CHILD LABOUR

SUBMITTED BY: SHAVY(SECTION B)

5TH SEMESTER
SUBMITTED TO: DR ANUMPAM
BAHRI
SUBJECT: SOCIOLOGY(MAJOR)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude
to everyone who supported me throughout the
course of this project. I am thankful for their
aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive
criticism and friendly advice during the project
work. I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing
their truthful and illuminating views on a number
of issues related to the project.
I express my warm thanks to Dr. ANUMPAN
BAHRI for her support and guidance at UILS,
CHANDIGARH.
I would also like to thank all the people who
provided me with the facilities being required and
conductive conditions for my project.
Thank you
 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF CHILD LABOUR
CONSTITUTION MANDATE
CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR
TYPES OF CHILD LABOUR
PREVENTIVE MEASURES BY THE
GOVERNMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUTION
Children are the future of any society and in turn they shape the worlds
future. That is why the issue of child labour is an area of concern for
all policy makers, social scientists, researchers and the judiciary. The
problem of child labour has been one of the major issues to be tackled
in any economy. Almost all the countries whether developed,
developing or underdeveloped are facing one or another issue related
to child labour. But, the issue of child labour in the worst form has been
seen in some of the developing and underdeveloped countries. In fact,
a child labourer not only lacks the basic necessities of life, but is also
forced to spend a major part of the day working in inhuman and
unhealthy conditions for a miserable pittance.
Children are usually forced to do the adult work to provide financial
help to their families. The working conditions are poor and children are
usually suffering from physical, emotional, and sexual abuses. They
work long hours every day and are unable to attend school, which is
their fundamental right.
Child labour is a concrete manifestation of violations of a range of
rights of children and is recognized as a serious and enormously
complex social problem in India. Working children are denied their
right to survival and development, education, leisure and play, and
adequate standard of living, opportunity for developing personality,
talents, mental and physical abilities, and protection from abuse and
neglect. Notwithstanding the increase in the enrolment of children in
elementary schools and increase in literacy rates since 1980s, child
labour continues to be a significant phenomenon in India.
 CONCEPT OF CHILD LABOUR
Encyclopaedia of Social Science defines child labour as “When the
business of wage earning or of participation in itself or family support
conflicts directly or indirectly with the business of growth and
education the result is child labour.”
According to Second National Law Commission on Labour,
“Children out of home, away from family, working for wages and the
place of work unfriendly and unsuitable for their wellbeing are child
labour.” On the other hand, Census of India covers a wider
definition and says, “Any child engaged in productive work, with or
without compensation, wages or profit is child labour.”
Differently from the above definitions, the Government of Andhra
Pradesh defines, “All children out of school are child labour.” The
definition explains that being out of school is equal to the worst form
of child labour. It may be termed as ‘hazardous’, ‘intolerable
circumstances’ and ‘harmful to the overall growth and development
of the child’. The Government has notified Education Department as
the nodal department to deal with the elimination child labour.
UNICEF suggests, “Children’s work needs to be happening along a
continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and
beneficial work – promoting or enhancing children’s development
without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest- at the
other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need
not negatively affect a child’s development.”
According to ILO, child labour is a work that deprives children of
their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and one that is
harmful to their physical and mental development. It refers to work
that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and
harmful to children, or work whose schedule interferes with their
ability to attend regular school; or work that affects in any manner
their ability to focus during school or experience healthy childhood.
The ILO suggests that, children or adolescents who participate in
work that does not affect their health and personal development or
interfere with their schooling, is not child labour; rather it may
generally be regarded as being something positive. Such harmless
work includes activities such as helping their parents around the
home, assisting family or earning pocket money outside school hours
