PREVENTIVE METHODS OF WEED

CONTROL
SS Rana
Sr Scientist
Email: [email protected]
PRE-REQUISITE OF A SUCCESSFUL
WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

¢Knowledge of the biology of weeds

¢Nature of weed problem
¢Must be planned for the whole farm
¢Must follow up programme of weed
prevention measures
STEPS TAKEN PRIOR TO CHOOSING
WC STRATEGY
¢ Identifythe weed problem
¢ Know what control methods are
available
¢ Evaluate the benefit/risk of each
method/combination of methods
¢ Choose the methods: most effective
with least harm to himself and
environment
¢ Know the correct use of weed control
method
WEED MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES

¢ Preventive Measures
¢ Eradication Methods
¢ Management/Control Methods
CONTROL V/S ERADICATION
¢ Weed eradication is the complete removal of all
live plant parts and seeds from an area
¢ It is an expansive adventure since it costs
more than that of the land
¢ Besides complete elimination of all vegetation
is not warranted as many of them are useful
¢ Eradication of some noxious weeds such as
Cuscuta and Lantana needed
¢ Eradication should start when the weeds are
small and limited in growth and spread
WEED CONTROL V/S WEED
MANAGEMENT
¢ Concept of weed management instead of control
is important (Threshhold and Critical period of
crop-weed competition)
¢ Weed control aims at putting down the weeds
already present
¢ Weed management is a system approach
whereby whole land use planning is done in
advance to minimize the invasion of weeds in
aggressive forms and give crop plants a very
strong competitive advantage over the latter
¢ The systems approach is called integrated weed
management (IWM)
PREVENTIVE METHODS
Measures those prevent or arrest the introduction,
establishment and spread of weeds.
In practice, it also include farm hygiene that
prevent the every year production of seeds, tubers
and rhizomes of the weed species already present
on the farm.
All practices that help discourage the weeds from
becoming a problem over time, form the subject of
weed prevention
No weed management programme can be
successful if adequate and timely preventive
measures are not taken
ONE YEAR OF SEEDING IS SEVEN YEARS
OF WEEDING

¢ Nature has provided weeds with a

number of devices that help them to
be disseminated widely
¢ The troubles that weeds create in
crops, soil and water bodies are
therefore, summed in the adage ‘one
year of seeding is seven year of
weeding’.
PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE
¢ To avoid a situation of one year of
seeding is seven years of weeding, a
wise step is to follow the principle of
‘Prevention is better than cure’.
¢ Keeping in view the economic and
practical feasibility, the preventive
weed management measures should
be followed to check their menace
USE WEED FREE CROP SEEDS

¢Avena fatua and Brassica in

small grains
¢Cuscuta in lucerne
¢Chichory in berseem
¢Other weed seeds in grasses
WEED SPECIES DESIGNATED AS
OBJECTIONABLE ACCORDING TO SEED ACT 1966
Crop Weed Permissible seed admixture
limits
Objectionable Total weed
Paddy Wild rice or red rice 0.01% 0.1
Wheat Bindweed 0.01% 0.1%
(Convolvulus)
Rape and Mexican poppy 0.1% 0.5%
Mustard (Argimone)
Egyptian clover Chicory 0.05% 0.5%
Lucerne Dodder 0.5% 0.5%
Methi Senji (Melilotus) 0.1% 0.2%
Lettuce Wild lettuce 0.1% 0.2%
Cucurbit Wild Cucurbit 0.0 0.0
Okra Wild Okra 0.0 0.0
RICE AND WILD RICE
WHEAT AND CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS
BRASSICA AND ARGIMONE MAXICANA
BERSEEM AND CICHORIUM INTYBUS
LUCERNE AND DODDER
WEED FREE CROP SEEDS CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY
¢ Production of weed free crop
seeds at Government farms or
at farmers field itself with
frequent inspection
¢ Cleaning the crop seeds
before storage as well as at
sowing time, using seed
cleaning devices
¢ Use farm machinery free from
weed seeds
MIMICRY
¢ The resemblance of one organism to
another or to an object in its surroundings
for concealment or protection from
predators
¢ Crop mimicry is defined as the
phenomenon whereby weeds develop
morphological and or biochemical close
resemblance to the life history of crop as
to be mistaken for the crop and thus evade
eradication
TYPES OF CROP MIMICRY
Vegetative: a situation where close
similarity in appearance occurs
between weeds and crops at seedling
and vegetative stages e.g.
1. wild rice (Oryza longistaminata) in
cultivated rice;
2. wild sorghum (Sorghum halepense)
in cultivated sorghum;
3. wild sugarcane (Saccharum
spontaneous ) in sugarcane
SORGHUM HALEPENSE

