Logan Solution PDF

Chapter 2
2.1
a·lf=
[kl_!' 0
k3
0
-kl
0 o ]
-k3
kl +kz -kl
-k) -k2 k2+kl
k2P (k1 +~2)P
b. d3,x-
klk2 + klkJ + k2 k 3
, 4: klk2 + klk3 + k2k3
-k.k2 P -k3(kl + k1)P
Co Fir Flx
klk~ + klk3 + klk3) kJk2 + klk3 + kZk3
1.2 dlx =0.5 in.• Flz =2501b, iP) .fll) ,

Ix = - 2% == -250 Ib, A
2x )--!P)
2
- 3,x -250lb
k -k 0 0
-k 2k -k 0
1.3 a. K= 0 -k 2Jc. -k
0 0 -k 2k
0 0 0 -k -1]
p p p P P
b. dlx == 2k' d3x="P 4:=2k c.'Fb :=-'2' F5x=
U 8.!! same as 2.3a. -k6 k6

FSx=-
, ' 4
l.S K= [-! -:0 ~ -~ 1

0 0 S-S
o -9 -5 14
774 • Answers to Selected Problems
2.6 d2x= 0.4746· in

2.7 d2x = 1 in., d)x = 2 in.
R~) = -R)} -500 lb, ]g) = -if} = -500 lb, Fix = -500 Ib
2.8 db = 0, da == '3 in., dk == 7 in.~ titx = 11 in.

fi;) = -A;) = -3000 lb. l[;l = -A;) -4000 Ib
fi:) == -./1;) = -4000 lb. FIx == -3000 Ib
2.9 4 = -2 in.
R~) = -.R;) 2000 lb, fi;) == -ii;) = -1000 Ib
jJ;) == -/[;) = -1000 lb, Fix 2000 lb, F3x = F4x 1000lb
2.10 d'bl = 0.01 m, ~~) = -/~) = -20 N

fi;) = -A~} == -20 N. Fix = -20 N
2.11 d2x == 0.027 m, dl% 0.018 m
R~) = -/~) == -270 N, A;) == -/i;) = 180 N
A;) -/g? == 180 N, Fix = -270 N, F4x = -180 N
1.12 d'bl = 0.125 m, d3x = 0.25 m, tAx = 0.125 m

J.~) == -A;) == -2.5 kN, /i;) = -.n;) = -2.S leN
!,;} == -iP} = 2.S leN, ~) = -A:} 2.5 kN
Fb: = -2.5 kN, Fh = -2.5 leN
1.13 d'bl = -0.25 m, dll: == -0.7S m

R;} = -ii)} 100 N, fi;) == -.it;) == 200 N
Fix lOON
2.14 dk = 0.001 m. .ii2 = 7~) = -0.5 kN

A(2);(2) ;(3) ?(3)
f2x == -liz = -O.S kN, Jh -f4x = 1 kN
fix = -0.5 kN' F2x == -0.5 kN, Fu = -1 kN
1.15 d'bl = 1/3 in., d1x =-1/3 in.

1.16 a. x == 0.5 in. 1, 11:pmiro = -125 lb.-in.
b~" x == 2.0 in. -, 11:p";,,, = -1000 lb.-in.
c.. x = 1.962"mm 1. "ltPfta = -3849 N . mm.
d.. x = 2.4525 nun -, 11:",. = - 1203 N . mm
2.17 x == 2.0 in. i

Answers to Selected Problems ... 775
2.18 x = 0.707 in. -, 7C,..",. = -235.1 in-Ib
2.1' Same as 2.10

2.20 Same as 2.1 5 '
Chapter 3
A,El -AIEl
0 0
T -r;-
-AIEl AIEl AlE2 -A2E2
--:c;- --+--
LI L,. -r;- 0
3.l a. K=
-A2E2 A2E2 A3E3 -A3 E3
0 -r;- IT+-r;- ~
-A3 E3 A3E3
0
0
~ r:;-
PL 2PL
b. d2x 3AE' d'h 3AE
C. i. r4.: = 3.33 x 10-4 In., d3x = 6.67 x 10-' in.
iL Fb -333 lb. F4x = -667 Ib
ii. 0<1) 333 psi (T), 0-<2) = 333 psi (T). 0'(3) = -667 psi (C)
3.2 d2x = -0.595 X 10-4 m, d3x = -1.19 x'IO- m, Fix = 5 leN 4
Ji~} = -.Ii!} = 5 kN. f;;) = -A;) = S kN

33 d2x 1.91 x 10-3 in., FI;r: = -S7151b) P3x = -22861b
A~) -Ji!) = -5715 lb, A;} = -A;) =22861b
3.4 d2x = -1.66 X 10-' in.~ d3x = -1.33 X 10-3 in.
Fix = .667 lb. F4x = 5333 lb

fl~) =;= -ii;} =667 lb. fl;) = -.R;) = 46671b
• ~3) ~3)
J'ix = -J~ =;= -5333 Ib
35 d2x =0.003 in.; d3:t. = 0.009 in., Fb = -15000 Ib

};(1) _ _ ;(1) _ ;(l) _.PU} - -15000 Ib
hx - 'fix -Jix :fjx-
3.6 d2x == 3.16 x 10-3 in., Fix = -3790 Ib, Fh: = F4x = -21051b,
A;) = -it? = -3790 lb, A;) = .:.ale> =A;) = -It? == 2105 Ib
3.7 thx = 2.21 x 1O-s in., d3x == 6.65 X 10-3 in.
Ph: = -33.151~. F4x = -9975Ib
.r.~)<= -Jt) =It? = -.1;;) = -33.151b, j2) = -.i2) = 9975 ,Jb
776 .A Answers' to Selected Problems
3.8 dlx = -0.250 mm, d'jx:::: - 1.678 mm, FIx =20 kN

3.9 d2x = 0.01238 m, Fb = -520 leN, F3x = 530 leN
jf~) = -fi;) = -520 !eN, iJ;) = -if;? = -530 kN
3.10 a2x = 0.935 x 10-3 m, d3x = 0.727 X 10- 3 m
Fix == -6.546 leN, F4x = -1.455 kN
Ji~) = -.iE:)
= -6.546 kN, A;,) = -.I};) = 1.455 kN,
h~) = -h~) == 1.455 leN
3.11 dlx = 3.572 x 10"" m, Fix = -7.50 kN, F3x == F4Jc :::: Fsx = -7.50 kN
it~) = -fi;) = -1.50 leN,
;(2) _ .;(2) _ if~) _ .;(3) _ ;(4) _ . ;(4) - 7 50 leN
J2x - -h~ - 11.:r - -J4x - Jlx - -JSx - .
3.12 tW()-element sol11tion, al x = -0.686 x 10-3 in.

one-dement solu~on. ab::::: -0.667 x. 10-3 in.
3.13 B
.
=.[_!+ V L
4x
V
-8x 1 4X]
r+p · Il.=A
.
(/2 BTElldx
-LIZ
3.15 •• k. = 2.25 x 10
~
6[
1I
_I
-1
-1
1 -1 -I]
-1
1 lb/in..
-1 -1 1
-0
[-~ ~l
-1
b. k= 10' J3 -v'3
-3
.Ib/in.
3
- 4 -1 v'3 t
v'3 -3 -v'3 . 3
~l
-J3 -3
c. k== 7000 [ -v'33 1 J3 -1
- -3 J3 3 _": kN/m
v'3 -1 -v'3
0.321 "':0.883
[ 0.883 -0.321]
-0.117. kN1m
_~:;~~
4 0.117 -0.321
d. If. = 1.4 X 10
-0.321 0.883 0.321
-0.321 -0.117 0.321 0.117
3.16 .a. d1x == 0.433 in.. d2x :::: 0.592' in.

b. dl.'C = 0.433 iIi., ihx = -0.1585 in,
3.17 tl. d1x = 2.165 mm, dl1 = -1.2S.mm,
d2x = 0.098 mm, d2y -5.83 rn.al
h. d1x = -1.25 rom. Jly = 2.165 mm,
d2x == 3.03 mm, d2y = 5.098 mm
3.18 _. (f = 10,600 psi, b. 45.47 MPa
Answers to Selected Problems .. 777
1 _1 _1
2 0
~2 !
_1
-1 0
2
_1 _1
2
0 I 1 0 0
2 2 2 2
_1 ! 1 1 0'0 0 '()
2 2' 2 -2
1 _1 _1 1 0: 0 0 0
\ 3.19 a. K=k ,2 2 2 2
-1 0 0 0 1 o: 0 0
0 () 0 0 0 0 0 0
_1 _1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 2 2 2
_1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 2 2
-10
b. db; 0, d 1y = T
3.20 d'b; =0, d2y = 0.142 in., 0'(1) 0-<2) = 701 psi (T)
- 231L d _ 43.5L
3.21 d Ix - AE' ly - AE
422L d " = 1570L

3.22 db = AE ' 1, AE
at 1) 574 (C), 0'(2) = 422 (T). 0'(3) = 996 (T)

A A A , ,
3.23 dtx = 0.24 in., dl y = 0, 0'(1) 12000 psi

3;24 d 26,675 J, _ 105,021 J, _ -26,675 J,3y = 105,021
:Lx AE' 2, - AE' 3x - ---;tE' AE
A~)::; -1;;/ = -13331b, 'fl~) = _.f1;1 = -1667Ib
J[;l = -.b} = 16671b, -f1:) = 0
h.~) =
j(5)
J'h;
_.;(S)
:J4x
= 13331b'h%
.;(6) = _j(6);:: 0
:J4x
~2y _- 225,000, -53,340..1 _ 210,000

3.25· d2x = 0, u· AE' d3x = ': AE :' "3, - AE
-"~) = -~) = 0, .Ii;) = -.Ii;) = ..,.3333 Ib
ft.) -A;) 1000 lb, A;) = -i1.~ ='26671b
A!) = -j}!) = 0
3.26 No, the truss is unstable, IKI = 0" .: '
3.27 th. Q.0463 in., d3y = -0.0176 in. , '
fi~) = -'-.Ii;) = -2.055 kip, 12;) = -1};) ;:: 6.279 kip
J;-X:) = -l~) = -6.6 kip
3.28
rT = [~ f ; ~] and T
--
,' ' T'T
=
[1 0 0 'O~l]
0 1 ,0
O' 0
000
:.T.T=rl
3.29 d1;r = -0.893 X 1'0-4 m; d l)' -4.46 x 10--4 m
at]) = ,31.2 MPa (T). 0'(2) = 26.5 MPa (T), 0-<3) == 6.25 MPa (T)
778 .. Answers to Selected Problems
3..30 db 1.11 x 10-4 m, dly = -7.55 )( 10-4 m

,,(1) = 79.28 MPa (1'), 0-<2) = 11.91 MPa (1'), 0-<3) = -23.87 Mfa (C)
3.31 dl lt = 8.25 )( 10-4 m, dly =-3.65 )( 10-3 m
q(2) ::;; 57.74 MPa (T), q(3)::;; -115.5 MPa (C)
3.32 db = 0.135)( 10-2 m, d2y = -0.850)( 10-2 m,

d]y = -0.137 )( 10- 1 m, 14, = -0.164 )( 10- 1 m,
a(t) = -198 MPa (C), 0-<2) =0, q(3) =44.6 MPa (1')
0-<4) -31.6 MPa (C), a(S) = -191 MPa (C),
q(6) = -63.1 MPa (C)
3.33 a. db = -3.448)( 10-3 m, dIy = -6.896 x 10-3 m

O"(I} = 102.4 MFa (T), 0"(2) = -12.4 MPa (C)
3.34 t4x = 9.9~ )( 10-3 in., t4y = -2.46 x 10-3 in.

a<1) ::;; 31.2S·ksi (T). 0-<2)::;; 3.459 ksi (T), 0-<3) -1.538 ksi (C)
0"(4) -3.10~ bi (C),O-<S) = 0
3.35 d1y == -0.5 )( 10-) in.) qCI) = 259 psi (T)
3.3(; dl;x: =0.212 in.

,3.37 db == 0.0397 in.
3.38 d2,x = 16.98 m.m
3.39 .d2:t = 1.71 mm
3.40 dl:r = -3.01&)( 10-5 In, d" = -1.517 x 10-5 m,
d 1z = 2.684 X 10-5 m, 0-<1) = -338 kNjm2 (C),
q<l) = -1690 kN/m2 (C). 0-<3)::;; -7965 kN/m2 (C)
0-<4) = -2126 kN/m 2 (C)
3.41 dl x = 1.383 x 10-3 m, d1y = -5.119 x 10- 5 m
dl;r =6.015 )( 10-5 m, qCl) == 20.51 MPa (T),
0-<2) = 4.21 MPa (T), 0-<3) -5.29 MPa (C)
3.4l dSlt:::;; 0.0014 in., dsy = O. ds:; == -0.00042 in.

0-<1) = q(4) = 180 psi (1'). 0-<2) = q(3) = 140 psi (C)
3.43 du = 0.00863 in., t4y = 0, 4 = -0.00683 in.
0-<1) ::;; -916 psi (C)
3.46 d2y = -0.0192 in.) d" = -0.0168 in.
./
~l) = -1668 psi (C). q(2) = 1332 psi (T). 0-<3) = 1000 psi (T)
-llOP. -40SP.
3.47 db == -a m., d 1y = 0, d'2x = 0, d2y = --:4E In.)
-433P . d SOP . .I. - 208P .
d3x O d3y
=, Ae- Jn., 4x == AE tn., "4Y =--:4E In .
0-<1) = -0. lS6~A' q(2) = -020s!:
. A' q(3) = -116!:.
. A
0-<4) = 0.260~, a(S} -0.573~, 0-<6) = 0.458~

3.48 d2y== -0.955 x 10-2 m, ~p = -1.03 X 10-2 m,
aO) = 67.1 MPa (C), a(2)::: 60.0 MPa (T), a(3) = 22.4 MPa (C)
0-<4)= 44.7 MPa (C), 0-<5) = 20.0 MPa (T)
3.49 d::r = 0, d2y = -0.00283 in., F2:r = 2000 Ib
a(1) = 0, 0-<2) = 1414 psi (T), a(3) = 0
3.se d2y = -0.00283 in.

