Doering Mydaq Msim Microelectronics PDF

2
2012
c National Technology and Science Press.
All rights reserved. Neither this book, nor any portion of it, may be copied
or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of
the publisher.
Contents
0 Introduction 7
0.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
0.2 Textbook Cross Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0.3 Goals for Student Deliverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0.4 Student Deliverables Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
0.5 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1 Diode Circuits 15
1.1 Ideal Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Temperature Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3 Graphical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4 Series-Connected Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5 Zener Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6 Half-Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7 Another Half-Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.8 Full-Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.9 Peak Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.10 Limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2 Operational Amplifier Circuits 51

2.1 Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2 Inverting Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3 Summing Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4 Noninverting Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5 Difference Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.6 Instrumentation Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.7 Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.8 Differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.9 Precision Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4 CONTENTS
2.10 Schmitt Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

2.11 Squarewave Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Circuits 95

3.1 Logic Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2 Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3 Fixed Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.4 Fixed Bias, PNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5 Voltage-Divider Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.6 Darlington-Pair Emitter Follower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.7 Common-Emitter Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.8 Current Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.9 Differential Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.10 Class B Push-Pull Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.11 Voltage-to-Current Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4 MOSFET Circuits 135

4.1 Voltage-to-Current Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.2 Triode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.3 Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.4 Feedback Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.5 Voltage-Divider Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.6 Common-Source Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.7 Common-Drain Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.8 Logic Inverters: RTL and CMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
A Parts List 167
B LM317 Voltage and Current Sources 171

B.1 Variable Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
B.2 Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
C TL072 Operational Amplifier 177
D Diodes 181
D.1 1N4148 Switching Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
D.2 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
D.3 1N5232B 5.6 V Zener Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
CONTENTS 5
E Transistors 185
E.1 2N2222A NPN BJT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
E.2 2N3904 NPN BJT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
E.3 2N3906 PNP BJT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
E.4 CA3083 NPN BJT Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
E.5 ZVN3306A N-Channel Enhancement MOSFET . . . . . . . . 190
E.6 ZVP3306A P-Channel Enhancement MOSFET . . . . . . . . 192
F Video Links 195

6 CONTENTS
Chapter 0
Introduction
Practical experience remains a critical component of engineering educa-

tion to reinforce fundamental objectives and concepts. Circuit simulators
provide one way for electrical engineering students to gain hands-on ex-
perience with circuit behavior, especially real-time interactive simulators
such as National Instruments (NI) Multisim. However, nothing replaces
hands-on experience with real hardware. A traditional electronics labora-
tory helps students learn how to use instrumentation, take measurements,
and observe circuits in action. However, this experience traditionally oc-
curs only at a specific place and time. Recent advances in computer-based
instrumentation coupled with low-cost USB-based data acquisition devices
such as the NI myDAQ enable student learning to extend beyond the tra-
ditional laboratory setting to a students preferred environment and pace of
learning.
Faculty wishing to incorporate portable instrumentation into their ana-
log electronics courses will find in this text forty end-of-chapter-style prob-
lems covering basic concepts in diodes, operational amplifiers, bipolar junc-
tion transistors (BJTs), and enhancement-mode MOSFETs. Each problem
guides students through a three-way solution process of analysis, simula-
tion, and measurement. Solving a given problem three ways empowers
students to triangulate on the correct result by mutual reinforcement while
simultaneously improving their analytical and laboratory skills. Short video
tutorials integrate closely with the problems to demonstrate relevant soft-
ware and measurement techniques. Pilot tests of the three-way approach
confirm that students who worked to harmonize each part of the their
three-way solution elevated their confidence in their own analytical and
lab skills.
8 CHAPTER 0. INTRODUCTION
Nearly every problem requests at least one common numerical value

for comparison among the three methods. The percent difference between
simulated and analytical results as well as measured-to-analytical and simulated-
to-measurement results indicates the degree to which the student has achieved
a correct solution. Students also begin to develop an appreciation for the
differences that can emerge among the three methods due to analysis ap-
proximations, simulation model mismatch, and temperature effects.
This document is fully hyperlinked for section and figure references,
and all video links are live hyperlinks. Open the PDF version of this docu-
ment to efficiently to access all of the links; clicking a video hyperlink auto-
matically launches the video in a browser. Within the PDF, use ALT+leftarrow
to navigate back to a starting point.
0.1 Resources
• Appendix A details the parts list required to implement all of the cir-
cuits and includes links to component distributors.
• Appendix B describes how to implement a variable voltage source

and two styles of current sources with the LM317 adjustable voltage
regulator. Many of the circuits require a DC voltage other than the
standard ±15V and 5V power supplies offered by the NI myDAQ.
The adjustable voltage source pictured in Figure B.3 on page 173 should
be constructed at the beginning of the term and left in place for sub-
sequent circuits.
• Appendix C provides a pinout diagram and data sheet links for the
Texas Instruments TL072 dual operational amplifier used in many of
the circuits.
• Appendix D provides diagrams for the required diodes and links to

vendor data sheets.
• Appendix E provides pinout diagrams for the required BJT and MOS-
FET transistors and links to vendor data sheets. This appendix also
includes SPICE models and links to video tutorials detailing how to
add several components to the NI Multisim “User Database” that are
not included with version 11.0.
• Appendix F lists all of the available video links.

0.2. TEXTBOOK CROSS REFERENCE 9
0.2 Textbook Cross Reference

Table 1 on the next page provides a cross reference between the forty prob-
lems of this text and corresponding sections in the following textbooks:
• Jaeger, Richard C. and Travis N. Blalock. Microelectronic Circuit De-

sign, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2011, ISBN 978-0-07-338045-2.
• Rashid, Muhammad H. Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and De-

sign, 2nd ed., Cengage Learning, 2011, ISBN 978-0-495-66772-8.
• Razavi, Behzad. Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Wiley, 2008, ISBN

978-0-471-47846-1.
• Sedra, Adel S. and Kenneth C. Smith. Microelectronic Circuits, 6th

ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-532303-0.
0.3 Goals for Student Deliverables

Students should document their work in sufficient detail so that it could
be replicated by others. Present your work on the “Analysis” section as
you would on a standard problem set. Be sure to include a “Given” section
with your own drawing of the circuit diagram, a “Find” section that lists
the requested results for the problem, a detailed solution process, and a
clearly-identified end result. Do all of this work on engineering green paper
or in a lab book or as otherwise required by your instructor.
The “Simulation” section presents your work to set up the circuit simu-
lation in NI Multisim and the simulation results you used to obtain mean-
ingful information. Create a word processing document that contains an
organized set of screenshots with highlights and annotations as well as text
to lead the reader through the screenshots. Include the circuit schematic
and dialog box setup parameters for information not already visible on the
schematic – circle parameters that you entered or changed away from de-
fault values. Also include simulation results, again circling control settings
that you changed and highlighting regions where you obtained informa-
tion. Figure 1 on page 11 illustrates a screenshot from NI Multisim prop-
erly highlighted to indicate control settings that were adjusted away from
default values as well as regions on the screen where measurements were
obtained. Interpret the simulation results by writing them in standard form
Table 1: Problems cross referenced to related sections of popular textbooks.

Problem Jaeger/Blalock Rashid Razavi Sedra/Smith
1.1 – Ideal Diodes 3.11 4.2 3.3 4.1
1.2 – Temperature Sensor 3.5 4.4.3 3.4 4.2
1.3 – Graphical Analysis 3.10 4.5.1 4.3
1.4 – Series-Connected Diodes 3.11 4.2 3.4 4.3.8
1.5 – Zener Regulator 3.12 4.7 3.5.2 4.4
1.6 – Half-Wave Rectifier 3.13 5.2.1 3.5.1 4.5.1
1.7 – Another Half-Wave Rectifier 3.13 5.2.1 3.5.1 4.5.1
1.8 – Full-Wave Rectifier 3.15 5.2.3 3.5.1 4.5.2
1.9 – Peak Rectifier 3.13 5.4 3.5.1 4.5.4
1.10 – Limiter 5.5 3.5.3 4.6.1
2.1 – Comparator 12.9 3.2 8.1 2.1
2.2 – Inverting Amplifier 10.9.1 3.4.2 8.2.2 2.2
2.3 – Summing Amplifier 10.9.5 3.5.6 8.2.4 2.2.4
2.4 – Noninverting Amplifier 10.9.3 3.4.1 8.2.1 2.3
2.5 – Difference Amplifier 10.9.6 3.5.3 2.4
2.6 – Instrumentation Amplifier 12.2 3.5.4 2.4.2
2.7 – Integrator 10.10.7 3.5.1 8.2.3 2.5.2
2.8 – Differentiator 10.10.8 3.5.2 8.2.3 2.5.3
2.9 – Precision Rectifier 12.8 16.2.3 8.3.1 4.5.5
2.10 – Schmitt Trigger 12.9 16.5.2 17.4
2.11 – Squarewave Oscillator 12.9.2 16.6 17.5
3.1 – Logic Inverter 9.10 8.6 4.5 6.2
3.2 – Current Source 15.4 8.7 5.2.1 6.3
3.3 – Fixed Bias 5.11 8.7 5.2.1 6.3
3.4 – Fixed Bias, PNP 5.11 8.7 5.2.5 6.3
3.5 – Voltage-Divider Bias 5.11 8.7 5.2.3 6.3
3.6 – Darlington-Pair Emitter Follower 5.7, 14.3 8.9, 8.12 5.2.3 6.6.6, 7.6.2
3.7 – Common-Emitter Amplifier 14.2 8.8 5.3.1 6.6.3
3.8 – Current Mirror 16.2 9.6.2, 9.6.6 9.2 7.5.2
3.9 – Differential Pair 15.1 9.7 10.2 8.3
3.10 – Class B Push-Pull Amplifier 15.3 11.5, 11.6 13.3-4 11.3-4
3.11 – Voltage-to-Current Converter 3.5.10 13.3 11.3
4.1 – Voltage-to-Current Converter 4.2 7.3 6.2 5.1
4.2 – Triode Operation 4.2 7.3 6.2 5.1
4.3 – Switch 4.2 7.6 6.2 5.3
4.4 – Feedback Bias 4.9 7.7 7.1 5.3, 5.7.3
4.5 – Voltage-Divider Bias 4.9 7.7 7.1 5.3, 5.7.2
4.6 – Common-Source Amplifier 14.2 7.8 7.2 5.8.2
4.7 – Common-Drain Amplifier 14.3 7.9 7.4 5.8.5
4.8 – Logic Inverters: RTL and CMOS 7.2 15.7 15.2 13.2
0.3. GOALS FOR STUDENT DELIVERABLES 11
Figure 1: NI Multisim screenshot showing proper markings to indicate con-

trol settings adjusted away from default values as well as regions where
measurement was obtained.
including units, and write any additional calculations that were necessary
to reach an end result for simulation.
NOTE: Screen shots in Microsoft Word 2010 can be easily captured and
highlighted as follows:
1. Select “Insert” tab and then “Screenshot,”
2. Choose the desired window or select “Screen Clipping” to define an

arbitrary region,
3. Select “Shapes,” and
4. Place circles or boxes to highlight important values.

The “Measurement” section presents your work to set up the physical

circuit and NI ELVISmx signal generators and measurement instruments.
This section also includes your measurement results. Follow the general
guidelines for the “Simulation” section. Your instructor may require a
photo of your breadboard circuit and myDAQ connections along with your
student ID when you work on the problem outside of scheduled class time.
Also include a schematic diagram showing all myDAQ connections.
Finally, the “Summary” section compares the requested numerical re-
sults from each of the three methods. Tabulate three results for each re-
quested numerical quantity (analysis, simulation, and measurement) and
tabulate three percentage differences for each requested numerical quan-
tity:
• Simulation-to-Analysis: [(XS − XA )/XA ] × 100%
• Measurement-to-Analysis: [(XM − XA )/XA ] × 100%
• Measurement-to-Simulation: [(XM − XS )/XS ] × 100%
Consider setting up a spreadsheet template to conveniently tabulate the

measurements and calculate the percentage differences.
0.4. STUDENT DELIVERABLES CHECKLIST 13
0.4 Student Deliverables Checklist

1. Engineering paper or lab book – submit directly to instructor:
(a) Analysis
i. “Given / Find” section including original circuit
ii. Detailed solution
iii. End result clearly identified
(b) Simulation – interpreted results from simulation screen shots
(c) Measurement
i. Circuit schematic with myDAQ connections
ii. Interpreted results
(d) Results comparison table
2. Word processor document – submit electronically to instructor:
(a) Simulation screen shots

i. Circuit schematic
ii. Dialog box parameters with circles around entered or mod-
ified control values
iii. Simulation results marked up to highlight key results
(b) Photo of circuit on breadboard and myDAQ connections (if re-
quired)
(c) Measurement screen shots
i. ELVISmx signal generator instruments with circles around
entered or modified values
ii. ELVISmx measurement instruments marked up to highlight
key results and circles around entered or modified control
values
0.5 Acknowledgements
I gratefully acknowledge contributions from the following individuals:
• Tom Robbins (NTS Press) for his editorial support throughout this
project,
• Erik Luther (National Instruments) for his enthusiastic support of the

NI myDAQ product for engineering education,
• Mark Walters (National Instruments) for his helpful support of the NI

Multisim product, and
• Tina Hudson (Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology) for her thought-

ful suggestions and insights regarding analog electronics.
Ed Doering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Terre Haute, IN 47803
[email protected]
Chapter 1
Diode Circuits
1.1 Ideal Diodes

Consider the diodes in the circuit of Figure 1.1 to be ideal.
Figure 1.1: Circuit for Problem 1.1

16 CHAPTER 1. DIODE CIRCUITS
Analysis
N OTE : A three-way numerical comparison is not required for this problem.
1. Determine the state of each diode (on or off) when the switch is in
position “A.”
2. Repeat when the switch in position “B.”
Use the following circuit components:
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VDD +5 volts
VEE −15 volts
D1 and D2 ideal diode
R1 2.2 kΩ
R2 1.0 kΩ
Simulation with NI Multisim

Use the DIODE VIRTUAL device for the diodes in the circuit of Figure 1.1
on the previous page; use the SPDT device for the switch. Place the VCC
power supply and set its value to +15 V; similarly place VEE and VDD and
set their values according the table in the problem statement.
1. Use interactive simulation to determine the state of each diode (on or

off) when the switch is in position “A.” Use a Simulate → Instruments
→ Measurement Probe to display the current entering the anode of
each diode, and recall that zero or negligible current indicates the
diode is off.
Additional Multisim tips for this problem:
• The triangle designates the anode side of the diode symbol. Think
of the triangle as an arrow that signifies the preferred direction of
current flow.
1.1. IDEAL DIODES 17
NI Multisim video tutorials:
• Find commonly-used circuit components:

http://youtu.be/G6ZJ8C0ja9Q
• Find components by name:

http://youtu.be/5wlFweh4n-c
• VCC and VEE power supply voltages:

http://youtu.be/XkZTwKD-WjE
• Measure DC current with a measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/uZ56byigymI
Measurement with NI myDAQ

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.1 on page 15 using two 1N4148 diodes and
resistors with values that match the problem statement. The switch can
simply be a direct connection to either -15V or 5V.
1. Determine the state of each diode (on or off) when the switch is in
position “A.” Use the ELVISmx DMM voltmeter to measure the volt-
age across each diode (red probe on the anode, black probe on the
cathode), and recall that a positive voltage indicates the diode is on.
Additional myDAQ tips for this problem:
• Power the circuit with myDAQ +15V for VCC , -15V for VEE , and 5V
for VDD ; use AGND for circuit ground.
• Use the 1N4148 diode described in Appendix D. Follow the diagram

of Figure D.1 on page 181 to determine the anode and cathode con-
nections; the diode’s cathode marked by a black band corresponds to
the bar on the diode symbol.
NI myDAQ video tutorials:
• DMM voltmeter:
http://decibel.ni.com/content/docs/DOC-12937
Further Exploration with NI myDAQ

Replace the 1N4148 diodes with two light-emitting diodes, or LEDs. Re-
fer to the diagram of Figure D.2 on page 182 to determine the anode and
cathode connections of an LED.
Visually observe the “on” and “off” states of the LEDs for the switch
in each position. Compare your observation to the results of your circuit
based on the 1N4148 diodes.
1.2. TEMPERATURE SENSOR 19
1.2 Temperature Sensor

A diode’s forward voltage drop decreases by approximately 2 mV for each
1◦ C increase in its temperature, assuming constant diode current. The cir-
cuit of Figure 1.2 applies this property as the basis of a simple temperature
sensor. The diodes must be of the same type, ideally from the same lot.
Both diodes are forward-biased using the same resistor value to establish
the same current. Diode Dsensor serves as the temperature sensor while
diode Dref serves as the reference – it is maintained at a constant temper-
ature, with room temperature (25◦ C) being convenient. The difference in
diode drops Vo is consequently proportional to temperature.
Analysis
1. Write an equation for Vo as a function of temperature.
2. Plot Vo as a function of temperature over the range 0◦ C to 100◦ C.
3. Determine Vo at the following temperatures:
(a) Freezing point of water

(b) Room temperature (25◦ C)
(c) Body temperature (98.6◦ F)
(d) Boiling point of water
4. Determine the sensitivity of the temperature sensor output Vo in mil-

livolts per ◦ C.
Component Value
Dsensor and Dref standard p-n junction diodes
R1 and R2 4.7K kΩ
VCC 15 V

Enter the circuit of Figure 1.2 on the previous page using the 1N4148 diode
model. Place the VCC power supply and set its value to +15 V.
1. Set up a Simulate → Analyses → Parameter Sweep to sweep the tem-

perature of diode Dsensor over the range 0◦ C to 100◦ C with a 1◦ C in-
crement. Select “DC Operating Point” for the “Analysis to sweep”
option. Plot Vo as the difference of the two diode voltages.
2. Take cursor measurements to determine Vo at the four temperatures

listed in the problem statement.

livolts per ◦ C.
• Do not use the “Temperature Sweep” analysis because this sweeps

the temperature of every device in the circuit.
• Name the nets connected to the diode anodes to make them easy to
find in the “Parameter Sweep” dialog box. Alternatively, connect a
Simulate → Instruments → Measurement Probe to each anode.
1.2. TEMPERATURE SENSOR 21
• Click “Add Expression” in the “Output” tab to form an expression

that is the difference of the two diode voltages.

