VOLUME 1

Frans Elsen

Jazz Harmony
at the piano

Practical harmony method for the jazz musician

 VOLUME 1

Frans Elsen

Jazz Harmony
at the piano

Practical harmony method for the jazz musician

COLOPHON
Jazz Harmony at the piano (Jazz HAP) is conceived, produced and real-
ized by Frans Elsen, professor at the jazz department of the Royal
Conservatory, The Hague, Holland.

With gratitude to: Carel Nieuwenhuis for too much to mention, Karin
Bek and Joy Misa for their help with the english translation, to
Boudewijn Leeuwenberg and Eric Gieben for reading the manuscript
and providing invaluable suggestions, James Austin for the final lan-
guage check, and to Dr. Barry Harris, who, with his unimaginable inspi-
ration kept me going.

V-1001
 CONTENTS

P REFACE I
I NTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION IV
S UMMARY OF THE INTERVALS V
R OMAN NUMERAL CHORD SYMBOLS VI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE KEYBOARD AND TO THE THEORY OF HARMONY
Lesson 1 Names of the keys 1
Lesson 2 The triad in root position 3
Lesson 3 Inversions of the triad 5
Lesson 4 The triads in minor 6
Lesson 5 The seventh chords on the white keys 7
Lesson 6 The black keys, harmonic functions and the circle of fifths 11
Lesson 7 The minor scales 14

CHAPTER 2 THE FIRST CHORD PROGRESSIONS

Lesson 8 Primary degrees in traditional harmony 19
Lesson 9 Primary degrees in jazz 21
dominant → tonic (V7➞I) in jazz 21
subdominant → tonic (IV➞I) in jazz 22
Lesson 10 A few voice-leading rules 24
Lesson 11 Sus-4 → Dominant seventh chord → Tonic 25
Lesson 12 Dominant → Tonic, with some chromatics 27
Lesson 13 Subdominant → Dominant, the II-V-progression 28
Lesson 14 Subdominant → Dominant→ Tonic, the II-V-I-progression 32

CHAPTER 3 SECONDARY DEGREES AND SECONDARY (APPLIED) DOMINANTS

Lesson 15 VIth degree in major (submediant) 39
Lesson 16 IIIrd degree in major (mediant) 40
Lesson 17 VIIth degree in major (leading tone chord) 43
Lesson 18 Secondary dominants (1) 45
POINTS TO REMEMBER 50

CHAPTER 4 MINOR AND MINOR-MAJOR

Lesson 19 Scale degrees in minor and minor-major 51
Lesson 20 Voice leading and chord extensions in minor 54
Lesson 21 Voice leading in minor-major 56
Lesson 22 The dim chord on VII and its role as secondary dominant 59
Lesson 23 Thickened line and the sixth diminished scale 62

CHAPTER 5 SECONDARY DOMINANTS (2)

Lesson 24 V7 with flat five (–5), and the tritone related (TR) dominant 7th chord 69
Lesson 25 The dominant chain and another TR dominant 7th chord 71
Lesson 26 Tritone related (TR) secondary dominants 74

CHAPTER 6 EMBELLISHING CHORDS

Lesson 27 Dissonants, suspending tones and suspending chords 81
SHORT RECAPITULATION OF PREVIOUSLY USED TERMINOLOGY 87
 Lesson 28 Passing tones and passing chords 90
Lesson 29 Passing diminished 7th chords with subdominant function 95
Lesson 30 Alternating chords 100
Lesson 31 Approach chords 103
Lesson 32 Leading chords 105
TIPS FOR CHORD VOICINGS 110
CHAPTER 7 ALTERATIONS AND ALTERED CHORDS
Lesson 33 Alterations in general 111
Lesson 34 Neapolitan 6th, -II7 , and VII7--5 113
Lesson 35 Diminished 7th chords and octotonics 115
Lesson 36 Alterations of the 7th chord on IV 119
Lesson 37 Alterations of the dominant 7th chords 123
Lesson 38 The augmented triad 126
REFERENCE INDEX Ind.1-6

