Discussion PC

Results.
Part Ti (°C) Tf (°C) ΔT(°C)
A 26 29.5 3.5
B 26 30.5 4.5
C 26 34.0 8.0
Part A : Heat of NaOH solution (solid NaOH + Distilled water)
1. Find the heat (q) absorbed by the water (released by the NaOH)
heat released, q = m x c x ΔT
mass = density x volume

1.00 g ml-1 x 25 ml
= 25 g
m = m(H2O) = 25 g
c(H2O) = 4.184 J/g.oC
ΔT = 3.5oC
q = 25 g x 4.184 J/g.oC x 3.5 oC = -366.1 J (heat released)

q = -366.1J ÷ 1000 J/kJ = -0.3661 kJ
2. Find the heat (q) released per gram of NaOH
25 g = -0.3661 kJ
1 g = --0.3661 kJ ÷ 25
= -0.014644 kJ
3. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH1 in kJ/mol
(moles of solute = n(NaOH) = mass(NaOH) ÷ M(NaOH)

m(NaOH) = 0.5 g
M(NaOH) = 22.99 + 16.00 + 1.008 = 39.998 g mol-1
n(NaOH) = 0.5 g ÷ 39.998 g mol-1 =0.0125 mol
ΔH1 = q ÷ n(NaOH)
ΔH1 is negative (process is exothermic)
q = -0.3661 kJ
n(NaOH) = 0.0125 mol
ΔH1 = -0.3661 kJ ÷ 0.0125 mol = -29.288 kJ mol-1
Part B : heat of neutralization (NaOH solution + HCl solution)
1. Find the heat (q) produced by the reaction of NaOH solution and HCl solution
V (HCl) = 25 ml
V (NaOH) = 25 ml
C (HCl) = 1 M
C (NaOH) = 1 M
ΔT = 4.5 oC
d = 1 g ml-1
m(HCl), m(NaOH)
mass =dxV
= 1 g ml-1 x 25 ml
m(HCl), m(NaOH) = 25 g
mtotal = 50g
q = mtotal x c x ΔT
= 50 g x 4.184 J/g.oC x 4.5 oC
= -941.4 J
= -0.9414 kJ
a. Calculate the moles of water produced:

OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
1 mol OH-(aq) + 1 mol H+(aq) → 1 mol H2O
moles(H2O) = moles(OH-(aq))
mol(OH-(aq)) = concentration (mol L-1) x volume (L) = 1.0 x (25.0/1000) = 025mol
moles of water produced = 0.025 mol
b. Calculate the heat liberated per mole of water produced, ΔHneut :
ΔHneut will be negative because the reaction is exothermic
ΔHneut = heat liberated per mole of water = -1 x q ÷ moles of water
ΔHneut = -1 x 0.9414 kJ ÷ 0.025 mol = -37.656 kJ/mol
Thus, ΔH2 = -37.656 kJ/mol
Part C: Heat of NaOH solution (Solid NaOH +HCl solution)
1. Find the heat (q) absorbed by the HCl (released by the NaOH)
m(NaOH) = 0.5 g
V (HCl) = 25 ml
C (HCl) = 0.5 M
ΔT = 8 oC
d = 1 g ml-1
m(HCl) = d x V
= 1 g ml-1 x 25 ml
= 25 g
q = mtotal x c x ΔT
= 25.5 g x 4.184 J/g.oC x 8 oC
= -853.536 J
=kJ
2. Find the heat (q) released per gram of NaOH
0.5 g = - 0.8535 kJ (heat released)
1 g =- 0.8535 kJ ÷ 0.5
= -1.707kJ

OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
1 mol OH-(aq) + 1 mol H+(aq) → 1 mol H2O
moles(H2O) = moles(OH-(aq))
mol(OH-(aq)) = concentration (mol L-1) x volume (L) = 0.5mol/L x (25.0/1000)
L= 0.0125mol
moles of water produced = 0.0125 mol
ΔH3 = -0.8535 kJ ÷ 0.0125 mol
= -68.28kJ/mol
Or
ΔH3 =ΔH1 + ΔH2
ΔH3 = -29.288kJ mol-1 + (-37.656 kJ/mol) = -66.944 kJ mol-1
Percentage error ΔH3 = (66.944 kJmol-1 – 68.28kJmol-1)/ 68.28kJmol-1
= 0.02 x100
= ±2%
Discussion.
The aim of the experiment was to determine the enthalpy change(∆H) of three exothermic
reactions and relating the reaction to Hess’ Law. Three reaction involves is dissociation of
sodium NaOH in water (H2O), neutralization of NaOH solution with Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
and the combination reaction of dissociation and neutralization of NaOH solid in HCl
acids.(Lab Manual Physical Chemistry JANUARY, 2019).
Based on the result obtained, all three reaction has an increase in temperature during
reaction. The increase of temperature shows that exothermic reaction occurred. First reaction
involves dissociation of NaOH solid into water (H2O) producing Na+ ions and OH- ions where
the increase of temperature were recorded from. Heat (q) absorbed by the water (released by
the NaOH) was -0.3661 kJ by using q = m c ΔT. The dissociation of NaOH solid is where heat
is released when the solid NaOH dissolves in water and temperature of NaOH solution
produced increases. The energy -0.3661 kJ refer to energy produced when the NaOH solid to
dissociates in water producing Na+ ions and OH- ions.(Academia,2016). The enthalpy change,
ΔH1 was -29.288 kJmol-1. So, the 29.288kJ per mole NaOH of energy were produced or
released when NaOH were dissociated into Na+ ions and H+ ions causing the raise of
temperature.
Eq 1 : Dissociation of NaOH solids in Water
NaOH + H2O ↔ Na+ + OH-
The second reaction is neutralization process between NaOH solution with HCl acids.
The heat produce during the neutralization process are called Neutralization Heat. NaOH
solutions and HCl acids is Monoprotic bases and monoprotic acids respectively. Monoprotic
bases can be defined as 1 mole of OH- ions were produced when basic compound completely
dissociated in water, whereas the monoprotic acid can be defined as 1 mole H + ions were
produced when acid compound completely dissociated in water.(Ausetute,2018) Based on
ionic equation in Eq. 2.1, 1 mol H+ ions react with 1 mol OH- ions producing 1 mol H2O
molecules.(Chemguide, 2013) Based on experiment, the increase of temperature from 26°C to
30.5°C after the NaOH solution were added to HCl acids were recorded. Neutralization heat
produced by reaction of NaOH solution with HCl acids is 0.9414 kJ. The enthalpy change, ΔH2
was -37.656 kJmol-1. So, the 37.656 kJ per mole of energy were produced or released when H+
ions collides with OH- ions forming H2O molecules.
Eq. 2 : Neutralization of NaOH solution and HCl acids
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Eq. 2.1 : Ionic equation for Neutralization Process
H+ + OH- → H2O
The third reaction is a combination reaction of dissociation process and neutralization