• Waveform cursor measurements with the two-channel oscilloscope:

http://youtu.be/snBRFq1Y1q4
• Display and change net names:

http://youtu.be/0iZ-ph9pJjE
• Vary the temperature of one component with a Parameter Sweep:

http://youtu.be/OfXXPmpdlEU

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.2 on page 19 using two 1N4148 diodes.
Connect AI0+ to the positive terminal of Vo and connect AI0- to the negative
terminal of Vo . Use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to monitor the value of Vo
using the RMS indicator under the main display. Set the “Volts/Div” scale
to its most sensitive value (10 mV) and ensure that Channel 1 is disabled.
1. Allow both diodes to reach the same temperature, i.e., Tsensor = Tref .
Measure and record the voltage offset as Voffset ; subtract this offset
voltage from your subsequent measurements.
2. Heat the sensor diode by squeezing it between your fingers. Wait for
the voltage to stabilize, subtract Voffset , and then record this value as
the “body temperature” voltage. You may also blow through a straw
to direct warm air at the sensor diode.
3. If available, wrap crushed ice in a thin plastic bag and use it to chill
the sensor diode. Again, wait for the voltage to stabilize, subtract
Voffset , and then record its value as the “freezing point of water” volt-
age.

livolts per ◦ C.


• Oscilloscope:
1.3 Graphical Analysis

The diode in the circuit of Figure 1.3 is forward-biased and modelled by the
simplified Shockley equation ID = IS eVD /nVT where IS is the scale current,
n is the ideality factor, and VT is the thermal voltage.
Analysis
1. Plot the diode current-voltage characteristic over the domain 0.0 ≤
VD ≤ 1.0 V and range 0.0 ≤ ID ≤ 10.0 mA using a tool such as
LabVIEW MathScript or MATLAB. Use a voltage step size of 0.01 V
and calculate values only out to VD =0.8 V. Use the axis function to
set the indicated plot axis limits; in MathScript simply double-click
the upper axis limit of the plot and type in the required value.
1.3. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 23
2. Determine the diode current ID for the diode voltage VD = 0.60 volts.
3. Determine the Thévenin equivalent of the circuit connected to the

diode, and then use this information to draw the load line on the plot
you created in the previous step.
4. Determine the diode’s Q-point, i.e., its operating point IDQ and VDQ
at the intersection of the diode characteristic and the load line.
Component Value
VS 1.70 V
diode IS = 9.076 nA, n=2, and VT =25.84 mV
R1 330 Ω
R2 470 Ω
1. Plot the current-voltage characteristic of the 1N4148 diode model

over the domain 0.0 ≤ VD ≤ 1.0 V and range 0.0 ≤ ID ≤ 10.0 mA
using a Simulate → Analyses → DC Sweep with a 0.01 V step. Limit
the sweep voltage itself to 0.8 V, and then double-click the upper axis
limit for both current and voltage to set the required values.
Connect a DC voltage source directly to the diode to establish the

voltage VD . Plot the expression -I(V1), i.e., the voltage source cur-
rent that is the same as the diode current except for direction.
2. Connect the remaining circuit of Figure 1.3 on the facing page to the
diode and run a DC operating point analysis to determine the diode’s
Q-point IDQ and VDQ .


• Find node voltages with DC Operating Point analysis:

http://youtu.be/gXBCqP17AZs
• Plot DC circuit response with DC Sweep:

http://youtu.be/vcYuCt9QjdI

1. Download and open the LabVIEW VI Diode Curve Tracer.vi
available at https://decibel.ni.com/content/docs/DOC-20392.
Construct the circuit shown in the “Connection Diagram” tab; you
will need an op amp such as the TI TL072 (see Appendix C) or sim-
ilar dual-supply device and a 100-ohm resistor. Refer to the “Help”
tab for basic instructions and the “Plotting Tips” tab to learn how to
work with the finished plot.
Plot the current-voltage characteristic of the 1N4148 diode over the
domain 0.0 ≤ VD ≤ 1.0 V and range 0.0 ≤ ID ≤ 10.0 mA using a
0.01 V step. Limit the sweep voltage itself to 0.8 V, and then double-
click the upper axis limit for both current and voltage to set the re-
quired values.
2. Connect the remaining circuit of Figure 1.3 on page 22 to the diode.

Use the variable voltage source of Figure B.2 on page 172 adjusted to
the value of VS stated in the problem statement. Use the NI myDAQ
multimeter to measure the diode’s Q-point IDQ and VDQ .

1.3. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 25
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:

Measure the diode operating point with as many 1N4148 diodes as you can
find; ask to borrow some from a friend to get even more samples. Calculate
the mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of your measurements, with CV
defined as the standard deviation divided by the mean expressed as a per-
centage. Discuss the amount of variation you observed, a measure of what
semiconductor engineers call process variation.
1.4 Series-Connected Diodes

Battery-powered appliances often require multiple power supply voltages
for their various subsystems. Many digital integrated circuits require 3.3 V
supplies, for example, yet other analog circuits such as audio amplifiers
normally require higher voltages. The circuit of Figure 1.4 shows a 6 V DC
battery (which can be created by four standard 1.5 V batteries connected in
series) and four series-connected diodes that provide a reduced voltage to
power the digital integrated circuits that must operate as close to 3.3 V as
possible.
Analysis
1. Determine the actual power supply voltage Vdig for three scenarios of
digital device operation:
(a) Moderate current required, Idig = 10 mA,

(b) Low current required, Idig = 1 mA, and
(c) No current required.
2. Determine the percentage difference of each of the three power sup-

ply voltages from the nominal 3.3 V voltage expected by the digital
device.
1.4. SERIES-CONNECTED DIODES 27
Component Value
D1 – D4 0.7 volt forward-biased voltage drop, ideal diode otherwise
Vbatt 6.0 V

Enter the circuit of Figure 1.4 on the facing page using the 1N4148 diode
model. Use a resistor Rdig to model the digital device.
(a) Moderate current required, Rdig = 330 Ω,

(b) Low current required, Rdig = 3.3 kΩ,
(c) No current required, Rdig = open circuit.
Note that these resistor values approximate the device current values
used in the problem statement.

device.
• Use a voltage probe or multimeter to measure the voltage Vdig .
• Completely remove the resistor for the “no current required” mea-
surement.
• Measure DC node voltage with a measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/svNGHA2-uK4
• Set the digits of precision of a measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/GRO60XLgzHg

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.4 on page 26 using 1N4148 diodes. Create
the battery voltage source Vbatt with the LM317 variable voltage circuit of
Figure B.2 on page 172. Use the ELVISmx Digital Multimeter (DMM) to
measure Vbatt and adjust the variable source to set the voltage as close as
possible to the required battery voltage listed in the problem statement.
(a) Moderate current required, Rdig = 330 Ω,

(b) Low current required, Rdig = 3.3 kΩ,
(c) No current required, Rdig = open circuit.
Note that these resistor values approximate the device current values
used in the problem statement.

device.

• DMM voltmeter:

Recall the voltage divider circuit that you studied in your linear circuits
course. A two-resistor voltage divider can be designed to produce 3.3 V
from the 6.0 V battery, as well. Explore how well this technique works
compared to the series-connected diodes approach.
1.4. SERIES-CONNECTED DIODES 29
Create a two-resistor voltage divider from a 10 kΩ potentiometer: con-

nect the outer potentiometer terminals across the “battery” and use the cen-
ter terminal (movable stylus) as Vdig . Adjust the stylus to set Vdig to 3.3 V
under open-circuit conditions.
Evaluate the performance of the voltage divider under the same three
conditions of moderate, low, and no current. Compare and contrast the
voltage-divider method and the series-connected diodes method as two
possible ways to create a power supply for the digital circuit.
1.5 Zener Regulator

A voltage regulator seeks to maintain a constant voltage at a load regard-
less of changes in the load resistance. For example, the “load” could be a
microprocessor-based system that requires a constant supply voltage even
as its demand for current varies with processing activity.
The zener-diode regulator of Figure 1.5 offers a simple way to maintain
the load voltage VL at the same value as the reverse breakdown voltage of
the zener diode, provided that the load resistance RL remains sufficiently
high. The voltage source VS and resistor RS model the Thévenin resistance
of a circuit that has converted a high-voltage source such as the 120-VAC
mains power to an intermediate DC voltage source.
Analysis
1. Determine the load voltage VL for RL equal to:
(a) Open circuit,

(b) 10 kΩ,
(c) 1 kΩ, and
(d) 100 Ω.
2. Determine the minimum value of RL for which VL remains within

10% of the zener voltage VZ .
1.5. ZENER REGULATOR 31
Component Value
D ideal zener diode with reverse breakdown voltage VZ = 5.6 volts
RS R = 1 kΩ
VS 15 V

Enter the circuit of Figure 1.5 on the facing page using the ZENER VIRTUAL
zener diode model. Double-click the diode symbol and set the “breakdown
voltage” parameter to match VZ stated in the problem statement. Use a
POTENTIOMETER (variable resistor) as the load RL .
1. Use interactive simulation and a Simulate → Instruments → Mea-

surement Probe to measure the load voltage VL for RL equal to:
(a) Open circuit (disconnect the potentiometer),

(b) 10 kΩ,
(c) 1 kΩ, and
(d) 100 Ω.
2. Determine the minimum value of RL for which VL remains within

10% of the zener voltage VZ . Reduce the step size of the potentiometer
to allow the finer control of the resistance in the critical region.
• Connect to the middle terminal and one end terminal of the poten-
tiometer.
• Double-click the potentiometer and change the “Increment” field to

1% or smaller to gain finer control of its resistance.
• Change the potentiometer value either by moving the slider under

the percent indicator or by pressing “A” (increment) or “Shift+A”
(decrement).
• Place and operate linear potentiometer:

http://youtu.be/oazwGLzWvhs

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.5 on page 30 using the 1N5232B 5.6-volt
zener diode. Use 15V and AGND to establish the DC supply.
1. Monitor the load voltage VL with the ELVISmx DMM voltmeter to

measure VL for RL equal to:
(a) Open circuit,

(b) 10 kΩ,
(c) 1 kΩ, and
(d) 100 Ω.
2. Replace the load RL with a 1K potentiometer, and adjust the poten-

tiometer to determine the minimum value of RL for which VL remains
within 10% of the zener voltage VZ .
• Use the 1N5232B diode described in Appendix D. Follow the diagram

• DMM voltmeter:

Investigate the current-voltage characteristic curve for the zener diode us-
ing the same technique described in Problem 1.3 on page 22. Be sure to
extend the horizontal voltage range to include the 5.6-volt breakdown volt-
age.
Discuss your results, in particular the ways in which the zener diode is
similar to and different from a conventional diode.
1.6. HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER 33
1.6 Half-Wave Rectifier

Figure 1.6 shows a diode half-wave rectifier connected to a load resistance.
Analysis
1. Plot two periods of vi (t) and vo (t) for each of the three input wave-
forms shown in Figure 1.7 on page 37.
2. Determine the following numerical descriptors for each type of wave-
form output vo (t):
(a) Peak value, and
(b) Effective DC value, also known as RMS value. N OTE : These
calculations are challenging for the sine wave and triangle wave
and are therefore optional.
3. Determine the typical forward-biased diode voltage drop at the peak
output voltage.
Component Value
D 0.7 volt forward-biased voltage drop, ideal diode otherwise
R 10 kΩ
vi (t) VM = 4 V, 100 Hz frequency (T = 0.01 ms)
Enter the circuit of Figure 1.6 on the previous page using the 1N4148 diode
model. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator and Sim-
ulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope instruments. Use a Simulate → In-
struments → Measurement Probe configured to display RMS voltage to
measure the effective DC value of the output vo (t).

form output vo (t):
(a) Peak value (use a cursor measurement), and
(b) Effective DC value, also known as RMS value.

output voltage.
• Set distinct colors for the waveform traces to easily distinguish the
input and output waveforms.
• Refer to the tutorial videos below to learn how to take cursor mea-
surements from the oscilloscope.

• Measure RMS and average value with a measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/OnK-Unld17E
• Basic operation of the two-channel oscilloscope:

http://youtu.be/qnRK6QyqjvQ
• Find the maximum value of a trace in Grapher View:

http://youtu.be/MzYK60mfh2Y

• Distinguish oscilloscope traces by color:

http://youtu.be/bICbjggcTiQ

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.6 on page 33 using a 1N4148 diode. Use the
ELVISmx Function Generator to create vi (t) and the ELVISmx Oscilloscope
to display both vi (t) and vo (t).
form output vo (t):
(b) Effective DC value, also known as RMS value; read this value in
the measurements display area under the waveform display.
output voltage.
• Function Generator (FGEN):

• Oscilloscope:

Replace the 1N4148 diode with a light-emitting diode, or LED. Follow the
diagram of Figure D.2 on page 182 to determine the anode and cathode
connections. You may need to darken the room lights or shade the LED
with your hand.
1. How does the waveform for vo (t) compare to your earlier results with
the 1N4148 diode? By how many times does the forward-bias voltage
drop increase?
2. Experiment with the three different waveform shapes while the func-
tion generator remains set to 100 Hz, paying particular attention to
the brightness of the LED. Discuss your observations of waveform
shape and brightness and relate these observations to your measured
effective DC values for each waveform shape.
3. Reduce the function generator frequency, and experiment with values

as low at 0.2 Hz (one cycle every five seconds). Discuss the behavior
of the LED optical intensity for each of the three waveform shapes
when the function generator frequency is 1 Hz or less.
4. At what function generator frequency does the flashing LED begin to

appear as a constant intensity?
Figure 1.7: Input waveforms for Problem 1.6 on page 33, Problem 1.8 on
page 39, and Problem 2.9 on page 83
1.7 Another Half-Wave Rectifier

Consider the diode half-wave rectifier circuit of Figure 1.6 on page 33. Re-
verse the diode polarity and work Problem 1.6 on page 33 again with VM
increased to 5 volts, and interpret all references to “peak value” as peak
absolute value.

connections. You may need to darken the room lights or shade the LED
with your hand.
Set the function generator to sinewave mode and observe vi (t) and vo (t)
with the oscilloscope as you connect a 1 kΩ resistor in parallel with the
existing resistor, and then discuss the following points:
1. How does the parallel resistor affect the combined load seen by the
diode?
2. What happens to the LED intensity? What does this suggest about
the new diode current?
3. Observe the “clipped” input waveform vi (t), a consequence of the

limited current available on the myDAQ analog output AO. Based on
your oscilloscope measurement, describe a method to calculate the
maximum possible current that the myDAQ can supply on the analog
output.
1.8. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER 39
1.8 Full-Wave Rectifier

Figure 1.8 shows a diode full-wave rectifier connected to a load resistance.
Analysis
1. Copy the circuit of Figure 1.8 and sketch the flow of positive current
throughout the entire circuit for vi > 0. Repeat for vi < 0.

form output vo (t):
(a) Peak value, and

(b) Effective DC value, also known as RMS value. N OTE : These
calculations are challenging for the sine wave and triangle wave
and are therefore optional.

output voltage.
Component Value
D1 –D4 0.7 volt forward-biased voltage drop, ideal diode otherwise
R 2.2 kΩ
Enter the circuit of Figure 1.8 on the preceding page using the 1N4148
diode model. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator and
Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope instruments. Use a Simulate →
Instruments → Measurement Probe configured to display RMS voltage to
measure the effective DC value of the output vo (t).

form output vo (t):


output voltage.
• Remember that the voltage probe reports its voltage measurements

with respect to ground. Because the load resistor is ungrounded, con-
nect one probe to the positive terminal of vo and another probe to the
associated negative terminal, and then reference the positive probe to
the negative probe.
1.8. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER 41






• Measure DC voltage with a referenced measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/xKEQ3EXEaP8

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.8 on page 39 using a 1N4148 diode. Use the
ELVISmx Function Generator to create vi (t) and the ELVISmx Oscilloscope
to display both vi (t) and vo (t).

form output vo (t):


output voltage.


• Place the diodes to physically match their positions in the schematic

diagram.

• Oscilloscope:

Replace the 1N4148 diodes with light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Refer to the
connections of an LED. Place the diodes to physically match their positions
in the schematic diagram for best results.
the 1N4148 diode? By how many times does the forward-bias voltage
drop increase?
2. Experiment with the three different waveform shapes while the func-
the brightness of the LEDs. Discuss your observations of waveform

4. At what function generator frequency do the flashing LEDs begin to

1.9. PEAK RECTIFIER 43
1.9 Peak Rectifier

Figure 1.9 shows a peak rectifier, also known as a peak detector, a circuit whose
output tracks the most-recent maximum value of the input signal.
Analysis
1. Plot the input and output voltage waveforms vi (t) and vo (t) as well
as the capacitor current iC (t) for the input waveform shown in Fig-
ure 1.10 on the next page. Assume the capacitor is initially discharged.
2. Determine the following numerical descriptors for vo (t) and iC (t):
(a) Voltage values of vo (t) at times t =250, 650, and 950 ms.
(b) Peak capacitor current.
3. Discuss the relationship between the plots of the capacitor current

iC (t) and the output voltage vo (t).
Component Value
C 1.0 µF
Figure 1.10: Input waveform for Problem 1.9 on the preceding page

diode model. Use the PIECEWISE LINEAR VOLTAGE source to create the
input waveform pictured in Figure 1.10.
1. Set up a Simulate → Analyses → Transient analysis to plot the input

and output voltage waveforms vi (t) and vo (t).
2. Set up a second transient analysis to plot the input voltage waveform
and the capacitor current iC (t); use a second axis on the right side of
the plot for current.
1.9. PEAK RECTIFIER 45
• Piecewise linear (PWL) voltage source:

http://youtu.be/YYU5WuyebD0
• Plot time-domain circuit response with Transient Analysis:

http://youtu.be/waKnad_EXkc
• Plot second variable on its own axis in Grapher View:

http://youtu.be/rULFKRTphcI

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.9 on page 43 using a 1N4148 diode and an
electrolytic capacitor; be sure to observe proper polarity for the capacitor.
Use the ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator to create vi (t) and the
ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display both vi (t) and vo (t).
1. Use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display vi (t) on AI0 and vo (t) on

AI1. Carefully follow this procedure to achieve a stable and correct
display:
(a) Select “Edge” triggering and trigger on the input waveform (Chan-
nel 0), use falling-edge (negative edge) triggering, set the trigger
level to 0.5 volts, and move the horizontal position to the far
right (100%),
(b) Set both the oscilloscope and arbitrary waveform generator to
“Run Once” acquisition mode,
(c) Temporarily short the capacitor with a wire to reset its voltage
to zero, and
(d) Click “Run” on the oscilloscope and then “Run” on the arbitrary
waveform generator as quickly as possible thereafter.
2. Insert a 1 kΩ shunt resistor in series with the capacitor. Continue to

display vi (t) on AO0 and then display the voltage across the shunt
on AO1; note that the shunt carries the same current as the capacitor,
hence iC (t) is proportional to the shunt resistor voltage waveform.
Repeat the procedure from the previous step to plot capacitor current;
adjust the scale (“Volts/Div” setting) until the current waveform is

clearly visible.