3.51 d2x = 0.002 in., fi~ -2800 lb., f~ == -2000 Ib
F{y = -2828 Ib
3.52 a. dl.-.: = 0.010 in.!. 7th.. = -100 Ib-in.
b. dl;c = 0.00833 in. -.., 7tPmifl = -41.671b-in.
3•S3 -k = 3AoE [ 1 -1 ]
2L -1 1
3.54 two-element solution: d-u. = 0.00825 in., d3x = 0.012 in., a(l) = 8250 psi (T),
all} = 3750 psi (T),
3.5S two-element solution: d2:r = 6.75 X 10-3 in., d3x = 0.009 in.
a(l) 6750 psi (T), q(2) 2250 psi (T)
3.56 d2 "C = 0.75 X 10-3 in., a(l) = 750 psi (T)
3.57 db = yL2/(2£), d2x = 3.,L2/(8E), a(1) -= .,L/8, rl2l = 3yL/8
3.58 a. fix = 583.3 lb, f2x = 666.7 Ib
b. fix = 26.7 kN, 12.-.: = 80 kN
Chapter 4
-1PL"3 _PL 2 PL 2
4.3 d2y = 768£1' ;1 = 32El' ;2 = 128£1
SP lIP -3PL
F1"=16' MI ==0, 6 Y =T6' M3=16
_PL3 PL3
4.4 d,}, = 3£1' ;1 2El' F2)' = P, M2 -PL
780 .A Answers to Selected Problems
4.5 dry = -2.688 in., ¢>! = 0.0144 rad, t/J,. = 0.0048 rad
F2y = 2.5 kip, F3y = -1.5 kip, M3 = 10.0 k-ft
4.6 d 3y = -3.94 in.
4.7 d2y = -0.105 in., tP2 = -0.003 rad, d3y = -0.345 in., tP3 = -0.0045 rad
4.8 d2y = -1.34 X 10- 4
m, th = 8.93 X 10-5 rad
Fly = 10 kN, MI = 12.5 kN . m, F3y = 1.87'N, M.3 = -2.5 kN . m
4
4.9 d3y = -7.619 X 10- m, t/J,. = -3.809 X 10-4 rad, ¢>I = 1.904 X 10-4 rad
Fly = -0.889 kN, F2y = 4.889 kN
4.10 d2y = -0.886 in., "'2 = -0.00554 rad
Fly = IllS Ib, MI = -267 k-in.
4.11 d2y = -7.934 X 10- m, 3
¢>I = -2.975 X 10-3 fad
Fly = 5.208 kN, F3y = 5.208 kN
Fspring = 1.587 kN
"":lwL 4 -WL4
4.12 d2y = d4y = 607.SEl' d3y = 507EJ
-lwL3
~2 = 270EJ' ¢>4 = -¢>2
wL wL2
Fly =2' Ml=U
'-wL 4 wL wL2
4.13 d2y = 384EI' Fly = 2' ·MI = 12
-5wL4 . -WL3 wL
4.14 d2y = 384El' tPl = -tP3 = 24EJ' Fly =T
-wL4 -WL3 -7wL3
4.15 d 3y = 4El' th. = 8El' ¢>J = 24El
-3wL M _ -wL2 F _ 7wL
Fly =-4-' 1- 4 ' 2Y -"4
2
416 ,; _ = -3wL , -WL2 • -7wL wL
• Jly 20' ml =~, fir = ----W-' "'2 = 20 .
3wL wL2 7wL . -wL2

4.17 Fly = 20' M, = 30' F3y = 20' M3 =---w-
wL3 9wL 7wL2 llwL

4.18 ¢>2 = 80EI' Fly = 40' M, = 120' F2y =~
4.19 d3)' = -0.0244 m, "'3 = -0.0071 rad, ~ = -0.00305 rad
Fly = -24 kN, . MI = -32 kN 'm, F2y = 56kN
R}~) = -f~~) = -24 kN, . m~l) = -32 kN . m, m~l) = -64 kN . m
.J{2) = 32 kN m(2) = 64 kN . m f'(2) - 0 m(2) =0
12)" . '2 , 3y - , .3
4.20 "'I = -0.0032 fad, d2y = -0.0115 m, ¢3 0.0032 rad

FI}' 29.94 kN, Fly = 0.1152 kN, Fly 29.94 kN
;(1) _
Jly -
2994
-
kN , m(l) -
1 -
0 , f i;(l)
y
= 0058
.
kN • ,yP)
2
59.65 kN· m
4.21 d2y = -2.514 in., (h -0.00698 rad, ~3 0.0279 rad

Fly 37.5 kip, M\ 225 k-in., F3y = 22.5 kip
4.22 d3y = -3.217 in., ~3 =: -0.0323 rad, "'2 = -0.0130 rad
Fly = -20.5 kip, = - 7t'.67 k-ft, Fly:::: 60.5 kip

M\
4.23 d2y == -2.34 in., = 53251b = F3y , Ml = 19,900 Ib-ft = -M3
Fly
4..24 PI = -3.596 X 10-4 rad, '2 = 9.92 x 10-5 rad, ~3 = 1.091 X 10-4 rad
F!y = 9875 N, h, = 28,406 N, F3y == 6719 N
4.25 dm.a.x -O.OOO756m at midspan of AB and BC
arn&.X = 34.3 MPa at midspan of AB and BC
amin:::: -51.0MPa at B
4.26 dmll.X -OJ953m at midspan of BC
amin = -469MPa.
4.27 dma.x = -1.028 in. under 7.5 kip load at B
, ame.x 34000 psi
i
-I aurin = -65800psi
I 4.28 dma.'C:::: -0.0419m at C
1 amax = 66.97 MPa at fixed end A
O'min :::: -133.9 MPa at B
4.29 dmax = -0.495 in. at C
0"1l'UlX = 5625 psi at A
amin -22500 psi at B
4.30 d max = -0.087 m at C

allll\X = 251 MPa at B
-PL3 wL 4 P+ wL
4.37 d2), = 192El - 384E1' Fl)'
-5PL 3
4.38 d2y = 648El
-(25P + 22wL}LJ
240£1
wL PL wL2
Fly P+ 2> Ml 2+-3-
4.40 d2J, -157 x 10-4 rn, ~2 = 1.19 X 10- 4 rad
4.41 d'2y = -3.18 X 10-4 m, ¢2 = 1.58 X 10-4 rad, tit) 1.58 x 10-4 rad
4.42 d3y = -2.13 x lO- s m, th. = -1.28 x 10- 5 tad, ;3 = 2.69 x 10-5 rad
4.44 k = GAw [
- L -I
1 -1] I
4,47 k = EI J:!BJT[Bldx+k/ J:lN]T!N]dX
Chapter 5
5.1 d2x = 0.0278 in., d2y 0, th. = -0.555 X 10-4 rad
fl;} = -iF) -8300 Ib, ~~1 = -h~) = 4.61b
mil) = 27751b-in., rt41) 0
5.2 d2x d3,x 0.688 in., d2y = -d3y = 0.00171 in.
;2 =: -~ ~O.OO 173 tad
~~) -2140 lb, ir~) = -h~} = -2503 Ib
mil) 343,600 Ib-in., Tn~l) = 257,000 Ib-in.
J[;) -fi} = 2497 lb, ii:) = -~~) = -2140 Ib
m~2) -257,000 lb-rn., mf) = -256,600 lb-in:
;(3)
J3x
_~3)
J4x
= 2140 lb'3)1
j·(3) = _.J(3) = 24971b
14y
m~3) = 256,600 Ib-in., m?} = 342,100 Ib-m.
FIx = F4r = -"2503 lb, Fly::: -F4y = -2140 Ib
M\ = 343,600 Ib-in., Mit = 342,700 l~in.
5.3 Channel section 6 x 8.2 based on Mrrua. 106,900 lb-in.
5.4 d4x = 0.00445 in., <4y = -0.0123 in., ;4 -0.00290 rad
fl;) = -.i1;1 = 4.04 kip, A~) = -!J.~) -1.43 kip
m\l) = -254 k-in., m~l) = -513 k~m.
- _;(2) - 5 82 kip _;(2) - -1 4S kip
11'(2)
2x - J4x - .
;(2)
, J2y J4y - •
m~2) = -260 k-in., m~2) -519 k·in.
\
= 3.1 kip, Fly = 2.96 kip, MI = -254 k-in.
FI:;~
F2,x = -1.31 kip, Fly 5.86 kip, M'J. = -260 k~in.

F3;c = -1.78 kip, F3y = 11.17 kip, M3 =: -1736 k-m.
5.5 d2,x = 0.05618 in.; thy = -0.1792 in., ;2 = -0.00965 rad

R~) = 90.07 kip, fi~) = 3.83 kip, m\l) = 361 k-in .
.1;.;) = -73.43 kip, A;) = 7.21 kip, 1741) = -1106 k-in.
f];) -.r~} = 46.8 kip, A;) = 17.05 kip, m?} = 1107 k-in.
Answers to Selected Problems .... 78:
A;) = 22.95 kip, m~2) = -2171 k-in.

FIx = Fh 46.8 kip, Fly = 77.1 kip, M. = 361 k-in.
F3y = 22.95ldp, M3 = 2171 k-in.
5.6 dzx == -0.000269 in., d"l:y == -0.0363 in., th = -0.00347 r;ld

R~) = 46.6 kip, .Ii;) = 6.07ldp. mil) = 491.3 k-in.
/i;) = -32.4 kip, A;) = 8.07 kip, 114') = -831.3 k-in.
i't:) = -j?} = -0.28 kip, A;) 58.31ldp, mf) = 1123.9 k-in.
.1;;) = 21.69 kip, m~2) -1611.8 k-in.
;(3)
14x . ;(3)
= -J2;( 50 .2 ki p, )4y
.#3) .ril)
= -12"), = - 1.49 leiP, m•4(3) = - 154.2 k-In.
.
rr4 ) = -293.2 k-in.
3
" . Fb: = 28.65 kip, Fly = 37.24 kip, Ml == 491.3 k·in.

F3<e 0.28 kip, F3y = 21.69 kip, M3 == -1611.8 k-in.
F4,r : : -28.93 kip, F4y = 41.05 kip, M4 -154.2 k-in.
5.7 dzx"; 0.4308 X 10-4 m, d2y = -0.9067 X 10-4 m,

~ = -0.1403 x 10-2 rad
fY!.:) = -I,;} == 23.8 leN, 1.-;> = 17.26 kN, mil) = 32.77 kN· m
A~) = 22.74 kN, m~l) = -54,64 leN ,m
fJ;) -1;;) = 11.31 leN" A;} = 37.19 kN, m~2) = 65.09 kN . m
A;) 42.81 kN, m;2} = -87.54 leN . m
~) = -f'1;} = 17.55 kN, fl.;) -n;) = 1.40 leN
,;43) = -10.51 kN· m, m~) = -5.30 leN· m
Fb=-17.26kN, FJy=23.80IeN, M. = 32.77kN·m
F3x = -11.31 kN. F3y 42.81 leN, M3 = -87.54 kN· m
F4x = -11.42 kN, F4y = 13.40 leN, M4 = -5.30 leN . m
5.9 dzx -4.95 x 10- 5 m, d2y = -2.56 x 10-5 m, th 2.66 X 10-3 rad
I.-~) -fi;) = 26.9 leN, A;) -Jg) = -42.0 kN
m~l) = 55.9 kN· m, ,;41) = 111.7 leN·m
}i2} }(2)
Ji.x = -fl'x = -42.0 leN, Ii, =
}il)
-13,.
. }(2)
=26.9 leN
M. = 55.9 kN· m, M3 =:= 44.7 kN·m
5.10 d2y = -0.1423 x ltr-2 m, ~ = -0.5917 x 10-3 rad

it;) = 0, .fi~) = 10 kN, m~J) =23.3 leN· m, ig) 0,
/i:) -10 kN, .,;41) = 6.7 leN· m
5.11 d2y =: -3.712 x lO-s m, FI:~ 5440 N. Fly = 10000 N, MJ = 112 N . m
.784 A Answers to Selected Problems
S.12 dtx = -0.2143 m, d ly :: -0.250 m, ;\ = 0.0893 rad, d2x = -0.2143 m,

dll' =: -0.357 X 10-4 m, th 0.0714 m
5.13 d2x = 0.0559 in., d2y = 0.00382 in., ~:: -0.000150 rad
d 3x = 0.0558 in., d3y = -0.000133 in., tP3 = 0.000149 rad
FIx = -198 lb, Fly:: -4nO lb, MJ = 27460 lb . in.
F4x = -4&02 lb, F4y = 4770 lb, M4 = 27430 Ib . in.
5.14 d2x = 0.0174 in., d2y = -0.0481 in., th = -0.00165 rad
~~) = 19160 lb, It;) = -13851b, m~1) = -59050 lb· in.
iE} -191601b, 11;) = 13851b, m~1) = -176;000 lb· in.
5.15 d2x = -1.76 X 10- 2 m, d2y = -1.8.7 x 10-5 m, th = 5.00 X 10- 3 rad
d3x = -1.76 X 10-2 m, "3 = -2.49 X 10- 3 rad

FIx = 20.0 kN, Fly = 13.} kN, Ml = -57.4 kN . m, F3y = -13.1 kN
d3y = -2.83 :X: 10- ID, tk.x = 1.0 x lO-s m, tk.y = -2.83 x 10- 5 m
5
5.16
5.17 ~y = -0.397 in., tP3 = 0
5.18 d],x = ~y = -0.01 X 10-3 ID, tP2 = 1.766 X 10-4 rad

5.19 db = 0.702 in., d ly = 0.00797 in., ,pI = -Q.00446 rad
h~) = -.ft~) = -19.93 kip, A~) = -~~) =: 18.1 kip, m~l) = 1309 k· in.
m~l) = 863 k· in.
S.20 d3x = 1.24 in., d3y = 0.00203 in., tP3 = -0.000556 rad
-(I)
Ax -.
= -2.76 kip, it, =
;il) •
1.79 kip, m1(I) = 0, .;{I)
Jix = 2.76 Jcip,
..;(1)
12-, = -1.79 kip,
m~!) = 322 k . in.
5.21 Use a W16 x 31 for all sections
S.22 ObendlngmAX = 11924 psi
5.23 dsx. == 0.0204 in., dsy = 0.00122 in., tPs 0.000207 rad
5.24 dsx = 2.82 in., ds] = 0.00266 in., 'S == -0.00139 rad
S.25 3. d2y = -2.12 X 10-3 in. b. d3y = -6.07 X 10-2 in.
S.26 d2x = 0.596 x 10-5 in., d2p -0.332 x 10-2 in., (l2 = -0.100 X 10-3 rad
Fix = 130 lb, Fly = 10360 lb, F4x. = - 130 lb, F4y = 103~ lb
5.1:7 dly = -0.0153 in., .1;) = 30 kN, fi~ = -6.67 kN, m~l) =0
S.28 d],x = 5.70 rom, d2y = -0.0244 mm, ~ = 0.00523 rad
5.29 d3y = -1.83 in., ~y = -1.22 in.
5.30 d3y = 6.67 in., ~y -6.67 in., th == -{l4 == -3.20 rad
Fix = 11.69 kN, F,y = 30 kN, MI = -1810 leN • m
F6x == -11.69 kN, F6y = 30 kN, M6 = 1810 kN· m
5.31 d2J1= -1.58 X 10-2 in.

5.32 a2x = 4.30 mm, t/J~ = -0.241 X 10-3 rad
Fbi. = -8339 N, Fly = -4995 N, Mt = 26,700 N . m,
F4Jt = -6661 N, F4y = 4995 N. M4 = 23,330 N . m
5.33 a7x = 0.0264 m t ,'= 0.463 x 10-
d7 4
m; ;., =0.171 X 10-2 rad
It;) = -21.1 N, fi-X;) = 30.4 Nt m;l) = 74.95 N· m
.f3~) = 21.1 N, .A~} = -30.4 N. m~l) = 46.65 N . m
5.35 d9x = 0.0174 m, ~~) = -22.6 kN. R~) = 16.0 kN, m~l) = 53.6 leN· m
.f3~) = 22.6 kN, A;) = -16.0 kN, m~l) = 42.4 kN· m
5.36 ~y = -2.80 X 10-7 m, d,y = -4.87 X 10-7 m
5.37 d51 = -1.29 X 10-2 m
5.38 d2:tt; = 1.43 X 10- 1 m
5.39 Truss: d7x = 0.0260 m, a7y = 0.00566 m,
Frame: d ,x =0.0180 m, d7y = 0.00424 m
Truss, element 1:itx =-49,730 N, it, = 0
Frame, element l:ftx = -43,060 N. it = 22670 N y
5.40 dlllAX = -0.0105m at midspan
MlIIAX = 1.568 x lo'N-m at C
5.41 dnwc = 0.0524 m
Mmax = 6.22 x 10"N-m
5.45 Tapered beam n = 3
=
one element: dly -0.222 x 10- 1 in.
,two elements: dl)l = -0.189 x'10- 1 in.
four elements: dl }, = -0.181 X 10-1 in.
eight elements; al y = -0.179 x 10- 1 in.
' =lSGJO[
5.46 -K ' L -1
I -II]
5.48 d2y = -0.214 in.
5.49 a2y = -0.729 in.
55l dip = -0.690 X 10-2 m

S.5l asy ~ -O.lTI6 in.
5.S3 t4y = -1.026 in.
5.55 d), = -2.54 x 10-~ m
5.57 asy = -2.22 X 10-2 m
5.58 d2y = 0.491 in., d3; 0.837 in.

