Applied Design Codes On International Long-Span Bridge Projects in Asia
Applied Design Codes On International Long-Span Bridge Projects in Asia
Applied Design Codes On International Long-Span Bridge Projects in Asia
ISBN: 978-984-33-1893-0
Amin, Okui, Bhuiyan (eds.) www.iabse-bd.org
ABSTRACT: Application state of design codes being utilized for international long-span bridge design pro-
jects in Asian region, in cooperation with Japanese consultant firms, is to be introduced in order to clarify
several issues directly impacting on design methodology. Additionally noteworthy considerations are also to
be described to resolve such the issues so that rational and compatible design thoughts will be applied to such
the mega-strictures.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground
Recently, the economic power including the improvement of infrastructures in most of Asian developing
countries has remarkably developed. Current the worldwide finance crisis certainly influences their economic
growth; nevertheless, the potential capabilities for further development still would not decline. Although in
former days, most of such the developing countries entirely depended upon financial and technical aids from
major advanced countries for international long-span bridge construction projects (“the Projects”), current
several the Projects, particularly in Korea and China, are being executed by their own engineered technical
accumulation based upon their national budgets; however, for the technical field relevant to steel and compos-
ite structures, most of such the developing countries have still few accumulations of related studies and engi-
neered technical experiences; the design codes or technical specifications have not been compiled compre-
hensively. Accordingly, multiple the design codes compiled in different countries are being collectively
applied to the Projects; hence, various technical irrationalities between engineered considerations and funda-
mental design concepts would occur in several significant the Project. Therefore, the bridge engineers cannot
but rationally apply multiple the design codes evaluating each design concept and methodology based upon
their accurate engineered considerations.
In this report, several bridge types and application of the design codes relevant to steel or composite struc-
tures utilized in such the Projects in cooperation with Japanese consultant firms are to be introduced. Addi-
tionally, noteworthy considerations for the applicability are also to be described in order to clarify several is-
sues of current application of the design codes utilized in such the Projects.
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sign, detail design and construction supervision have been provided. Recent the contract method is not eco-
nomic aids provided by the government of Japan but the direct contract such as design-build contracting
method between Japanese consultant firms and Korean relevant organizations.
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appropriately. AASHTO LRFD specifies the limited compressive strength and the required size of such the
stiffeners based upon those of infinite length; hence, applying the methodology to the finite compressed stiff-
eners would not be rational. Therefore, the compressed flanges and webs were verified based upon FHWA-
80-205, in which ultimate strength are schematised on the basis of experimental or analysed results ap-
proached from various specimens of columns.
For horizontal stiffeners on girders, the minimum thickness of base plates requisite for installing the hori-
zontal stiffeners is specified to be determined by the ratio of the thickness and the height of the base plates:
D/tw<150; meanwhile, the ascension of the strength caused by the reinforcement utilizing such the horizontal
stiffeners is not considered. Accordingly, the steel girders designed by AASHTO LRFD, on which the hori-
zontal stiffeners are installed, would become irrational structures because spacing of vertical stiffeners would
be obviously narrower in comparison with a design case utilizing KBDC. Nevertheless, the reduction of the
ultimate shear strength based upon the parameterised stiffness of the vertical stiffeners is required in the case
of applying the thin web plate given by using the foregoing equation such as D/tw>150. Moreover, double
layer installation of the horizontal stiffeners is not specifically allowed.
As mentioned above, various methodological irrationalities between bridge engineer’s demands and design
methodology would occur in the detail design stage because of differences of design concepts. Therefore, the
bridge engineers must design rationally apply multiple the design codes evaluating each the design concept
and methodology based upon their accurate engineered considerations and demands.
Figure 2: General Drawing of Guizhou Balinghe Bridge, Prepared by CCCC Highway Consultants Co.,LTD.
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2.2.3 Independent Check on the Design Stage
The independent check, the verified items of which are enumerated as follows, utilizing the Japanese design
codes, was performed in order to confirm appropriate validity and structural safety for the design stage per-
formed by Chinese consultant firms. In this subsection, several verification results such as the trussed chords
and the suspender cables as a part of the cable system are to be introduced.
i) Confirmation of deformation and safety under static loads such as dead, live, wind loads and thermal ef-
fects.
ii) Safety check during construction stage.
iii) Aerodynamic stability based upon eigenvalue analysis
Various design codes utilized by both the stages such as the design stage and the independent check stage
are enumerated as follows. In the independent check stage, design loads were applied based upon the Chinese
design code and the results of the design stage.
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location of the extracted suspenders and the tensile forces. The tensile forces occurring in the extracted sus-
penders meet the allowable values considering the safety factor of 4.0. In comparison with the load combina-
tion utilizing the Japanese live loads specified in JSHB, generated tensile forces meet the results using Chi-
nese live loads within four present.
UPPER CHORD AXIAL FORCE
kN LOWER CHORD AXIAL FORCE
kN
-12000
-10500
-9000 -12000
-7500 -10500
-6000 -9000
-4500 -7500
-3000 -6000
-1500 -4500
0 -3000
1500 -1500
3000 0
4500 1500
6000 3000
7500 4500
9000 6000
10500 7500
12000 9000
13500 10500
15000 12000
16500 13500
18000 15000
19500 16500
21000 18000
22500 19500
21000
MAX 5092.93 KN D+L+T 22500
MIN -6967.08 KN (D+T+W)/1.5
MAX 6859.19 KN D+L+T
RESISTING AXIAL FORCE
MIN -5186.15 KN (D+T+W)/1.5
RESISTING AXIAL FORCE
The design concepts specified in the Japanese design codes are widely incorporated into the Chinese design
codes although the traffic loads are slightly different from those specified in JSHB.
We will continuously observe the technical development relevant to the design codes compiled in China
comprehensively in the future, and will investigate further developed considerations relevant to the differ-
ences between the Chinese design codes and foreign ones from engineered aspects.
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2.3.2 Binh Bridge
Binh Bridge shown in Figure 5 is located in Haiphon city in Vietnam. This project was the first project fi-
nanced by the special yen loan granted in December 1998. The bridge consists of 17-span continuous steel
and pre-cast RC slab composite girders, the three centre spans of which are cable-stayed types. In the design
stage, the specifications of the bridge were determined by applying the Finnish design codes in accordance
with Vietnamese road specifications; however, the Japanese special yen loan was realized after the design
stage; several material and structural specifications have been modified based upon the Japanese design
codes.
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2.4 Application of Design Codes in Oceania
Recent the Projects in Oceania in technical cooperation with Japanese consultant firms have been executed
based upon the special Japanese yen loan granted in ODA. Because the aided countries are almost island
countries on the Pacific Ocean, steel or composite bridges, which would be weak against corrosions, have
been avoided to be constructed by Japanese consulting firms and relevant organizations.
Therefore, an example of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (“PNG”) where a lot of steel bridges
aided by Australia and Japan is to be introduced in this subsection. The example is the urgent rehabilitation
project of Markham Bridge shown in Figure 7. The bridge is the longest steel girder one in PNG, the super-
structure of which consists of 3x5-span continuous steel girders erected by the financial aid of Australia in
1973. The major purposes of the project relevant to steel and composite structures were evaluation of proof
strength of the superstructure under increased traffic loads.
The PNG’s design codes relevant to steel and composite structures are not compiled by themselves; they
have just only the seismic design standards and the flood estimation manual, both of which were compiled in
technical cooperation with New Zealander and Australian firms respectively. The major design codes, utilised
for this rehabilitation project, are enumerated as follows.
3 CONCLUSION
In this report, several bridge types and application of the design codes relevant to steel or composite struc-
tures utilized in international long-span bridge construction projects executed in Asian region in cooperation
with Japanese consultant firms are introduced. Additionally, noteworthy considerations for the applicability
are also described.
In immediate future, the design concepts of steel or composite structures specified in the Japanese design
codes will be revised in order to apply load factor design method; consequently, the actual results of the Pro-
ject applying new revised the Japanese design codes will be increased although AASHTO LRFD or Euro
Code based upon such the design methodology have been applied until now to several the Projects even exe-
cuted by Japanese financial aids.
However, most of the developing countries have still few accumulations of related studies and engineered
technical experiences; the design codes or technical specifications have not been improved or compiled com-
prehensively. Accordingly, multiple the design codes compiled in different countries are being collectively
applied to the Projects; hence, various technical irrationalities between engineered considerations and funda-
mental design concepts would occur in several significant the Project. Therefore, the bridge engineers cannot
but rationally apply multiple the design codes evaluating each the design concept and methodology based
upon their accurate engineered considerations.
Consequently, the development of the unified design code such as the Asia Code, which should be com-
piled to be incorporated with various studies and engineered technical experiences accumulated in various the
major design codes, is extremely informative for the bridge engineers being involved with such the Projects.
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Matsuno et al (2006). Construction Report for “Binh Bridge” in Vietnam (Written in Japanese). Ishikawajima-Harima engineering
review, 46(1), 6-23.
Ohga, M., Takaue, A. (2001). Effects of initial imperfections on nonlinear behaviors of thin-walled members. International Journal
of Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 11(5), 519-534
Shin et al. (2008). Cable Stayed Bridge Design of Incheon Bridge in Republic of korea (Written in Japanese). Bridge and Founda-
tion Engineering, 2008.2, 20-26.
Tamura, A., Miura, K. and NAKAMURA, H. (2005). Position and Role of Consultant in Design Built (Written in Japanese).
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