• Remember to divide by the shunt resistor value to read capacitor cur-

rent from the oscilloscope.
• Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB):

• Oscilloscope:
1.10. LIMITER 47
1.10 Limiter
Digital inputs normally include diode limiters to ensure that input signals
that stray beyond the power supply limits do not damage the sensitive
input stages. Figure 1.11 shows such a limiter circuit constructed from a
pair of diodes and a resistor.
Analysis
1. Plot the input and output voltage waveforms vi (t) and vo (t) for a 100-
Hz triangle wave with 5 volts peak amplitude.
2. Determine the following numerical descriptors for vo (t):
(a) Maximum value,

(b) Minimum value, and
(c) Percentage of period in which the input waveform is limited.
Component Value
VDD 3.3 V
D1 , D2 0.7 volt forward-biased voltage drop, ideal diode otherwise
R R = 10 kΩ
diode model. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator to
create the input waveform described earlier and attach the Simulate → In-
struments → Oscilloscope to view the input and output waveforms.
1. Set up a Simulate → Run analysis to plot the input and output voltage
waveforms vi (t) and vo (t).
(a) Maximum value,
1.10. LIMITER 49
• Function generator:
http://youtu.be/CeOl6EzD-_c



• VDD and VSS power supply voltages:

http://youtu.be/XrPVLgYsDdY

Construct the circuit of Figure 1.11 on page 47 using 1N4148 diodes. Use
the variable voltage source of Figure B.2 on page 172 adjusted to the value
of VDD stated in the problem statement. Use the ELVISmx Function Gener-
ator to create vi (t) on AO0 and the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display both
vi (t) and vo (t).
1. Use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display vi (t) on AI0 and vo (t) on

AI1.
(a) Maximum value,



• Oscilloscope:

1. Predict what you would see with the other function generator wave-
forms (sine and square), and then apply them to your circuit.
2. Normally digital inputs have a very high input resistance which is

equivalent to having negligible input current. But is this always the
case, even when the input signal is substantially higher in voltage
than the power supply limit?
Return the function generator to triangle wave output. Move the AI1
channel to monitor the voltage across the resistor, placing AI1+ on the
left side and AI1- on the right side of the resistor. Recognize that this
voltage is proportional to the resistor current, which is the same thing
as digital input current for this circuit. Study this waveform for the
triangle wave input and discuss your findings. What is the maximum
absolute input current?
Chapter 2
Operational Amplifier Circuits
2.1 Comparator
Figure 2.1 on the following page shows a comparator constructed from an
operational amplifier. Note that no feedback path exists from the op amp
output back to any of its inputs, therefore this is an example of an open-loop
circuit. The comparator serves as a basic component of analog-to-digital
converters by comparing the continuous analog signal to a voltage thresh-
old to produce a high-level voltage when the signal exceeds the threshold
and a low-level voltage otherwise. The LED indicator circuit serves the
dual role of showing the output state of the comparator and limiting the
output voltage to a range that can be measured by the NI myDAQ analog
output.
Analysis
N OTE : A three-way numerical comparison is not required for this problem.
1. Let vi (t) be a 5-volt peak triangle wave at 10 Hz. Plot vi (t) and vo (t).
H INTS : Determine the voltage across R1 using properties of ideal
op amps, and account for saturation of the op amp (the TL072 sat-
urates at approximately ±13.5 V, or 1.5 V inside each power supply
rail).
2. Superimpose a 1 kHz sinewave with 1 volt amplitude on the triangle

wave to model unwanted high-frequency noise on the input signal.
Sketch vi (t) and vo (t).
52 CHAPTER 2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
Figure 2.1: Circuit for Problem 2.1 on the previous page
3. Discuss the performance of this comparator for real analog signals

that always have some degree of noise, especially when the compara-
tor output is connected directly to digital circuits.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
LEDs 2 V forward drop
resistors R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 = 1 kΩ

Enter the circuit of Figure 2.1 using the TL072CP op amp model. Place the
VCC and VEE power supplies and set their values to +15 V and −15 V. Use
LED green and LED red for the LEDs.
1. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator to create the

triangle wave input signal described in the problem statement, and
2.1. COMPARATOR 53
use the Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope to plot the input and

output signals vi (t) and vo (t). Use distinct colors for the input and
output traces. Run an interactive simulation to view the input and
output waveforms.
2. Place a second function generator configured to create the sinewave

described in the problem statement, and then connect the two func-
tion generators in series. Plot the input and output signals vi (t) and
vo (t).
• Ground the center terminal of the triangle wave function generator

and leave the “–” terminal unconnected.
• Use the “+” terminal and center terminal of the sinewave function
generator.



1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.1 on the preceding page. Use AO0 to
create vi . Set up the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to create the
triangle waveform described in the problem statement. Use the NI
ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display vi (t) and vo (t).
2. Set up the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) to pro-

duce the triangle waveform and superimposed sinewave:
• Set the sample rate to 200 kS/s.

• Create a single segment of length 100 ms.
• Create two components under this segment, one for the triangle
wave and another for the sine wave. Ensure that “Function” is
set to “+” to add the components together.
• Use the Texas Instruments TL072 op amp described in Appendix C.

Follow the pinout diagram of Figure C.1 on page 178 for either of the
two available op amps in the package. You may also use an equiva-
lent dual-supply op amp.
• Power the op amp with myDAQ +15V for VCC and -15V for VEE ; use
AGND for circuit ground.


• Oscilloscope:

1. Change the sinewave to Gaussian noise (level = 1.00) in the arbitrary
waveform generator to get a more realistic view of high-frequency
random noise.
2. The frequencies used above were selected to easily visualize the sig-
nals on the oscilloscope. Reduce the frequencies to make the com-
parator behavior visible on the LEDs; try reducing the arbitrary wave-
form generator sampling rate to 5.0 kS/s.
2.2. INVERTING AMPLIFIER 55
2.2 Inverting Amplifier

Figure 2.2 illustrates an inverting amplifier constructed from an operational
amplifier. The voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is vo /vi = −R2 /R1 .
Analysis
1. Sketch vi (t) and vo (t) for R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, and with a 2-volt
peak-to-peak triangle wave at 100 Hz as vi (t). What is the maximum
value of vo (t)?
2. The output is to be limited to 6 volts peak. What is the maximum

peak voltage of the input when R1 = 2.2 kΩ and R2 = 47 kΩ?
3. The amplifier of Part (1) is cascaded with the amplifier of Part (2), i.e.,
the output of the first amplifier feeds the input of the second to make
a two-stage amplifier. Sketch the output of the second stage when the
input to the first stage is a 200-mV peak square wave at 100 Hz. What
is the maximum value of vo (t)?
4. Is the two-stage amplifier of Part (3) still an inverting amplifier? Ex-

plain your answer.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts

Enter the circuit of Figure 2.2 on the previous page using the TL072CP op
amp model. Place both “A” and “B” devices (the TL072CP contains two
opamps in a single package), reserving the “B” device for the last part of
the problem. Place the VCC and VEE power supplies and set their values to
+15 V and −15 V.

output signals vi (t) and vo (t) for R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 = 10 kΩ. Use
distinct colors for the input and output traces. Run an interactive sim-
ulation to view the input and output waveforms. Use the oscilloscope
cursor to determine the maximum value of vo (t).
2. The output is to be limited to 6 volts peak when R1 = 2.2 kΩ and

R2 = 47 kΩ. Adjust the maximum peak voltage of the input trian-
gle waveform until the output peak voltage is 6 volts. Report this
maximum peak input voltage.
a two-stage amplifier. Plot the output of the second stage when the
input to the first stage is a 200-mV peak square wave at 100 Hz; use
the same volts-per-division setting on the oscilloscope. Use the oscil-
loscope cursor to determine the maximum value of vo (t).
• Ground the center terminal of the function generator and leave the
“–” terminal unconnected.
2.2. INVERTING AMPLIFIER 57
• Note that connecting the power supplies to pins 8 and 4 of the “A” de-
vice causes “X”s to appear at the same pins on the “B” device because
both devices share the same power supply connections.
• The inverting amplifier is most commonly drawn with the op amp “–

” terminal on top as shown in Figure 2.2 on page 55. However, when
first placed the TL072CP symbol has the “+” terminal on top. While
it is possible to flip the orientation of the symbol (select the device
and type Alt+Y), this causes the power supply pins to flip, as well.
Normally the positive supply is drawn to connect to the top of the op
amp. Use whichever op amp orientation you prefer, but ensure that
the signal connections are correct.
• Place dual op amp second device:

http://youtu.be/-QDFEf-KdEw





1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.2 on page 55 with R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 =
10 kΩ, and establish connections for the function generator and oscil-
loscope as follows:
• Select the “A” device of the TL072 op amp,

• Use the ELVISmx Function Generator on AO0 to create the trian-
gle wave input signal described in the problem statement,
• Use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to plot the input vi (t) on AI0 and
the output vo (t) on AI1; use the same volts-per-division setting
for both channels.
Use the oscilloscope cursor to determine the maximum value of vo (t).
2. The output is to be limited to 6 volts peak when R1 = 2.2 kΩ and R2 =

47 kΩ. Construct this amplifier using the “B” device of the TL072.
Adjust the maximum peak voltage of the input triangle waveform
until the output peak voltage is 6 volts. Report this maximum peak
input voltage.

Follow the pinout diagram of Figure C.1 on page 178 for both of the

• Oscilloscope:
2.3. SUMMING AMPLIFIER 59
2.3 Summing Amplifier

Figure 2.3 shows a three-channel summing amplifier constructed from an op-
erational amplifier. The number of channels may be extended by adding
additional resistors connected to the inverting input of the op amp.
Analysis
1. Derive the general equation for the output voltage vo as a function
of the three input voltages v0 , v1 , and v2 and generic resistor values.
H INT: Apply the superposition circuit analysis method.
2. Suppose the input voltages are binary (two-level) signals, taking only
the values 0 V and Vmax . Tabulate all eight possible values of vo using
the specific resistor values listed below.
3. Plot vo (t) for the input voltages following the binary sequence (v2 v1 v0 )
= 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111 where “0” denotes zero
volts and “1” denotes Vmax .
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
resistors R0 = 10 kΩ, R1 = 4.7 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ, and Rf = 3.3 kΩ
Vmax 3.3 volts

amp model. Place the VCC and VEE power supplies and set their values to
+15 V and −15 V.
1. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Word Generator to create the bi-

nary sequence. Configure the Word Generator as follows:
• Double-click the Word Generator.

• Set “Controls” to “Cycle,” set “Trigger” to “Internal,” set “Fre-
quency” to 100 Hz, and set “Display” to “Binary.”
• Click “Set...”, select “Up counter” as the preset pattern, set the
buffer size to 8, and choose 0 for the initial pattern. Click “Ac-
cept.”
• Right-click the top row and choose “Set Cursor” to position the
cursor at the beginning of the sequence.
2. Place three ABM sources to translate the Word Generator outputs to

the correct voltage ranges as follows:
• Connect wire stubs to the Word Generator outputs 0, 1, and 2.

Name these wires wg0, wg1, and wg2.
• Configure each ABM source value with a math expression of the
form if(v(wgN )>2.5,3.3,0) where N is either 0, 1, or 2.
This expression translates the Word Generator voltage signal to
a voltage that is either 0 V or Vmax .
• Connect the three ABM sources to the inputs to the summing
amplifier.
Next, use the Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope to plot vo (t)

and v0 (t). Use distinct colors for the input and output traces. Run an
interactive simulation to view the input and output waveforms.
2.3. SUMMING AMPLIFIER 61
3. Use the oscilloscope cursor to measure the eight possible values of vo .
• Flip the Word Generator symbol horizontally (select the symbol and
type Alt+X) to make the needed signals emerge from the right side.
• The Word Generator produces a low-level voltage of 0.5 V and a high-

level voltage of 4.5 V; these values cannot be changed. The ABM
sources serve as threshold devices that set their voltages to 0 V when
the Word Generator signal is below the 2.5 V threshold and to 3.3 V
when the Word Generator signal is above the threshold.
• The Word Generator pattern cursor stops when the simulation stops
and continues from this point when the simulator is restarted. To pro-
duce a consistent trace on the oscilloscope for repeated simulations,
right-click the top row of the Word Generator display and choose “Set
Cursor” to position the cursor at the beginning of the sequence.
• Create digital sequences with Word Generator:

http://youtu.be/vp1l-TeRB3s
• ABM (Analog Behavioral Model) voltage source:

http://youtu.be/8pPynWRwhO4




1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.3 on page 59. Drive the inputs from the
digital I/O lines DIO0, DIO1, and DIO2. Monitor the summing am-
plifier output with the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope.
2. Launch and run the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer (DigOut). Click the
line buttons to step through all eight possible combinations of lines 0
to 2 and record the RMS measurement indicator value for each com-
bination.
3. Change “Pattern” from “Manual” to “Ramp (0-15)” to produce the bi-

nary sequence described in the problem statement, and display vo (t).

• Digital Writer (DigOut):

• Oscilloscope:

The summing amplifier of this problem is an example of a digital-to-analog
converter or “D/A.” Display the analog voltage for the other available digi-
tal sequences of the Digital Writer: “Alternating 1/0’s” and “Walking 1’s.”
2.4. NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER 63
2.4 Noninverting Amplifier

Figure 2.4 illustrates a noninverting amplifier constructed from an opera-
tional amplifier. The voltage gain of the noninverting amplifier is vo /vi =
1 + (R2 /R1 ).
Analysis
1. Sketch vi (t) and vo (t) for R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, and with a 2-volt
peak-to-peak triangle wave at 100 Hz as vi (t). What is the maximum
value of vo (t)?
2. The output is to be limited to 6 volts peak. What is the maximum

peak voltage of the input when R1 = 2.2 kΩ and R2 = 47 kΩ?
a two-stage amplifier. Sketch the output of the second stage when the
input to the first stage is a 200-mV peak square wave at 100 Hz. What
is the maximum value of vo (t)?
4. Compare and contrast your results for this problem with those of
Problem 2.2 on page 55.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts

amp model. Place both “A” and “B” devices (the TL072CP contains two
opamps in a single package), reserving the “B” device for the last part of
the problem. Place the VCC and VEE power supplies and set their values to
+15 V and −15 V.

output signals vi (t) and vo (t) for R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 = 10 kΩ. Use
distinct colors for the input and output traces. Run an interactive sim-
ulation to view the input and output waveforms. Use the oscilloscope
cursor to determine the maximum value of vo (t).
2. The output is to be limited to 6 volts peak when R1 = 2.2 kΩ and

R2 = 47 kΩ. Adjust the maximum peak voltage of the input trian-
gle waveform until the output peak voltage is 6 volts. Report this
maximum peak input voltage.
2.4. NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER 65
• Note that connecting the power supplies to pins 8 and 4 of the “A” de-
vice causes “X”s to appear at the same pins on the “B” device because
both devices share the same power supply connections.






1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.4 on page 63 with R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 =
10 kΩ, and establish connections for the function generator and oscil-
loscope as follows:
• Select the “A” device of the TL072 op amp,

• Use the ELVISmx Function Generator on AO0 to create the trian-
gle wave input signal described in the problem statement,
• Use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to plot the input vi (t) on AI0 and
the output vo (t) on AI1; use the same volts-per-division setting
for both channels.
Use the oscilloscope cursor to determine the maximum value of vo (t).
2. The output is to be limited to 6 volts peak when R1 = 2.2 kΩ and R2 =

47 kΩ. Construct this amplifier using the “B” device of the TL072.
Adjust the maximum peak voltage of the input triangle waveform
until the output peak voltage is 6 volts. Report this maximum peak
input voltage.


• Oscilloscope:
2.5. DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER 67
2.5 Difference Amplifier

Figure 2.5 shows a difference amplifier, a circuit that amplifies the difference
between its two input signals.
N OTE : A three-way numerical comparison is not required for this prob-
lem.
Analysis
1. Derive the equation for vo in terms of generic resistor values and the
input voltages v1 and v2 . H INT: Apply the superposition circuit anal-
ysis technique.
2. Derive the equation for vo for the special case of R3 = R1 and R4 =
R2 .
3. Plot vo (t) for the specific inputs and resistor values listed in the table
below.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
R1 = R3 10 kΩ
R2 = R4 100 kΩ
v1 (t) Squarewave, 500 Hz, 0.1 V amplitude, zero DC offset
v2 (t) Sinewave, 100 Hz, 0.5 V amplitude, zero DC offset

Enter the circuit of Figure 2.5 on the preceding page using the TL072CP op
+15 V and −15 V.
1. Use a pair of Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator devices

to create the input signals v1 (t) and v2 (t) described in the problem
statement. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Four Channel Oscillo-
scope to plot the two input signals as well as the output vo (t). Adjust
the oscilloscope “Y position” setting for each channel to create three
non-overlapping traces; use the same “Scale” setting for the two in-
put signals. Use a distinct color for each trace. Run an interactive
simulation to view the signals, and then take cursor measurements to
determine the values of vo (t) at the times t = 2.5, 6.5, and 8.5 ms.
• Basic operation of the four-channel oscilloscope:

http://youtu.be/iUqs_c1Bc4Y


1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.5 on the previous page. Use the NI ELVISmx
Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) to create the input signals v1 (t)
and v2 (t) described in the problem statement. Use AO0 for v1 (t) and
2.5. DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER 69
AO1 for v2 (t). Use the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope to plot v1 (t) and vo (t)
and then v1 (t) and vo (t).
2. Comment on the degree to which your measurement results agree

with your simulation results.