¢ Growth trial of Sorghum

species at seedling stage.
Note the broader leaf (far
left) of the Eu-sorghum, S.
propinquum compared
with the Para-Sorghum,
Stiposorghum and
Heterosorghum species.
SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM
TYPES OF MIMICRY (CONTD.)
Seed mimicry is a situation whereby
the similarities between weeds and
crops is observed in seed weight, size
and appearance e.g.
similarity in seeds of upland rice and
those of itch grass (Rottboellia
cochinchinensis)
ROTTBOELLIA COCHINCHINENSIS
TYPES OF MIMICRY (CONTD.)
¢ Biochemical mimicry: this is a
situation in which a weed develops
resistance to a herbicide that has
been used
CONTAMINATION OF MANURE
PITS
¢FYM serves as notorious
source
¢Composting temperature of
65-95ºC maintained for 4-5
months to devitablize weed
seeds
¢Vermicompost may also be a
potential source/medium of
weed seed dispersal
WEEDS INFESTING FYM
VERMIWEEDS
MOVEMENT OF WEEDS WITH OTHER
FARM RESOURCES
¢ Livestock
¢ Farm machinery
¢ Nursery stock
(Echinochloa Spp. & Oryza
sativa var. fatua)
¢ Gravel, sand, Soil
XANTHIUM SP
Bidens pilosa

Spiny pigweed
Achyranthes aspera L
KEEP NON CROP AREAS
CLEAN
¢Irrigation & drainage ditches
¢Fence lines
¢Farm boundaries
¢Terrace risers and Bunds
¢Non-cropped area
¢Paths, roads and railway lines
KEEP VIGILANCE
Parthenium hysterophorus -
Non crop areas
Phalaris minor, Poa annua,
Polygonum sp. - Wheat
Water hyacinth - Aquatic
weed
ALLIGATOR WEED (ALTERNANTHERA
PHILOXEROIDES)
Infestation of Bracharia, a new
weed
Other new weeds

Syndrilla

Polygonum
 Poa annua Cronopus didymus

Juncus bufonius Eragrostis tenella

LEGAL MEASURES
¢ Check inter-state and inter-
country movement of noxious
weeds
¢ Very recently the Indian Plant
Quarantine Authorities made
it compulsory to declare
plants before entry
FIRE WEED (WIND DISSEMINATION)
SCHEDULE-VIII
[SEE CLAUSE 3 (12) AND 8 (1)]
LIST OF QUARANTINE WEED SPECIES
1. Abutilon theophrasti 10, Apera-spica-venti
2. Agrostemma githago 11. Arceuthobiumoxycedri
3. Alectra sp. 12. Avena sterilis
4. Allium vineale 13. Baccharis halimifolia
5 Ambrosia 14. Bromus diandrus
artemisiifolia 15. Bromus rigidus
6. Ambrosia maritima 16. Bromus secalinus
7. Ambrosia 17. Cardus pycnocephalus
psilostachya
8. Ambrosia trifida
9. Ammi visnaga
QUARANTINE WEED SPECIES (CONTD.)
18. Cenchrus tribuloides 29. Cynoglossum officinale
19.Centaurea diffusa 30. Desmodium tortuosum
20. C. maculosa 31. Echinochloa crus-
21. C. melitensis pavonis
22. C. solstitialis 32. Echium plantagineum
23. Chondrilla juncea 33. Emex australis
24. Cichorium endivia 34. Emex spinosa
25. C. pumilum 35. Froelichia floridana
26. C. spinosum 36. Helianthus
californicus
27. Cordia curassavica
37. H. ciliaris
28. Cuscuta australis
38. H. petiolaris
QUARANTINE WEED SPECIES (CONTD.)
39. H. scaberrimus 51. Raphanus raphanistrum
40. Heliotropium 52. Rumex crispus
amplexicaule 53. Salsola vermiculata
41. Ipomoea coccinea 54. Senecio jacobaea
42. Leersia japonica 55. Solanum carolinense
43. Lolium rigidum 56. Striga hermonthica
44. Matricaria perforatum 57. Thesium australe
45. Mimosa pigra 58. T.humiale
46. Orobanche cumana 59. Vicia villosa
47. Phalaris paradoxa 60. Viola arvensis
48. Polygonum cuspidatum 61. Xanthium spinosum
49. P. perfoliatum
50. Proboscidea lovisianica
 3. Permits for Import of plants, plant
products etc.
(12) No consignment of seed or grain shall be permitted to be
imported with contamination of quarantine weeds, which
are listed in Schedule-VIII unless the said consignment has
been devitalized by the exporting country and a certificate to
that effect has been endorsed in the phytosanitary certificate
issued by the exporting country. Every application for
quarantine inspection and clearance shall be made in Form
PQ 15.