and over holidays. These kinds of activities may contribute to
children’s development by providing them with skills and experience,
and help to prepare them to be productive members of society during
their adult life.
It is clear from all the definitions, that child labour must be prohibited
but child work should be appreciated. Whether or not particular forms
of “work”, may be called “ child work” depends on the child’s age,
the type and hours of work performed, the conditions under which it
is performed , and the objection pursued by individual countries. The
answer varies from country to country, as well among sectors within
countries.
 CONSTITUTION MANDATE
The constitution is the law of the land. Our constitution framers were
aware about the problem of child labour and compulsory education of
children, so they prohibited child labour in certain employment as a
fundamental right under Article 24 and issued many Directive
Principle of State Policy in Part IV. They made provisions under
Article 45, by stating that State will make the provisions for free and
compulsory education for every child below the age of 14 years
within 10 years from the implementation of the constitution.
Unfortunately, it took 52 years to make it a fundamental right under
the constitution. 86th constitutional amendment has inserted Article
21A to recognize right to free and compulsory education for children
between the ages of 6 to 14. The constitutional provisions are as
follows:
Article 15(3)- The article provides guarantee of right to equality
without any discrimination; but on the other hand, empowers the State
to make the special provisions relating to child, which will not be
violative of right to equality.
Article 21- No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty,
except according to procedure established by law. The supreme court
held that ‘life’ includes freedom from exploitation and right to live
with a dignified life.
Article 21A – The State shall provide free and compulsory education
to all children of the age of six to fourteen years, in such manner as
the State may, by law, determine. The supreme court directed that
where children are allowed to work, in such establishment, it is the
duty of the employer to make provisions for the education of child
labourers.
Article 23- Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms
of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this
prohibition shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
Article 24 – No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to
work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous
employment.
Article 39(e) – The State shall direct its policy towards securing the
health and strength of the tender age of children so that they are not
abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter
avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
Article 39(f) – The State shall direct its policy towards securing that
children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy
manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity; and that childhood
and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and
material abandonment.
Article 45 – The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood
care and education for all children until they complete the age of
fourteen years.
Article 51A(k) – It shall be the duty of every citizen of India, who is
a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child
or ward, as the case may be, between the age of six to fourteen years.
 CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR
 The curse of poverty
The main reason for child labour is poverty. Most of the country’s
population suffers from poverty. Due to poverty, parents cannot
afford the studies of their children and make them earn their wages
from a tender age. In fact, they are well aware of the grief of losing
their loved ones to poverty many times. They send their small
children to work in factories, homes and shops. They are made to
work to increase the income of their poor families at the earliest.
These decisions are taken only for the purpose of eking out a living
for their family. But such decisions shatter children’s physical and
mental state as they lose their childhood at an early age.
 Lack of educational resources
Even after so many years of our country’s independence, there are
instances where children are deprived of their fundamental right to
education. There are thousands of villages in our country where there
are no proper facilities of education. And if there is any, it is miles
away. Such administrative laxity is also responsible for child labour.
The worst sufferers are the poor families for whom getting their
children educated is a dream.
Sometimes the lack of affordable school for the education of poor
children leaves them illiterate and helpless. Children are forced to live
without studying. And sometimes such compulsions push them into
the trap of child labour.