• Oscilloscope:
2.6 Instrumentation Amplifier

Figure 2.6 on the next page shows an instrumentation amplifier, a circuit sim-
ilar in purpose to the difference amplifier of Figure 2.5 on page 67, but with
improved performance in terms of input resistance, differential gain, and
common-mode rejection ratio.
The instrumentation amplifier operates as follows:
R1 R3
vo = (1 + 2 )( )(v+ − v− ) (2.1)
RG R2
Note that the instrumentation amplifier gain can be adjusted by all four
resistor values, however, it is common to make the single adjustment to
RG , hence “G” stands for gain.
Additional definitions used in this problem:
• Common-mode input voltage: viCM = (v+ +v− )/2
• Differential input voltage: viD = v+ − v−
vo
• Common-mode gain: ACM = viCM for viD = 0
vo
• Differential gain: AD = viD for viCM = 0
|AD |
• Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) in decibels: 20log10 |A CM |
Analysis
Assume ideal op amp behavior for this section.
1. Determine the output offset voltage when v+ = v− = 0. Subtract this

voltage from all subsequent output measurements.
2. Determine the common-mode gain ACM for a 10 V common-mode

input voltage.
3. Determine the differential gain AD .
4. Calculate the common-mode rejection ratio in dB.

2.6. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER 71
Figure 2.6: Circuit for Problem 2.6 on the preceding page
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
RG 1 kΩ
R1 1 kΩ
R2 2.2 kΩ
R3 100 kΩ
Enter the circuit of Figure 2.6 using the TL072CP op amp model. Place the
VCC and VEE power supplies and set their values to +15 V and −15 V.
1. Use a single DC voltage source DC POWER to drive both inputs of the

instrumentation amplifier. Use a Simulate → Instruments → Mea-
surement Probe to monitor the amplifier output, and set its display
precision to show four digits. Set the voltage source to zero volts. Run
an interactive simulation to determine the offset voltage. Subtract this
voltage from all subsequent output measurements.
2. Set the DC voltage source to 10 volts. Re-run the simulation to de-

termine the common-mode output voltage. Use this information to
calculate the common-mode gain ACM .
3. Place a second DC voltage, connecting one source to v+ and the sec-

ond to v− . Set v+ to 15 mV and v− to −15 mV. Observe the output
voltage, and then calculate the differential gain AD .
4. Calculate the common-mode rejection ratio in dB.


Build the circuit of Figure 2.6 on the previous page. Use the ELVISmx Oscil-
loscope to monitor the value of vo using the RMS indicator under the main
display. Set the “Volts/Div” scale to its most sensitive value (10 mV) and
ensure that Channel 1 is disabled.
1. Connect AO0 to both v+ and v− . Use the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary

Waveform Generator (ARB) to create a constant 10 V DC level on
AO0. The sampling rate need not be high; 1.0 kS/s is sufficient. Set
the gain to zero and measure the instrumentation amplifier’s offset
voltage. Subtract this voltage from all subsequent output measure-
ments.
2. Return the ARB gain to 1.00 (which applies 10 volts to both inputs)
and measure the common-mode output voltage. Use this information
to calculate the common-mode gain ACM .
3. Disconnect v− from AO0 and instead connect it to AO1. Create an-

other waveform for the ARB, this time at a constant 1 mV DC level.
2.6. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER 73
Use this waveform for both analog analog outputs. Set the ARB gain
to +15.00 for AO0 and to −15.00 for AO1. Observe the output voltage,
and then calculate the differential gain AD .
• Use two Texas Instruments TL072 op amps described in Appendix C.


• Oscilloscope:

The instrumentation amplifier provides an excellent way to measure and
amplify small differential voltages associated with sensors with minimal
disruption to the sensor itself. Now that you have built and tested your
instrumentation amplifier, use it to amplify the diode temperature sensor
of Problem 1.2 on page 19. Follow the procedure in the “NI myDAQ Mea-
surements” section for that problem, changing the oscilloscope volts-per-
division setting to a suitable value. You could also use the DMM voltmeter
to monitor the amplifier output. Replace resistor R1 with a 10 kΩ poten-
tiometer and adjust its value to “null” the instrumentation amplifier’s off-
set voltage. If you have previously completed Problem 1.2 on page 19, then
compare and contrast your earlier results with those from your instrumen-
tation amplifier.
You may enjoy a visual indicator of the temperature, too. Use the dual
LED indicator of Figure 2.12 on page 87 using R3 = 1 kΩ. One LED will
light as the temperature sensor gets cooler, and the other will light as the
sensor gets warmer.
2.7 Integrator
Figure 2.7 shows an integrator, a circuit that performs real-time integration
of the input signal. Integrators play an important role in analog control
systems and other applications.
The integrator operates as follows:
1
Z t
vo (t) = − vi (x) dx + vo (t0 ) (2.2)
RC t0
Analysis
1. Let vi (t) be the pulse waveform of Figure 2.8 on the next page. Plot
vo (t) for t = 0 to t = 10 ms for an initial integrator output of zero
volts, and determine vo (t) at the times t = 2.5, 4.5, and 9.0 ms.
2. Plot vo (t) when vi (t) is a square wave with 0.5 V amplitude (1 V peak
to peak) at 50, 100, and 200 Hz. Determine the peak-to-peak voltage
of vo (t) for each frequency.
2.7. INTEGRATOR 75
Figure 2.8: Input waveform for Problem 2.7 on the facing page
3. Consider your results from the previous step, and explain the rela-
tionship between the frequency of the input and the amplitude of the
output.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
R 10 kΩ
C 0.1 µF

Enter the circuit of Figure 2.7 on the facing page using the TL072CP op
+15 V and −15 V.
I MPORTANT: Select Simulate → Interactive Simulation Settings and choose
“Set to zero” for the “Initial conditions” field to ensure that the integrator
output begins at zero.
1. Use the PIECEWISE LINEAR VOLTAGE source to create the pulse wave-
form shown in Figure 2.8, and use the Simulate → Instruments →
Oscilloscope to plot the signals vi (t) and vo (t). Use a distinct color
for each trace. Run an interactive simulation to view the signals, and
then take cursor measurements to determine the values of vo (t) at the
times t = 2.5, 4.5, and 9.0 ms.
2. Place a Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator configured to

create the square wave described in the problem statement. Plot the
signals vi (t) and vo (t) for the frequencies 50, 100, and 200 Hz (create
one plot for each frequency), and then take cursor measurements to
determine the peak-to-peak voltages of each output. Use the same
oscilloscope settings for all three waveform plots.
• Consider creating the piecewise linear voltage source data points in a

text file and then importing that file.




Build the circuit of Figure 2.7 on page 74. I MPORTANT: Connect a 1.0 MΩ
resistor in parallel with the capacitor. The “Further Exploration” section
below examines the reason for this resistor.
1. Use the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) to cre-

ate the pulse waveform shown in Figure 2.8 on the previous page,
and use the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope to plot the signals vi (t) and
vo (t). Take cursor measurements to determine the values of vo (t) at
the times t = 2.5, 4.5, and 9.0 ms. Expect some amount of DC offset
2.7. INTEGRATOR 77
in the output signal, therefore measure the voltage at time t = 0.5 ms

and subtract this value from each measurement.
2. Set up the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to produce the square

wave. Plot the signals vi (t) and vo (t) for the frequencies 50, 100, and
200 Hz (create one plot for each frequency), and then read the peak-
to-peak voltage indicator under the main display. Use the same oscil-
loscope settings for all three waveform plots.

• Use edge triggering and adjust the horizontal position to make the
leading edge of the pulse waveform appear at the far left side of the
oscilloscope display.


• Oscilloscope:

What purpose does the 1.0 MΩ resistor serve? To find out, observe vo (t),
disconnect the resistor, and then connect it again. Summarize the behavior
you observed, and then propose an explanation.
2.8 Differentiator
Figure 2.9 shows a differentiator, a circuit that evaluates in real time the
derivative (slope) of the input signal. Differentiators can detect abrupt
changes or transitions in a signal.
The differentiator operates as follows:
dvo (t)
vo (t) = −RC (2.3)
dt
Analysis
1. Let vi (t) be the ramp waveform of Figure 2.10 on the facing page. Plot
vo (t) for t = 0 to t = 10 ms and determine vo (t) at the times t = 3.5,
6.5, and 8.5 ms.
2.8. DIFFERENTIATOR 79
Figure 2.10: Input waveform for Problem 2.8 on the preceding page
2. Plot vo (t) when vi (t) is a sinewave with 4 V amplitude (8 V peak to

peak) at 50, 100, and 200 Hz. Determine the peak-to-peak voltage of
vo (t) for each frequency.
3. Consider your results from the previous step, and explain the rela-
tionship between the frequency of the input and the amplitude of the
output.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
R 10 kΩ
C 0.1 µF

Enter the circuit of Figure 2.9 on the preceding page using the TL072CP op
+15 V and −15 V.
I MPORTANT: Insert a 100 Ω resistor in series with the capacitor to ensure

that the simulator converges properly.
1. Use the PIECEWISE LINEAR VOLTAGE source to create the ramp wave-
form shown in Figure 2.10 on the preceding page, and use the Simu-
late → Instruments → Oscilloscope to plot the signals vi (t) and vo (t).
Use a distinct color for each trace. Run an interactive simulation to
view the signals, and then take cursor measurements to determine
the values of vo (t) at the times t = 2.5, 6.5, and 8.5 ms.
2. Place a Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator configured

to create the sinewave described in the problem statement. Plot the
signals vi (t) and vo (t) for the frequencies 50, 100, and 200 Hz (create
one plot for each frequency), and then take cursor measurements to
determine the peak-to-peak voltages of each output. Use the same
oscilloscope settings for all three waveform plots.
• Consider creating the piecewise linear voltage source data points in a

text file and then importing that file.




Build the circuit of Figure 2.9 on page 78. I MPORTANT: Connect a 100 Ω re-
sistor in series with the capacitor. The “Further Exploration” section below
examines the reason for this resistor.
2.8. DIFFERENTIATOR 81
1. Use the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) to create

the ramp waveform shown in Figure 2.10 on page 79, and use the NI
ELVISmx Oscilloscope to plot the signals vi (t) and vo (t). Take cursor
measurements to determine the values of vo (t) at the times t = 3.5,
6.5, and 8.5 ms.
2. Set up the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to produce the sinewave.

Plot the signals vi (t) and vo (t) for the frequencies 50, 100, and 200 Hz
(create one plot for each frequency), and then read the peak-to-peak
voltage indicator under the main display. Use the same oscilloscope
settings for all three waveform plots.

• Use edge triggering and adjust the horizontal position to make the
leading edge of the ramp waveform appear at the far left side of the
oscilloscope display.


• Oscilloscope:

1. What purpose does the 100-ohm resistor serve? To find out, observe
vo (t), short the resistor with a jumper wire, and then remove the
jumper. Summarize the behavior you observed, and then propose
an explanation.
2. The differentiator is useful as a transition detector. To see why, ap-

ply a 100-Hz square wave to the differentiator input. Discuss your
observations of the output. Use the oscilloscope “Vertical Position”
controls to vertically offset the input and output waveforms to make
them easier to distinguish.
3. Differentiators are one of those circuits that require additional com-

ponents to work properly in the “real world.” You have already
seen how the small series resistor with the capacitor improves perfor-
mance. Differentiators are also notorious “noise amplifiers” because
they are sensitive to changes in the signal. To experience this effect
and learn how to overcome it, do the following:
(a) Use the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator to create

a 1 V amplitude 100 Hz square wave with additive Gaussian
noise at level 0.1: set the “Sample Rate” to 200 and the “Units”
to “kHz,” create a single 10 ms segment, and then create two
components, one for the square wave and the other for the noise.
Ensure that “Function” is set to “+” so that the two components
add together.
(b) View the differentiator output. Describe how well you can view
the transitions in the square wave.
(c) Place a 0.01 µF capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor
R. Describe how well you can view the transitions in the square
wave.
2.9. PRECISION RECTIFIER 83
2.9 Precision Rectifier

Figure 2.11 illustrates a precision rectifier, a circuit similar in purpose to the
half-wave rectifier of Problem 1.6 on page 33 but with improved perfor-
mance.
Analysis
1. Determine an equation for vo when vi > 0 and when vi < 0.

form output vo (t):
(a) Peak value, and

(b) Effective DC value, also known as RMS value. H INT: Refer
to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square
for the RMS values of the original waveforms in terms of the
peak value VM .
4. Compare and contrast your results for this problem with those of
Problem 1.6 on page 33.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
R 1 kΩ

+15 V and −15 V. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator
and Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope instruments. Use a Simulate
→ Instruments → Measurement Probe configured to display RMS voltage
to measure the effective DC value of the output vo (t).

form output vo (t):

2.9. PRECISION RECTIFIER 85






Construct the circuit of Figure 1.6 on page 33 using a TL072 op amp and a
1N4148 diode. Use the ELVISmx Function Generator to create vi (t) and the
ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display both vi (t) and vo (t).

form output vo (t):


• Adjust the “Vertical Position” controls for each oscilloscope channel

to place the input waveform in the top half of the display and the
output waveform in the bottom half; you will likely not be able to
distinguish the output waveform otherwise.

• Oscilloscope:

connections.
the 1N4148 diode? Recalling that the LED has approximately three
times higher voltage drop than the 1N4148 diode, propose an expla-
nation for your observations.
2. Reduce the input amplitude to 1 Vpp on the function generator. Ex-

periment with the three different waveform shapes while the func-
the brightness of the LED. Discuss your observations of waveform

4. At what function generator frequency does the flashing LED begin to

2.10. SCHMITT TRIGGER 87
2.10 Schmitt Trigger

N OTE : Problem 2.1 on page 51 should be worked before attempting this
problem.
Figure 2.12 shows a Schmitt trigger comparator, a circuit that introduces
hysteresis to the comparison threshold. Hysteresis, in essence, produces two
distinct threshold voltages; the output state of the op amp selects the active
threshold voltage, consequently the threshold depends on the time history
of the input.
Analysis
1. Determine the two threshold voltages VLH (as the input vi crosses the
threshold from low to high) and VHL (as the input crosses the thresh-
old from high to low). The TL072 op amp saturates at approximately
1.5 V inside each power supply voltage, i.e., the op amp output volt-
age is limited to ±13.5 V.
2. Let vi (t) be a 5-volt peak triangle wave at 10 Hz. Plot vi (t), vp (t), and
vo (t).
3. Superimpose a 1 kHz sinewave with 1 volt amplitude on the triangle

wave to model unwanted high-frequency noise on the input signal.
Sketch vi (t), vp (t), and vo (t).
4. Compare and contrast the performance of this Schmitt comparator

with that of the basic comparator of Problem 2.1 on page 51 for real
analog signals that always have some degree of noise, especially when
the comparator output is connected directly to digital circuits.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
resistors R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 100 kΩ, and R3 = 1 kΩ

+15 V and −15 V. Use LED green and LED red for the LEDs.

use the Simulate → Instruments → Four Channel Oscilloscope to plot
the signals vi (t), vp (t), and vo (t). Use a distinct color for each trace.
Run an interactive simulation to view the signals, and then take cur-
sor measurements to determine the two threshold voltages VLH and
VHL .
2. Place a second function generator configured to create the sinewave

described in the problem statement, and then connect the two func-
tion generators in series. Display the signals vi (t), vp (t), and vo (t).
• Ground the center terminal of the triangle wave function generator

and leave the “–” terminal unconnected.
• Use the “+” terminal and center terminal of the sinewave function
generator.
2.10. SCHMITT TRIGGER 89


1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.12 on page 87. Use AO0 to create vi . Set
up the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to create the triangle wave-
form described in the problem statement. Use the NI ELVISmx Os-
cilloscope to display vi (t) and vo (t). Take cursor measurements to
determine the two threshold voltages VLH and VHL .
2. Set up the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) to pro-

duce the triangle waveform and superimposed sinewave:
• Set the sample rate to 200 kS/s.

• Create a single segment of length 100 ms.
• Create two components under this segment, one for the triangle
wave and another for the sine wave. Ensure that “Function” is
set to “+” to add the components together.



• Oscilloscope:

1. Change the sinewave to Gaussian noise (level = 1.00) in the arbitrary
waveform generator to get a more realistic view of high-frequency
random noise.
(a) Describe the behavior of the Schmitt trigger with this higher
level of random noise.
(b) Reduce the feedback resistor R2 to 22 kΩ. Calculate the new val-
ues of VLH and VHL and relate these values to the new behavior
of the Schmitt trigger.
2. The frequencies used above were selected to easily visualize the sig-
nals on the oscilloscope. Reduce the frequencies to make the com-
parator behavior visible on the LEDs; try reducing the arbitrary wave-
form generator sampling rate to 5.0 kS/s.
2.11. SQUAREWAVE OSCILLATOR 91
2.11 Squarewave Oscillator
An operational amplifier serves as the basis of the square wave oscillator pic-
tured in Figure 2.13. The oscillation period is T = 2RC ln(1 + 2(R1 /R2 )).
Analysis
1. Determine the frequency of oscillation in hertz using the component

values listed below.
2. Determine values for R and C to set the oscillation frequency within

±5% of 1 Hz. Refer to the parts list of Appendix A on page 167 for
available values of resistors and capacitors. Determine the actual os-
cillation frequency using your selected values.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE −15 volts
R1 10 kΩ
R2 10 kΩ
R3 1 kΩ
R 33 kΩ
C 0.1 µF

+15 V and −15 V. Use LED green and LED red for the LEDs.
1. View the oscillator output with Simulate → Instruments → Oscillo-

scope to plot vo (t). Take cursor measurements to determine the pe-
riod of the square wave, and then calculate the frequency.
2. Update the values of R and C with your calculated values, re-run the
simulator, and measure the oscillation frequency. See the tips section
below to learn how to adjust the simulator settings for a low oscilla-
tion frequency.
• Increase the accuracy of your period measurement by measuring the

time of N cycles and then dividing by N .
• Make the following adjustments to allow the simulation to run in a

reasonable amount of time:
– Double-click the capacitor, enable “Initial conditions,” and enter

0 volts,
– Select “Simulate — Interactive Simulation Settings,”
– Change “Initial conditions” to “User-defined,” and
– Set “Maximum time step” to 0.01 seconds.
2.11. SQUAREWAVE OSCILLATOR 93



1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.13 on page 91. Use the NI ELVISmx Os-
cilloscope to display vo (t). Read the frequency indicator underneath
the main display; ensure that you display at least two full periods.
2. Replace R and C with your selected components and measure the

oscillation frequency.

• Oscilloscope:

1. Develop insight into how this oscillator works: display the two op amp
input signals on the oscilloscope (each with respect to ground), study
their behavior, and then develop an explanation of the principle of
operation of this square wave oscillator.
2. Measure and make note of the actual forward voltage drop of your
LEDs. How close is the value to that obtained by simulation?
Chapter 3
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

Circuits
3.1 Logic Inverter
A BJT serves as the heart of a logic inverter in Figure 3.1, a basic component
of digital logic circuits. In this application the transistor is driven either to
saturation (the “ON” state) or to cutoff (the “OFF” state).

