Wemer, C. F., 449 Wolthers, J. H. G., 549
Wernsdorf, E. F., 445 woman, 477, 592
'Werther', 531 Woodville, E., 498
Wesley, J., 618 Wordsworth, W., 474
'Westminster Review', 438 'World Hist.', 439, 447, 45 1, 455, 461 ,
Westermann, Madame, 572 462 , 463, 47 6
Westphalia, 539 world population, 453
Wetherell, Mr., 596 Wotton, W., 471
Wettley, A., 610 Wright,J., 514
Wetzel, J. K., 552 Wrisberg, H. A., 466
Weyer,J., 621 Wundt, W., 489
White, J. B., 463
Wichmann, J. E., 514
Wienholdt, A., 532, 545, 546, 554, 560, Xenophon, 447
568,572 Xerxes, 481
Wierus, J., 548
will, 470, 517, 53 1, 586
Willis, F., 607, 61 I, 618 Yamana, people, 456
Winckelmann,J. J., 452, 543 Young, E., 465, 532, 533
Windischmann, K. J. H., 494, 573, 574, Young, J. Z., 432
575 Yve-Plessis, R., 498, 515
Winslow, F. B., 532, 607
Winsnes, A. H., 559
Winter, G., 547 Zeidler,J. G., 521
Wirtgen, P., 458 Zentgraff, J. J., 552
Wirth, J. U., 506, 544 Zeus,5 10
wit, and derangement, 622; French, 463 Ziermann, J. C. L., 506, 5 10, 535, 545,
witchcraft, 48 I, 498, 539, 548 549,552
Witte, J. H. F. K., 471 Zimmermann, E. A. W., 451, 456, 628
Witte, K. H. G., 471 Zimmermann, J. G., 461, 599, 600
Woerden, A. V. N., van, 559 Zodiac,442
Wohleb,J. L., 547 zoology, 438,623
Wolf, F. W., 490 Zückert, J. F., 578, 598
Wolfart, C. C., 505, 512, 5 14, 547, 549, 'Zur Psyclwlogie', 48 1
555 Zweig, S., 547

Hegels Hegel's Philosophie Des Philosophy of Subjektiven Subjective Geistes Spirit

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Hegels Hegel's

Philosophie des Philosophy of

HERAUSGEGEBEN UND ÜBERSETZT

MIT EINER EINLEITUNG

D. Reidel Publishing Company

EDITED AND TRANSLATED

AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

D. Reidel Publishing Company

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831.

Added t.p.: Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit.

PUBLISHED BY D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY,

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be

PHENOMENOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

A. Anthropologie. Die Seele § 388 2

A. Anthropology. The soul § 388 3

REGISTER ZU DEN ANMERKUNGEN 659

The Philosophy of Spirit

Spirit has come into being as the truth of nature.

bllnner gemorbtn; pe pnb Guf im p 0 nb erG &leetoffe

for they ha ve hi tu pon imponderable ma terials such

~A(tnip Dur Wrage ~efommen ijl. ~UtArtU, ~del

Saaf... mit _AMI in bcr CItnldtung aur ~ofo"ic 'oe'.

been a matter of enquiry. Descartes, Malebranche,

Addition. The manner in which nature itself sublates its

unb biefen aur ~in~it Aurücffü~rt; nur baburtt, tntrel6t tr !1d1

unity, and it is only by carrying this out in an immanent

Mt !RatttieDt, Walt unf auf belll E5tanb,unft btf «tJml-

simply reflective thinking however, we find that the material

other side of the opposition in question, that externality,

-fdJGft ber S«le unb b~ .tÖ~ tine gan3 natiirlld)e. ehlt

body arises quite naturally. Ir, as the understanding con-

flcfJ Clufbn'idttn, - caIt bGt ,,"nbm feiner fer.ftM NI

other ancient philosophers, that it has to be regarded as the

!Dkfer f~(UICltf»cn tlufClfrll11Q bct . . .f.. "on QJdft

This speculative conception of the opposition of spirit and

Kräfte, natürlichen Thätigkeiten. Die Nothwendigkeit des Geistes, aus der

Initially, the soul is:

Addition. This Paragraph outlines the first part of anthro- 10

natural forces, natural activities. The necessity of spirit's proceeding forth +

gegen b'" 9lQtürli~e. ~f~ tinfacf1e ~tbfn ~at fefne li11'U,ation

its explication in nature and spirit. As such and in itself it

8U dner Mojaa edte, au dnem "oriberge~nben 3u~anbt, nAm-

contrary of the soul, to a mere aspect to a transitory condition

The natural soul

The universal soul, as world soul, must not as it

tat 4n ibr fel&jl biere 0ejtimmungeR AllS nA t .\rl

Bai-'. DAn fann, gegeniikr bem 9llafrofo~mu~ t'Ct ge,

•) 11 Cl t , r t i cf) t Q. u Cl ( i tat e tt.

them as being externaI. They are, rather, determina-

Addition. As opposed to the macrocosm of the entirety of

I) In its substance, which is the natural soul, spirit

" ifl in neUfrn Seiten "iel bom f Of m i f cf} Cft,

* Notizen /820-1822 ('Hegel-Studien' Bd. 7, 1972: Schneider 154a): Der

In recent times a good deal has been said of the

* Notes 1820-1822 ('Regel-Studien' vol. 7, 1972: Schneider 154a): Spirit is

Saf.'. .& bem \)orl)crge~nben $QrQgrQ~~tn unb QII~

",da,em jene~ ~eben eine int-h,ibueUm ~orm er~dlt.

IDlenfd}tngef~ed,l~ lInb bel' <!inaelnen mit ben ~i9UfQtiolttn 1111'0

äusseren Daseyn. Astrologie und Divination, Wahrsagen, Voraussagen des