 Social and economic backwardness

Social and economic backwardness is also the main reason for child
labour. Socially backward parents do not send their children to
receive education. Consequently, their children are trapped in child
labour. Due to illiteracy, many times parents are not aware of various
information and schemes for child education. Lack of education,
illiteracy and consequently the lack of awareness of their rights
among them have encouraged child labour. Also, uneducated parents
do not know about the impact of child labour on their children. The
conditions of poverty and unemployment give rural families a
compulsive basis for engaging children in various tasks. In fact,
feudal, zamindari system and its existing remnants continue to
perpetuate the problem of child labour.
 Addiction, disease or disability
In many families, due to addiction, disease or disability, there is no
earning, and the child’s wages are the sole means of family’s
sustenance. Population growth is also increasing unemployment,
which has adverse impact on child labour prevention. So, parents,
instead of sending their children to school, are willing to send them to
work to increase family income.
 Poor compliance of laws
In modern society, laws stipulate that citizens have the right to receive
good education, avail good health services and take care of their
health. Every citizen has the right to play the game he enjoys, and
enjoy all the means of entertainment, and when he grows, to obtain
employment where he can earn well and contribute to society and
nation. But in the absence of proper compliance of the laws, child
labour is continuing. It can be prohibited only by strict adherence to
the related laws.
  Lure of cheap labour
In the greed of cheap labour, some shopkeepers, companies and
factory owners employ children so that they have to pay less to them
and it amounts to employing cheap labour. Shopkeepers and small
businessmen make children work as much as they do to the elder
ones, but pay half the wages. In the case of child labour, there is less
chance for theft, greed or misappropriation of money too.
With the development of globalization, privatization, and consumerist
culture, the need for cheap labour and its linkage with economic
needs of poor families have encouraged child labour.
 Family tradition
It is a shocking but a bitter truth that in our society it is very easy to
give child labour the name of tradition or custom in many families.
The culture and traditional family values play their role in increasing
the problem of child labour at the voluntary level. Many families
believe that a good life is not their destiny, and the age-old tradition
of labour is the only source of their earning and livelihood.
Small businessmen also waste the lives of their children in the
greediness of perpetuating their family trade with lower production
costs. Some families also believe that working from childhood
onwards will make their children more diligent and worldly-wise in
terms of future life. They believe that early employment will give rise
to their children’s personal development, which will make it easier for
them to plan their life ahead.
 Discrimination between boys and girls
We have been conditioned into believing that girls are weaker and
there is no equal comparison between boys and girls. Even today, in
our society, we will find many examples where girls are deprived of
studies. Considering girls weaker than boys deprives them of school
and education. In labourer families, girls are found to be engaged in
labour along with their parents.

CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD
LABOUR
It is believed that child labour is the consequence of social inequality,
attitude of the privileged class, lack of employment opportunities,
poverty and most important lack of parental motivation. The
consequences of child labour may be basically categorized into three
categories, namely- consequences on the child, consequences on the
society and consequences on the nation.
Major consequences of child labour on the child may be considered
as –
It robs his childhood; deprives him of his fundamental right to
education; hurts its dignity; exploits him- physically economically,
mentally and emotionally; decreases age of child; brings low physical
growth; brings early adulthood; brings poor health; abets juvenile
delinquency; brings low physical growth; suppresses mental
development; develops vices; such as – smoking, tobacco chewing,
taking alcohol, gambling, etc.; and deprives him of many other rights
as a child.
Major consequences of child labour on the society may be considered
as-
It creates perpetuation of poverty in child labour families;
reproduction of child labour in the families of a child labour;
weakening of trade unions; helping in accumulation of wealth in the
hands of few employers; increase in adult unemployment; early
marriage (abets child marriage) and more children; child trafficking;
migration; illiteracy; economic inequality; spreading addiction from
childhood, etc.
Major consequences of child labour on the nation may be considered
as-
It defames the nation (as number of the tenders and agreement at
international level have been cancelled on the ground of involving
child labour); effects exports; hindrance in respect of making
compulsory elementary education and campaign for spread of
literacy; barriers to the enforcement of minimum wages; increases
unskilled, illiterate and weak human workforce; increases death rate
of children; increases national illiteracy rate; etc.

TYPES OF CHILD LABOUR

Poverty, illiteracy and other social conditions push children into the
labour market. These children are deprived of love, care, protection
and healthy development. Instead, they are exploited, abused and
condemned to live in an uncongenial environment. The forms of
exploitation and types of abuse widely differ according to the nature
of the job the child has taken up within and outside his house. So,
according to the nature of the jobs, we can divide child labour in the
following three categories:
1. Child labour in Organised Sector,
2. Child labour in Unorganised Sector,
3. Self-employed children.