96 CHAPTER 3. BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT) CIRCUITS
Analysis
1. Determine the value of RB to establish a “forced beta” (defined as
βforced = ICsat / IB ) of 5 when the input is 3.3 V. Use this resistor value
for the remainder of the problem.
2. Determine the following values when Vi is 3.3 V: Vo , IC , IB , Rin (the

effective input resistance of the inverter), and βforced .
3. Plot vo (t) when vi (t) is a 3.3 V peak-to-peak 100-Hz square wave with
zero minimum value.
Component Value
VCC 15 volts
BJT β = 200, VBE = 0.7 volts, VCEsat = 0.1 volts
RC 3.3 kΩ

Enter the circuit of Figure 3.1 on the preceding page using the 2N2222A
transistor model. Set RB to the value you calculated in the analysis section.
1. Determine the following values when Vi is 3.3 V: Vo , IC , IB , Rin , and

βforced .
zero minimum value.
• Use a DC source as the input when measuring currents and voltages.
• Use the Function Generator as the 100-Hz square wave source. Rec-
ognize that “Vp” signifies “peak” voltage which is the same as am-
plitude.
• Adjust the “Y position” of the oscilloscope traces to vertically sepa-

rate them for easier comparison.
• Measure Rin as the input voltage divided by the input current.

3.1. LOGIC INVERTER 97






Build the circuit of Figure 3.1 on page 95 using the 2N2222A transistor. Use
a 10 kΩ potentiometer for RB ; adjust its value to that which you calculated
in the analysis section.
1. Measure the following values when Vi is 3.3 V: Vo , IC , IB , Rin , and
βforced .
zero minimum value.
• Use the 2N2222A BJT transistor described in Appendix E. Follow the
pinout diagram of Figure E.1 on page 185 to determine the base, col-
lector, and emitter connections.
• Power the circuit with myDAQ 5V for VCC and AGND for the circuit
ground.
• Create the 3.3 V constant voltage using either of these techniques:
– Digital output DIO0 operated by the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer;
you may continue to use AGND because the digital ground DGND
connects internally to AGND, or
– Analog output AO0 operated by the NI ELVISmx Function Gen-

erator with a zero-volt amplitude signal and a 3.3 V DC offset.
• Use the NI ELVISmx DMM as a voltmeter and ammeter as required.

Do NOT attempt to measure Rin with the ohmmeter! Remember that
the ohmmeter cannot be used on an active circuit. Instead, measure
Rin as the input voltage divided by the input current.
• Use the Function Generator to create the 100-Hz square wave (be sure
to adjust the DC offset to achieve zero minimum value) and view vo (t)
and vi (t).
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:


• Oscilloscope:

Digital circuits operate on the assumption that signals exist in one of only
two states, high or low. What happens if the input signal does not obey
this assumption, as could be the case when the input is derived from some
external (uncontrolled) signal? Change the input to a 100-Hz triangle wave
(keep the same DC offset you used earlier) and plot vo (t) and vi (t). Respond
to the following points:
1. Describe the general characteristics of the output waveform vo (t).
2. What is the logic inverter’s switching threshold voltage, i.e., at what

value of vi does the output vo change states?
3.1. LOGIC INVERTER 99
3. Predict how subsequent circuits designed on the two-level assump-

tion will react to vo (t).
3.2 Current Source

Figure 3.2 shows an NPN transistor connected to establish a constant cur-
rent in the load resistor independent of transistor beta.
Analysis
1. Derive an equation for the load current IL as a function of the emit-
ter resistor value RE and input voltage Vin assuming that β is a high
value.
2. Use the values of Vin and RE listed in the table below for this and
subsequent parts. What is the highest load resistance RL for which
3.2. CURRENT SOURCE 101
the equation you derived in the previous step is valid? H INT: Look
for the transistor’s transition between active and saturation regions,
taking VCE = 100 mV as the boundary between the two regions.
3. Calculate IL for RL = 0 Ω and 680 Ω.
4. Plot IL as a function of RL over the range 0 Ω to 5 kΩ.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
BJT β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts (active region)
Vin 3.0 V
RE 330 Ω

transistor model. Set Vin = 3 V.
1. Set up a Simulate → Analyses → Parameter Sweep to plot IL as a

function of RL over the range 0 Ω to 5 kΩ.
2. Take cursor measurements to determine IL for RL = 0 Ω and 680 Ω.
3. Identify the highest load resistance RL for which the current IL re-
mains constant.
• Use a Parameter Sweep analysis to plot resistor power as a function

of resistance:
http://youtu.be/3k2g9Penuag


Build the circuit of Figure 3.2 on the facing page using the 2N2222A tran-
sistor. Set Vin = 3 V and monitor IL with the DMM ammeter.
1. Measure IL for RL = 0 Ω and 680 Ω.

2. Measure IL for these additional values of RL : 100, 1000, 2200, 3300,

and 4700 ohms. Plot IL as a function of RL at these and the previous
two values.
3. Identify the highest load resistance RL for which the current IL re-
mains constant by following this procedure:
• Use a 10 kΩ potentiometer connected as a variable resistor for

RL ,
• Start with a low resistance, and then slowly increase the resis-
tance until the current abruptly decreases, and
• Remove the potentiometer and measure its resistance (remem-
ber that you cannot use the ohmmeter while the potentiometer
is connected to the circuit).

• Power the circuit with myDAQ +15V for VCC and AGND for the cir-
cuit ground.
• Implement the voltage source Vin with the adjustable DC voltage source
circuit of Figure B.2 on page 172.
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:

1. This current source uses negative feedback to stabilize the operating
point of the circuit, and provides a degree of immunity to the value of
transistor beta. Try this experiment: replace the load resistor RL with
the DMM ammeter, effectively creating a low-valued load resistance.
Record the current IL . Next, replace the transistor with another of
3.2. CURRENT SOURCE 103
the same type, and then record IL again. Repeat for as many transis-
tors as you have available. Also, try using other NPN transistors that
you have on hand such as the 2N3904 (remember to observe proper
pinout, though, the 2N3904 is different than the 2N2222A). Report
the maximum and minimum values you observed, the average value,
and the percentage range of variation (ILmax − ILmin )/ILavg ) × 100%.
2. The input voltage Vin controls the load current in a proportional fash-
ion, making this circuit an implementation of the voltage-controlled
current source you recall studying in your circuits course. Place an
LED as the load device, and leave the DMM ammeter in place to
measure IL . Connect Vin to AO0, and use the NI ELVISmx Function
Generator to control the input voltage. Set the amplitude to zero and
vary the DC offset. Confirm that you can easily set the LED current
to any desired value. Consider using the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope
to monitor AO0 as confirmation that you are controlling Vin as you
expect.
(a) At what value of Vin is the LED current 1.00 mA?

(b) At what value of Vin does the LED just begin to light? What is
the LED current at this value?
3. Extend the previous activity by setting up the function generator as a

triangle wave to slowly (and linearly) vary the LED current between
its “just visible” level and 1.00 mA. Report your function genera-
tor settings for amplitude, DC offset, and frequency. Does the LED
brightness appear to be proportional to its current? Explain your
findings.
3.3 Fixed Bias

Figure 3.3 shows a simple fixed bias circuit for a BJT.
Analysis
1. Find the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB , collec-
tor current IC , collector-emitter voltage VCE , and base-collector volt-
age VBC for RC = 1.0 kΩ assuming active-region operation. Deter-
mine the actual operating region of the transistor by comparing the
biases of the base-emitter and base-collector junctions.
2. Repeat for RC = 2.2 kΩ.

3.3. FIXED BIAS 105
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
BJT β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts
RB 470 kΩ
transistor model. Place the VCC power supply and set its value to +15 V.
1. Simulate the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB ,

collector current IC , collector-emitter voltage VCE , and base-collector
voltage VBC for RC = 1.0 kΩ. Also simulate VBE and compare to
the assumed value used in the analytical section. State whether the
transistor is in active mode or saturated mode, and explain how you
know.
• Use either of the following techniques to measure the DC currents

and voltages:
– Interactive analysis with two Simulate → Instruments → Mea-

surement Probe indicators placed at the transistor base and col-
lector and configured to display voltage and current indicators
– SPICE-style analysis with Simulate → Analyses → DC Operat-

ing Point





Build the circuit of Figure 3.3 on page 104 using the 2N2222A transistor.
Place the VCC power supply and set its value to +15 V.
1. Measure the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB ,

collector current IC , collector-emitter voltage VCE , and base-collector
voltage VBC for RC = 1.0 kΩ. Also measure VBE for comparison with
the assumed value used in the analytical section.

cuit ground.
• Carefully measure the resistance of each of the two resistors, and then
calculate the associated current from a DMM voltmeter measurement
of the voltage across the resistor. This method permits more precision
for the base current compared to using the DMM ammeter.
3.3. FIXED BIAS 107
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:

The operating point can shift considerably depending on the temperature
of the transistor, especially for the fixed-bias circuit of this problem that
makes no attempt to stabilize the operating point. To experience this effect,
set the collector resistor to 1.0 kΩ and monitor the collector-emitter voltage
VCE as you heat the transistor; you can either pinch it between your fingers
or blow warm air on it with a straw. What is the maximum voltage change
you observed? Express this as an absolute value as well as a percentage
change.
3.4 Fixed Bias, PNP

Figure 3.4 shows a simple fixed bias circuit similar to that of Problem 3.3 on
page 104, but this time with a PNP device.
Analysis
1. Find the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB , collec-
tor current IC , emitter-collector voltage VEC , and collector-base volt-
age VCB for RC = 1.0 kΩ assuming active-region operation. Deter-
mine the actual operating region of the transistor by comparing the
biases of the emitter-base and collector-base junctions.

3.4. FIXED BIAS, PNP 109
Component Value
VEE -15 volts
PNP BJT β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts
RB 470 kΩ
Enter the circuit of Figure 3.4 on the preceding page using the 2N3906 tran-
sistor model; do not use the similarly-named 2N3906G model because it
has different behavior.
1. Simulate the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB ,

collector current IC , emitter-collector voltage VEC , and collector-base
voltage VCB for RC = 1.0 kΩ. Also simulate VBE to compare with
the assumed value used in the analytical section. State whether the
transistor is in active mode or saturated mode, and explain how you
know.
• Use either of the following techniques to measure the DC currents

and voltages:
– Interactive analysis with two Simulate → Instruments → Mea-

surement Probe indicators placed at the transistor base and col-
lector and configured to display voltage and current indicators
ing Point




Build the circuit of Figure 3.4 on page 108 using the 2N3906 transistor.
1. Measure the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB ,

collector current IC , emitter-collector voltage VEC , and collector-base
voltage VCB for RC = 1.0 kΩ. Also measure VBE for comparison with
the assumed value used in the analytical section.
• Use the 2N3906 BJT transistor described in Appendix E. Follow the

• Power the circuit with myDAQ -15V for VEE and AGND for the circuit
ground.
• Carefully measure the resistance of each of the two resistors, and then
of the voltage across the resistor. This method permits more precision
for the base current compared to using the DMM ammeter.
3.4. FIXED BIAS, PNP 111
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:
3.5 Voltage-Divider Bias
Figure 3.5 shows a voltage-divider bias circuit for a BJT.
Analysis
Find the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB , collector cur-
rent IC , collector-emitter voltage VCE , and base-collector voltage VBC as-
suming active-region operation.
3.5. VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS 113
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
BJT β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts
RB1 100 kΩ
RB2 47 kΩ
RC 1.5 kΩ
RE 470 Ω

Enter the circuit of Figure 3.5 on the facing page using the 2N2222A tran-
sistor model. Find the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB ,
collector current IC , collector-emitter voltage VCE , and base-collector volt-
age VBC . Also find VBE for comparison with the assumed value used in the
analytical section.
• Simulate → Instruments → Measurement Probe indicators work well

to display currents.
• SPICE-style analysis with Simulate → Analyses → DC Operating Point

quickly displays all required values in a single table.





Build the circuit of Figure 3.5 on the preceding page using the 2N2222A
transistor. Find the Q-point (operating point) values for base current IB ,
collector current IC , collector-emitter voltage VCE , and base-collector volt-

age VBC .

cuit ground.
• Carefully measure the resistance of resistors RC and RE , and then

of the voltage across the resistor. Calculate the base current as IE
minus IC . This method permits more precision for the base current
compared to using the DMM ammeter.
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:

In the “Further Exploration” section of Problem 3.3 on page 104 you dis-
covered that the operating point of the fixed-bias circuit changed dramati-
cally in response to elevated temperature of the transistor. The four-resistor
bias circuit reduces sensitivity to temperature by introducing negative feed-
back with the emitter resistor that “communicates” between the collector
circuit and the base circuit; here’s how it works: when external conditions
increase the current through RE , its voltage rises which in turn lowers the
base-emitter junction voltage, decreasing the base current, which “closes
the loop” by acting to reduce the emitter current that was increased in the
first place.
Experience the improved operating point stability of the four-resistor
bias circuit. Monitor the collector-emitter voltage VCE as you heat the tran-
sistor; you can either pinch it between your fingers or blow warm air on it
with a straw. What is the maximum voltage change you observed? Express
this as an absolute value as well as a percentage change.
3.6. DARLINGTON-PAIR EMITTER FOLLOWER 115
3.6 Darlington-Pair Emitter Follower
The Darlington pair combines two NPN transistors into a single effective
“super beta” transistor. The Darlington pair boosts the current drive abil-
ity of the common-collector amplifier (also known as an emitter follower) of
Figure 3.6.
Analysis
1. Calculate the effective β = IC /IB of the Darlington pair.
2. Determine IB , IL , and VL when Vin = 3.3 V.
3. Calculate the effective input resistance of the circuit Rin = Vin /IB .
Component Value
VCC 5V
resistors RL1 = RL1 = 100 Ω

transistor model. Drive the input with a 3.3 V DC source.
1. Determine the effective β = IC /IB of the Darlington pair.
2. Determine IB , IL , and VL .
• Use measurement probes to determine currents and voltages.




Build the circuit of Figure 3.6 on the previous page using two 2N2222A
transistors. Create the 3.3 V constant voltage using digital output DIO0
operated by the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer.
1. Measure the effective β = IC /IB of the Darlington pair.
2. Measure IB (see tip below), IL , and VL .
3.6. DARLINGTON-PAIR EMITTER FOLLOWER 117

• Power the circuit with myDAQ 5V for VCC and DGND for the circuit
ground; use either AGND or DGND as the circuit ground because they
are connected internally.
• To measure IB , a current in the sub-microamp range:
1. Choose a 10 kΩ resistor and carefully measure its resistance with

the DMM ohmmeter,
2. Place the resistor between DIO0 and the transistor base,
3. Measure the voltage across the resistor, and
4. Divide the measured voltage by the measured resistance to cal-
culate IB .
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:


The emitter follower implemented with a Darlington pair provides an ex-
cellent way to drive high-current loads such as LED illuminators from dig-
ital outputs that have weak current drive. Experience the effectiveness of
your emitter follower circuit by comparing the drive strength of the unas-
sisted digital output to that of the strengthened drive of the emitter fol-
lower.
1. To begin, disconnect DIO0 from the emitter follower circuit. Connect

four LEDs in parallel which in turn are connected through two series
1N4148 diodes to DIO0; refer to Figure 3.7 for the circuit. The diodes
mimic the VBE drops of the Darlington pair to make a fair compari-
son.
2. Toggle the DIO0 line on and off. How well does the output drive the
LEDs? Do they get very bright?
3. Remove the diodes, connect the parallel LEDs to the output of your
emitter follower (remove the two 100 Ω resistors, too), and re-connect
DIO0 to the circuit input.
4. Toggle the DIO0 line on and off – careful, do NOT look directly into the
LEDs! How well does your circuit drive the LEDs? Compare the
“before and after” results of your emitter follower circuit.
5. An LED glows with an intensity directly proportional to current. Mea-

sure the total LED current with and without your emitter follower to
numerically determine the boost in intensity.
Figure 3.7: Parallel LED load with series diodes for direct connection to
DIO0.
3.7. COMMON-EMITTER AMPLIFIER 119
3.7 Common-Emitter Amplifier

The common-emitter amplifier pictured in Figure 3.8 offers high voltage gain,
moderately high input impedance, and moderately low output impedance.
Analysis
1. Determine the Q-point (operating point) values ICQ , VCQ , VBQ , and
VEQ .
2. Determine the midband AC small-signal model of the circuit, i.e.,

with capacitors taken as short circuits.
3. Calculate the open-circuit voltage gain Avo with RL unconnected.
4. Calculate the voltage gain Av with RL connected.

Component Value
VCC 9V
Resistors RB1 = 100 kΩ, RB2 = 47 kΩ, RE = 330 Ω, RC = 680 Ω, and RL = 1 kΩ
Capacitors Cin = 10 µF, Cout = 100 µF, and CE = 470 µF

transistor model. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator
to apply a 20 mV peak-to-peak sinusoid at 4 kHz as the input signal, and
use the Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope to display the input and
output signals.
VEQ ; temporarily replace the function generator with a ground con-
nection as the input.
2. Determine the open-circuit voltage gain Avo with RL unconnected.
3. Determine the voltage gain Av with RL connected.
• Place the cursors at the maximum and minimum values of the output
waveform, and then read the “T2-T1” display as the peak-to-peak
value.



3.7. COMMON-EMITTER AMPLIFIER 121

Build the circuit of Figure 3.8 on page 119 using the 2N2222A transistor.
I MPORTANT ! Observe correct polarity on the electrolytic capacitors

to ensure safe operation.
Use the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to apply a 0.02 V peak-to-peak

sinusoid as the input signal, and use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display
the input and output signals.
VEQ ; temporarily replace the function generator with a ground con-
nection as the input.
2. Determine the open-circuit voltage gain Avo with RL unconnected;

you may also use a high-value resistor such as 100 kΩ or 1 MΩ as RL
to allow the coupling capacitor to charge in a reasonable amount of
time.