8. Permit required for import of plants and plant products –

(1) No consignment of plants and plant products, if found infested or
infected with a quarantine pest or contaminated with noxious
weed species shall be permitted to be imported.
CULTURAL AND GOOD CROP
HUSBANDRY METHODS
Added tools
GOOD CROP HUSBANDRY METHODS
PROPER CROP STAND
* Selection of most adapted crops &
varieties
* Use of high viability seeds
* Preplant seed and soil treatment
* Adequate seed rates
* Proper planting time and method
* Timely gap filling
SELECTIVE CROP STIMULATION
* Application of soil amendments like
gypsum or lime
* Addition of farm-yard manure
* Application of suitable fertilizes and
manures as side / band dressed
* Foliar application of fertilizers to
wide row crops
* Inoculation of crop seeds
PROPER PLANTING METHOD
* Seedbed preparation and
planting of crops with a
minimum time lapse during
kharif
* Plough planting
* Furrow planting during summer
* Transplanting
PROPER PLANTING TIME
¢Early planting during kharif by
presowing irrigation
¢Late planting of wheat during
winters
CROP ROTATION
Weed Crop Substitute
crop

Avena Wheat Pea, Gram

fatua Mustard
Phalaris
minor

Cuscuta Lucerne Wheat

(Dodder) Mustard
STALE SEEDBED

A stale, seedbed is one where 1 to 2 flushes

of weeds are destroyed before planting of
any crop

Advantage : Crop germinate in weed free

environment
 Smother Cropping
Summer Fallowing

Minimum Tillage
Lowering Area Under
Bunds
Flooding and Drainage
 IWM: Vegetables and field crops
53
PHYSICAL (HAND WEEDING)
PHYSICAL (MECHANICAL WEEDING)

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

54
MECHANICAL WEEDING DEVICE- THE DIAGONAL
WEEDER

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

55
 56

THERMAL
WEED
CONTROL

Pesticide-free
thermic weed
control with a
weed burner
on a potato
field in
Dithmarschen

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 IWM: Vegetables and field crops
57
HAND WEEDING TOOLS
LONG HANDLED WEEDERS
¢ Long handle weeders allow
weeding operations
without bending of the
operator thus reducing

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

drudgery to the operator
and increase the capacity.
These are Circular blade
weeder (1), Garden rake
(2), V blade multipurpose
weeder (3), Grass slasher
(4) and Long handle hand
fork (5) costing Rs70/-, Rs
100/-, Rs 70/-, Rs 70/- and
Rs. 70/- respectively. With
these implements, labour
saving to the extent of 60-
65% can be achieved over
traditional methods. 58
 WHEEL HOE 59

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 TWIN WHEEL HOES 60

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 IWM: Vegetables and field crops
61
CONO WEEDERS
ASPEE POWER WEEDER
ASPEE POWER WEEDER is
being preferred by the
farmers as the most durable,
efficient, & labour saving

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

weeding equipment, which
can be used for agriculture
purpose. Aspee Power
Weeder is equipped with two
stroke 49.8 cc petrol engine
with recoil starter. Small
straight shaft is provided for
power transmission from
engine to the gear box.
Sturdy carbon steel blades
are provided for weeding
purpose.