CHILD LABOUR IN ORGANISED

SECTORS
BEEDI MANUFACTURING : Though the Beedi and Cigar
Conditions of Employment Act,1966 prohibits the employment of
children below the age of fourteen years in any industrial premises,
but child labour is prevalent in beedi manufacturing. Children roll
beedis and assist adult workers by clearing and cutting the leaves and
closing the ends. Studies have shown that children involved in beedi
manufacturing show definite symptoms of chronic bronchitis and
suffer from anaemia. There is significant indication to suspect a high
incidence of tuberculosis among the beedi workers. The children
involved in beedi making, start smoking at an early age and become
habitual smokers. Sometimes these children also start taking drugs
with beedis.
As per the data of the study on child abuse, amongst the total number
of working children, 7.8% children were working in beedi rolling.
Among these 83.33% were girls. Out of all children working in beedi
rolling industry, 47.92% were in the age group of five to twelve years,
25% in the age group of thirteen to fourteen years and 27.08% in the
age group of fifteen to eighteen years. Within each of these age
groups, from the percentage of boys and girls, it can be observed that
there were a very large number of girls working in the beedi rolling
sector. Almost half of these were in the age group of five to twelve
years. The impact on the health and development of these children is a
matter of concern. Out of the total children working in beedi rolling,
14.04% reported physical abuse by employers. Among these, 91.94%
were boys. Further age wise breakup of physically abused children by
the employer showed that 53.23% of these boys were from the age
group of five to twelve, 20.97% in the age group of thirteen to
fourteen years and 25.81% in the age group of fifteen to eighteen
years.
GLASS AND BANGLES INDUSTRY : A large number of children
who work in glass bangle industries work in furnaces with
temperatures up to 1400 centigrade. They are usually employed in
Jurai(joining the end), Chhatai(sorting), Kotai(ingraining different
patterns with the help of abrasive wheel). The decoration of bangles
with bill is done by girls and women.
The glass and bangle factories run for about eight months in the year
and work only at night. Children between the age eight to fourteen
years of age constitute one fifth of the total labour force employed in
the industry and are paid low wages. The high temperature inside the
factory makes working during summers miserable. A large number of
cases of asthma and bronchitis are reported each year. The life span of
these child workers is reduced because of the intense heat and dust.
According to doctors of Firozabad, 90% of the workers contact
pneumoconiosis, a condition which leads to tuberculosis. In fact,
Firozabad has the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the state of
Uttar Pradesh. These young children also suffer from various eye
diseases.
MATCH AND FIREWORK INDUSTRY: Children working in
match and firework factories inhale toxic fumes while mixing
chemicals. They also suffer high degrees of intense heat and run the
risk of being awfully burnt and injured in fire accidents. Children who
stamp frames on the metal sheets also suffer heat, toxic fumes and
excessive strain on the arms and shoulders, while they remove and
place the heavy fringes with great rapidity. Delay of a second can
cause the entire frames to grip in roaring flames resulting in instant
death of the child.
LOCK INDUSTRY: A large number of children working in the lock
industry work on hand press, on buffing machines, polishing rusted
metal pieces in electroplating workshops and in spray painting units.
Most children involved in this work suffer from tuberculosis and
other upper respiratory tract diseases. Workers in electroplating plants
complain of breathlessness, asthma and acute headaches.
PRECIOUS STONE POLISHING INDUSTRIES: This industry
also employs huge number of children, all whom are from slums and
work in miserable conditions. The work is finalized by tycoons whose
middle men prune children for pittance and swallow the profit they
generate.