• Implement the voltage source VCC with the adjustable DC voltage

source circuit of Figure B.2 on page 172.
• Use the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope’s peak-to-peak meters to measure

the input and output levels for the gain calculation.
• Use the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope’s RMS meters to measure Q-point

voltages (remember to set the function generator to zero amplitude).
• Instead of inserting the DMM ammeter to measure ICQ which alters

the circuit too much, measure the voltage across RC and then divide
by the measured value of RC .
• Oscilloscope:


Study the behavior of your circuit under various operating conditions. Take
representative screen shots of the oscilloscope and discuss your findings.
Areas to consider include:
• Probe each of the nodes in the circuit, tracing how the input signal
“moves” through the amplifier,
• Investigate the triangle and square waveforms,
• Study the effect of increased input amplitude, and
• Observe the impact of reducing the value of the bypass capacitor CE

or removing it altogether.
3.8. CURRENT MIRROR 123
3.8 Current Mirror

Figure 3.9 shows a current mirror with base-current compensation provided
by transistor Qcomp .
Analysis
1. Calculate IREF , I1 , and I2 .
2. Calculate the current mirror gains β1 = I1 /IREF and β2 = I2 /IREF .
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
BJT array, QA to QE β = 70 and VBE = 0.7 volts (active region)
BJT Qcomp β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts (active region)
Resistors R0 = 4.7 kΩ, R1 = 4.7 kΩ, and R0 = 1.5 kΩ

Enter the circuit of Figure 3.9 on the preceding page using the CA3083 tran-
sistor model for QA to QE , the 2N2222A for Qcomp , and the LED red device.
Attach measurement probes to display the required currents.
1. Determine IC , I1 , and I2 .
2. Calculate the current mirror gains β1 = I1 /IREF and β2 = I2 /IREF .
3. Calculate the mirrored current ratio I2 /I1 .
• The CA3083 is not part of the standard NI Multisim components

database as of version 11.0. Refer to Appendix E.4 on page 188 to
learn how to create and add this device to your “User Database.”


Build the circuit of Figure 3.9 on the preceding page using the CA3083 tran-
sistor array for QA to QE and the 2N2222A for Qcomp . Note that the tran-
sistor array provides five matched transistors on a monolithic (common)
substrate.
I MPORTANT ! Connect the substrate pin 5 to ground.
Use the DMM ammeter to measure the required currents.
1. Measure IC , I1 , and I2 .
2. Measure IREF and then calculate the current mirror gains β1 = I1 /IREF
and β2 = I2 /IREF .
3. Calculate the mirrored current ratio I2 /I1 .

3.8. CURRENT MIRROR 125
• Use the CA3083 NPN BJT transistor array described in Appendix E.

Follow the pinout diagram of Figure E.4 on page 188 to determine the
base, collector, and emitter connections for each of the five transistors
in the array.

cuit ground.
• Implement the current source IREF according to the circuit diagram of

Figure B.4 on page 174. Use a 1 kΩ resistor for the adjustment resistor
R.
• Refer to the diagram of Figure D.2 on page 182 to determine the anode
and cathode connections of an LED.
• DMM ammeter:
3.9 Differential Pair
Figure 3.10 shows a basic differential amplifier; the two transistors constitute
a differential pair. The differential amplifier creates a high gain for small
differences between the inputs while applying a low gain to common-mode
inputs.
Analysis
1. Calculate the operating point values Vo+ , Vo− , Vo , VE , and IE with

both differential inputs V+ and V− grounded.
2. Repeat with both differential inputs connected to 3.0 V.
3. Calculate the differential voltage gain with differential output as Ad =

gm RC , gm = IC /VT , and thermal voltage VT = 26 mV.
3.9. DIFFERENTIAL PAIR 127
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE -15 volts
RC1 4.7 kΩ
RC2 4.7 kΩ
RE 4.7 kΩ

Enter the circuit of Figure 3.10 on the preceding page using the CA3083
transistor model for Q1 and Q2 . Attach measurement probes to display the
requested current and voltages. Use a referenced measurement probe to
display the differential output Vo = Vo+ - Vo− .
1. Determine the operating point values Vo+ , Vo− , Vo , VE , and IE with

both differential inputs V+ and V− grounded.
2. Repeat with both differential inputs connected to 3.0 V, i.e., the common-
mode input is 3.0 V.
3. Connect the function generator in differential mode with its center

terminal grounded. Apply a 100 Hz sinusoid with 5 mVp amplitude
to the differential input. Observe the differential input and differen-
tial output on the oscilloscope. Take cursor measurements to deter-
mine the differential voltage gain Ad = vo /(vi+ − vi− ).
• The CA3083 is not part of the standard NI Multisim components

• The “5 mVp” setting on the function generator yields a 10 mV ampli-

tude differential signal on the oscilloscope display.


Build the circuit of Figure 3.10 on page 126 using the CA3083 transistor
array for Q1 to Q2 ; be sure to use the matched transistors 1 and 2 in the
array.
I MPORTANT ! Connect the substrate pin 5 to -15V.
Measure the resistance of all of the resistors you have available for RC1 and
RC2 , and select the two closest matching resistors.
1. Use the DMM to measure the operating point values Vo+ , Vo− , Vo , VE ,
and IE with both differential inputs V+ and V− grounded.
2. Repeat with both differential inputs connected to 3.0 V. Use AO0 op-
erated by the NI ELVISmx “DC Level Output” under the “Featured
Instruments” tab of the instrument launcher. Alternatively, use the
Function Generator with zero amplitude and DC offset of 3.0 V.
3. Use AO0 driven by the NI ELVISmx Arbitrary Waveform Generator

to apply a 100 Hz sinusoid with 5 mV amplitude to input Vi+ . Use
the same waveform file for AO1, but change the gain to -1, thereby
creating a differential-style input waveform. Observe the differential
input and differential output on the oscilloscope. Read the peak-to-
peak meters to determine the differential voltage gain Ad = vo /(vi+ −
vi− ).
• Use the CA3083 NPN BJT transistor array described in Appendix E.

Follow the pinout diagram of Figure E.4 on page 188 to determine the
base, collector, and emitter connections for each of the five transistors
in the array.
cuit ground.
• DMM ammeter:
3.10. CLASS B PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER 129
3.10 Class B Push-Pull Amplifier

Figure 3.11 shows a Class B amplifier, also known as a push-pull output
stage. Figure 3.11(a) shows a conceptual circuit that suffers from cross-over
distortion, and Figure 3.11(b) shows a practical version that eliminates the
distortion.
Figure 3.11: Circuit for Problem 3.10, with (a) conceptual circuit and (b)
practical circuit.
Analysis
1. Plot vo (t) of the conceptual circuit of Figure 3.11(a) for an input am-
plitude of 5 volts; repeat for an input amplitude of 1 volt. In each case
determine the peak-to-peak voltage of vo (t).
2. Plot vo (t) of the practical circuit of Figure 3.11(b) for an input ampli-
tude of 5 volts; repeat for an input amplitude of 1 volt. In each case
determine the peak-to-peak voltage of vo (t).
3. Compare the level of cross-over distortion for the two circuits.

Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE -15 volts
vi (t) triangle wave, 100 Hz
BJT NPN β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts
BJT PNP β = 200 and VEB = 0.7 volts
RL 1 kΩ
R1 10 kΩ
R2 10 kΩ

Enter the circuit of Figure 3.11(a) using the 2N3904G and 2N3906G tran-
sistor models. Drive the input with Simulate → Instruments → Function
Generator and monitor the input and output with the Simulate → Instru-
ments → Oscilloscope.
plitude of 5 volts; repeat for an input amplitude of 1 volt. In each case
take cursor measurements to determine the peak-to-peak voltage of
vo (t).
2. Modify the circuit to match that of Figure 3.11(b). Plot vo (t) for an
input amplitude of 5 volts; repeat for an input amplitude of 1 volt. In
each case determine the peak-to-peak voltage of vo (t).



3.10. CLASS B PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER 131

Build the circuit of Figure 3.11(a) using the 2N3904 and 2N3906 transistors.
Drive the input with AO0 and the NI ELVISmx Function Generator. Moni-
tor the input and output signals with the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope.
plitude of 5 volts; repeat for an input amplitude of 1 volt. In each
read the oscilloscope peak-to-peak meter under the main display to
measure the peak-to-peak voltage of vo (t).
2. Modify the circuit to match that of Figure 3.11(b). Plot vo (t) for an
input amplitude of 5 volts; repeat for an input amplitude of 1 volt. In
each case determine the peak-to-peak voltage of vo (t).
• Use the 2N3904 and 2N3906 matched BJT transistors described in Ap-
pendix E. Follow the pinout diagrams of Figure E.2 on page 186 and
Figure E.3 on page 187 to determine the base, collector, and emitter
connections for each transistor type.
• Power the circuit with myDAQ +15V for VCC , -15V for VEE , and
• Oscilloscope:

3.11 Voltage-to-Current Converter

Figure 3.12 shows a voltage-to-current converter that uses a negative feed-
back op amp configuration to establish a load current IL proportional to
the input voltage Vin .
Analysis
1. Derive an equation for ILnpn as a function of Vin and the transistor DC
current gain β. H INTS : Assume ideal op amp constraints; negative
3.11. VOLTAGE-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER 133
feedback implies the op amp inverting input is a virtual ground.
2. Repeat for ILpnp .
3. Plot ILnpn and ILpnp as a function of Vin over the range −10 to 10 V.
4. Determine the transconductance gain ILnpn /Vin at Vin = 4.0 V.
5. Determine the transconductance gain ILpnp /Vin at Vin = −4.0 V.
Component Value
VCC +15 volts
VEE -15 volts
BJT NPN β = 200 and VBE = 0.7 volts
BJT PNP β = 200 and VEB = 0.7 volts
LEDs 1.8 V drop when active, ideal otherwise
R 100 kΩ

Enter the circuit of Figure 3.12(a) using the 2N2222A and 2N3906 transistor
models and the TL072CP op amp model. Drive the input with a DC POWER
source.
1. Set up a Simulate → Analyses → DC Sweep to plot ILnpn and ILpnp

on the same graph as a function of Vin over the range −10 to 10 V.
2. Take a cursor measurement to determine the transconductance gain

ILnpn /Vin at Vin = 4.0 V; place a data label at the cursor location.
3. Find the transconductance gain ILpnp /Vin at Vin = −4.0 V; place a data
label at the cursor location.

• Simulate → Analyses → DC Sweep
• Add data label to Grapher View plot:

http://youtu.be/uibNqFlod_Y

Build the circuit of Figure 3.12(a) using the 2N2222A and 2N3906 transis-
tors and the TL072 op amp. Drive the input with AO0 and the NI ELVISmx
DC Level Output found under the “Featured Instruments” tab of the ELVISmx
Instrument Launcher. Monitor the currents using the DMM ammeter.
1. Collect data points at 1-volt intervals to plot ILnpn and ILpnp on the
same graph as a function of Vin over the range −10 to 10 V. You may
do this manually or use the LabVIEW “DC Sweeper” virtual instru-
ment (VI) to collect the measurements automatically; get the VI at
https://decibel.ni.com/content/docs/DOC-20393.
2. From your measurements calculate the transconductance gain ILnpn /Vin

at Vin = 4.0 V.
3. Find the transconductance gain ILpnp /Vin at Vin = −4.0 V.
• Use the 2N2222A and 2N3906 BJT transistors described in Appendix E.

Follow the pinout diagrams of Figure E.1 on page 185 and Figure E.3
on page 187 to determine the base, collector, and emitter connections
for each transistor type.

• Power the circuit with myDAQ +15V for VCC , -15V for VEE , and

Now that you have successfully built the voltage-to-current converter cir-
cuit, you may enjoy operating the LEDs with a function generator wave-
form. Try a variety of waveform shapes (sine, triangle, and square), am-
plitudes, and frequencies. Try the triangle wave at the lowest possible fre-
quency (0.2 Hz) and 1 Vpp amplitude to study the crossover behavior of
the LEDs.
Chapter 4
MOSFET Circuits
4.1 Voltage-to-Current Converter

Figure 4.1 shows an n-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET connected for
direct control of the gate-to-source voltage VGS which in turn controls the
current in the LED, hence this circuit is a form of voltage-to-current con-
verter.
Analysis
1. Explain why the designated input voltage VGS is the same as the
MOSFET gate-to-source voltage.
136 CHAPTER 4. MOSFET CIRCUITS
2. Plot the LED current IL as a function of gate-to-source voltage VGS for

1.8 ≤ VGS ≤ 2.3 V.
3. Tabulate IL at VGS equal to 1.8 to 2.3 V using 0.1 V steps.
Component Value
VDD 15 V
MOSFET Vt = 1.8 V and K = 50 mA/V2
RG 1 MΩ
LED Forward voltage drop = 2.0 V, ideal otherwise
Enter the circuit of Figure 4.1 on the previous page using the ZVN3306A
transistor model and the LED red LED model.
1. Set up a Simulate → Analyses → DC Sweep to plot the LED current

IL as a function of gate-to-source voltage VGS for 1.8 ≤ VGS ≤ 2.3 V in
0.01 V steps.
2. Take cursor measurements to determine IL at VGS equal to 1.8 to 2.3 V

using 0.1 V steps. Label these measurements directly on the Grapher
View plot.
• The ZVN3306A is not part of the standard NI Multisim components

• Right-click on the Grapher View cursor and choose “Set X Value” to

conveniently place the cursor at the exact value of VGS that you re-
quire, and then choose “Cursor” followed by “Add Data Label at
Cursor.”
4.1. VOLTAGE-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER 137




Build the circuit of Figure 4.1 on page 135 using the ZVN3306A transistor.
C AUTION : MOSFET devices are easily damaged by “ESD” (electro-

static discharge). Carry the MOSFET in conductive foam, and touch
a grounded point nearby before handling the MOSFET.
Use the DMM ammeter to monitor the LED current IL . Connect the
transistor gate to AO0, and use the NI ELVISmx DC Level Output instru-
ment under the “Featured Instruments” tab of the ELVISmx Instrument
Launcher to set the gate-to-source voltage VGS .
I MPORTANT ! Do not exceed 2.3 V for VGS .
1. Measure the LED current IL for gate-to-source voltages VGS of 1.8 V

to 2.3 V in 0.1 V steps. Plot your measurement results directly on your
Multisim plot for easy comparison.
2. Compare your measurements for IL at VGS equal to 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1,
2.2, and 2.3 volts to your analytical and simulation results.
• Use the ZVN3306A n-channel enhancement-mode MOS transistor de-

scribed in Appendix E.5 on page 190. Follow the pinout diagram of
Figure E.5 on page 190 to determine the gate, drain, and source con-
nections.
• Implement the voltage source VDD with the NI myDAQ +15V supply;
use AGND as the ground connection.
• Refer to the diagram of Figure D.2 on page 182 to determine the anode
and cathode connections of an LED.
• DMM voltmeter:

You may have noticed that the LED current required a bit of time to sta-
bilize from one measurement to the next, especially for the larger values
of VGS . The circuit’s operating point shifts considerably depending on the
temperature of the transistor. To experience this effect, set VGS to 2.3 V and
monitor the LED current as you heat the transistor; you can either pinch
it between your fingers or blow warm air on it with a straw. What is the
maximum voltage change you observed? Express this as an absolute value
as well as a percentage change.
4.2. TRIODE OPERATION 139
4.2 Triode Operation

Figure 4.2 connects an n-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET for opera-
tion in the triode region.
Analysis
1. Determine the value of resistor RD that sets the operating point volt-
age VD to 125 mV. Use the closest standard resistor value from the
parts list of Appendix A on page 167.
2. Determine the operating point voltage VD and current ID using your
selected value of RD .
3. Calculate the effective drain-to-source resistance of the MOSFET at
this operating point.
Component Value
VDD 5V

Enter the circuit of Figure 4.2 on the preceding page using the ZVN3306A
transistor model and your standard resistor value calculated above.
1. Determine the operating point VD and ID .


• Use either of the following techniques to simulate the DC currents

and voltages:
– Interactive analysis with one Simulate → Instruments → Mea-

surement Probe indicator placed at the transistor drain config-
ured to display voltage and current
ing Point





4.2. TRIODE OPERATION 141


1. Measure the operating point VD and ID .


nections.
• Implement the voltage source VDD with the NI myDAQ 5V supply;

use DGND as the ground connection to myDAQ.
• Carefully measure the resistance of RD , and then calculate its cur-

rent from a DMM voltmeter measurement of the voltage across the
resistor. This method is less intrusive than inserting the ammeter and
yields more accurate results.
• DMM voltmeter:
4.3 Switch
A MOSFET operated as a switch as shown in Figure 4.3 permits a digital

signal operating at very low current levels to control comparatively high-
level current devices such as a light-emitting diode (LED).
Analysis
1. Determine IG , VD , and ID when VG = 0 V. The MOSFET is in what

operating region?
2. Repeat for VG = 3.3 V.

4.3. SWITCH 143
Component Value
VDD 5V
LED Turn-on voltage is 1.8 V, ideal diode otherwise
RD 330 Ω

transistor model and the LED red model.
1. Determine IG , VD , and ID when VG = 0 V.

• Use a DC source as the input.
• Use measurement probes to determine currents and voltages.




Build the circuit of Figure 4.3 on the preceding page using the ZVN3306A
transistor.

1. Determine IG , VD , and ID when VG = 0 V.

nections.
• Power the circuit with myDAQ 5V for VDD and AGND for the circuit
ground.
• Create the 3.3 V constant voltage using digital output DIO0 operated
by the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer; use either AGND or DGND as the
circuit ground because they are connected internally.
• DMM voltmeter:
• DMM ammeter:


Explore what happens when you attempt to drive the comparatively high-
current LED directly from the NI myDAQ digital output DIO0: remove the
MOSFET and connect DIO0 directly to the cathode of the LED.
1. What DIO0 voltage causes the LED to light? If you observe that the
LED is always lit, which DIO0 voltage causes the maximum bright-
ness? Also, explain why the LED is always on to some extent.
4.3. SWITCH 145
2. What current is required from DIO0 when the LED is at its brightest
level? Compare this result to the required current when the MOSFET
switch is in place.
4.4 Feedback Bias

Figure 4.4 shows a simple feedback bias circuit for an n-channel enhancement-
mode MOSFET.
Analysis
1. Find the Q-point (operating point) values for drain current ID and
drain-source voltage VDS for RD = 680 Ω.
2. Repeat for RD = 1.5 kΩ.
3. Repeat for RD = 10 kΩ.