In volume 2 the following subjects are discussed:

DEVIATING RESOLUTIONS OF THE DOMINANT SEVENTH CHORD

Deceptive cadence V7 ➞ VI
Dominant seventh chord → half diminished seventh chord of +IV
Dominant seventh chord of lowered VII
The 'double ending'
The added dominant seventh chord
Dominant seventh chords with minor and major third relation
Secondary dominant of V➞ I$ and its reharmonization

PIANO VOICINGS WITH SILENT BASS

'Thickened line' and parallel harmony
Special 'thickened line' and moving tones in the middle voices
Static chords
Dominant seventh chords
Minor seventh and half diminished chords
Dominant chains

THE TURN AROUND (TA) AND SOMETHING ABOUT FORM

TA to the tonic
TA to the IInd degree
TA to the IVth degree and the TA from major to minor v.v.
Other TA's.

RELATION MELODY↔HARMONY
Chord diagrams and the vertical aspects of harmony
Horizontal aspects of harmony
Transition to VI and III
Transition to V and IV
Substitute for the II-V progression and the tritone II-V

Furthermore we read about:

The practice of comping. Scales and modes. The piano intro. Stress and harmony. Overtones, superimposed triads and the 'mystic
chord'. The circle of fifths, the 'Axis cross' and octotonics. Practical tips. Resolutions of the augmented triads.

V501
 PREFACE
JAZZ HARMONY AT THE PIANO (Jazz HAP)

During my work in the jazz departments of various conservatories and music schools
I recognized a need among nonpianists for a practical textbook on the basic princi-
ples of harmony, intended specifically for the jazz musician. By nonpianists I mean
all musicians, both professional and amateur, who feel handicapped by their short-
comings at the keyboard. Specifically I have in mind vocalists – for them the piano is
indispensable for many reasons – and wind-instrumentalists and bass players, who
may wish to accompany their students, demonstrate the harmonic aspects of jazz mu-
sic in their lessons, or deepen their own insight by means of the piano. Drummers,
who in many cases do not show a very profound knowledge of music beyond its
rhythmical aspects, will also find it useful to widen their musical perspectives by
practicing harmony at the piano. Even guitarists, although playing a chord instru-
ment, can at times not escape the necessity to play more than six tones simultane-
ously; arranging for a larger orchestra using an instrument with only six strings is no
easy job. Learning to know your way around the keyboard is also a great help for ear
training and for an understanding of music in general, besides, it's fun! It's also con-
ceivable, that people who are familiar with traditional harmony might be interested
to learn how chords are applied in the realm of jazz.
This book does not pretend to be a piano method. The technical side of playing the
piano, except the most elementary, falls outside its scope (nevertheless we can here
and there still encounter the fingering of a scale or meet an arpeggio). Neither will
improvisation, and everything associated with it be treated. We will discuss the keys
and tones of the keyboard, intervals, chord symbols, harmonic functions, and the
voice leading of chord progressions. Further, we will learn about decorating (em-
bellishing) chords, the relation between melody and harmony, and much more. The
book, however, is meant primarily to be a practical guide to playing and practicing
harmony on the piano.
Jazz is, for the most part, tonal music. For this reason the material discussed in Jazz
HAP predominantly follows the traditional concepts of harmony and voice leading.
In my opinion, these have proven their value for centuries. Some of the subjects elab-
orated upon in textbooks on traditional harmony are not emphasized in this book.
Little attention, for instance, is paid – with a few exceptions – to altered triads and
to four-part choral-style harmony. In Jazz HAP we will almost immediately deal with
seventh chords and chromaticism, both essential elements of jazz harmony. Of
course, jazz harmony does not really exist, it is simply traditional harmony, some-
times supplemented with some practical simplifications and additions adapted to the
specific demands of jazz music.
Prospective jazz pianists may be disappointed when they encounter the "classical-
sounding" four-, or at the most five-part chord progressions in the examples. To them
I wish to point out that a chord that sounds nice will merely form a good chord pro-