process where solid NaOH reacted with HCl acids. The solid NaOH dissociated into Na+ ions
and OH- ions when dissolve in HCl acid before being neutralized by the HCl acid itself. The
heat produced by this reaction were called the heat of NaOH solution. From the experiment,
the temperature of HCl increase from 26oC to 34oC after adding NaOH solid. Heat (q) absorbed
by the HCl (released by the NaOH) was -0.8535kJ by using q = m c ΔT. “Hess' law states that
the total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route by which the
reaction takes place, provided initial and final conditions are the same” (Lumen, 2019). So, the
third reaction were used to proved the Hess’ Law theory ΔHTotal = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔHn. based on
this experiment, enthalpy change from third reaction identified as ΔH3. The enthalpy change,
ΔH3 was -68.2829 kJ mol-1. ΔH3 Thus, the heat of the reaction (ΔH3) could be equal to (ΔH1 +
ΔH2) that attempt to verify Hess’s Law.
Eq. 3 : Equation of reaction NaOH solid and HCl acids.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Eq. 3.1 : Ionic Equation for NaOH solid and HCl acids.
Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O
However, after adding ΔH1 and ΔH2 is not the exactly the same with ΔH3. The total
enthalpy change is -66.944 kJ mol-1 whereas the ΔH3 is-68.2829 kJ mol-1. The error or the
difference between ΔHTotal of ΔH1 and ΔH2 with ΔH3 is approximately 0.02%. Considering the
small margin of error, the both ΔHTotal and ΔH3 has similar enthalpy value to considered the
same where ΔH3 = ΔH1 + ΔH2. The cause of 2% of error were identified during the experiment.
First, the “uncertainty” of equipment and apparatus can affect the reaction. Based on Table 1,
each equipment have different “uncertainty” value. This will affect the exact value of
parameter measured. In this experiment, the parameter used is weigh, volume and temperature.
Second, the experiment was conducted in a simple laboratory environment, where achieving
standard conditions of 298K and 101kPa was not able to be fulfilled. Lastly, the experiment
for all part A, B and C, the experiment were run only once where there is not consistency of
result were able to be compared and more accurate result were not able to be obtain.
Table 1 Uncertainty table of appartus in laboratory
Apparatus/Equipment Uncertainty
Thermometer ±0.5°C
Top Balance ±0.01g
Pipette ±0.04ml
References
Experiment 1 : Determination of Reaction Heat.(2019). Section of Technical Foundation,
Laboratory Manual Physical Chemistry CLB10703 (page 8). Melaka : UniKL MICET.
AUS-e-TUTE. (2018) Chemistry Tutorial : Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralisation . [Online] 5

August 2018. Available from: http://www.ausetute.com.au/heatneutral.html [Accessed: 22nd
February 2019]
Lumen. (2018) Hess’s Law,. [Online] 15th July 2018. Available from:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/hesss-law/ [Accessed: 22nd February
2019]
Academia (2016) Heat of Formation of NaCl (Post Laboratory Report) [Online]4th November
2016. Available from:
https://www.academia.edu/29642114/Heat_of_Formation_of_NaCl_Post_Laboratory_Report
_[Accessed: 22nd February 2019]
Chemguide (2013) Enthalpy change of Neutralization. [Online] July 2013. Available from:
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/neutralisation.html [Accessed: 22nd
February 2019]

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Results.

Part Ti (°C) Tf (°C) ΔT(°C)

Part A : Heat of NaOH solution (solid NaOH + Distilled water)

mass = density x volume

c(H2O) = 4.184 J/g.oC

q = 25 g x 4.184 J/g.oC x 3.5 oC = -366.1 J (heat released)

3. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH1 in kJ/mol

(moles of solute = n(NaOH) = mass(NaOH) ÷ M(NaOH)

Part B : heat of neutralization (NaOH solution + HCl solution)

2. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH2 in kJ/mol

a. Calculate the moles of water produced:

Thus, ΔH2 = -37.656 kJ/mol

Part C: Heat of NaOH solution (Solid NaOH +HCl solution)

3. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH3 in kJ/mol

ΔH3 = -29.288kJ mol-1 + (-37.656 kJ/mol) = -66.944 kJ mol-1

Percentage error ΔH3 = (66.944 kJmol-1 – 68.28kJmol-1)/ 68.28kJmol-1

Eq 1 : Dissociation of NaOH solids in Water

NaOH + H2O ↔ Na+ + OH-

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Eq. 2.1 : Ionic equation for Neutralization Process

The third reaction is a combination reaction of dissociation process and neutralization

Eq. 3 : Equation of reaction NaOH solid and HCl acids.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Table 1 Uncertainty table of appartus in laboratory

AUS-e-TUTE. (2018) Chemistry Tutorial : Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralisation . [Online] 5

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