S.59 d7: =-0.251 in.
Chapter 6
6.1 Use Eq. (6.2.10) in Eq. (6.2.18) to show Ni + Nj + Nm = 1.

2.5 1.25 -2.0 -1.5 -O.S 0.25
4.375 -1.0 -0.75 -0.25 -3.625
4.0 0 -20 1.0
6.3 a. k=4.0x 106 Ib/in.
1.5 1.5 -0.75
2.5 -1.25
Symmetry 4.375
1.54 0.75 -1.0 -0.45 -0.54 -0.3
1.815 -0.3 -0.375 -0.45 -1.44
1.0 0 0 0.3
b. If = 13.33 X 106 Ibjin.
0.375 0.45 o
0.54 o
Symmetry 1.44
6.4 a. ax ::; 19.2 ksi, Cly = 4.8 ksi, 7:xy = -15.0 ksi
0'1 = 28.6 hi, Cl2 = -4.64 hi. fJp ::; -32.2°
b.O'x 32.0 ksi, O'y = 8.0 ksi, 1:xy ::; -25.0 ksi
0'\ = 47.7 ksi, a2 = -7.73 ksi, (Jp -32.2°
8437.5 1687.5 -7762.5 -337.5 -675 -1350
1687.5 3931.5 337.5 -2131.5 -2025 -1800
-7762.5 337.5 8437.5 -1687.5 -675 1350
6.6 a. If = 2.074 x lOs N/m
-337.5 -2137.5 -1687.S 3937.5 2025 -1800
-675 -2025 -675 2025 1350 0
-1350 -1800 1350 -1800 0 3600
25.0 0 -12.5 6.25 -12.5 -6.25

9.315 9.375 -4.6875 -9.375 -4.6875
15.625 -7.8125 -3.125 -.1.5625
b. If =4.48 X 107 Njm
27.343 1:5625 -3.125
15.625 7.8125
Symmetry 27.343
6.7 a. Clx = -5.289 GPa~ Cly ::; -0.156 GPa, 't'xy = 0.233 GPa
=-0.1459 GPa, == -5.3!) GPa~ (Jp = -25go
(1t (12
h. Ur = 0, U, = 42.0 MFa,. Txy = 33.6 MPa

CIt = 60.6 MPa, (12 = -18.6 MPa, (Jp = -2go
Answers to Selected Problems A.
6.9 a. (Ix = -15.0 ksi. (ly = -45.0 ksi, 1:xy = -18.0 ksi
(I) -6.57 ksi, (12 = -53.4 ksi, (Jp = -25.11)
h. (Ix = -15.0 ksi.; = -45 ksi, 1:'xy:= -21.0 ksi
(17
tTl -4.19 ksi, = -55.8 ksi, (Jp = -27.2°

0'2
c. tT" = -30 ksi, O'y = -90 ksi) r:x:y = -21lcsi
0') -23.38 ksi, (11 = -96.6 ksi, (Jp = -17.47°

'f. O'x = -22.5 ksi, O'y = -67.5 ksi, "xy = -21.0 ksi
tTl = -14.2 ksi, 0'2 = -75.8 ksi, Bp = -21.5°
6.10 a. (Ix = -52.5 M~, (I; = -32.8 MPa, fxy = -5.38 MPa
tTl = -31.4 MPa, tT2 = -53.9 MPa, 0, = -14.3°

h. O'x = -31.4 MFa, (I)' = -13.5 MPa, -eX}' 5.38 MPa
(11 = -12.0 MPa. 0'2 = -32.9 MPa, (Jp = -15S'
c. 0'" = -27.6 MPa, O'y = -19.5 MPa, 't'xy =4.04 MPa
0'1 = -17.9 MPa, (12 = -29.3 MPa, Bp = -22.5"

d. O'x = -31.6 MPa, (ly = -28.9 MPa, 't'xy -6.73 MPa
(I) = -23.0 MPa, (12 = -38.0 MPa, Bp = 39"
6.11 a. hlx =0, hly J;2x = poLI/6, Ib.y = 0
0,
.h3x = poLt/3, 1s3y =0
b. hlx =0, .h2x = poLt/I2, hh = PoJ;-t/4
6.12 h• .h,y = f¥2y = poLt/1t

6.13 d3x = 0.5 x 10-3 in., d3y = -0.275 X 1~-2 in.
r4x -0.609 X 10- in., t4y
3
= -0.293 X 10-2 in.
(J~) = 824 psi, a}l) = 247 psi, t£/ = -1587 psi
a~l) = 2149 psi, a~l} = -1077 psi, 0;,1) = _40°
af}) =.-826 psi, (I}2) = 292 psi, 1:'~ = -411 psi
a~2) =426 psi" a~2) = -960 psi, ()~2) = 18.15°
6.14 a. d2.x 0.281 x 10-4 m~ d2y = -0.330 XlO-4'm
dsx = 0.115 X 10-4 m, dsy = -0.1,03?< 10-4 m
2
O'i ) = 16.4 MPa, a~2} = 15.2 MPa
tW = -6.99 MPa, (li 2
) = 22.8 MPa
(If) =8.80 MPa, rlp2) = -42.7°
a~) = 10.6 Mfa, a§l) = 3.18 Mfa'
t'~ -3.34 MPa, O'~I) = 11.9 MPa l: 'j~.
tT~l) = 1.90 MPa, rlpl) -21.00

788 " AnSwers to Se~ed Problems
b. d1x = -db: = -0.165 x 10-5 m. dl y =i2y = -0.125 x 10-4 m

dS1: = 0.274 X 10- 12 m. ds)' == ':"'0.163 X 10-4 m
= 5.99 X 105 Njm2, 01.1) = -3.78 x 106 N/m2
CT~I)
t'W = 4.05 X 10-1 N/m2. CT~l) = 5.99 X 105 N/m2
CT~I) -3.78 x 10' N/ml. tlpl) ='f1', CT'}) = 5.64 x 106 N/m 2
l1j3) 1.88 x 10 N/m
'
2
, 't'W = -1.11 x HIt N/m2
CT~3) = 1.88 x 107 N/m2, l1~3} = 5.64 x 10' N/m2, ~3) = _90°
6.1S All fb,/s are equal to O.

a. fbI)' = h2y = fb3y = 1M>, = -10.28 N, fbsy = -20.56 N
b. fbi)' = lh2y = h3y =1M)' =: -8.03 N, fbsy = "'716.06 N
6.18 b. Yes" e. Yes g. No
6..20 a. n.o 8, b. no = 12
Chapter 1
7.9 d1,x = dlx = 0.647 X 10-3 in., tl2y = 0.666 X 10-4 in.
d)y = -0.666 X 10-4 in., skew effect
7.10 Stress approaches 2.5 psi near edge of whole for model of 70 nodes, 54 elements.
7.11 At depth 4 in. equal to width, stress approaches uniform l1y -1000 psi.
7.12 CTl= 8836 psi at top and bottom of hole

7.13 01 = 372 psi at fillet
7.14 For refined mesh at re-entrant,comer,l11 = 20160 psi
7.1~ l1YM = 93.7 psi at load

!
7.11 For the model with 12 in. x in. size eleinenls. finite element solution yields free-end deflection
of -0.499 in.; exact solution is -1.15 in. (See Table 7-1 in text for other results.)
7.19 O"l == 3 kN/m2 (round hole model)
0"1 3.51 kN/m2 (square hole With comer radius)
7.21 (lYM = 8.1 MPa
7.n a. 0'1 = 58700 psi
7:J3 (Ii = 19 MPa at bole

7.25 Largest von Mises stress 35-45 MPa at inside edge at junction of narrow to larger section of
wrench
7.27 Largest principal stress 0"1 = 1005 MPa at narrowest width of member (7O-element, 9~node
model)
7.35 For a 1em thick-wrench, O"VM = 502 MPa
Chapter 8
8.2 ex = ~(-UI +U2 + 4U4 -4us), By = ~(-VI +V3 +4V4 - 4V6)

1 1'
Yxy = Yi (-UI + U3 + 4'4 - 414) + 3b (-VI + V3 + 4V4 - 4V6)
E E
O")l = 1 _ v2 (ex + vey), O"y = I _ v2 (ey + vex), t'xy = Gyxy
-p'th -2pth
8.3 !sIx = !s3J: = -6-' fsS)l = -3-
-poth -Poth
8.4 /"1.1'=0, h3J:=-6-' fs5x=-3-
8.S 3. ex = -5 x 1O-5y +2.5 x 104 , ey = -1.67 x lO-4x+ 3.33 X lO- s,

Yxy = -5 x 10-s x-1.11 x ~0-4y+4.17 x 10-4
(Ix = 3290 psi, O"y = -4850 psi. 'rxy = 1540 psi
b. e.l' = -5 x 10-Sy+ 1.67 x 10-4, By = -1.67 X lO-4x+ 5 X lO-s
/'xy = -5 X 1O-5X - 4.17 x 10-5y + 2.08 X 10-4
Gx = 928 pSi, (Jy = -8290 psi. t'xy = 632 psi
~6 ex = 2.54 x 10-3
e)l = -7.62 x 10-3
N2= -x+y +r+y2 _ xy

60 1800 900
xy y2 Y xy
N4 = 900 - 900' Ns = 15-'900' etc.
Chapter 9
5 1 0 -1 0
1-2 -1 -2 -3
4
0 -2 8 0 4 2
9.1 a. K = 25.132 X 106 lb/in.
-1 -1 0 1 0
-2 4 4
0 -3 2 0 1 3
790 ... Answers to Serected Problems
2.75 0 -2.25 0.5 0.25 -0.5

0 -1 -1 0
'-2.25 5.75 -2.5 0.25 1.5
h. IS. = 50.265 X 106 lb/in.
0.5 -1 -2.5 4 0.5 -3
0.25 -1 0.25 0.5 1.75 0.5
-0.5 0 1.5 -3 0.5 3
9.2 ft2t
2nhPoh
-6- . h3r = 2n~oh
9.3 fblr = Jb2J =hi3.r = 0.382 Ib
fb ..z fbi:: = fii3z = -6.32 lb
9.4 a. u, 8000 psi. u;:=O. Ue = 8000 psi, 1:rz 1200 psi
b. Ur = 5830 psi, U= = -3770 psi, eT8 = 3090 psi, 7:/"% =400 psi
3125 625 0 -625 625 0

2500 -1250 -625 -1250 -1875
5000 0 2500 1250
9.6 a. k = 7.037 kN/mm
625 625 0
2500 ,625
Symmetry 1875
2475 0 -2025 450 225 -450

900 900 -900 -900 0
5175 -2250 225 ·1350
b. If= 11.73 kN/mm
3600 450 -2700
1575 450
Symmetry 2700
9.7 B. U, = -84 MPa, UZ = -84 MPa, U{J =

252 MPa, 'fro = -lOt MP-li
b. u, = -103 MPa, Uz -103 MPa) Uo = 112 MPa, '1'% = .-73 MPa
9.14 Using 0.5 in.' radii in corners, UI 7590 psi at inside comer
9.18 UI= 4621 psi outer edge of hole, along' axis of symmetry
9.19 eTb = 22,711 psi, (I, -4984 psi, u, = 0.037 in.
9.20 UI 64.1 MPa, u = 0.0782 rn top and bottom center of plates
9.24 UYM = 5221 psi at fillet, UYM = 1631.5 psi at groove
Chapter 10
10.2 a. S = -!, h. Nt = 0.4, N2 = 0.6

10.3 a. s = Ot b. Nl 0.5) ;Nz ~ 0.5
10.5 a. s = -0.5, b. NJ d: 0.375, N:i = -'0.125, N3 = 0.75
Answers to Selected Problems ..
10.8 Q2x = 4.859 x lO-4m (right end), Q3x::: 2.793 x 1O-4 m (center)
10.10 t:x= 0.0009315 in.fm., ty = -0.00125 in./in., Yxy = -0.000625 rad
ax == 18.5 ksi, = -31.9 ksi, !xy = -7.21 ksi
(Jy
10.15 a. /tJt = 500 Ib, 1141 = 500 lb, b. hll =83.33 Ib, 114/ = 41.671b
10.16 ~ 1.917~ b.0.667, c.0.400, d.2.87; f.O
Chapter 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 -4 0 0
0 0 Q, 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 -4 0
11.1 a. B=! 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4
- 8 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 -4 -4 0
0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 -4 -4
4 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0 4 -4 0 -4
11.3 (Jx = 77.9 ksi, (J, = 8.65 ks~ (J% := -49.0 ksi
!xy = 11.5 ksi, !'yr = -23.1 ksi, !a = 5.77 ksi
1
it.6 a. B= 18750
-625 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 625 0 0
0 0 0 750 0
-375 0 0 0 0 -375 0
0 0 -375 0 0 0 0 0 750 0 0 -375
x
-375 -625 0 150 0 0 0 0 0 -375 625 0
0 -375 -315 0 0 750 0 750 0 '0 -375 -375
-375 0 -625 0 0 0 750 0 0 :-375 0 ,625
11.7 (Jx = 72.7 MPa, a)':= 169.6 MPa, az = 72.7 MPa

'xy 59.2 MPa, Ty;::= 32.3 MPa, T::x = 91.5 MPa,
H.I0 N2 = (l-s}{l- t)(l-z'), N _ (1-3)(1 +t)(l-z')
8 3,-. 8 •
N4 = (1 -
$)(1 +.))(1 + z'),
8
Ns = (I +$)(1 - t)(l + Zl), N _ (I + s){l- 1){1 - Zl) .
8 6- 8 •
N7:= (1 +$)(1 +1)(1 Z'), Ns = (l +5)(1 +1)(1 +z')
8 8
(1 s}{J - t)( 1 + z')( -$ - t + z' 2)
11.11 NI= g ,
(I - s){ 1 - J)( 1 - =')( -s - t - Zl - 2)
N2 = 8
lJ.t3 dmax == -0.662 in. under the load

Chapter 13
13.1 12 166.7°e, t) = 233.3°e
13.2 t2 = 150°F, 13::::: lOO°F, 14 = 50"F
13.3 t2 = 875 of, 13 = 12S0°F, = -180 Btu/h
FI
13.4 tl = 151°F, t2 = 148 of, t3 = 140°F, t4 = 125°F
13.5 t2 = 183 of, 13 = 267 of, 14 = 350°F, ts = 433 OF