CHILD LABOUR IN UNORGANISED

SECTOR
A large number of children are engaged in unorganised sector, for
which no official record is available. There are certain jobs which
may be considered non-hazardous for adults, but for a child workers
they may be hazardous occupations. Working in unorganised sector
may be safe for adults, but the fact that children are at the mercy of
the employer and do not have the support of their parents or anyone
else, put them in a very weak bargaining position and consequently, in
a hazardous situation.
WAYSIDE RESTAURANTS: Apart from industries and organised
sector, children are very commonly working in these restaurants.
These are safe avocations. However, children face perils while
working around big furnaces, carrying trays of boiling tea or kettle
containing boiling tea, he is sure to suffer burning, but the employer,
instead of treating his burns, beats him for breaking the crockery.
Young children employed in such restaurant are completely at the
mercy of the employer. These children must work from early hours of
morning till late in the night with or without intermittent rest for
miserably low wages. There is no regulation of their diet and other
living conditions. They must work most of the time in the open
projects. It is a sad picture of sordid exploitation.
NEWSPAPER VENDORS AND COOLIES: Very often on roads,
there are small children as young as six to ten years who stand at road
crossing to sell newspaper and thereby expose themselves to hazards
of traffic. Some of these young children also work as cobblers, porters
and coolies at railway station and at bus terminals. They are exposed
to risk when they carry heavy loads on their back and heads.
CHILD CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: There are various statutes
which prohibit child labour, as construction workers. But still many
children are employed as construction workers. Article 24 of the
Indian Constitution clearly says that no child below the age of
fourteen years can be employed in the construction work.
Construction industry is specified under Child Labour (Prohibition
and Regulation) Act, 1986 as prohibited in the Schedule of the Act.
The children engaged in construction works dig earth, carry heavy
loads of mud and mortar, remove debris, prepare sorter, break stones
and lift heavy iron rods. When a construction site changes, the
families of construction workers must make shift in housing
structures. The work demands the hardest of physical labour which
stunts the growth of the child and leaves no promise for future life.
CHILD DOMESTIC WORKERS: The child domestic work is a
very common and traditional form of child labour. Their contribution
to the society is significant both socially and economically, but it is
the violation of their fundamental rights and dignity. These, children
have no access to the protection of their human rights. Unlike other
workers, they live behind closed doors, where no one witnesses their
abuse and oppression. Child domestic workers and violation of their
rights is nowadays becoming a focus of growing global concern.
The child domestic workers who work outside the family are amongst
the most vulnerable and exploited human beings. They begin to work
at an early age, shoulder excessive responsibilities, such as cooking,
cleaning, washing, caring for kids or old and infirm persons, handling
fuel or gas stoves, sharp tools, working for hours with no rest period,
with little or no remuneration. They are deprived of access to
education, play, love and affection of their family and friends.
The most distinguishing feature of child domestic workers is that it is
most difficult to detect abuse compared to other forms of child labour.
Child domestic workers generally remain within four walls of the
employer’s house and face all forms of exploitation which is invisible
to the external world. Child domestic workers are often subjected to
physical or verbal abuse for being intimidated and for gaining control
by the employer. Children are also subjected to sexual abuse,
emotional and psychological abuse and economic abuse. Under these
circumstances, the childhood generally transforms into adulthood
under the employer’s strict monitoring of the household tasks
performed by them. Being confined to the employer’s home deprives
them of any physical, mental and economic growth.