4.4. FEEDBACK BIAS 147
Component Value
VDD 9V
RG 10 MΩ
Enter the circuit of Figure 4.4 on the facing page using the ZVN3306A tran-
sistor model
1. Simulate the Q-point (operating point) values for drain current ID

and drain-source voltage VDS for RD = 680 Ω.


and voltages:


ing Point







Use a 1 MΩ resistor for RG if a 10 MΩ resistor is not readily available.
1. Measure the Q-point (operating point) values for drain current ID and
drain-source voltage VDS for RD = 680 Ω.

nections.
• Implement the voltage source VDD with the adjustable DC voltage

4.4. FEEDBACK BIAS 149
• Carefully measure the resistance of RD , and then calculate its cur-

rent from a DMM voltmeter measurement of the voltage across the
resistor. This method is less intrusive than inserting the ammeter and
yields more accurate results. Also recognize that this resistor current
is the same as ID because the transistor’s gate current is essentially
zero.
• DMM voltmeter:
4.5 Voltage-Divider Bias

Figure 4.5 depicts the voltage-divider bias circuit for an n-channel enhancement-
mode MOSFET, a popular circuit to create a stable operating point in spite
of changing environmental temperature and device-to-device variations.
In this problem the load line graphical analysis technique establishes the
drain current operating point.
Analysis
1. Use a suitable plotting tool such as Mathscript or MATLAB to plot
the transistor drain current ID as a function of gate-source voltage
VGS when the device operates in saturation mode; use the transistor
parameters listed in the table below. Set up the plot limits as 0 to 3
volts for VGS and 0 to 50 mA for ID .
2. Draw the load line established by the voltage divider resistors RG1
and RG2 , the supply voltage VDD , and the source resistor RS directly
on the transistor curve from the previous step. Identify the circuit’s
operating point IDQ and VGSQ at the intersection of the load line and
the transistor curve.
3. Determine the value of resistor RD that sets the drain voltage VDQ
to 5.0 V, and then choose the closest standard resistor value from the
parts list of Appendix A on page 167.
4. Determine the drain voltage VDQ using your selected value of RD .
Component Value
VDD 9V
resistors RG1 = 2 MΩ, RG2 = 1 MΩ, and RS = 100 Ω
transistor model, the three specified resistors, and your standard resistor
value calculated above. Determine the operating point values IDQ , VGSQ ,
and VDQ .


and voltages:

ing Point





Use two 1 MΩ resistors in series for RG1 if a 2 MΩ resistor is not readily
available. Measure the operating point values IDQ , VGSQ , and VDQ .
nections.
• I MPORTANT: Use the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope’s RMS meter to mea-
sure voltages instead of the DMM voltmeter; enable only one channel
of the oscilloscope. The analog input AIO has 10 GΩ input resistance,
a thousand times higher than the DMM, and therefore does not in-
terfere with the high-resistance voltage divider created by RG1 and
RG2 .
• Carefully measure the resistance of RD , and then calculate its current
using the measured voltage across the resistor. This method is less in-
trusive than inserting the ammeter and yields more accurate results.

1. Demonstrate for yourself the advantage of using the analog input
AO0 and the NI ELVISmx oscilloscope as a DC voltmeter compared
to the DMM voltmeter. Set up the oscilloscope to monitor VG , the
voltage between the transistor’s gate and ground. Be sure to enable
only Channel 0 on the oscilloscope. As you observe the RMS indica-
tor, connect the DMM voltmeter between the same points. Report the
change in voltage observed by the oscilloscope and express this value
as percent change.
2. Next, experience why you must enable only one channel when you
use the oscilloscope as a voltmeter. Leave AI1+ and AI1- discon-
nected, disable Channel 1, and set the “Timebase” to its default set-
ting of 5 ms. Observe the RMS indicator for Channel 0 and then en-
able the second channel. Report the change in voltage observed by
the oscilloscope and express this value as percent change.
Why the large change? Take a moment to look at the block diagram
printed on your NI myDAQ. Note how the analog-to-digital con-
verter is shared (or multiplexed) between the two analog inputs. With
two enabled channels the multiplexer rapidly switches back and forth
between the inputs. With each switch the multiplexer “steals” a small
amount of charge from the circuit, a phenomenon called charge injec-
tion. Rapid switching therefore demands a small current from the cir-
cuit, and high impedance circuits such as the MOSFET gate voltage
divider magnify this small current into a significant voltage – recall
that Ohm’s Law tells us voltage is the product of current and resis-
tance.
3. With the charge injection phenomenon in mind, try other timebase

settings that select different sampling rates (look in the upper right
corner of the main display to see the sample rate). What is the max-
imum voltage error that you observed? How does the voltage error
relate to sampling rate?
4.6 Common-Source Amplifier

The common-source amplifier circuit pictured in Figure 4.6 is studied in this
problem.
Analysis
1. Determine the midband AC small-signal model of the circuit. Note
that the portion of the bias network that controls IDQ is the same as
the circuit for Problem 4.5 on page 150; use the results of that problem
to determine the transconductance gain gm .

4.6. COMMON-SOURCE AMPLIFIER 155
Component Value
VDD 9V
MOSFET Vt = 1.8 V and K = 50 mA/V2 ; λ = 0
Resistors RG1 = 2 MΩ, RG2 = 1 MΩ, RS = 100 Ω, RD = 330 Ω, and RL = 1 kΩ
Capacitors Cin = 1 µF, Cout = 10 µF, and CS = 470 µF

sistor model. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator to
apply a 200 mV peak-to-peak sinusoid at 1 kHz as the input signal, and
use the Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope to display the input and
output signals.

value.






available.

Use the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to apply a 200 mV peak-to-

peak sinusoid as the input signal, and use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to
display the input and output signals.

you may also use a high-value resistor such as 100 kΩ or 1 MΩ as RL
to allow the coupling capacitor to charge in a reasonable amount of
time.

nections.


• All voltages within the amplifier can be displayed on the oscilloscope

for troubleshooting purposes, however, the transistor gate voltage
requires special treatment: ensure that only one channel is enabled
when measuring voltages at high-impedance points in the circuit.
4.6. COMMON-SOURCE AMPLIFIER 157
• Oscilloscope:


“moves” through the amplifier (see the point made earlier about how
to probe the high-impedance points in the circuit),
• Investigate the triangle and square waveforms,
• Study the effect of increased input amplitude, and
• Observe the impact of reducing the value of the bypass capacitor CS

or removing it altogether.
4.7 Common-Drain Amplifier

The common-drain amplifier shown in Figure 4.7, also known as a source fol-
lower, presents a high input impedance to the source and creates a low-
impedance replica of the input voltage signal, i.e., the output “follows” the
input.
Analysis
1. Determine the MOSFET operating point IDQ and VGSQ .
2. Determine the midband AC small-signal model of the circuit.

4.7. COMMON-DRAIN AMPLIFIER 159
Component Value
VDD 9V
MOSFET Vt = 1.8 V and K = 50 mA/V2 ; λ = 0
Resistors RG1 = 2 MΩ, RG2 = 1 MΩ, RD = 330 Ω, and RL = 100 Ω
Capacitors Cin = 1 µF and Cout = 470 µF
IS 12.5 mA

sistor model. Use the Simulate → Instruments → Function Generator to
apply a 2 V peak-to-peak sinusoid at 1 kHz as the input signal, and use the
Simulate → Instruments → Oscilloscope to display the input and output
signals.


value.






available.

Use the NI ELVISmx Function Generator to apply a 2 V peak-to-peak

sinusoid as the input signal, and use the ELVISmx Oscilloscope to display
the input and output signals.

you may also use a high-value resistor such as 100 kΩ as RL to allow
the coupling capacitor to charge in a reasonable amount of time.

nections.

• Implement the current source IS according to the circuit diagram of

Figure B.5 on page 175. Use a 100 Ω resistor for the adjustment resistor
R.
• Measure IS = RD with the myDAQ DMM ammeter and confirm that

the current is close to 12.5 mA.

4.7. COMMON-DRAIN AMPLIFIER 161
• All voltages within the amplifier can be displayed on the oscilloscope

for troubleshooting purposes, however, the transistor gate voltage
requires special treatment: ensure that only one channel is enabled
when measuring voltages at high-impedance points in the circuit.
• Oscilloscope:


“moves” through the amplifier (see the point made earlier about how
to probe the high-impedance points in the circuit),
• Investigate the triangle and square waveforms, and
• Study the effect of increased input amplitude.

4.8 Logic Inverters: RTL and CMOS

Figure 4.8 shows two implementations of a logic inverter. The resistor-
transistor-logic (RTL) version of Figure 4.8(a) uses a passive resistor to pull
the output high when the transistor is off, while the complementary MOSFET
(CMOS) version of Figure 4.8(b) uses another transistor to pull the output
high. The two implementations differ considerably in the amount of qui-
escent power they require, i.e., the power required simply to maintain a
constant output voltage for a constant input voltage. Note the absence of
loads on the outputs of each inverter.
Analysis
1. Determine Vout for each inverter when Vin is 0 V (a logical 0) and when
Vin is 5 V (a logical 1); use these input voltages for subsequent steps.
2. Determine IDD in mA for each inverter when Vin takes on the two
possible logic levels.
4.8. LOGIC INVERTERS: RTL AND CMOS 163
3. Determine PDD in mW (the power delivered by the power supply)

for each inverter when Vin takes on the two possible logic levels.
4. Compare and contrast the two inverters in terms of output voltage

and power requirements. Explain how your results point toward the
fact that CMOS is the dominant circuit implementation method for
VLSI (very large scale integration) integrated circuits.
Component Value
VDD 5V
n-MOSFET Vt = 1.8 V and K = 50 mA/V2 ; λ = 0
p-MOSFET Vt = 2.9 V and K = 50 mA/V2 ; λ = 0
R 1 kΩ

Enter both circuits of Figure 4.8 on the preceding page using the ZVN3306A
and ZVP3306A transistor models. Set up a DC voltage source and an SPDT
switch to conveniently set the input to either 0 V or 5 V. Place measurement
probes to display the power supply current IDD and the inverter output
Vout .
1. Determine Vout for each inverter when Vin takes on the two possible
logic levels.

• Neither the ZVN3306A nor the ZVP3306A transistors are part of the
standard NI Multisim components database as of version 11.0. Refer
to Appendix E.5 on page 190 and Appendix E.6 on page 192 to learn
how to create and add these devices to your “User Database.”
• Flip the p-channel MOSFET symbol vertically to ensure that its source
connects to VDD .
• Calculate PDD as the product of VDD and IDD .



Build both circuits of Figure 4.8 on page 162 using the ZVN3306A and
ZVP3306A transistors.

Power the circuit with 5V and AGND. Drive Vin with a wire that you
connect either to ground or to 5V. Use the DMM ammeter on its most sen-
sitive range (20 mA) to monitor the power supply current IDD , and use the
RMS meter of the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope to monitor the output voltage
Vout . Make certain that you enable only one channel on the oscilloscope.
1. Determine Vout for each inverter when Vin takes on the two possible
logic levels.


nections.
4.8. LOGIC INVERTERS: RTL AND CMOS 165
• Use the ZVP3306A p-channel enhancement-mode MOS transistor de-

nections.
• Ensure that you connect the p-channel MOSFET’s source to VDD , not
its drain.
• Measure and record VDD when your circuit is connected; it will likely
not be exactly 5.00 V. Take this measurement for each circuit, too. Cal-
culate PDD as the product of VDD and IDD .
• Oscilloscope:


1. Study the input-output behavior of each inverter when you apply
the the square wave and triangle waveforms available from the NI
ELVISmx Function Generator. Drive the inverter input with AO0, set
up the peak-to-peak voltage and DC offset so that Vin swings between
0 V and 5 V, and use 200 Hz for the frequency. Remove the DMM
ammeter, too. Use the NI ELVISmx Oscilloscope to view the inverter
input and output, and set the timebase to 2 ms.
Discuss the behavior of the output in response to the square wave in-
put (an obviously “digital” signal) as well as the triangle waveform
that linearly sweeps the input from one input level to the other. In-
clude representative screen shots of the oscilloscope display.
2. Investigate the dynamic current required by each inverter when it

drives a small capacitive load to emulate the input capacitance of
other logic gate inputs connected to the inverter output. Modify your
circuit as follows: (1) add a 10 Ω current shunt resistor in line with
the power supply connection (between VDD and the source of the p-
channel MOSFET); this is a standard technique to display a current
waveform on the oscilloscope, and (2) connect a 0.1 µF capacitor be-

tween Vout and ground. Set the oscilloscope timebase to 2 ms (im-
portant, use this exact setting!) and keep the function generator at
200 Hz. Display the input voltage on Channel 0 and the supply cur-
rent on Channel 1. Be sure to connect AI1+ to the VDD side of the
shunt resistor and AI- to the other side of the shunt. Study the dy-
namic current for the triangle waveform and for the square wave.
Discuss your findings, and include representative screen shots of the
oscilloscope display. In particular, comment on the importance of
maintaining a rapid transition on the input for the CMOS inverter.
Appendix A
Parts List
Resistors
The following resistors are standard-value 5% tolerance 1/4 watt carbon

film devices. All listed resistors are available in resistor kits from Digi-Key,
Jameco, and RadioShack with the following exceptions: (1) the Digi-Key kit
does not contain a 10 MΩ resistor, and (2) none of the kits contain a 2 MΩ
resistor (this can be created with two series-connected 1 MΩ resistors):
Resistor Kit Description Supplier Part #

365 pcs, 5 ea of 1.0Ω to 1.0MΩ Digi-Key RS125-ND
540 pcs, 30 values, 10Ω to 10MΩ Jameco 103166
500 pcs, 64 values, 1.0Ω to 10MΩ RadioShack 271-312
See Resistor Color Codes at http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/

vol_5/chpt_2/1.html to learn how to read the color bands on carbon
film resistors.
Qty Value (Ω) Color Code

2 100 Brown - Black - Brown
1 220 Red - Red - Brown
1 330 Orange - Orange - Brown
1 470 Yellow - Violet - Brown
1 680 Blue - Gray - Brown
168 APPENDIX A. PARTS LIST
Qty Value (kΩ) Color Code

5 1.0 Brown - Black - Red
1 1.5 Brown - Green - Red
2 2.2 Red - Red - Red
1 3.3 Orange - Orange - Red
3 4.7 Yellow - Violet - Red
2 10 Brown - Black - Orange
1 22 Red - Red - Orange
1 33 Orange - Orange - Orange
1 47 Yellow - Violet - Orange
2 100 Brown - Black - Yellow
1 470 Yellow - Violet - Yellow
Qty Value (MΩ) Color Code
3 1.0 Brown - Black - Green
1 2.0 Red - Black - Green
1 10 Brown - Black - Blue
Potentiometers
The following potentiometers (variable resistors) are 3/8-inch square single-
turn trimming style devices with 1/2-watt power rating.
Qty Description Digi-Key #

1 100Ω trimpot (Bourns 3386P-1-501LF) 3386P-101LF-ND
1 1K trimpot (Bourns 3386P-1-103LF) 3386P-102LF-ND
2 10K trimpot (Bourns 3386P-1-103LF) 3386P-103LF-ND
Capacitors
Qty Value (µF) Type

1 0.01 Ceramic
1 0.1 Ceramic
1 1 Electrolytic
1 10 Electrolytic
1 100 Electrolytic
1 470 Electrolytic
169
Active Devices and Integrated Circuits

N OTE: Texas Instruments offers free samples. Go to http://www.ti.com
and click “Sample & Buy” to get started.
Qty Description Digi-Key #
2 LM317L voltage regulator, 100mA 296-17221-1-ND
2 TL072CP dual op amp 296-1775-5-ND
4 1N4148 switching diode, DO-35 case 1N4148TACT-ND
1 1N5232B 5.6 V zener diode, DO-35 case 1N5232BFSCT-ND
2 2N2222A NPN BJT, TO-92 case P2N2222AGOS-ND
2 2N3904 NPN BJT, TO-92 case 2N3904-APCT-ND
2 2N3906 PNP BJT, TO-92 case 2N3906-APCT-ND
1 CA3083 NPN BJT array, DIP16 package CA3083Z-ND
1 ZVN3306A n-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET ZVN3306A-ND
1 ZVP3306A n-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET ZVP3306A-ND
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Four LEDs required, round with domed top, through-hole mounting. Avail-
able from all listed distributors.
Breadboard
Circuit Specialists part number WB-102, http://www.circuitspecialists.
com/prod.itml/icOid/6885
Jumper Wire Kit

Circuit Specialists part number WK-1 (350 pieces, pre-formed, 22 AWG),
http://www.circuitspecialists.com/prod.itml/icOid/6920
Circuit Specialists part number MJW-70B (140 pieces, pre-formed, 22 AWG),
http://www.circuitspecialists.com/prod.itml/icOid/7590
Test Leads
Alligator clip style, cut in half with tinned ends.
Circuit Specialists part number M000F0003, http://www.circuitspecialists.
com/prod.itml/icOid/7682
170 APPENDIX A. PARTS LIST
Protoboard for NI myDAQ

This breadboard connects directly to the NI myDAQ and eliminates the
need for “flying test leads”: Studica part number NIPCB1, http://www.
studica.com
Carrying Case for NI myDAQ

Keep everything organized with room for the NI myDAQ, DMM and USB
cables, jumper wire kit, and protoboard: Studica part number 9NICASE1,
http://www.studica.com
Appendix B
LM317 Voltage and Current Sources
The Texas Instruments LM317 adjustable voltage regulator is a flexible de-

vice that when combined with suitable external resistors and the NI my-
DAQ power supply can serve as the basis for a fixed or variable volt-
age source and a fixed or variable current source. Figure B.1 shows the
LM317 package terminals as well as its schematic symbol. The LM317
sources current up to 1.5 amps, while the LM317L sources up to 100 mA.
See the datasheets available at http://www.ti.com; enter “lm317” in the
“Search by Part Number” field.
Figure B.1: LM317 adjustable voltage regulator: (a) case and terminals for
1.5-amp device (TO-220 case), (b) case and terminals for 100-mA device
(TO-92 case), and (c) schematic symbol.
172 APPENDIX B. LM317 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
B.1 Variable Voltage Source

The circuit shown in Figure B.2 produces a variable voltage in the range
1.5 V to 13.5 V from the NI myDAQ +15V power supply. Figure B.3 on
the next page shows the recommended breadboard layout for this circuit.
Use bare-wire loops to facilitate easy connections with test leads to the NI
myDAQ ±15-volt dual power supply. The horizontal voltage “rails” follow
the top-to-bottom order of high to low voltage: +15 volts, variable voltage,
ground, and -15 volts. Build this circuit on the left edge of your breadboard
and leave it in place for all of your circuits projects.
Figure B.2: LM317 as a variable voltage source: (a) schematic diagram and
(b) equivalent circuit.
B.2 Current Source