13.6 '2 = 421 °e, t;:, = 121 "e, q(3) = 3975 W/10 2
13.7 t2 = 418.2 °e, t3::::: 527.3°e
13.8 12 = 20 oe, = 20 oe, iirnax = O.OOO9W, ijmiJl::::: -O.OO09W
t3
13.9 6°C at center of wall, iima.x = 5.54 W, iimin = -5.54 W

=439 W
13.11 I8Soe at right end, ilmax
13.14 to = 92.2S"C, tt= 8&.S75"C, t2 = 84.9"C, t3 = 800C
13.16 If = A~xx [~: -~]
13.18 If::::: [39.57 3;:~~6 =~:~~], f = {~:~:} Btufh

7.083 50
13.19 f == {12~~.3} W
1254
13.22 14 = 75 OF, ts =:= 25 OF
13.36 12 cC at 2.5 em from top, 25°C 1.25 em from top, qmax'= 1416W, qmin = -1083W
13.41 iJmax.= 3457 W, qmiJl = -3848W
Chapter 14
14.1 P2 = 4.545 m, 1'3 = 1.818 m, v~J) = 10.91 mIs, Q}I) == 21.82 m3/s
14.2 P2 = -15 lo, P3 = -40 lo, P4 = -65 m, v~) = 25 m/s., Ql = 50 ml/s
14.3 1'2 = 8.182 in., P3 = S.455 in., v11) = 0.182 in-Is, v~) = 0.273 in./s,
v~) = 0.545 in./s., Q}l) == 1.091 in 3/s
14.4 P2 = -3 em, P3 = -8 em, vll ) == 1.2 em/s, v'f} =; 2 cin./s,
3
Ql = Q2 == 6 cm /s
14.6 pO} = 2.0 in./s, V(2) = 4.0 in./s, Q<I) = Q(2) = 4 inljs
14.7 fQ =
54.76} m Is 3
{28.S7
16.67
Answers to Selected Probtems A. 793
14.8 It = 13 = 5 in 3/s, fi = 0
14..9 P2 =P3 = 12 m, P5 11 m
Chapter 15
15.1 d2;x:::;:: 0.021 in., d3:t =0.042 in., ax == O.
15.2' d2;x: = 0, ax = 50.4 MPa
15.3 d lx == dl y = -0.0175 in., a<"1} =4350 psi (T)
0-<2) = -6150 psi (C), 0-<3) = 4350 psi (T)
15.4 db = -0.0291 in., d1y == -0.0095 in.
0-<1) = -1370 psi (C). 0-<2) = 2375 psi (T), 0-<3) = -1370 psi (C)
I 15.5 d2x = 1.44 x 10-4 m, 0-<1) = -~0.2 MPa (C), 0-<2) = 0-<3) = -10.1 MPa (C)
I 15.6 d\x
qC2)
= 0, dl y
== 18.2 MPa (T)
= 6.0 x 10-4 m, 0-<1) =~3) = -10.5 MFa (C)
IS.7 d,x = 0, dl y = -3.6 10-4 m, = 0-<2) =0 .

I
X 0-<1)
15.8 d2x = 0.0173 in., all = 840 psi (T), a", = 1680 psi (C)
15.12 a. -0.001907 in. b. cTbr = -28,600 psi, O'/tIS = -19,067 psi
15.13 ITix = -44641b, ITly = -8929 lb. fT2:x: =4464lb
In, = -89291b, fTh = 0, In, = 17,8571b
15..14 fTtx = -43.125 leN, ITly = 0, Inx = 43.125 kN, Iny = -86.250 k.N
ITh == 0, Iny == 86.250 kN
15.15 ITt:.:. = -60.0 kip, In, = -90 kip, IT2:x: = 60 kip. iny = 0,
In~ = 0, Iny = 90 kip
15.16 ITI:.: = 134 kN, ITty = 134 kN. Inx = -l34.kN, Iny =0
fTh = 0, Iny == -134 kN
IS.17 aX =ay = -8929 psi (C). Xxy == 0

15.18 (1x = 67.2 MPa, a y = 67.2 MPa, Txy = 0
15.19 {IT} = AEIXO { -4/1 - 5t2 }

6 4tt +5t2
~S.:zo AEa { -tl - t2 }

2 tl + t2 .
1s.l.1 {J;}
T
~fAEIX(AT)[Bf ~
1-2\1
{
1
}
o
IS.22 tl:u = 0.8 X 10-3 in., ~x =-0, d3y == 0.8 X 10-3 in.
4t = t4y = 0.8 X 10-3 in.; stresses are zero
15.23 d2x = 0.989 X 10-3 in., db; = -0.756 X 10-3 in.,
d3y == Q.989 X 10-3 in., t:4x = 0.132 X 10-2 in.,
d.,. :::: 0.2045 X 10-2 in., G~I) = 17 ksi, 0'~2) = -17 ksi
Chapter 16
t6.1 [M]=pALF 4 1
10]
- 6 0
1 2
[~
0 0
2 0
16.1 [M] =pAL
L
2 0 0 2
0 0 0
;]
0
.. [M] =pAL (; 4 1
6 0 1 4
0 0 f]
16.3 COt = O.806Jii, lD2 == 2.81 v'P
16.4 COl == 5.368 X 103 rad/s, CO2 = 17.556 X 103 wi/s
16.5 a. t (s) di (ft) til (ft/s) 1; (ft/s1-)

0 0 0 25"
0.03 0.01125 0.71 22.09
0.06 0.04238 1.03 -0.715
0.09 0.07287 0.67 -22.87
0.12 0.08278 -0.35 -45.28
0.15 0.05194 -1.43 -26.94
Answers to Selected Problems ...
16.6. a. t (8) ~ (ft) d; (ftjs) (i (ft/S2)
0 0 0 10.00
0.02 0.0020 0.168 6.80
0.04 0.00672 0.256 1.968
0.06 0.01223 0.242 -3.338
0.08 0.01640 0.130 -7.84
0.10 0.01743 -0.053 -10.46
b. t (8) di (ft) di (ftjs) ~ (ft/s2 ) F(t) (Jb)
0.00 0.00000 0.000 10.000 20.0

0.02 0.00179 0.169 6.923 16.0
OJ)4 0'.00625 0.263 2.248 12.0
0.06 0.0115 0.254 -2.945 8,0
0.08 0.0157 0.150 -7.458 4.0
0.10 0.0169 -0.0147 -10.251 0.0
16.7 Node t (5) d; (in.) di (in.js) tli (in./s2)
2 0 0 0 0
0.00025 2.6E-6 0.031 249.6
0.00050 3.4E-5 0.284 1768.9
0.00075 1.9E-4 1.085 4641.9
0.0010 6.36E-4 2.605 7519.3
3 0 0 0 0
0.00025 6.59E-5 0.791 6328.8
0.00050 4.99E-4 2.817 9881.2
0.00075 1.5 1E-3 5.265 9701.7
0.0010 3.l0E-3 7.369 7128.3
16.8 Using Newmark's method with y = t, p = i

Node t (s) d; (in.) di (in·/s) ~ (in·/s2) F(t) (1b)
2 0 0 0 0 0
0.05 0.00172 0.103 4.131 0
9-1,0 0.01544 0.513 12.27 0
3 0 0 0 40.0 2000
0.05 0.0448 1.685 27.39 1800
0.10 0.1536 2.479 4.37 1600
16.11 a.
_ 3.15 ( El)1/2
V pA • ~
= 16.24
L2 pA
(£1)112
' C. WI
9.8 (El)/2
Wl- L2 pA
41.W=-
.14.8 (El}12
-
L2 pA
796 A. Answers to Selected Problems
~
16.17 Node: 2 3 4 S· 6
t (s) Temperature
0 0 200 200 200 200 200 200
g 0 159.0095 191.4441 198.2110 199.6110 199.8444
2 16 0 135.5852 1.78.1491 193.6620 1982lt2 199.1445
3 24 0 120.2309 165.7003 187.3485 195.5379 197.5152
4 32 0 109.1993 154.9581' 180.4038 191.7446 194.81I5
5 40 0 100.1600 145.7784 113.4129 181.1268 191.1242
6 48 0 94.00311 137.8529 166.6182 181.9599 186.6590
7 56 0 88.39929 130.9034 160.1012 176.4598 181.6395
8 64· 0 83.61745 124.1101 153.8759 170.7856 176.2620
9 72 0 79.43935 119.1075 147.9316 165.0508 170.6822
10 80 0 76.71603 113.9733 142.2502 159.3352 165.0171
16.18 Node
Time (8) 2 3 (using consistent capacitance matrix)
T~perature
0 25 25 25
0.1 85 18.53611 26.36189
,0.2' 85 29.61303 21.63526
0.3 85 36.18435 22.42717
0.4 ,85 40.72491 25.30428
0.5 85 44.27834 28.85201
0.6 85 47.29072 32.49614
0.7 85 49.95809 36.01157
0:8 85 52.37152 39.31761
0.9 8S 54.57756 42.39278
16.18 Node
Time (s) 2 3 (using consistent capacitance. matrix)
Temperature (0C)
J 85 56.60353 45.23933
1.1 85 58.46814 ' 47.86852
12 85 60.1859 50.29457
1.3 85 61.76908 52.53218
1.4 85 63.22852 54.59557
1.5 85 64.574 56.49814
1.6 85 65.81448 58.25235
1.7 85 66.95818 . 59.86974
Answers to Selected Problems . 797
16.18 Node
Time (s) 2 3
Temperature
0 25 25 2S
1.8 85 68.01265 61.36096
1.9 85 68.98485 62.73586
2 85 69.88121 64.0035
2.1 85 70.70765 65.17226
2.2 85 11.46961 66.24984
2.3 85 72.11214 67.24336
2.4 85 72.81986 68.15938.
2.5 85 73.41705 69.00393
2.6 85 73.96766 69.78261
2.7 85 74.47531 70.50053
2.8 -85 74.94336 71.16246
2.9 85 75.3749 71.77274
3 85 75.77277 72.33542
Appendix A
At. a. [_~ 1~] b. Nonsense c. Nonsense
L{n e. Nonsense f [10

.
7 6]
3 -1 7
Al.
l: ~l
~[~~ -~l
-3
Al. 5
17 -8 2 11
A4. •}l!onsense
AS.
H~l
A6. Same asA3
A8. [COS9 -Sm9]

sin 9 cos 9
Appendix B
Bl. XI = 3.15, X2 = 0.62

B2. X! = 3.15, X2 0.62
798 ... Answers to Selected Problems
m. XI = 2.5, X2 = -1, X3 = 0.5

84. XI:= 3, Xz = -1, X3 = -2
b.{ZI}=[-32]{YI}
Z2 5 -3 Y2
B6. XI = 0, = 1, X3 = 2,
X2 X4 = 2, Xs =0
87. 'XI = 3.15, X2 = 0.62
B8. a. Unique b. Nonexistent Co Unique d. Nonuruque
Appendix D
DI. ll.ii y = h y = -S kip, ml = -mz = -100 k-ft

b. fiy = ii)'::: -5 kip, m, = -1n2 = -18.75 k-ft
c. ii y = ii, = -IS kip, mt -m2 = -75 k-ft
d. ii, = -18.75 kip, iiy = -6.25 kip, ml = -58.3 k-ft, ml = 33.3 k-ft
e. ii)' = -6 kip, Ii, = -14 kip, ml = -26.67 k-ft, m2 = 40 k-ft
f. fl)' = -0.99 kN, h y -4.0 kN. ml =,-2.04 kN· m, m2 = 5.10 kN·m
g. fiy = ii, = -6 kN, m) = -m2 = -7.5 kN ·.m'·
h. fiy f2y = -10 kN, m, = -m2 -6.67 kN· m
A B stress/strain relationships. 69,
Adaptive refinement, 355 Banded-syrnm.etric method, 735-741 446-447,650
Adjoint method, 718 Bar elements, 67-72, 92-100, subdomain method, 129-130
Admissible variation, 55 109:-120, 120-124, 124-127, three-dimensional space, 92-100
Aluminum shapes, properties of, 127-131,444-449,665-669, time-dependent (dynamic) stress
759-772 669-674. See also Truss equations analysis, 649-653
Amplitude, defined, 649 analysis of. 665-669, 669-674 time..dependent problem,
Approximation 'functions, collocation method, 129 669-674
72-74 consistent-mass matrix, 651-653 transformation matrix, 92-100
compatible, 73 displacement function, 68, 446, Beam element, 152-161, 161-163,
complete, 73-74 650 194-199,214-218,218-236,
conforming. 73 dynamic analysis of, 649-653, 255-269, 674-681
displacement, 72-74 665--669, 669-674 arbitrarily oriented, 214-218,
interpolation, 74 equations, 124-127,447-449, 255-269
Aspect ratio (AR), 35). 649-653 bending, 153-158, 255-260
,352-353 exact'solution, 120-124 boundary conditions, 161-163
Axial symmetIy, 100 finite element solution, 12():"'124 defined, 152
Axis of revolution, 412 Galerldn's residual method, deformations, 153-158 '
Axis of symmetry, 412 124-127, 131 displacement function, 155..:..156
Axisymmetric element, 9, 412-442, isoparametric formulation, equations, 157-158, 161-163
684-685 444-449 mass matrices, 674-681
applications of, 428-433 least squares method, 130 natural frequencies, 674-681
body forces, 419-420 lOCal coordin'ates for, 66-12 nodal hinge, 194--199
consistent-mass matrix, 6S4-685 lumped·mass matrix, 651 rigid plane frames, 218-236
defined, 9, 412 mass matrix, 650-653 selection of, 154
discretization, 423 Datural frequencies, 665-669 shape functions, 155-156
displacement functions, 415-417 one-<limensional problenl$, sign conventions, 152, 256-257
element type, selection of, 415 127-131,665-669,609-674 space, arbitrarily oriented in,
equations, 419-421 , potential energy approach, 255-269
introduction to, 412 109-120 stiffness, 152-161
pressure vessel, solution of, residual methods, 124-127, stiffuess matrix, 153-158,
422-428 127-131 158-161
sti1fDess matrix, 412-422, selection of, 67, 444-446,650 strain/displacement relatioDShips,
423-428 stiffness matrix, 66-72, 92-100, 156-157
strainjdispl.acement relationships, 444-449, 6~653 stress/strain relationships,
411-419 strain/displacement relationships, 156--157
stress/strain relationships, 417-419 69,446-447,650 transformation matrix, 216,
surface foras, 420-421 stress. computation of, 82-83 259-260
800 j, Index
Beam element (Continued) skewed supports, 103-109 penalty formulation, 331