SELF EMPLOYED CHILD LABOUR

Apart from the aforesaid types of works, many children are employed
as self-workers indulging themselves in various acts which may be
risky for their health and safety.
RAG PICKERS: Rag picking is one of the most demeaning activity
and destructive of self-image of children working as labourers. The
nature of their work environment is most unhygienic. These children
often hail from poverty-stricken families residing in slums. A casual
look at their physique and clothing reveals the extent of their poverty
and deprivation. They scourge dustbins and garbage dumping grounds
for waste materials like paper rags, coconut shells, tin, iron, plastic,
glass pieces and even leftover food. These children develop several
kinds of skin diseases while collecting rusted iron pieces. They may
become susceptible to tetanus. The sharp glass pieces lying hidden in
the garbage may injure their bare foot and these injuries may develop
into fostering wounds.
However, what they do as rag pickers has a bearing on the urban
economy. As many production enterprises are based on the recycling
of waste material, it would come to halt if their supply is stopped.
Child labour as rag pickers is degrading as these children are
subjected to treatment which is not suitable to their age. They are
deprived of education. Even when they are very young, they must go
forcefully for picking broken glass pieces, tins etc. when they grow up
a little, they continue to remain in this kind of job. They lose interest
in studies. These children are susceptible to all kinds of acts whether
legal or illegal, moral or immoral.
STREET CHILDREN: The term street children refer to children for
whom the streets are their real home. Street children are generally
homeless and without family. They live in situations where there is no
protection, supervision or direction from responsible adults. Street
children generally spent their entire days and often nights on the
streets irrespective of weather conditions, privacy, health hazard etc.
A close look at the work profile of the children reflects that 60% are
involved in begging. Those who are vendors largely sells eatables,
books, magazines, flowers and stationary at traffic signals, tourist
spots and at religious places. Some children also work as porters and
coolies. The whole day’s earning from begging and vending either
taken away by the families or the anti-social network they must work
for. Living or being in the streets all time is itself violation of Child
Rights. It is child abuse in its own sense. Their abuse is furthered
when these children are abused by family members, caregivers, police
and other adults.
 GOVERNMENT MEASURES TO
PREVENT CHILD LABOUR
Legal Measures against Child Labour
In the very constitution of India provisions are made to protect the
interests of children. Article 24 of the Constitution states that children
below 14 years shall not be employed any factory or in any hazardous
unit.
The first Act to regulate the employment of children was the Factory
Act of 1881, which forbids the appointment of children below 7 years.
Second was the Indian Merchant Shipping act, 1923 which prevents
appointing children below 14 in ships. A Commission was established
in 1929 to fix the minimum age of child employment, on whose
recommendation, the Child Labour Act 1933 was passed prohibiting
employment of children below 14 years of age and no children can be
pledged for rhe purpose of getting loan nor for repaying loan.
The Factory Act of 1948 provided some safeguards to child labourers
in form of forbidding appointment of children below 14 years for
work and fixes the duration of work at 4and half per day. Though
these legislation were undertaken during the British rule, they were
not properly enforced. The plantation labour act, 1951 which forbids
appointment of children below 12 years for plantation work. The
mines act, 1952 which prevents the appointment of children below 15
years from working in deep mines. In 1986, the Parliament enacted
the Child Labour Act (Regulation and Prohibition), The Act prohibits
the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 16
occupations and 65 processes that are hazardous to the children's lives
and health. These occupations and processes are listed in the Schedule
to the Act. In October 2006, the Government has included children
working in the domestic sector as well as roadside eateries and motels
under the prohibited list of hazardous occupations. More recently, in
September 2008 diving as well as process involving excessive heat
(e.g. working near a furnace) and cold; mechanical fishing; food
processing; beverage industry; timber handling and loading;
mechanical lumbering; warehousing; and processes involving
exposure to free silica such as slate, pencil industry, stone grinding,
slate stone mining, stone quarries as well as the agate industry were
added to the list of prohibited occupations and processes;
With the intention of removing the practice of child labour in total
especially in the hazardous industries by the end of the 20 th century,
the central government constituted a “National Authority” on 2 nd
October 1993. The government decided to spend nearly Rs. 850
crores for the benefit of at least 2 million children out of a total of 17
million child workers. This institute intended to rehabilitate the child
workers in at least 15000 schools spread over the whole nation. The
institutions plan to give compensation to the families whose children
are taken for hazardous work.
The Supreme Court of India in its judgment to a public interest
litigation, dated December 10, 1996 has ordered setting up of a Child
Labour Rehabilitation Welfare Fund to prevent the exploitation of
children and to safeguard their economic interest and humanitarian
rights. The Supreme Court also directed to pay compensation of Rs
20,000 by the offending employers for every child employed in
hazardous occupations. As far as non-hazardous jobs are concerned,
the court directed the state governments to establish an appropriate
authority to ensure not more than 6 hours of work a day, and at least 2
hours of time for the child's education. The apex court also directed
that the entire cost of education is to be borne by the employer.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) in their
meeting on January 20, 1999 approved continuance of the scheme of
National Child Labour Project (NCLP) during the Ninth Plan. The
CCEA also approved the increase in the number of such projects from
76 to 100.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000, this
Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention
on the Rights of the Child covers young persons below 18 years of
age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or
Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures
a juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment
and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such
earning for his own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment
for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for
fine. In some States, including Karnataka and Maharashtra, this
provision has been used effectively to bring to book many child
labour employers who are otherwise not covered by any other law and
to give relief and rehabilitation benefits to a large number of children.
This act was further amended in 2006 and 2010.
The Government's commitment to address the problem of child labour
is reflected in the statement of National Agenda for Governance
(1998), where it says that no child should remain illiterate,
hungry/lack medical care and that measures will be taken to eliminate
child labour.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Anthony,Giddens and Sutton,P.(2013).
Sociology. 7th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
2. Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M(2008).
Sociology. London: Collins.
3.Moore, S and Sinclair, S.(1995).
Sociology. Lincolnwood, III : NTC Pub.
Group