62
 PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL METHOD
63

¢ Labour, time consuming, back breaking

methods

¢ Leading to mechanical injury

¢ Performed only under ideal conditions

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

q First irrigation is applied to the field.
q The field is then ploughed thoroughly at optimum moisture
status and levelled.

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

q The field is left as such for about a fortnight or so to allow
germination of weeds. Sufficient soil moisture particularly at
the upper 3-5 cm layer/stratum will result in weed seed
germination
q Control the emerged weeds by a non-residual herbicide, e.g.
paraquat, glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, or by shallow
cultivation with spike –tooth harrow, spring –tooth harrow etc.
Thus the germination of initial 2 or more flushes of weeds are
facilitated/pampered/induced and later destroyed.
q Thereafter plant the crop with minimum soil disturbance to
avoid exposing new weed seed to favourable germination
conditions. 64
It is an effective method for the control of
weeds, soil-borne diseases and insect-pests.

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

Basic principle
The light received from the sun is in the
form of electromagnetic short waves,
which easily pass through the transparent
polyethylene films and reach the soil. As a
result soil is heated up and emits long
wave radiation which cannot pass through
transparent polythene films and result in
trapping of heat 65
 USE OF MULCHES 66

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 IWM: Vegetables and field crops
Weed management in Organic Potato67
 BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT: BIOLOGICAL WEED CONTROLLING USING
INSECTS, PATHOGENS, FISH AND SNAILS (BIO AGENTS) APPEARS TO BE
IDEAL FOR REDUCING THE INPUTS OF HERBICIDES. SOME PROMISING
EXAMPLES INCLUDE: 68

Weed Bio control agent

Alternanthera Cassida sp.
philozeroid
Salvania molesta Paulinia acuiminata (insect) and Myrothecium
rovidium (fungus)
Eichhornia crossipes Alternaria eichhornia (pathogen) and Neochetina
bruchi (insect)
Cyperus rotundus Bactra minima (insect) and Athespacuta cyperi
(weevil)
Parthenium Zygograma bicolorata and Smicronyx lutulentus
histerophrous

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 69

¢ Biological weed control is not

established in vegetables as well as
field crops other than rice and wheat

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 BIO HERBICIDES: 70

Bioherbicide Bioagent Target weed Crop

DeVine Phytophthora palmovora Morrenia odorata Citrus groves
Collego Colletotrichum Aschyynomene Rice
gloeosporioides virginica
Biomal Colletitrichum Malva pusilla Row crops
gloeosporioides
Biopolaris Bipolaris sorghicola Sorghum halepense Rice and wheat
BioChon Chondrostereum purpureum Prunus serotina Forests
Emmalocera sp Stem boring moth Echinochloa sp Rice and wheat
Tripose Shrimp Echinochloa sp Rice and wheat
Uromyces Plant pathogen Rumex sp Rice and wheat
rumicis
Gastrophysa Beetle Rumex sp Rice and wheat
Bactra verutana Shoot boring moth Cyperus rotundus Rice and wheat

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

 BIO-TECHNOLOGY IN WEED
71 CONTROL

¢ The microbial toxins and allelochemicals could be

manipulated to produce commercial herbicides.
Bioherbicides Collego and Biopolaris are used for
controlling grass and broad-leaved weeds in rice.
¢ In India, bioherbicides for weed control have not
yet developed to the extent of practical
application.

IWM: Vegetables and field crops

PRE-SOWING AND POST-HARVEST
STRATEGY

¢ Clean cultivation- free of weeds

¢ Go with stale seed bed or Summer ploughing or
one or two sprays of paraquat/glyphosate to avoid
seed setting
¢ It is advisable not to cultivate below the top 1-2
cm soil, otherwise a further flush of weed may
emerge
¢ After crop harvest, the appropriate timing of
cultural operations to clear the land can aid
future weed management by reducing the
persistence of freshly shed seeds left on the soil
surface (paraquat).
 Glyphosate/paraquat
Condition after harvest
spray