transverse shear deformations, stiffness method, 39-52 selection of, 310-311
158-161 strain/displacement relationships,
twCHiimensionai, arbitJarily C 315-320
oriented, 214-218 Castigli;lDO'S theorem, 12 stress/strain relationships, 315-320
Beam equations, 151-213 Central difference method, 653, surface forces, 326-329
bending deformations; 153-158 654-659 Constitutive law, 11
boundaryeonditions, 161-163 Centrifugal body force, 325 Constitutive ma!rix, 309, 522
direct stiffness method, 163-175 Cireu1ar frequency, natural, 649 Continuity, 35, 73
displacement functions, 155-156 Coarse-mesh generation, 310 requirement, 35
distributed loading, 175-188 Coefficient matrix, inversion of, 726 symbol,73
EuIer-Bemouli theory, 153-158 Coefficient oftbennal expansion, 618 Convection, heat tJansfer with,
exact solution, 188-194 Cofactor method, 716-717 538-539, 540
finite element solution, 188-194 Collocation method, 129 Convergence of finite element
fixed-end reactions, 175 Column matrices, 4, 708 solution, 367-368
Galerkin's method, 201-203 Compatibility, 35, 363-367, 746-748 Coordinates, 66-72, 444-446
introduction to, 151-152 condition of, 748 bar elements, 67-72,444-446
load replacement, 177-178 equations, 746-748 intrinsic system, 444
nodal hinge, element with a, finite element resultS, 363-367 natura] system, 444
194-199 requirement, 35 Coulomb-Mohr theory, 342
potential energy approach, 199-201 Compatible displacements, 155 Cramer's rule, 724-725
sign conventions, 152 Compatible functions, 73 CST, see Constant-strain triangular
stiffness matrix, 153-158, 158-161, Complete, approximation functions, (CST) element
161-163 73-74 Cubic elements, 9
stiffuess ofel.ement, 152-161 Computer programs, 6-7, 23-24, Curvature matrix, 521-522
strain/dispJacement relationships, 314-380,524-528,693-701
156-157 finite element method, 23-24 D
stress/strain relationships, 156-157 plate bending element, solution for, D'A!embert's principle, 755-756
TlIDosbcDko theory, 158-161 524-528 Defects, CST elements, 342
transverse shear deformations, role of, 6-7 Deformation, "33, 153-158, 158-161,
158-161 step-by-step solutions, 374-380 514-518
work-equiva1ence method, 176-177 structuta1 dynamics, 693-701 bending'in beams, 153-158
Bending, 153-158,255-260,514-518 Concentrated loads, 360-361 bending rigidity of a plate, 517
beam elements in arbitrary space, Condensation, see Static. condensation defined, 33
255-260 Conduction,535-538,542-546,551-S58 Kirchhoff assumptions, $]5-516
defonna~ons in beam elements, element conduction matrix, . plate bending, 514-518
15~-158 542-546, 551-558 potential energy, 518
plate element. 514-518 beat, one-dimensional, 535-537 stress/strain relationships, 517-518
rigidity of a plate, 517 beat, two-dimensiona~ 537-538 transVerse shear in beams, 158-161
Body forces; 324-326, 419-420, 448, Conforming functions, 73 Degrees offreedom, 14, IS, 29
460; 497-498 Gonnecting (mixing) different kinds defined,15
axisymmetric elemcots, 419-420 of elements, 361-362 spring element, 29
bar element, 448 Consistent-mass matrix, 651-653, unknown, 14
centrifugal, 325 682-685 Determinant, defined, 716
natural coordinate system, 448 cOnstant-strain uianguJar (CST) Differential equations, 535-538,
plane element, 460 element, 304-305, 310-324, 594-596, 744-746
teU'ahedral element, 497-498 324-329, 342, 406-408 elasticity theory, 744-746
treatment of, 324-326 body forces, 324-326 equilibrium, 744-746
Boundary conditions, 13-14,34, boundaly conditions. 320-322 fluid flow, 594-598 .
39-52, 103-109, 161-163, eoarse--~ generation, 310 heat transfer, 535-538
320-322, 601 defects, 342 Direct equilibrium method, 11
beam elements. 161-163 .displacement function, 311-315 Direct integration, 653
constant-strain triangular (CST) equations, 310-324 Direct stiffness method, 2-4, 13-14,
elemertt, 320-322 forces (stresses), 322-324 28,37-39, 163-175.
fluid flow, 601 global equations, 320-322 See also Superposition
homogeneous, 39-40 introduction to, 304-305 beam analysis using, 163-175
iDclincd supports, 103-109 LST elements, comparison of, history of, 2-4, 28
introduction to, 13-14,34 406-408 total stiffness matrix, assembly by,
DOnbomo.geneous, 39, 4O-4l matrix, 310-324, 329-331 37-39
penalty method, 50-52 nodal displacements, 322 use of, 13-14
Index ... 84l
Direction cosines, 85, 95-96 introduction to, 647 forces, 34, 70

Directional stiffness bias, 371 mass matrices, 650-653, 674-681, heterosis, 523
Discontinuities, natural subdivisions 681-685 isopara:metric, 446
at, 354, 357 natural frequencies, 649, 665-669, laGrange, 482
Discretization, 1,8-10,331-332,423 674-681 linear, 9
axisymmetric element, 423 Newmark's method, 659-663 linear hexahedral, 50 1-504-
finite element method, 1, 8-10. numerical integration in time, linear-strain triangle (LST),
331-332 653-665, 687-693 398-403
plane stress, 331-332 one-dimensional bar analysis, plane stress, 449-452
Displacement function, 11,31-32,68, 665-669, 669-674 plate bending. 514-533
15.5-156, 311-315, 399-401,446, plane frame element, analysis of, Q8,480
450-451, 455-456, 494-496, 682-683 Q9,482
519-521 - plane stress/strain element, analysis quadratic, 9
bar element, 68, 446 of, 683--684 quadratic bexahedral, 504-508
beam element, 155-156 spring-mass system, 641-649 refinement, methods of, 355-356,
constant-strain triangular (CSlj structural, 647-707 358-359
element, 11l-315 tetrahedral (solid) element mass selection of, 8-10, 30-31,310-311
Hermite cubic interpolation, matria:s, analysiS of, 685 399,444--446,449,519
155-156 time, numerical integration in, serendipity,481
interpolation, 32 653-665, 687"'-693 shapes. modeling, 351
isoparametric function, 446, time-dependent heat transfer, sizing, 355-356, 358-359
450-451,455-456 686-693 spring, 30-34 -
linear-strain triangle (LSl), t.ime-dependent stress analysis, stiffues:s matrix, I t ~ 33-34, 66-72,
399-401 649-653, 669-674 402-403,447-449,451-452,
plane element" 455-456 truss element, analysis of, 681-682' 522-523
plane stress element, 450-451 Wj]so~'s (Wdson·Theta) method, tet:rah.edral. 493-500
plate bending element, 519-521 664-665 transition triangles, 359-360
selection o( 11 Energy method, 12
shape, 32, 155-156 E Equations, II, 13-14, 34, 52-60,
spring element, 31-32 EffectivC stress, 341 65-149, 151-213,214-237,
tetrahedral element, 494-496 Elasticity theoIy, 744-751 238-255,310-324,398-411,
DispIacement method, 7, 28-64. See compatibility equations, 746-748 419-422, 447-449, 451-452,
also Stiffness method condition of compatibility, 748 459-460, 497-498, 522-523,
introduction to, 28-64 differential equations of 535-538, 542-$46, 557-558,
use of, 7 equilibrium, 744-746 594-596, 599-601. 608, 659-661,
Displacements, 34, 70, 72-74, equilibrium, differential equations 664-665,722-743, 744-751.
755-758. See also Strain/" of. 744-746 See also .Elasticity theory;
djsp1acement relationships introduction to, 744 SimuJtaneous linear equations
appromnation functions for, 72-74 modulus ofe1asticity, 748 axisymmetric eIeiner.tt, 419-422
compatible, 755 strain/displacement, 746-748 bar element. 124-127, 447-449
nodal, 34, 10 stress/strain relationships, 748-751 beam, 151-213
virtual work, principles of, 755-758 Elements, 8-1(}, 11, 13-14,30-34, beam-clement, 199-201, 201-203
Distributed loading, 175-188 65-150, 151-213, 304-30S, compatibility, 746-748
beams, 175-188 310-324, 342,351-362. 398-403, constant--strain triangnlar (CST)
eft'eetive global nodal forces, 444--449,449-452, 480-482, element, 310-324
- 181-182 493-500,501-508, 514-533 diffcn:ntia1~ 535-538, 594-596,
fixed-end reactions,. 175 _ aspect ratio (AR), 35] 744-745
general formulation of, 178-179 axisymmetric; 9 element, 11, 13-14,69-70
load replacement, 171-178 bar, 65-150,444-449 element conduction, 542-546.
work..equiva1ence method, 176-177 beam, lS1-21~ 557-558
Dynamics, 647-700 eoarse--mesb. generation, 310 finite e1cmcnt, III
axisymmetric element, analysis of, connecting (mixing), modeling, ftuid ftow, 599-601, 608
684-685 361-362 frame, 214-231
bar element equations, 649-653 constant...strain triangular (CST), global, 13-14,34, 70, 161-163, S4E
beam element DlaS.') mattia:s, 304-305, 310-324, 342 601
674-681 cubic,.9 __ grid. 214, 238-255
central difference method, 653, defects, CST, 324 heat transfer, 535-518
654-659 equations, 11, J3-J4, 34, 69-70, i.soparametric formulation, 447-449
computer program example 402-403,451-452, 522-523 459-460
solutions, 693-701 finite, 8 Jacobian function, 447
802 ... ·Index
Equations (Continued) flexibility method, 7 heat transfer, 574

linear-strain triangle (LST), fluid flow, 598-606, 606-610 Newmark's equations, 661
398-411 force method, 7 nwnerical integration, 656
Newmark's, 659-661 functional, 12 plane stress/strain, 374
one-dimensional, 124-127, 131, generalized displacements, 14 Fluid flow, 593-616
542-546 global equations, 13-14 boundary conditions, 601
plane element, 459-460 gradient/potential relationship, 599, differential equations, 594-598
plane stress element., 451-452 607 equations, 599-601, 608
plate bending element, 522-523 heat flux/temperature gradient finite element formulation, 598-606,
simultaneous linear, 722-743 relationship, 542, 556-557 606-610
spring element, 52-60 heat transfer, 540-555, 555-564, flowchart for, 611
tetrahedral element, 497-498 566-568, 569-574 global equations, 601
total, 13-14, 70 history of, 2-4 gradient/potential relationship, 599,
truss, 65-149 introduction to, 1-26 607
two-dimensional,557-558 matrix notation, 4-6 introduction to, 593
Wilson's, 664-665 modeling, 350-363 nodal potentials, 601
Equilibrium, 363-367, 744-746 one-dimensional, 540-555, 569, one-dimensional, 598-601
compatibility and, 363-367 598-606 pipes, 596-598
differential equations 744-746 potential ftinction, 598-599, 607 porous medium, 594-596
finite element results,.363-367 primal}' unknowns, 14 potential function, 589
Equivalent stress., 341 results, interpretation of, 14 program, example of. 611-61 i
Euler-Bemouli theory, 153-158 steps of, 7-14 solid bodies, around, 596-598
Exact solution, 120-124, 188-194 stiffness method, 7 stiffness matrix, 599-601, 608
bar element, 120- t24 strain/displacement relationships, 11 two-dimensional, 606-6l0
beams, 188-194 stress/strain relationships, 11, 14 velocities, 602
finite element solution, comparison temperature fuJiction, 541, 556 , velocity/gradient relationship, 599,
to, 120-124, 188-194 temperature gradient/temperature 601 .
Explicit numerical integration method, relationships, 542, 556-557 volumetric dow rates, 602
689 three-dimensional, 566-568 Force, 7, 34, 36, 70, 178-182,
total equations, 13-14· • 229-230,232-233,322-324,
F truss equations, 120-124 324-329,419-421, 44&--449, 460,
Field problems, 52 two-dimensional, 555-564, 606-610 497-498, 752-754
Finite element, defined, 8 v;uiationai method, 540-555 axisymmetric elements, 419-421
Finite element method, 1-26, velocity/gradient relationship, 599, bar element, 70, 448--449
120-124,350-363,540--;555, 607 body, 324-326,419-420,448,460,
555-564, 566-568, 569-574, weighted residuals, methods of, 497-498
59&-606,606-610. See also 12-13 centrifugal body, 325
Madding work method, 12 constant-strain triangular (CST)
advantages of, 19-22 Finite element solution, 120-124, element, 322-324, 324-329
applications of, 15-19 . 188-194,331-342,363-367, equivalent nodal, 178-180,752-154
boundary conditions, 13-14 367-369 fixed-end, 22~-230
computer, role of, 6-7 approximations in, 364-367 global nodal matrix, 36
computer programs for, 23-24 bar element, 120-124 method,7
constitutive law ~ 11 beams, 188-194 nodal, 178-182,232-233
defined, I, 8 compatibility of.results, 363-367 plane element, 460
degrees offreedom, 14, 15 convergence of, ·361-368 rigid plane frames, 229-230,
direct equilibrium method, 11 \ CST defects, 342 232-233
direct stiffness method, 2-3, discretization, 331-332 spring element, 34
13-14 equifibriwn of results, 363-361 stresses, 322-324
discretization, 1,8-10 exact solution, comparison to, sulface, 326-329,420-421,
displacement function, selection of, 120-124,188-194 448-449,460,498
II plane stress, 305-309 tetrahedral element, 497-498
displacement method, 7 stiffness matrix, assemblage of, Forced convection, 538, 540
element conduction matrix, 332-342 Frame equations, 214-237
542-546,557-558 Fixed-end forces, 229-230 effective nodal forces, 232-233
element types, selection of, 8-10, Fixed-end reactions, 115 fixed-end forces, 229-230
541, 555, 598 Flexibility metbod, 7 inclined supports, 137
energy method, 12 Flowcharts, 374, 574,611,656,661 introduction to, 214
exact solution, comparison to, central difference method, 656 rigid plane frames. 218-236
1~124 fluid dow; 611 skewed supports, 237
Index A. 80.
Free convection. 538,540 differential equations, 535-538 element stresses, evaluation of,
Fringe carpet., 369 element conduction matrix, 473-475
Functional, defined, 12 542-546, 557-S5S Gaussian quadrature, 463-466,
finite element fonntdation, 540-555, 469-475
G 555-564, 566-568, 569-574 intrinsic coordinate system, 444
Galerkin's method, 12-13, 124-127, flowchart for, 574 introduction to, 443
131,201-203 Galerkin's method, 569-574 linear hexahedral element, 501-50.:
bar element formulation, 125-127 heat conduction, one-dimensional, natural coordinate system, 444
beam element equations, 201-203 535-537 Newton-Cotes quadrature, 467-49.
general fonnuIation, 124-125 beat conduction, two-dimensional, numerical integration, 463-469
one-dimensionaJ bar element 537-538 plane element stiffness matrix,
equations, 124-127, 131 heat flux/temperature gradient 452-462
residual method, 124-127, 131 relationship, 542, 556-557 plane stress element, 449-452
lISe of, 12-13 heat·transfer coefficients, 539-540 quadratic hexabedral e~ment,
Gauss·Jordan method, 718-720 introduction to, 534-535 504-508
Gauss-Seidel iteration, 733-735 line sources, 564-566 shape functions, higher-order,
Gaussian elimination, 726-733 mass uansport, 569-574 475-484
Gaussian quadrature, 463-466, nodal temperature, 546 stiffness matrix, evaluation of,
469-475 nwneric:al time integration, 687-683 469-473
element stresses, evaluation of, one..<fimensional, 540-555, 569 stress analysis. 501-508
473-475 point sources, 564-566 transformation mapping, 444
one-point, 463-464 program, examples of, 574-576
stiffness matrix, evaluation of, temperature function, 541, 556 J
.469-413 temperature gradient/tenlf)erature Jacobian function, 447
three-point, 465-466 relationships, 542, 556-557 Joint force, see Nodal force
two-point fonnula. 464-465 thermal conductivities, 539-540
Global equations, 13-]4, 34,70, three-dimensional, 566-568 K
161-163,320-322,601 time-dependent, 686-693 Kirchhoff assumptions, 515-517
assemblage of, 13-14 two-dimensional, 555-564, 574-567
bar clement, 70 units of, 539-540 L \
beam element, 161-163 variational method, 540-555 L:aGrange interpolation, 482
constant-strain triangular (CST) Hermite cubic interpolation function, Least squares method, 130
element, 320-322 155-156 Line elements, defined, 3M
Huid flow, 601 Heterosis element, 523 Line sources, 564-566
spring element, 34 Hooke's Jaw, 11,67 Linear elements, 9 .
Global stiffness matrix, 36, 78-81. See Linear..elastic bar element, see Bar
also Total stifihess matrix I elements; Truss equations
bar element, 78-81 Identity matrix, 712 Linear hexahedral element, SOI-5M
inverse. 80 Inclined supports,_ 103-109, 237 Linear-strain triangle (LSlj equation:
spring assembly, 36 frame equations, 237 398-411
. transverse, 80 truss equations, 103-109 CSTelements,comparisonof,406-4{
Gradient/potential relationsbip, 599, Infinite medium, 361 defined, 398, 401
607 Infinite stress, 360-361 derivation of, 389-403
Grid, defined, 238 . Integration, !fee Numerical Integration . displacement function, 399-401
Grid equations, 214, 238-255 Interpolation functions, 32, 74. See element type, selection of, 399
dete:nnination of, 238-255 also Approximation functions introduction to, 398
introduction to, 214 Intrinsic coordinate system, 444- Pa.sc:al triangle, 400
open sections, 241 Inverse, defined, 80 quadratic-strain triangle (QST)
polar moment of inertia, 240 Inverse ofa matrix, 7l2, 716-718, element., 400
torsional constant, 240-241,242 71&-720 stiffness, determination of, 4Ol-4Ot
adjoint method, 718 st:i.f6less matrix. 398-403
H cofactor method, 716-717 strain/displacement relationships,
h method of refinement, 355-356 defined, 712 401-402
Hannonic motion, simple, 649 Gauss-Jordan method, 71&-720 stress/strain relationships, 401-402
Hea~ fiux, 542, 546 row reduction, 718-720 Load rep1acc:ment, 177-178
Heat flux/temperature gradient lsoparametric formulati9ll, 443~89, Local stiffness matrix, 34
relationship, 542, 556-557 501-508 Longitudinal wave velocity, 670
Heat transfer, 534-593, 686-6!a bar element stiffness matrix., LST. 'see Linear-strain triangle (I..ST.
coefficients, 539-540 444--449 equations
convection, 538-539, S40, defined, 444, 483 Lumped-mass matrix, 651, 682
804 .. Index
M three dimensions, for bars in, symmetry, 351-354, 355-356