The circuit shown in Figure B.4 on page 174 produces a current whose value
is approximately 1250/R mA. This circuit configuration “sources” current
B.2. CURRENT SOURCE 173
Figure B.3: Recommended breadboard layout for the LM317-based vari-

able voltage source: (a) top view of breadboard showing the component
layout and voltage rail order, and (b) side view showing test lead connec-
tions between NI myDAQ and wire loops on the breadboard.
from the NI myDAQ +15V power supply and effectively operates as a cur-
rent source with one terminal permanently attached to the NI myDAQ ana-
log ground AGND.
The current source will operate as expected for circuits powered by the
NI myDAQ ±15 V dual power supply provided the following conditions
hold:
1. The requested current does not exceed the 30 mA current limit of the
NI myDAQ +15V power supply,
2. The voltage of the ungrounded current source terminal does not rise
higher than 13.5 V above ground, and
3. The current set resistor R does not exceed approximately 1.2 kΩ (the
minimum current ISRC is approximately 1 mA).
Figure B.5 on page 175 illustrates a similar current source that “sinks”
current to the NI myDAQ −15 V power supply. The current source will
operate as expected for circuits powered by the NI myDAQ ±15 V dual
power supply provided the following conditions hold:
1. The requested current does not exceed the 30 mA current limit of the
NI myDAQ −15 V power supply,
Figure B.4: LM317 adjustable voltage regulator as a grounded current

source sourcing current from the NI myDAQ +15V power supply: (a)
schematic diagram, (b) equivalent circuit model, and (c) recommended lay-
out with the standard breadboard layout of Figure B.3 on the preceding
page.
2. The voltage of the ungrounded current source terminal does not fall
lower than 13.5 V below ground, and
3. The current set resistor R does not exceed approximately 1.2 kΩ (the
minimum current ISRC is approximately 1 mA).
B.2. CURRENT SOURCE 175
Figure B.5: LM317 adjustable voltage regulator as a grounded current

source sinking current to the NI myDAQ -15V power supply: (a) schematic
diagram, (b) equivalent circuit model, and (c) recommended layout with
the standard breadboard layout of Figure B.3 on page 173.
Appendix C
TL072 Operational Amplifier
The Texas Instruments TL072 dual operational amplifier (“op amp”) pro-
vides two op amp devices in a single 8-pin package. For more details
see the datasheet available at http://www.ti.com; enter “tl072” in the
“Search by Part Number” field.
Figure C.1 on the following page shows the pinout diagram for the
TL072. Note the requirement for a dual power supply; the NI myDAQ
±15 V supply serves this purpose. Also note that the op amp device it-
self does not have a ground terminal. Instead the myDAQ AGND (analog
ground) establishes the ground reference.
Figure C.2 on page 179 shows the TL072 placed on the standard bread-
board layout described in Figure B.3 on page 173, connected to power, and
ready for additional circuitry.
NI Multisim provides a circuit model for the TL072: place the TL072CP
device.
178 APPENDIX C. TL072 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Figure C.1: Texas Instruments TL072 dual op amp pinout diagram (top
view). The plastic package uses either a U-shaped cutout to indicate the
left side or an indented circle to indicate pin 1. N OTE : In this book the
positive supply “VCC+” is called VCC and the negative supply “VCC-” is
called VEE .
179
Figure C.2: Texas Instruments TL072 dual op amp placed on the standard
breadboard layout, connected to power, and ready for additional circuitry.
180 APPENDIX C. TL072 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Appendix D
Diodes
D.1 1N4148 Switching Diode

• Datasheet: NXP Semiconductors, http://www.nxp.com, search 1N4148
• Multisim model: 1N4148
Figure D.1: 1N4148 switching diode, DO-35 case.

182 APPENDIX D. DIODES
D.2 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

• Datasheet: varies
• Multisim model: LED red (other colors available, too)
Figure D.2: Light-emitting diode.

D.3. 1N5232B 5.6 V ZENER DIODE 183
D.3 1N5232B 5.6 V Zener Diode

• Datasheet: Fairchild Semiconductor, http://www.fairchildsemi.
com, search 1N5232B
• Multisim model: ZENER VIRTUAL, double-click after placing and change

“Breakdown Voltage” to 5.6 volts.
Figure D.3: 1N5232B 5.6 V zener diode, DO-35 case.

184 APPENDIX D. DIODES
Appendix E
Transistors
E.1 2N2222A NPN BJT

• Datasheet: ON Semiconductor, http://www.onsemi.com, search
P2N2222A
• Multisim model: 2N2222A
Figure E.1: 2N2222A NPN bipolar junction transistor, TO-92 case.

186 APPENDIX E. TRANSISTORS
E.2 2N3904 NPN BJT

2N3904
• Complementary PNP device: 2N3906
Figure E.2: 2N3904 NPN bipolar junction transistor, TO-92 case.

E.3. 2N3906 PNP BJT 187
E.3 2N3906 PNP BJT

2N3906
• Complementary NPN device: 2N3904
Figure E.3: 2N3906 PNP bipolar junction transistor, TO-92 case.

E.4 CA3083 NPN BJT Array

• Datasheet: Intersil, http://www.intersil.com, search ca3083
• Multisim model: see below
Figure E.4: CA3083 NPN BJT array, DIP-16 package.
Multisim version 11.0 does not include the CA3083 as a built-in compo-
nent. Follow along with the video tutorial at http://youtu.be/e0lObOAqgbE
to learn how to add this component to your “User Database.” Copy and
paste the SPICE model text on the next page when prompted for the device
model; check the CA3083 product page at http://www.intersil.com
for the most recent model.
E.4. CA3083 NPN BJT ARRAY 189
*COPYRIGHT (c) 1997 INTERSIL CORPORATION

*ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
*
*CA3083 NPN PSPICE MODEL
*REV: 3-13-97
** ----- BJT MODEL -----
*
.model ca3083 NPN
+ (IS = 10.0E-15 XTI = 3.000E+00 EG = 1.110E+00 VAF = 1.00E+02
+ VAR = 1.000E+02 BF = 112.8E+00 ISE = 99.086E-15 NE = 1.410E+00
+ IKF = 120.900E-03 XTB = 0.000E+00 BR = 16.0E+00 ISC = 116.12E-15
+ NC = 1.700E+00 IKR = 29.800E-03 RC = 10.000E+00 CJC = 991.71E-15
+ MJC = 0.333E-00 VJC = 0.7500E-00 FC = 5.000E-01 CJE = 1.02E-12
+ MJE = .333E-00 VJE = 0.750E-00 TR = 10.000E-09 TF = 275.61E-12
+ ITF = .3750E-00 XTF = 91.950E+00 VTF = 8.90E+00 PTF = 0.000E+00
+ RE = 0.0E+00 RB = 0.00E+00
E.5 ZVN3306A N-Channel Enhancement MOSFET

• Datasheet: Diodes/Zetex, http://www.diodes.com, search zvn3306a
• Multisim model: see below
• Complementary p-channel device: ZVP3306A
Figure E.5: ZVN3306A n-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET, E-line

case.
Multisim version 11.0 does not include the ZVN3306A as a built-in

component. Follow along with the video tutorial at http://youtu.be/
ffsMhTLRPaA to learn how to add this component to your “User Database.”
Copy and paste the SPICE model text on the next page when prompted for
the device model; check the ZVN3306A product page at http://www.
diodes.com for the most recent model.
E.5. ZVN3306A N-CHANNEL ENHANCEMENT MOSFET 191
*
*Zetex ZVN3306A Spice Model v1.1 Last Revised 3/5/00
*
.SUBCKT ZVN3306A 3 4 5
* D G S
M1 3 2 5 5 N3306M
RG 4 2 270
RL 3 5 1.2E8
C1 2 5 28E-12
C2 3 2 3E-12
D1 5 3 N3306D
*
.MODEL N3306M NMOS VTO=1.824 RS=1.572 RD=1.436 IS=1E-15 KP=.1233
+CBD=35E-12 PB=1
.MODEL N3306D D IS=5E-12 RS=.768
.ENDS ZVN3306A
*
*$
*
* (c) 2005 Zetex Semiconductors plc
*
* The copyright in these models and the designs embodied belong
* to Zetex Semiconductors plc (" Zetex "). They are supplied
* free of charge by Zetex for the purpose of research and design
* and may be used or copied intact (including this notice) for
* that purpose only. All other rights are reserved. The models
* are believed accurate but no condition or warranty as to their
* merchantability or fitness for purpose is given and no liability
* in respect of any use is accepted by Zetex PLC, its distributors
* or agents.
*
* Zetex Semiconductors plc, Zetex Technology Park, Chadderton,
* Oldham, United Kingdom, OL9 9LL
E.6 ZVP3306A P-Channel Enhancement MOSFET

• Datasheet: Diodes/Zetex, http://www.diodes.com, search zvp3306a
• Multisim model: Not available in Multisim version 11.0; see section

below to learn how to add this device to your User Database
• Complementary n-channel device: ZVN3306A
Figure E.6: ZVP3306A n-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET, E-line case.
Multisim version 11.0 does not include the ZVP3306A as a built-in com-
ponent. Follow along with the video tutorial at http://youtu.be/HJq6QHOyTsI
to learn how to add this component to your “User Database.” Copy and
paste the SPICE model text on the next page when prompted for the device
model; check the ZVP3306A product page at http://www.diodes.com
for the most recent model.
E.6. ZVP3306A P-CHANNEL ENHANCEMENT MOSFET 193
*
*Zetex ZVP3306A Spice Model v1.1 Last Revised 3/5/00
*
.SUBCKT ZVP3306A 3 4 5
* D G S
M1 3 2 5 5 P3306M
RG 4 2 252
RL 3 5 1.2E8
C1 2 5 28E-12
C2 3 2 3E-12
D1 3 5 P3306D
*
.MODEL P3306M PMOS VTO=-2.875 RS=5.227 RD=7.524 IS=1E-15 KP=.145
+CBD=35E-12 PB=1 LAMBDA=6.67E-3
.MODEL P3306D D IS=5E-12 RS=.768
.ENDS ZVP3306A
*
*$
*
* (c) 2005 Zetex Semiconductors plc
*
* The copyright in these models and the designs embodied belong
* to Zetex Semiconductors plc (" Zetex "). They are supplied
* free of charge by Zetex for the purpose of research and design
* and may be used or copied intact (including this notice) for
* that purpose only. All other rights are reserved. The models
* are believed accurate but no condition or warranty as to their
* merchantability or fitness for purpose is given and no liability
* in respect of any use is accepted by Zetex PLC, its distributors
* or agents.
*
* Zetex Semiconductors plc, Zetex Technology Park, Chadderton,
* Oldham, United Kingdom, OL9 9LL
Appendix F
Video Links
NI LabVIEW MathScript Video Tutorials

• Plot two functions of time:
http://youtu.be/XQlAai1-YVc
• Take cursor measurements on a plot:

http://youtu.be/bgK1p5O6OXc
NI Multisim & NI myDAQ Video Tutorials

• Compare simulated and physical DMM measurements:
http://youtu.be/MZiZ_C-ngkY
NI Multisim Video Tutorials

Place components:

• Place and operate linear potentiometer:

http://youtu.be/oazwGLzWvhs

196 APPENDIX F. VIDEO LINKS
Sources:
• AC (sinusoidal) voltage source:

http://youtu.be/CXbuz7MVLSs
• ABM (Analog Behavioral Model) voltage source:

http://youtu.be/8pPynWRwhO4
• Pulse voltage source:

http://youtu.be/RdgxVfr28C8



Measure DC current:
• Measure DC mesh current with a measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/lK0LcTNroXI
• Measure DC current with an ammeter indicator:

http://youtu.be/8P4oFw6sIzQ
Measure DC voltage:
• Measure DC voltage with a voltmeter:
http://youtu.be/XLyslyikUws
• Measure DC voltage with a referenced measurement probe:

http://youtu.be/xKEQ3EXEaP8
• Measure DC voltage with a voltmeter indicator:

http://youtu.be/8h2SAZ9gkBA
197

Measure DC node voltage:


Measure DC power:
• Measure DC power with a wattmeter:
http://youtu.be/-axVClpMpiU
• Find resistor power with DC Operating Point analysis:

http://youtu.be/NxXmVDW9spo
• Use a Parameter Sweep analysis to plot resistor power as a function

of resistance:
http://youtu.be/3k2g9Penuag
Measure resistance:
• Measure resistance with an ohmmeter:
http://youtu.be/3G5V0Hxjkbg
Measure RMS and average value:

Measure AC phasor voltage:

• Measure phasor voltage with a Single Frequency AC Analysis:
http://youtu.be/SwYCsoOwfUs
Measure frequency response:

• Measure frequency response with AC Analysis:
http://youtu.be/tgCPDBtRcso
Measure AC power:
• Measure average power and power factor with a wattmeter:
http://youtu.be/kYliPwbWInc
Net names:
• Display and change net names:
http://youtu.be/0iZ-ph9pJjE
Grapher View and oscilloscope cursor measurements:

• Set cursor to a specific value:

http://youtu.be/48sQja58I10
Grapher View environment:

• Plot mathematical expression:

http://youtu.be/qYVf_rkTF-o
• Adjust axis limits and tick marks on a Grapher View plot:

http://youtu.be/nxHHMpJd5Ow
• Plot second variable on its own axis in Grapher View:

http://youtu.be/rULFKRTphcI
• Export simulation data to an Excel spreadsheet:

http://youtu.be/s6ezjb8Xrhc
Oscilloscope:

199

• Stabilize the oscilloscope display with edge triggering:

http://youtu.be/d69zYYSEG7E

Word Generator:
• Create digital sequences with Word Generator:
http://youtu.be/vp1l-TeRB3s
Transient response:
• Plot time-domain circuit response with Transient Analysis:
http://youtu.be/waKnad_EXkc
Temperature Sweep:
• Evaluate circuit behavior with Temperature Sweep:
http://youtu.be/74zZaWqTcyU
• Vary the temperature of one component with a Parameter Sweep:

http://youtu.be/OfXXPmpdlEU
Voltage-controlled switch:
• Voltage-controlled switch:
http://youtu.be/BaEBjhD4TOw
DC Sweep:
Transistor and diode characteristic curves:

• Plot NPN BJT base characteristic:
http://youtu.be/PJZ8i5O7daw
• Plot NPN BJT collector characteristic:

http://youtu.be/LgjaxmC7NB8
• Plot diode current-voltage characteristic:

http://youtu.be/fGYyYm7J3JA
• Plot n-channel enhancement MOSFET drain characteristic:

http://youtu.be/R-05ETpv-fc
• Plot n-channel enhancement MOSFET transfer characteristic:

http://youtu.be/nkI1vxw1qP4
Add components to User Database:

• Add ZVN3306A component to User Database:
http://youtu.be/ffsMhTLRPaA
• Add ZVP3306A component to User Database:

http://youtu.be/HJq6QHOyTsI
• Add CA3083 component to User Database:

http://youtu.be/e0lObOAqgbE
Combined Multisim / myDAQ measurements:

• Combine Multisim simulation and myDAQ measurements in the same
instrument – Bode Analyzer:
http://youtu.be/3UmTmUj4h1g
NI myDAQ Video Tutorials

See Electrical Circuits with NI myDAQ for more video tutorials and projects:
NI ELVISmx Instruments for NI myDAQ:

• DMM ohmmeter:
• DMM voltmeter:
201
• DMM ammeter:


• Oscilloscope:
• Bode Analyzer:
• Digital Reader (DigIn):


Measurement techniques:
• Measure current with a shunt resistor and DMM voltmeter:
• Measure node voltage:

• Increase current drive of analog output (AO) channels with an op amp

voltage follower:

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2

2 Operational Amplifier Circuits 51

2.10 Schmitt Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Circuits 95

4 MOSFET Circuits 135

A Parts List 167

B LM317 Voltage and Current Sources 171

C TL072 Operational Amplifier 177

F Video Links 195

Practical experience remains a critical component of engineering educa-

Nearly every problem requests at least one common numerical value

• Appendix B describes how to implement a variable voltage source

• Appendix D provides diagrams for the required diodes and links to

• Appendix F lists all of the available video links.

0.2 Textbook Cross Reference

• Jaeger, Richard C. and Travis N. Blalock. Microelectronic Circuit De-

• Rashid, Muhammad H. Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and De-

• Razavi, Behzad. Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Wiley, 2008, ISBN

• Sedra, Adel S. and Kenneth C. Smith. Microelectronic Circuits, 6th

0.3 Goals for Student Deliverables

Table 1: Problems cross referenced to related sections of popular textbooks.

Figure 1: NI Multisim screenshot showing proper markings to indicate con-

1. Select “Insert” tab and then “Screenshot,”

2. Choose the desired window or select “Screen Clipping” to define an

3. Select “Shapes,” and

4. Place circles or boxes to highlight important values.

The “Measurement” section presents your work to set up the physical

• Simulation-to-Analysis: [(XS − XA )/XA ] × 100%

• Measurement-to-Analysis: [(XM − XA )/XA ] × 100%

• Measurement-to-Simulation: [(XM − XS )/XS ] × 100%

Consider setting up a spreadsheet template to conveniently tabulate the

0.4 Student Deliverables Checklist

2. Word processor document – submit electronically to instructor:

(a) Simulation screen shots

• Erik Luther (National Instruments) for his enthusiastic support of the

• Mark Walters (National Instruments) for his helpful support of the NI

• Tina Hudson (Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology) for her thought-

1.1 Ideal Diodes

Figure 1.1: Circuit for Problem 1.1

2. Repeat when the switch in position “B.”

Use the following circuit components:

Simulation with NI Multisim

1. Use interactive simulation to determine the state of each diode (on or

2. Repeat when the switch in position “B.”

Additional Multisim tips for this problem:

NI Multisim video tutorials:

• Find commonly-used circuit components:

• Find components by name:

• VCC and VEE power supply voltages:

• Measure DC current with a measurement probe:

Measurement with NI myDAQ

2. Repeat when the switch in position “B.”

Additional myDAQ tips for this problem:

• Use the 1N4148 diode described in Appendix D. Follow the diagram

NI myDAQ video tutorials:

Further Exploration with NI myDAQ

1.2 Temperature Sensor

Figure 1.2: Circuit for Problem 1.2

3. Determine Vo at the following temperatures: