Anti Lock Braking Abs - Danny

MECHATRONICS IN
AUTOMOBILES
Daniel David George

PG 2 (Mechanical)
Roll no : 206
TKMCE
Anti Lock Braking System(ABS)
Locking is a situation in which, while hard
braking one or many of the wheels seize to rotate
forcing the vehicle to skid off the track.
ABS is a mechatronic system where
mechanical, braking and hydraulic system and the
electronic sensor system work in tandem to
prevent wheel locking.
An ABS system consist of the following
components:
1)Tandem Cylinder
2)Wheel sensor
3)ABS modulator
4)Hydraulic system(accumulators and pumps)
Main components of an ABS
General points about ABS
It has a diagonal split for the tandem cylinder.
Brakes of front right and rear left are controlled by
one part of the tandem cylinder and vice-versa.
The wheel sensors work on the basis of Hall

Principle. Here the sensors produce an electric
current rather than a voltage
ABS is not active below 7 km/hr. At lower speed

only normal braking is available.
During ABS operation the brake fluid returns to the

master cylinder and the driver will feel pulsations at
the brake pedal which help to indicate that ABS is in
operation.
Working of ABS
Depressing the brake pedal operates the brakes in the normal way. If the
wheel sensor senses that the front right wheel is about to lock, the computer will
start up the modulator pump and close the inlet valve C4. This prevents any
further pressure from reaching the right front brake. This is known as the
‘pressure retention phase’.
If the wheel locks up, the computer will register the fact and send a signal
that will open the outlet valve D4 so that pressure is released. This will result in
some rotation of the right front wheel. This is known as the ‘pressure reduction
phase’.
If the sensors indicate that the wheel is accelerating, the computer will
signal the outlet valve D4 to close and the inlet valve C4 to open and further
hydraulic pressure will be applied. This is known as the ‘pressure increase
phase’.
These three phases of ABS braking, i.e. pressure retention, pressure release
and pressure increase, will continue until the threat of wheel lock has ceased or
until the brake pedal is released.
Schematic of an ABS
Vehicle behavior with ABS on and off
Traction Control
The differential gear in the
driving axles of a vehicle
permits the wheel on the
inside of a corner to rotate
more slowly than the wheel
on the outside of the corner.
For example, when the
vehicle is turning sharply to
the right, the right hand
wheel of the driving axle
will rotate very slowly and
the wheel on the left-hand
side of the same axle will
rotate faster.
What is loss of traction?
If for some reason one driving
wheel is on a slippery surface when an
attempt is made to drive the vehicle away,
this wheel will spin whilst the wheel on the
other side of the axle will stand still. This will
prevent the vehicle from moving. The loss of
traction (propelling force) arises from the
fact that the differential gear only permits
transmission of torque equal to that on the
weakest side of the axle. It takes very little
torque to make a wheel spin on a slippery
surface, so the small amount of torque that
does reach the non-spinning wheel is not
enough to cause the vehicle to move.
Working of traction control
Traction control enables the brake to
be applied to the wheel on the slippery
surface. This prevents the wheel from
spinning and allows the drive to be
transmitted to the other wheel. As soon as
motion is achieved, the brake can be released
and normal driving can be continued.
The ABS system contains most of the
elements necessary for automatic application
of the brakes, but it is necessary to provide
additional valves and other components to
permit individual wheel brakes to be applied.
Apart from the systems seen in
the ABS system, a traction
control system incorporates
additional hydraulic valve,
solenoid valves and bypass
valves.
Video 2
Stability Control
Stability control can be said as a combined
action both ABS and traction control. In this
system it is necessary that the engine management
system and the ABS modulator works in tandem.
Stability control can
assist here by applying
some braking at the rear
of the vehicle, to the
wheel on the inside of
the bend. This produces
a correcting action that
assists in ‘swinging’ the
vehicle, in a smooth
action, back to the
intended direction of
travel.
But if the vehicle undergoes
oversteer, the wheel brakes on
the outside of the turn can be
applied and/or the engine
power reduced, via the
secondary throttle, by the
computer. In order to achieve
the additional actions required
for stability control it is
necessary to equip the vehicle
with additional sensors, such as
a steering wheel angle sensor,
and a lateral acceleration sensor
that has the ability to provide
the control computer with
information about the amount
of understeer or oversteer.
Video 3
Terrain Response System
Normally, damping in a vehicle suspension
system is achieved by forcing the suspension fluid
through a small orifice. But in a terrain response
system, the path through which the vehicle is
travelling can be selected via an on board selector.
By incorporating the signal from this system and
the engine ECM the system calculate the terrain
and adjust the suspension accordingly. The system
can vary the size of the orifice so that the damping
can be varied from stiff for asphalt surface for
better handling and soft for off road conditions
for extreme comfort
Future of Mechatronics
If the previous century belonged to IC
engine vehicles for sustained mobility, the next
century belongs to mechatronics for the development
and fine tuning of newer technologies. Many
unexplored regions are still to be developed so that
the automobile experince can be enhanced.
Some of the new engines like Lotus
Omnivore and Ricardo 2/4 sight are excellent
examples to show the extend upto which
mechatronics can travel in the future. It is indeed a
promising field of mechanical engineering and we
hope that can break new grounds with the onset of
this new branch of engineering.

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MECHATRONICS IN

Daniel David George

The wheel sensors work on the basis of Hall

ABS is not active below 7 km/hr. At lower speed

During ABS operation the brake fluid returns to the

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