Mass matrix, 650-653,674-681, 92-100 tIansition triangles, 359-360
681-685 total stiffness, 36, 37-39 Modes, natural, 666, 668
axisymmetric element, 684--(;85 transfonnatiOD (rotation), 92-100, Modulus of elasticity, 748
bar eJemeDt, 650-653 216, 259-260 Moment matrix, 521-522
beam element, 674-681 unit, 712
consistent-mass, 651-653, 682-985 Matrix algebra, 708-72 t N
lumped-mass, 651, 682 addition of matrices, 710 Natural convection, 538, 540
natural frequencies and. 674-681 adjoint meth~ 718 Natural coordinate system, 444, 447
plane frame element, 682-683 cofactor method,. 716-717 Jacobian function. 447
plane stress/strain element, definitions of, 708-709 use of, 444
683-684 differentiation's, 71+-.715 Natural frequencies, 649, 665-669,
tetrahedral (solid) element, 685 Gauss-Jordan method, 7]8-720 674-681
truss element., 681-682 identity matrix, 721 amplitude. 649
Mass transport, 569-574 integrating, 715-716 bar element, one-dimensional,
Galerkin's method, 569-574 inverse of, 712,716-718,718-720 665-669
heat transfer and, 569-574 multiplication by a scalar, 709 beam element, 674-681
mass flow rate, 569 mUltiplication of matrices, 710-711 circular, 649
Matrix, 4-6, 11, 28-29, 29-34, 36, operations, 709-716 mass matrices, 674-681
37-39,06-72,78-81,92-100, orthogonal matrix, 713-714 modes., 666, 668
216,259-260,304-305,309, fOW reduction, 718-720 role of thumb for, 668
310-324,329-331,519-523, symmetric matrices, 712 Natura1 subdivisions at
_.542-546,557-558,620-622, tIanspose, 711-712 discontinuities, 354, 357
650-653,647-681.681-68S, unit matrix, 712 Newmark's method of numerical
708-721. See also Matrix algebra; Maximum distortiQD energy theory, integration, 659-663
Mass matrix; Stiffness matrix 341=-342 Newton-Co~es quadrature. 467-469
algebra, 708-721 Mindlin plate theory, 523, 526 intervals, 467
column, 4, 708 Minimum potential energy, principle numerical integration, 467-469
consistent-mass., 651-653 of, 52-53, 57-59, III Nodal displacements, 34, 36, 70, 322
constant-strain,triangular (CST) . finite element equations, III bar element, 70
element, 304-305, 310-324, spring element equations, 52-53, constant-strain triangular (CST)
329-331 57-59 element, 322
constitutive, 309,522 Modeling,350-397 global matrix, 36
curvature, 521-522 adaptive refinement, 355 spring element, 34
defined, 4,708-709 aspect ratio (AR). 351, 352-353 Nodal forces, 178-182,232-233,
element conduction, 542-546, checking, 362 752-754
557-558 compatibility of results, 363-367 effective, 232-233
element stiffness., 11 computer program assisted step-by- effec:'tive global, 181-182
global nodal displacement, 36 step solutions, 374-380 equivalent., 178-180,752-754
global nodal force, 36 concentrated loads, 360-361 load displacement, beams, 178-182
global stiffiless, 36, 78-81 connecting (mixing) elements, rigid plane frames, 232-233
identity, 712 361-362 ' Nodal hinge, beam elements, 194--199
local stiffness, 34 convergence of solution, 367-368 Nodal potentials, 601
lumped-m~ 651 discontinuities, natural subdivisions Nodal temperature, 546
mass, 650-653, 647-681. 681-685 at, 354,357 Nodes, 29, 152, 370
moment, 521-522 equilibrium of resu1ts, 363-367 actual. 370
notation for, 4-6 finite element, 350-363 condensed out, 370
orthogonal,713-714 flowcharts, 374 defined, 29
quadra~c form, 716 general considerations, 351 sign conventions for beams, 152
rectangular, 4, 708 h method of refinement, 355-356 Nonexistence of solution, 724
row, 708 infinite medium, 361 Nonuniqueness of solution, 723-724
singular, 718 infinite stress, 360-361 . Numerical comparisons. plate bending
square, 708 introduction to, 350 element, 523-524
stiffneSs, 28-29, 29-34, 66-7~ natural subdivisions, 354, 357 Numerical integration, 463-469,
92-100, 519-523, ~50-653 p method of refinement, 358-359 653-665,687-693
stiffness influence coefficients, 5 point loa~ 360-361 central difference method, 653,
stft'SS/strain, 309 postprocessor results. 362-363 654-659
symmcttic, 712 refinement, 355-356, 35&-359 direct integration, 653
system stif1hess, 36 static:: condensation, 369-373 dynamic systems, 653-665
thermal strain, 620-622 stresses, interpretation of, 368-369 explicit, 689
Index ... 80S
flowcharts for, 656, 661 flowchart fOf, 374 total potential energy, 53, 518
Gaussian quadrature, 463-466, program assisted step-by-step truss equations, 1'09-) 20
469-475 solutions, 374-380 variation, 55
heat-transfer, 687-693 Plane stress, 305-309, 331-342, Potential function, 589
Newmark's method, 659-663 374-380,449-452, 683-684 Pressure vessel, axisymmetric,
Newton-Cotes quadrature, 467-469 concept of, 305-309 solution of, 422-428
Simpson one-third rule, 463, 467 consistent-mass mall'ix, 683-684 Primary unknowns, defined, 14
time, 653-665, ~87-693 defined,305 Principal angle, 307
trapezoid rule, 463, 467-468, 687 discretization, 331-332 Principal stresses, 307
Wilson's method, 664-665 displacement functions, 450-451
element, 449-452 Q
o finite element solution of, 331-342 Q8 element, 480
One-dimcnsional elements, 124-127, flowchart for, 374 Q9 element, 482
127-13!, 540-555, 569, 598-601, isoparametrlc formulation. 449-452 Quadratic elements, 9
665-·669, 669-674 maximum distortion energy theory, Quadratic form, 716
bar analysis. 665-669, 669-674 34!-342 Quadratic hexahedral element,
bar element equations, 124-127 principal angle, 307 504-508
bar element problems, 127-131 program assisted step-by-step Quadratic-strain triangle (QST)
fluid flow. 598-601 solutions, 374-380 element, 400
heat-tran~fer problems, 540-555, rectangular element, 449-452 Quadrilateral element consistent-mass
569 stiffness matrix assemblage for, matrix, 684
mass transport, 569 332-341
natural frequencies, 665-669 von Mises (von Mises-Hencky) .R
time-dependent, 669-674 theory, 341-342 Refinement, 355-356, 358-359
Open sections, 241 Plane truss, solution of, 84-92 adaptive, 355
Orthogonal matrix, 713-714 Plate bending element, 514-533 h method, 355-356
computer solution for, 524--528 p method. 358-359
p concept of, 514-518 Reflective (mirror) symmetry, 100-103
p method of refinement, 358-359 deformation of, 514-515 Rigid plane frames, 218-236
Parasitic shear. 342 displacement function, 519-521 defined, 218
Pa."Cal triangle, 400 equations, 519-523 examples of, 218-236
Penalty formulation, 331 geometry of, 514-515 Row reduction, 718-720
Penalty method, 50-52 heterosis element., 523
Period of vibration. 649 introduction to, 514 S
Pipes, fluid flow in, 5%-598 Kirchhoff assumptions, 515-517 Serendipity element, 431
Plane element, 452-463, 682-684 Mindlin plate theory, 523, 526 Shape functions, 32, 155-156,
body forces, 460 numerical comparisons, 523-524 475-484
consistent-mass matrix, 683-684 potential energy, 518 beam element, 155-156
displacement functions, 455-456 rigidity of, 517 defined,32
equations, 459-460 selection of, 519 higher-order, 475--484
isoparametric formulation, stiffness matrix, 519-523 isoparametric formulation, 475-484
452-463 strain/displacement relationships, laGrange element, 482
mass matrices, 682-684 521-522 Q8 element, 480
quadrilateral element, 684 stress/strain relationships, 517-518, Q9 element, 482
selection of, 453-455 521-522 serendipity element, 481
stiffness matrix, 452-463 Point loads, 360-361 Shear locking, 342
strain/displacement relationships, Point sources, 564-566 Sign conventions, beams, H2,
456-459 Polar moment of inertia, 240 256-257 .
stress/strain relationships. 456-459, Porous medium, fluid flow in, Simultaneous linear equations,
683-684 594-596 722-743
surface forces, 460 Potential energy approach, 52-60, banded...syrtl.metric method, 735-741
Plane {rames, 218-236,682-683 109--120, 199-201,518 Cramer's rule, 724-725
element, 682-683 admissible variation, 55 Gauss-Seidel iteration, 733-735
mass matrices, 682-683 bar element equations, 109-120 Gaussian elimination, 726-733
rigid, 218-236 . beam element equations. 199--201 general fonn of, 722-723
Plane strain, 305-309, 374-380, mi.nimwn potential energy, introduction to, 722
683-684 principle of, 52-53, 57-59, 111 inversion of coefficient matrix, 726
concept of, 305-309 plate bending element, 518 methods for solving, 724-735
consistent-mass matrix, 683-684 spring element equations, 52-60 nonexistence of solution, 724
defined, 305 stationary value, 54 nonuniqu.eness of solution, 723-724
806 • Index
Simultaneous linear equations 310-324,332-341,369-313, stiffness matrix, 28-29, 29-34, 36

(Continued) 402-403,403-406, 419-422, superposition, 37-39
skyline method, 735-741 423-428,444-449,451-452, total potential energy, 53
uniqueness of solution, 723 452-463, 469-473, 497-500, total stiffness matrix, 37-39
wavefront method, 735-741 519-523,599-601,608,735-741 use of, 7
Sizing of clements, 355-356, 35&-359 axisymmetric element, 419-422, Strain, 306-309. See also Plane strain
Skew, defined, 370-371 423-428 normal,308
Skewed supports, 103-109,237 banded-symmetric method, 735-741 shear, 308
frame equations, 237 bar element, 66-72, 444-449 two-dimensional state of, 306-309
truss equations, 103-109 beam equations, 153-158, 158-161, Strain/displacement relationships, 11,
Skyline method, 735-741 161-163 33,69,156-157,315-320,
Smoothing process, 369 beams, examples of assembJage of, 401-402,417-419,446-447,451,
Solid bodies, fluid flow around, 161-163 456-459,490-493,496-497,
596-598 bending deformations, 153-158 521-522,146-748
Solid element, see Tetrahedral element body forces, 419-420, 448 axisymmetric element, 417-419
Spring clements, 29-34,34-37,52-60 condensed, 370 bar element, 69
assemblage of, 34-37 constant-strain triangular (CST) beam element, 156-157
compatibility requirement, 35 element, 304-305, 310-324 condition of compatibility, 748
continuity requirement, 35 defined, 28-29 constant*strain triangular (CS1)
degrees of freedom, 29 Euler-Bemouli theory, based on, element, 315-320
displacement function, 31-32 153-158 deformation, 33
element type, 30-31 evaluation of, 469.473 elasticity theory, 746-748
equations, 52-60 fluid flow, 599-601,608 Hooke's law, I I, 67
global equation for, 34 Gaussian quadrature, 469-473 isoparametric formulatioll,
nodal displacements, 34 isoparametric formulation, 446-:447,456-459
nodes, 29 444-449, 469-473 linear-strain triangle (LST)
potential energy approach, 52-60 linear-strain triangle (l.S1) element, elements, 401-402
spring constant, 29 402-403, 403-406 plane clement, linear, 456-459
stiffness matrix for, 29-34 local, 34 plane stress element, 451
Spring-mass system, 647-649 plane element, 452-463 plate bending element, 521-522
amplitude, 649 plane sl.reSS element, 451-452 spring element, 33
dynamics of, 647-649 plane stress problem, assemblage stress analysis, 490-493
hannonic motion, simple, 649 of for, 332-341 tetrahedral element, 496-497
natural circular frequency, 649 plate bending element, 519-523 Stress, 82-83, 306-309, 341-342,
period of vibration, 649 skyline method, 735-741 360-361, 368-369, 473-475. See
Static condensation, 369-373 spring element, 29-34 also Plane stress; Thenna1 stress
concept of, 369-373 static condensation, 369-373 computation of for a bar element,
condensed load vector, 370 superposition, assemblage by, 82-83
condensed out nodes, 370 332-341,423-428 Coulomb-Mohr theory, 342
condensed stiffness matrix, 370 suIface forces, 420-421,448-449 effective, 341
directional stiffness bias, 371 tetrahedral element, 497-500 equivalent, 341
skew, 370-371 threedimensions,forbarsin, 92-100 evaluation of, 473-475
Stationary value, 54 Timoshenko theory, base(! on, fringe carpet, 369
Stiffness equations, 304-349 158-161 . Gaussian quadrature, 473-475
constant-strain triangular (CS11 total (global), 36,37-39, 332-341 infinite, 360-361
element, 304;-305, 310-324, transition matrix and, 92-100 interpretation of, 368-369
324-329, 329-331 transverse shear deformations, maximum distortion energy theory,
explicit expression, 329-331 158-161 341-342
finite element solution, 331-341 wavefront method, 735-741 principal, 307
introduction to, 304-305 Stiffness method, 7, 28-64 smoothing process, 369
maximum distortion energy theory, boundary conditions, 34, 39-52 two-dimensional state of, 306-309
341-342 direct, 37-39 von Mises (von Mises-Hendcy)
plane strain, 305-309 introduction to, 28-64 theory, 341-342
plane stress, 305-309, 331-342 minimum potential energy, Stress analysis, 490-513
von Mises (von Mises-Hencky) principle of, 52-53, 57-59 isoparametric formulation, SOl-50S
theory, 341-342 penalty method, 50-52 linear hexahedral element, 501-504
Stiffuess inftuence eoefficients, 5 potential energy approach., 52-60 quadratic hexahedral element,
Stiffness matrix, 28-29, 29-34, 36, spring constant, 29 504-508
66-72,92.:..100,153-158, spring clements, 29-34, 34-37, strain/displacement relationships,
'158-161, 161-163,304-305, 52-60 490-493
Index .. 8
stress/strain relationships, 490-493 Symmetry, 100-103,351-354, Timoshenko theory, 158-161

tetrahedral element, 493-500 355-356 Torsional conscant, 240-241, 242
three-dimensional, 490-513 axial,IOO Total equations, see Global equatio
Stress/suain relationships, II, 14,33, finite element modeling, 351-354, Total potential energy, defined, 53
69, 156-157,315-320,401-402, 355-356 Total stiffness matrix, 36, 37-39, It:
417-419,446-447,451,456-459, reflective (mirror), 100-103, 351 See also Global stiffness matrix
490-493,496-497,517-518, structures, use of in, 100-103 beam elemen[, 162
521-522,748-751 Symmetric matrix. 712 direct stiffness' method, assembly
axisymmetric element, 417-419 System stiffness matrix, see Total by, 37-39
bar dement, 69 stiffness matrix spring assembly, 36
beam element, 156-157 superposition, assembly by,
constant-strain triangular (CST) T 37-39
element, 315-320 Temperature, 541-542, 546, 556, Transfonna(ion mapping, 444
constitutive law, 11 574-576 Transformation (rotation) matrix,
defonnation, 33 distribution, examples of, 574-576 92-100,216,259-260, 713
elasticity theory, 748-751 function, 541, 556 Transition triangles, 359-360
isoparametric formulation, gradients, 542, 546 Transpose of a matrix, 711
446-447, 456-459 nodal, 546 Transverse, defined, SO
linear-strain triangle (LST) Temperature gradient/temperature Transverse shear deformations,
elementS, 40 ],..402 relationships, 542, 556-557 158-161
modulus of elasticity, 748 Tetrahedral element, 493-500, 685 Trapezoid rule, 467-468, 687
plane element, linear, 456-459 body forces, 497-498 Truss equations, 65-149, 681-682.
plane stress element, 451 consistent~mass matrix, 685 See a/st) Bar elements
plate bending element, 517-518, displacement functions, 494-496 approximation functions, 72-74
521-522 equations, 497-498 bar elements, 67-72, 92-100,
solving for, 14 selection of, 493-494 109-120, 12()-124, 124-127,
spring element, 33 . stiffness matrix, 497-500 I 27-13l
stress analysis, 490-493 strain/displacement relationships, boundary conditions, 103-109
tetrahedral clement, 496-497 496--497 collocation method, 129
Structural dynamics, see Dynamics stress/strain relationships, 496-497 consistent-mass matrix, 682
Structural Sled, properties of, surface forces, 498 displacements, 72-74
759-712 Thermal conductivities, 539-540 exact solution, ]20-124
Structures, 100-103,214-303 Thermal strain matrix, 620-622 finite element solution, 120-124
frame equations, 214-237 Thermal stress, 617-646 Galerkin's residual method,
grid equations. 238-255 coefficient of thermal expansion, 124-127, 13l
rigid plane frames, 218-236 618 global stiffness matrix, 78-8}
substructure analysis, 269-275 formulation of,617-640 inclined supports, 103-109
symmetry in, 100-103 introduction to, 617 introduction to, 65
Subdivisions, natura.!, 354, 357 thermal strain matrix, 620-622 ~st squares method, 130
Subdomain method, 129-130 Three-dimensional elements, 490-513, local coordinates for, 66-72
,Subparametric formulation, 566-568 lumped-mass matrix, 682
'483-484 heat·transfer problems, 566-568 mass matrices, 681-682
Substructure analysis, 269-275 space, 92-100 plane truss, solution of, 84-92
Superposition, 37-39, 332-341, stiffness matrix for a bar, 94-100 potential energy approach,
423-428. See alst) Direct stiffness stress analysis, 490-513 109-120
method tetrahedral element, 493-500 residual methods, 124-127,
axisymmetric element, assemblage transformation matrix for a bar, 127-131
for by, 423-428 92-94 skewed suppons, 103-109
plane stress problem, assemblage Time, numerical integration in, stiffness matrix, 66-72, 92-100
for by, 332-341 653-665,687-689 strain/displacement relationships,
total (global) stiffness matrix, Time~dependent, 649-653, 669-674, stress, computation of for a bar
assemblage by, 37-39, 332-341 686-693 element, 82-83
Surface forces, 326-329, 420-421, bar analysis, one-dimensional, stress/strain relationships, 69
448-449, 460, 498 , 669-674 subdomain method, 129-t3O
axisymmetric elements, 420-421 heat transfer, 686-693 symmetry, use of in structures,
bar element, 448-449 longitudinal wave velocity, 670 100-103
natural coordinate system, 448-449 numerical time integration, 681-693 transfonnation (rotation) matrix,
plane element, 46(} stress analysis., 649-653 92-100
tetrahedral element. 498 structural dynamics, 649-653, vectors, transformation of in two
treatment of, 326-329 669-674 dimensions, 75- 77
808 .i. Index
Two dimensional elements, 75-77, condensed load, 370 bar element equations, 124-127,
214-218, 304-349, 555-564, transfonnation of in two 127-l3I
574-576. 606-610 dimensions, 75-77 beam element equations, 201-203
beam clements, arbitrarily oriented, Velocity, 602, 670 collocation method, 129
214-218 fluid flow 602 Galerlcin's method, 12--13,
flowchan for heat-transfer process longitudinal wave, 670 124-l27, 131,201-203
fluid flow, 606-610 Velocity/gradient relationship, 599, introduction to, 12-13
heat-transfer problems, 555-564 607 least squares meth.od, 130
plane stress and strain equations, Virtual work, principle or, 755-758 one-dimensional problems, 127-131
304-349 compatible displacements, 755 subdomain method, 129-130
temperature distribution, 574-576 D' Alembert's principle, Wilson's (Wilson-Theta) method of
vectors, transformation of in, 75-77 155-756 numerical integration, 664-665
Volumetric flow rates, 602 Work methods, l2, 52-53, 57-59,
U Von Mises (von Mises·Hencky) 176-177,755-758
Uniqueness of solution, 723 theory, 341-342 Castigliano's theorem, 12
Unit matrix, 712 introduction to, 12
W minimum potential energy,
V Wavefront method. 735-741 principJe of, 52-53, 57-59
Variation, defined, 55 Weighted residuals, methods of. virtual work, principle of,
Variational methods, 52, 540-555 12-13, 124-127, 127-131, 755-758
Vectors, 75-77, 370 201-203 work-equivalence, 176-177
PROPERTms OF PLANE AREAS Notes: A area, 1 = area moment, of inertia, J =polar moment of inertia.
R~~e Trian~e
A:..!..bh
2
A =bh
bh 3
/_= bJrl lx=16
x 12
bh3
hh3 1'·=12
1
x
=3-
Circle SenUcirde
A=rer reT:?
A=-
2
Ii =O.035rey4
'Thin Ring Half of Thin Ring
A =rert
1, =O.5re?t
Qual1er Ellipse
EJlipse
A =reab
A =reab 4
Ii: =O.0175:n:arJ
x I =Jra;}
x 16
relib
1)'=16
Quadrant of Parabola t Parabolic Spandrel
A= £!!
3
Ii =O.0176bJi!
2M3
1=-
x 15 bh3
IX =2J
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS Notes: p = mass density. m == mass, 1 mass moment of inertia.
1. Slender Rod
rcd2Lp
m=--
4
mL2
1),=1.=1'2.
/
2. Thin Disk
rcd 2tp
d m=--
4
mil
IX=8
3. Rectangular Prism
m =abcp
Ix :::: E (a
2
+ b 2)
I y =fi(t?+2)
It =fi(b 2 + 2)
4. Circular Cylinder
nd 2Lp
m=--
4
2
I ::: md
JC 8
1'1 = It = fgOd 2 + 4L2)
5. Hollow Cylinder
rcLp:/ :2
m=T(do-dj )
m 2 2
lx=-S(do +dj )
2 3d 2 4L2)
m 3d0+
l)/=Iz=a< ; +
CONVERSION FACTORS U.S. Customary Units to Units
Quantity Con~erted from U.S. Customary To SI Equivalent
(Acceleration)
1 foot/second 2 (ftJS2) meterJsecond2 (m/s2) 0.304S m/r
I inch/second2 (in.I?-) meter/second2 (m/s2) 0.0254 m/?-
(Area)
I (oor (ft2) mete~ (m2) 0.0929m2
1 inch2 (in.2) mete~ (m2) 64S.2mm.2
(Density, m~)
1 Pound mass/inch3 (lbm/in. 3) kilogram/mete~ (kg/ml ) 27.68 Mg/m3
1 pound mass/foot 3 (ibm/fi3) ki1ogram/mete~ (kg/ml ) 16.02 kg/m3
(Energy, Work)
I British thermal unit (BTU} Joule (J) 1055 J
I foot-pound force (ft-Ib) Joule {J} 1.356 J
I kilowatt-hour Joule (1) 3.60 x 106 1
(Force)
I kip (1000 Ib) Newton (N) 4.448 kN
1 pound force (lb) Newton (N) 4.448 N
(Length)
1 foot (ft) meter (m) 0.3048 m
1 inch (in.) meter (m) 25.4 mm
1 mile (mi), (U.S. statute) meter (m) 1.609 kIn
1 mile (mi), (international nautical} meter (m} 1.852 Ian
(Mass)
I pound mass (Ibm) kilogram (kg) 0.4536 kg
1 slug (lb-sdjft) kilogram (kg) 14.59 kg
1 metric ton (2000 Ibm) kilogram (kg) 907.2 kg
(Moment of force)
1 pound-foot (Ib·ft) Newton-meter (N·m) 1.356 N·m
I pound-inch (lb·in.) Newton-meter (N . m) 0.1130 N'm
(Moment of inertia of an area)

I inch4 meter4 (m4) 0.4162 x 10-6 m4
(Moment of inertia ofa mass)

1 pound-foot-second2(lb· ft ·rl') kilogram-mete(! (kg· m2 ) 1.356 kg·m2
(MoDlentum, linear)
1 pound-second (lb·s) kilogram-meter/second (kg. mrs) 4.448 N·s
(MODltlltum, angular)
pound·foot-second (lb· ft· s) Newton-meter-second (N . m· s) 1.356 N·m·s
CONVERSION FACTORS U.s. Customary Units to SI Units (Continued)
Quantity Converted from U.S. Customary To SI Equivalent
(Power)
1 foot.pound/second (ft·lb/s) Watt(W) 1.356 W
I horsepower (550 ft .Ibis) Watt(W) 745.7 W
(Pressure, Stress)
1 atmosphere (std)(14.7.lb/in. 2) Newton/mete? (N/m2 or Pa) lOl.l kPa
1 pound/foot2 (lb/ft2) Newton/meter (N/m2 or Pa) 47.88 Pa
1 pound/inch"' Ob[m.2 or psi) Newton/meter (N/m2 or Pa) 6.895 kPa
2
1 kip/inch (ksi) Newton/meter (N/m2 or Pa)- 6.895 MPa
(Spring coasblDt)
1 pound/inch (lb{m.) Newton/meter (N/m) 175.1 N/m
(feRlperatute)
TeF} 1.8T(°C) + 32
(Velocity)
I footjse(X)nd (ft/s) meter/se(X)nd (m/s) 0.3048 rols
1 knot (nautical mifh) meter/second (rnfs) 0.5144 m/s
1 milefhour (mifh) meter/second (mfs) 0.4410 m/s
1 milefhour (mifh) kilometer/hour (kmfh) 1.609 kmfh
(Volume)
1 foot3 (ftl) mete~ (m3) 0.02832 m3
1 inch3 (in.3) merer3 (rol ) 16.39 x 10-6 m)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN SI AND USCS UNITS
Property SI uses
Water (fresh)
specific weight 9.&1 kN/m3 62Alb/W
mass density IOOOkg/m) 1.94 slugs/ftl
Aluminum
specific weight 26.6 IcN/m3 I69j1b/ft3
mass density 2710 kgfm3 5.26 slugs/f~
Steel
specific weight 77.0 kNJml 490 IbJft3
mass dcmity 7&50 kg/ml 15.2 slugs/f't'
Reinforced concrete
specific weight 23.6 kNJm3 ISO Ib/ft3
mass density 2400 kgfm3 4.66 slugs/f~
Acceleration of gravity
(on the earth's surface)
Recommended value 9.81 m/; 32.2 ftls'2
Atmospheric pressure
(at sea level)
Recommended value 101 kPa 14.7 psi
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Ultimate 0.2% Yield
Strength Strength Modulus of Sheer Coefficient of
all (J, Elasticity Modulus Thenna! Expansion. £i Density, p
E G
Material ksi MPa ksi MPa (1(f psi GPa) (lot' psi) 10-6tF lO-6j"C Iblin. 3 kEVIl?
Aluminum
Alloy 1l00-H14
(99% AI) 14 110(T) 14 95 10.1 70 3.7 13.1 23.6 0.098 2710
Alloy 2024-T3
(sheet and plate) 70 480m 50 340 10.6 73 4.0 l2.6 22.7 0.100 2163
Alloy 6061-T6
(extruded) 42 260(T) 37 255 10.0 69 3.7 13.1 23.6 0.098 2710
Alloy 1075-T6
(sheet and plate) 80 550{T) 70 480 10.4 72 3.9 12.9 23.2 0.101 2795
Yellow brass (65% Cll, 35% Zn)
Cold-roned 78 54O(T) 63 435 15 105 5.6 11.3 20.0 0.306 8410
Annealed 48 330m 15 105 15 105 5.6 11.3 20.0 0.306 8470
Phosphor bronze
Cold-rolled (510) 81 560m 75 520 15.9 110 5.9 9.9 17.8 0320 8860
Spring-tempered
{S24) 122 840(T) 16 110 5.9 10.2 18.4 0;317 8780
Cast iron
Gray, 4.5%C,
ASTMA-48 25 170(T) 10 70 4.1 6.1 12.1 0.260 7200
95 650{C)
Malleable,
ASTM A-47 SO 340(11 33 230 24 165 9.3 6.7 12.1 0.264 7300
90 620(C)
Chapter 2
Method of Weighted
Residuals
Prior to development of the Finite Element Method, there existed an

approximation technique for solving differential equations called the
Method of Weighted Residuals (MWR). This method will be presented
as an introduction, before using a particular subclass of MWR, the
Galerkin Method of Weighted Residuals, to derive the element equa-
tions for the finite element method.
Suppose we have a linear differential operator D acting on a function
u to produce a function p.
D(u(x)) = p(x).
We wish to approximate u by a functions ũ, which is a linear combi-

nation of basis functions chosen from a linearly independent set. That
is,
n
X
u∼
= ũ = ai ϕi (2.1)
i=1
Now, when substituted into the differential operator, D, the result

of the operations is not, in general, p(x). Hence a error or residual will
exist:
E(x) = R(x) = D(ũ(x)) − p(x) 6= 0.
The notion in the MWR is to force the residual to zero in some average
1
2 CHAPTER 2. METHOD OF WEIGHTED RESIDUALS
sense over the domain. That is

Z
R(x)Wi dx = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., n (2.2)
X
where the nuber of weight functions Wi is exactly equal the number of

unknow constants ai in ũ. The result is a set of n algebraic equations for
the unknown constants ai .There are (at least) five MWR sub-methods,
according to the choices for the Wi ’s. These five methods are:
1. collocation method.
2. Sub-domain method.
3. Least Squares method.
4. Galerkin method.
5. Method of moments.
Each of these will be explained below. Two examples are then given
illustrating their use.
2.1 Collocation Method

In this method, the weighting functions are taken from the family of
Dirac δ functions in the domain. That is, Wi (x) = δ(x − xi ). The Dirac
δ function has the property that
(
1 x = xi
δ(x − xi ) = .
0 otherwise
Hence the integration of the weighted residual statement results in the

forcing of the residual to zero at specific points in the domain. That is,
integration of 2.2 with Wi (x) = δ(x − xi ) results in
R(xi ) = 0
2.2. SUB-DOMAIN METHOD 3
2.2 Sub-domain Method

This method doesn’t use weighting factors explicity, so it is not,strictly
speaking, a member of the Weighted Residuals family. However, it
can be considered a modification of the collocation method. The idea
is to force the weighted residual to zero not just at fixed points in the
domain, but over various subsections of the domain. To accomplish this,
the weight functions are set to unity, and the integral over the entire
domain is broken into a number of subdomains sufficient to evaluate
all unknown parameters. That is
Z X µZ ¶
R(x)Wi dx = R(x)dx = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., n
X i Xi
2.3 Least Squares Method

If the continuous summation of all the squared residuals is minimized,
the rationale behind the name can be seen. In other words, a minimum
of Z Z
S= R(x)R(x)dx = R2 (x)dx.
X X
In order to achieve a minimum of this scalar function, the derivatives
of S with respect to all the unknown parameters must be zero. That
is,
∂S
= 0
∂ai
Z
∂R
= 2 R(x) dx
X ∂ai
Comparing with 2.2, the weight functions are seen to be
∂R
Wi = 2
∂ai
however, the “2” can be dropped, since it cancels out in the equation.
Therefore the weight functions for the Least Squares Method are just
the dierivatives of the residual with respect to the unknown constants:
∂R
Wi =
∂ai
2.4 Galerkin Method

This method may be viewed as a modification of the Least Squares
Method. Rather than using the derivative of the residual with respect
to the unknown ai , the derivative of the approximating function is used.
That is, if the function is approximated as in 2.1, then the weight
functions are
∂ ũ
Wi =
∂ai
Note that these are then identical to the original basis functions ap-
pearing in 2.1
∂ ũ
Wi = = ϕi (x)
∂ai
2.5 Method of Moments

In this method, the weight functions are chosen from the family of
polynomials. That is
Wi = xi i = 0, 1, 2, ..., n − 1
In the event that the basis functions for the approximation (the ϕi ’s)
were chosen as polynomial, then the method of moments may be iden-
tical to the Galerkin method.
2.6 Example
As an example, consider the solution of the following mathematical
problem. Find u(x) that satisfies
d2 u
+u = 1
dx2
u(0) = 1
u(1) = 0.
2.6. EXAMPLE 5
Note that for this problem the differential operator D(u(x)) and p(x)
are
d2
D(u(x)) = ( 2 + 1)u(x)
dx
p(x) = 1
For reference, the exact solution can be found and is, in general form,
u(x) = C1 sin x + C2 cos x + 1
and for the given boundary conditions the constants can be evaluated
u(0) = 1 =⇒ C2 = 0
u(1) = 0 =⇒ C1 = −1/ sin(1)
So the exact solution is
sin x
u(x) = 1 −
sin(1)
Let’s solve by the Method of Weighted Residuals using a polynomial
function as a basis. That is, let the approximating function ue(x) be
ue(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 .
Application of the boundary conditions reveals
ue(0) = 1 = a0
ue(1) = 0 = 1 + a1 + a2
or
a1 = −(1 + a2 )
and the approximating polynomial which also satisfies the boundary
conditions is then
ue(x) = 1 − (1 + a2 )x + a2 x2
= 1 − x + a2 (x2 − x).
To find the residual R (x), we need the second derivative of this func-
tion, which is simply d2 ue/dx2 = 2a2. So the residual is
d2 ue
R(x) = + ue − 1
dx2
= 2a2 + (1 − x + a2 (x2 − x)) − 1
= −x + a2 (x2 − x + 2)
2.6.1 Collocation Method

For the collocation method, the residual is forced to zero at a num-
ber of discrete points. Since there is only one unknown (a2 ), only one
collocation point is needed. We choose (arbitrarily, but from symme-
try considerations) the collocation point x = 0.5. Thus, the equation
needed to evaluate the unknown a2 is
R(0.5) = −0.5 + a2 (0.25 − .5 + 2) = 0
So
a2 = +0.5/1.75 = 2/7 = 0.285714
2.6.2 Subdomain Method

Since we have one unknown constant, we choose a single “subdomain”
which covers the entire range of x. Therefore, the relation to evalutate
the constant a2 is
Z 1
1 · R(x)dx = 0
0
Z 1h i
−x + a2 (x2 − x + 2) dx = 0
0
" ¯1
x2 x3 x2 ¯
− + a2 ( − + 2x)¯¯¯ = 0
2 3 2 0
So
1 1 1
a2 ( − + 2) =
3 2 2
and
a2 = 3/11 = 0.272727.
2.6.3 Least-Squares Method

The weight function W1 is just the derivative of R (x) with respect to
the unknown a2 :
dR
W1 (x) = = x2 − x + 2
da2
2.6. EXAMPLE 7
So the weighted residual statement becomes

Z 1
W1 (x) · R(x)dx = 0
0
Z 1³ ´ h i
x2 − x + 2 · −x + a2 (x2 − x + 2) dx = 0
0
The math is considerably more involved than before, but nothing more
than integration of polynomial terms. Direct evaluation leads to the
algebraic relation
11 101
− + a2 = 0
12 30
So
11 30
a2 = · = 165/606 = 0.272277
12 101
2.6.4 Galerkin Method

In the Galerkin Method, the weight function W1 is the derivative of the
approximating function ue(x) with respect to the unknown coefficient
a2 :
due
W1 (x) = = x2 − x
da2
So the weighted residual statement becomes
Z 1
W1 (x) · R(x)dx = 0
0
Z 1³ ´ h i
x2 − x · −x + a2 (x2 − x + 2) dx = 0
0
Again, the math is straightforward but tedious. Direct evaluation leads

to the algebraic equation:
1 3
− a2 = 0
12 10
So
1 10
a2 = · = 5/18 = 0.277
12 3
2.6.5 Method of Moments

Since we have only one unknown coefficient, the weight function W1 (x)
is simply
W1 (x) = x0 = 1.
As a result, the method of moments degenerates into the subdomain
method for this case. Hence,
a2 = 3/11 = 0.272727.
2.6.6 Comparison
A table of the tabulated values resulting from the different approxima-
tions is shown in Table 2.1 below, and a graphical comparison is seen
in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.2 shows the relative errors for each method, as
a percentage of the exact solution. Note the relative errors climb near
x = 1, but this is largely due to the function values going to zero at
that location.
RMS Errors
A reasonable scalar index for the closeness of two functions is the L2
norm, or Euclidian norm. This measure is often called the root-mean-
squared (RMS) error in engineering. The RMS error can be defined
as qR
(u(x) − ue(x))2 dx
ERMS = R
dx
which in discrete terms can be evaluated as
sP
N
i=1 (ui − uei )2
ERMS = .
N
The RMS errors for the different approximations are shown in the last
line of Table 2.1. Note that these RMS errors are all similar in mag-
nitude, and that the Galerkin method has a slightly lower RMS error
than the others.
2.6. EXAMPLE 9
Table 2.1: Comparison of Different Approximations in Example 1.

x exact collocation Subdomain LeastSquares Galerkin
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.05 0.94060 0.93643 0.93705 0.93707 0.93681
0.10 0.88136 0.87429 0.87545 0.87550 0.87500
0.15 0.82241 0.81357 0.81523 0.81528 0.81458
0.20 0.76390 0.75429 0.75636 0.75644 0.75556
0.25 0.70599 0.69643 0.69886 0.69895 0.69792
0.30 0.64881 0.64000 0.64273 0.64282 0.64167
0.35 0.59250 0.58500 0.58795 0.58806 0.58681
0.40 0.53722 0.53143 0.53455 0.53465 0.53333
0.45 0.48309 0.47929 0.48250 0.48261 0.48125
0.50 0.43025 0.42857 0.43182 0.43193 0.43056
0.55 0.37884 0.37929 0.38250 0.38261 0.38125
0.60 0.32898 0.33143 0.33455 0.33465 0.33333
0.65 0.28080 0.28500 0.28795 0.28806 0.28681
0.70 0.23441 0.24000 0.24273 0.24282 0.24167
0.75 0.18994 0.19643 0.19886 0.19895 0.19792
0.80 0.14750 0.15429 0.15636 0.15644 0.15556
0.85 0.10718 0.11357 0.11523 0.11528 0.11458
0.90 0.06910 0.07429 0.07545 0.07550 0.07500
0.95 0.03334 0.03643 0.03705 0.03707 0.03681
1.00 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
RMS Errors 0.00591 0.00584 0.00585 0.00576
1.2
1.0
exact
collocation
0.8
Subdomain
LeastSquares
u(x)
0.6 Galerkin
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Distance, x
Figure 2.1: Graphical Comparison of Exact and Approximate Solutions

for Example 1
2.6. EXAMPLE 11
7%
6% collocation
Subdomain
LeastSquares
5%
Galerkin
4%
Error
3%
2%
1%
0%
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
Distance, x
Figure 2.2: Relative Errors Between Approximate and Exact Solutions

for Example 1.
2.7 References
Grandin, H., Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method, Waveland
Press, 1991

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Chapter 2

1.2 dlx =0.5 in.• Flz =2501b, iP) .fll) ,

U 8.!! same as 2.3a. -k6 k6

l.S K= [-! -:0 ~ -~ 1

2.6 d2x= 0.4746· in

2.8 db = 0, da == '3 in., dk == 7 in.~ titx = 11 in.

2.10 d'bl = 0.01 m, ~~) = -/~) = -20 N

1.12 d'bl = 0.125 m, d3x = 0.25 m, tAx = 0.125 m

1.13 d'bl = -0.25 m, dll: == -0.7S m

2.14 dk = 0.001 m. .ii2 = 7~) = -0.5 kN

1.15 d'bl = 1/3 in., d1x =-1/3 in.

2.17 x == 2.0 in. i

2.18 x = 0.707 in. -, 7C,..",. = -235.1 in-Ib

2.1' Same as 2.10

3.2 d2x = -0.595 X 10-4 m, d3x = -1.19 x'IO- m, Fix = 5 leN 4

Ji~} = -.Ii!} = 5 kN. f;;) = -A;) = S kN

Fix = .667 lb. F4x = 5333 lb

35 d2x =0.003 in.; d3:t. = 0.009 in., Fb = -15000 Ib

3.8 dlx = -0.250 mm, d'jx:::: - 1.678 mm, FIx =20 kN

3.12 tW()-element sol11tion, al x = -0.686 x 10-3 in.

3.16 .a. d1x == 0.433 in.. d2x :::: 0.592' in.

422L d " = 1570L

at 1) 574 (C), 0'(2) = 422 (T). 0'(3) = 996 (T)

3.23 dtx = 0.24 in., dl y = 0, 0'(1) 12000 psi

~2y _- 225,000, -53,340..1 _ 210,000

3..30 db 1.11 x 10-4 m, dly = -7.55 )( 10-4 m

3.32 db = 0.135)( 10-2 m, d2y = -0.850)( 10-2 m,

3.33 a. db = -3.448)( 10-3 m, dIy = -6.896 x 10-3 m

3.34 t4x = 9.9~ )( 10-3 in., t4y = -2.46 x 10-3 in.

3.3(; dl;x: =0.212 in.

3.4l dSlt:::;; 0.0014 in., dsy = O. ds:; == -0.00042 in.

3.46 d2y = -0.0192 in.) d" = -0.0168 in.

0-<4) = 0.260~, a(S} -0.573~, 0-<6) = 0.458~

3.se d2y = -0.00283 in.

3wL wL2 7wL . -wL2

wL3 9wL 7wL2 llwL

4.20 "'I = -0.0032 fad, d2y = -0.0115 m, ¢3 0.0032 rad

4.21 d2y = -2.514 in., (h -0.00698 rad, ~3 0.0279 rad

Fly = -20.5 kip, = - 7t'.67 k-ft, Fly:::: 60.5 kip

4.30 d max = -0.087 m at C

4,47 k = EI J:!BJT[Bldx+k/ J:lN]T!N]dX

F2,x = -1.31 kip, Fly 5.86 kip, M'J. = -260 k~in.

5.5 d2,x = 0.05618 in.; thy = -0.1792 in., ;2 = -0.00965 rad

A;) = 22.95 kip, m~2) = -2171 k-in.

5.6 dzx == -0.000269 in., d"l:y == -0.0363 in., th = -0.00347 r;ld

" . Fb: = 28.65 kip, Fly = 37.24 kip, Ml == 491.3 k·in.

5.7 dzx"; 0.4308 X 10-4 m, d2y = -0.9067 X 10-4 m,

5.10 d2y = -0.1423 x ltr-2 m, ~ = -0.5917 x 10-3 rad

S.12 dtx = -0.2143 m, d ly :: -0.250 m, ;\ = 0.0893 rad, d2x = -0.2143 m,

d3x = -1.76 X 10-2 m, "3 = -2.49 X 10- 3 rad

5.18 d],x = ~y = -0.01 X 10-3 ID, tP2 = 1.766 X 10-4 rad

5.31 d2J1= -1.58 X 10-2 in.

55l dip = -0.690 X 10-2 m

5.58 d2y = 0.491 in., d3; 0.837 in.

6.1 Use Eq. (6.2.10) in Eq. (6.2.18) to show Ni + Nj + Nm = 1.

25.0 0 -12.5 6.25 -12.5 -6.25

h. Ur = 0, U, = 42.0 MFa,. Txy = 33.6 MPa

tTl -4.19 ksi, = -55.8 ksi, (Jp = -27.2°

c. tT" = -30 ksi, O'y = -90 ksi) r:x:y = -21lcsi