I
 gression only if it properly connects to the preceding and following nice chords. This
connection of chords – i.e., the melodic progression of the individual parts – is an es-
sential element of the correct application of harmony, the foundation of which is
found in the voice leading of bare triads and seventh chords. From there the "dirty
chords", so greatly relished in jazz music, will follow. Sonority is not always better
when it's bigger or thicker. A transparent and clear voice leading is more effective in
most cases than an impressive series of "Scandinavian seventeens", especially when
applied in an arrangement for wind instruments or strings. In the final analysis, the
major triad is the only chord that actually qualifies as genuine. All other sonorities
that we tend to call chords, even the minor triad, are basically coloured major triads,
triads supplemented with moving tones, or merely moving tones simultaneously
sounding.
The sections on intervals and roman symbol notation on pages V-VII can be regard-
ed as a supplementary aid. These pages could have been placed in the appendix just
as well, and therefore, can be skipped until required. The first chapter of Jazz HAP
is primarily intended for those unhampered by any schooling in music theory and for
whom the piano is a complete mystery. Without missing a great deal, more advanced
readers can pass over these lessons, though, I would recommend glancing at them
anyway. You never know!
The thought that a textbook on harmony will ever be complete is an illusion. Always
matters will be missing or insufficiently illustrated. Besides, time doesn't stand still.
The masters will constantly come-up with new things to which new rules apply. And
that's how it's supposed to be!
In jazz HAP, special attention is paid to the relevance of embellishing chords. These
are, to my opinion, slightly under-exposed in most harmony books. In jazz music,
harmonic decorations are commonly used to enliven the harmonies under a melody.
They present an opportunity to constantly vary the harmonization of a melody, with-
out interfering with the global harmonic functions of the chords.
One problem in writing about a subject as extensive as jazz harmony is realizing
where to stop. The moment comes when the reader must be on his own. For those
who think it is enough to be able to read and play chords from a ‘fake book’, the first
volume will probably suffice. Chapters one to seven are dedicated primarily to the
practical aspects of playing chord progressions at the keyboard. The second volume,
which also deals with the harmonization of a melody itself, is meant for more ambi-
tious students. By providing a certain understanding of harmonic patterns and of the
relation between harmony and melody, I hope to enable the latter category of read-
ers to bring more variety into their harmonies, even without the help of adroit col-
leagues. The second volume also gives piano voicings for the somewhat more ad-
vanced players. Chords of which the bass tone (not necessarily the root) is absent are
discussed, and also more attention is paid to moving tones in the middle voices of the
chords. By letting theoretical justification keep pace with practicality, I attempted for
both categories of readers – beginning and more advanced – to avoid theory as an
end in itself.

II
Those who want to study Jazz HAP without the help of a teacher should realize
though, that the book is no bedtime reading, but a textbook on a fairly complex sub-
ject. Understanding the subject matter requires concentration and patience. Students
should not be dismayed by the terminology and symbol notation, which are unavoid-
able in any discipline. Besides, they will quickly become familiar with these specifics.
For carrying out the exercises successfully, the accompanying text and the analysis of
the examples are a little more advanced than strictly necessary. Students should not
be discouraged when they do not immediately grasp something. In such cases it is
best to read on and trust that things will become clearer on second reading. Espe-
cially in the beginning, a solid understanding of the examples is more important than
brooding upon the accompanying analysis. In reading chord symbols, don't neglect
the voice-leading rules, but do not let them get in your way. Usually it's better to de-
velop some fluency and lustily play on, than to struggle with the best connection of
the chords.
Finally, one last – not unimportant – advice: While playing the examples and exer-
cises, NEVER DISCARD ANYTHING! Always listen closely to the sound of the chords and
chord progressions. A slip, a 'wrong note', or an error might turn out to be an unex-
pected discovery.
Frans Elsen
The Hague
January 2001

III
 INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH /AMERICAN TRANSLATION
Jazz Harmony at the Piano is based on traditional harmony as it is taught in the
Netherlands. The English/American method of teaching traditional harmony differs
in many aspects from the Dutch/German concept. As a result many names and de-
scriptions are difficult to translate to the English language. In some cases under-
standings in Dutch/German have no appropriate equivalents in English and vice ver-
sa; or they do not exist at all.
To bridge the gap between the two concepts, I took the freedom to introduce some
terminology that I think that it will contribute to a better understanding of the trans-
lation of Jazz Harmony at the Piano.
One of the guidelines I used for the American approach to traditional harmony is the
book on harmony and voice leading of Aldwell and Schachter*. I more than agree
with the tenor of their excellent book. Nevertheless, for my purpose, I had to devi-
ate in some respects from their views. Instead of adopting their concept of tonicisa-
tion, I prefer to use the concepts adjacent tonic and secondary dominant. Instead of
using the name modulation for a short, unconfirmed excursion to another key, I use
the name tonal excursion.
To indicate a secondary dominant of a chord with dominant function I literally trans-
lated its german name «Doppeldominant» into double dominant.
To designate chords on scale degrees by means of roman numerals, I use the German
practice. For example, V or Vth degree identifies the scale degree as well as the
scale-tone triad on that scale degree.
I use the name primary degree for I, IV, and V, and secondary degree for the remain-
ing scale degrees and their triads.
For Jazz Harmony At The Piano I found the traditional English scale degree names
like «supertonic», «subtonic», etc. rather superfluous and therefore omitted them al-
together.
I use the name embellishing chords for harmonically non-essential chords (decora-
tions), to which belong chords such as passing chords and approach chords.

* Harmony and Voice Leading by Edward Aldwell and Carl Schachter, 2nd edition 1989, ISBN 0.15.531519-6.

IV
 SUMMARY OF THE THE INTERVALS

The distance between two tones is called an interval. An interval of which the two
tones sound simultaneously is called a harmonic or vertical interval. Two tones sound-
ing in succession, ascending or descending, form a melodic or horizontal interval. We
distinguish perfect, major, minor, augmented and diminished intervals.
Between the first tone (I) and the remaining tones of the ascending major scale all
intervals are either perfect or major intervals. Between the first tone and the re-
maining tones of the descending major scale the intervals are perfect or minor inter-
vals.
ASCENDING C MAJOR SCALE: DESCENDING C MAJOR SCALE:
c ➙c = perfect prime (unison) c ➙c = perfect prime
c➚d = major second c➘b = minor second
c➚e = major third c➘a = minor third
c➚f = perfect fourth c➘g = perfect fourth
c➚g = perfect fifth c➘f = perfect fifth
c➚a = major sixth c➘e = minor sixth
c➚b = major seventh c➘d = minor seventh
c➚c = perfect octave c➘c = perfect octave
A tone can be named after an interval with reference to a particular scale or chord.
In that case, the name of the tone refers to the interval which is formed between the
tone in question and the tonic of the scale (I) or the root of the chord. For example,
g is called “the 5th” of the C scale, “the 3rd” of the E- triad, and “the 4th” or “the
11th” of Dm7.
Octaves, fifths and fourths and their compound intervals (see below) can only be
perfect, augmented and diminished. By lowering its high tone or raising its low tone,
a perfect interval becomes diminished. By raising its high tone or lowering its low
tone, a perfect interval becomes augmented.
Since there is no high and the low tone in a perfect prime (unison), this interval can
only be perfect or augmented.
Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths and their compound intervals can be major, mi-
nor, diminished and augmented.*
COMPOUND INTERVALS:
Octave + second = 9th
Octave + third = 10th
Octave + fourth = 11th
Octave + fifth = 12th
Octave + sixth = 13th
By lowering its high tone or raising its low tone, a major interval becomes minor, and
a minor interval becomes diminished.
By raising its high tone or lowering its low tone, a minor interval becomes major, and
a major interval becomes augmented.
*Second and seventh, third and sixth and fourth and fifth are called complementary intervals. If superimposed, these intervals
form an octave.

V
 ROMAN NUMERAL CHORD SYMBOLS

One designates scale-tone chords on scale degrees by means of roman numerals. For
example, VI identifies the sixth scale degree as well as the root position of any scale-
tone chord on that degree. To indicate a seventh chord, one normally adds a 7 to the
roman numeral, e.g. VI7.
The notation of chords in roman numerals originates from the figured bass or con-
tinuo practice from the Baroque period. A similar practice is used in jazz by using chord
symbols, usually letter symbols, under a melody, or as a guideline for improvisation.
Roman numerals in jazz are applied when a more overall harmonic analyses, independent
of a key, is required.They can slightly deviate from their traditional form. Extended chords
applied in jazz cannot always properly be expressed in roman numerals. It is essential to
maintain a consistent notation for chord symbols, making sure they can be clearly under-
stood.
Since roman chord symbols make use of scale tones, there is a subtle difference be-
tween the 7 in roman symbols and the 7 in letter symbols, such as C7, Am7 and G7.
In the roman numerals the 7 can represent a major, minor or diminished seventh, de-
pending on the scale and scale degree. Consequently, the 7 in I7 from major indicates
a major 7th and the 7 in VII7 from harmonic minor a diminished 7th, while in a let-
ter-chord symbol the 7 in these cases normally indicates a minor 7th and a diminished
7th respectively. In roman chord symbols II7 in the key of C major indicates a minor
7th chord on II (Dm7) instead of the non-scale-tone chord D7, the 3rd of which (f+)
being a non-scale tone in C major.
When another chord tone than the root of the chord is in the bass, one speaks of an
inversion of the chord. Only chord tones, i.e. 3rd, 5th and 7th, can be applied as bass
tone of an inversion. In traditional harmony, chord extensions and added tones do
not occur in the bass.
INVERSIONS OF TRIADS:
➤ Triad with 3rd in the bass = six chord. The chord symbol consists of a 6 added
to the roman numeral of the scale degree:
For example: I6 or II6 ; in C respectively: C/E or Dmi/F.
➤ Triad with 5th in the bass = six-four chord. The chord symbol consists of $ ad-
ded to the roman numeral of the scale degree:
For example: I$ or IV$ ; in C respectively: C/G or F/C.
INVERSIONS OF 7TH CHORDS:
➤ Seventh chord with 3rd in the bass = six-five chord. The chord symbol consists
of % added to the roman numeral of the scale degree:
For example: V% ; in C : G7/B.
➤ Seventh chord with 5th in the bass = four-three chord. The chord symbol con-
sists of # added to the roman numeral of the scale degree:
For example: III# ; in C : Em7/B.

VI
 ➤ Seventh chord with 7th in the bass = two chord. The chord symbol consists of
2 added to the roman numeral of the scale degree:
For example: V2 or VI2 ; in C : G7/F or Am7/G.
To grasp the logic of the roman names for the inversions of chords, we have to look
at the intervals (not compounded) between each of the chord tones – the root, the
third, the fifth, and the seventh – and the bass (not the root) of the chord. These in-
tervals are represented by figures, following the roman numeral. It is common prac-
tice to write the higher figure above the lower one.
Normally, the names of the inversions are shortened. For example, the full name of
the six-five (%) chord would be six-five-three chord. Four-three (#) is six-four-three,
and a two chord (2), in which the 7th is in the bass, in reality is a six-four-two chord.
All this may seem rather complicated, but in time one easily becomes familiar with
the system.
When a scale degree is raised, a sharp (+), and when it is lowered, a flat (-) is placed
in front of the roman numeral. For example, +IV or -II.
An augmented interval over the bass is indicated by a sharp and a diminished inter-
val by a flat in front of the figure in question. For example, +IV+% means augmented
six-five chord on the raised IV. This chord originates from harmonic minor, of which
the 4th tone has been raised. The sixth over the bass is augmented and the root of
the chord on IV is raised.
The notation in roman numerals requires that the key and mode, i.e. the scale, is
known. When the melody is given, the key and mode can usually be determined from
the signs at the clef. Without given melody, or when the key and mode are ambigu-
ous, or at the point of a modulation or tonal excursion*, it is required to indicate the
key and mode. In traditional harmony, a major key is indicated by a capital letter and
a minor key by a small letter. For example:
A: II7 V7 | I7 || means: Bm7 E7 | A& || and
c: I VI7 | II7 VII7 | I7 || means: Cm A-& | DO Bo | Cm& ||
At a modulation or tonal excursion the key or mode changes, and consequently the
letter indicating the key or mode will change with it.
The harmonic minor scale is normally used as standard reference for minor. When
the chord originates from another scale than harmonic minor, a flat, sharp, or natur-
al sign may precedes the roman numeral or the interval figure as illustrated in fol-
lowing examples.
Using harmonic minor as reference, VI from melodic minor can, depending on the
signs at the clef, be indicated by =VI or by +VI; in C melodic minor: AO. Likewise, the
major 7th chord on the lowered VII is indicated with -VII=7 or with =VII+7. This chord
originates from the the less common mixolydian or dorian scale; in C dorian or C
mixolydian: B-&.
Secondary dominants are usually placed between square brackets, e.g. [V(7)] or
[VII(7)]. A secondary II(7)-V(7) progression is indicated by [II(7)-V(7)] and a tritone re-
lated secondary dominant by [TRV7]. In jazz one applies predominantly 7th chords.
* Short, unconfirmed modulation.

VII
VIII
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE KEYBOARD AND THE THEORY OF HARMONY

In order to acquire some skill in playing harmonies on the piano, it is necessary not
only HET
to haveKLAVIER
a fairly good ear, but also to be familiar with the keyboard and to de-
velop a certain degree of understanding of the laws of traditional harmony. To get to
this stage, it is first essential to become acquainted with the order and the names of
the keys of the keyboard of the piano and from there on with the basic elements of
the theory of harmony: intervals, triads and scales.

Lessonc 1d Names
e f g of
a bthec keys
d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e

➪
great octave small octave one-line octave two-line octave etc.

C D E F G A B c d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
➪

1.1 The figure above shows a keyboard. From now on we will call a picture like
this a keyboard diagram. The keyboard in this diagram has a range of four oc-
taves plus a major third (see below). The upright piano has a bigger range and
a grand piano still bigger. The range of the keyboard in the above diagram is,
for the time being, sufficient for our purpose.
1.2 Underneath the white keys of the keyboard are letters. These are the names
of the tones we hear when the white keys are struck. Within the space of eight
successive white keys a fixed pattern of seven letters is repeated. The tones of
this basic series of seven tones, named after the first seven letters of the alpha-
bet starting with c, will be called prime tones. We see four groups of seven let-
ters plus a small group of three letters on the right. In order to identify the
groups, the letter names are uniquely marked; from left to right: capital let-
ters, small letters and small letters with accent marks (small vertical lines);
one line, two lines, and – in the last small group – three lines respectively.
1.3 Likewise, the groups of tones as indicated in the keyboard diagram are named
great octave (capital letters), small octave (small letters)* one-line, two line and
three-line octave etc. One-line c (c' above the arrow) is also called middle or
central c, as its position is roughly in the middle of the keyboard, near the key-
hole.** The distance between tones is an interval, named after the number of
letter names the tones are apart, counting the starting tone as 'one'. For exam-
ple, an octave spans the distance of eight letter names; the interval c"'-e"' spans

* The octaves below the great octave (not indicated in the diagram) are called contra (e.g. C1) and sub-contra octave (e.g.
C2).
**This marking of letter names will only be used where necessary, e.g. to indicate a specific pitch or key location. Marking is
omitted when not relevant.
1
 cis dis fis gis ais

des es ges as bes

c d e f g a b
three letter names and is therefore called a third. Normally, the first letter of
an interval is the lower pitch. As we have seen in 1.1, the keyboard in the dia-
gram covers a range from C (-great octave) to e"' (= three-line e), i.e. a range
of four octaves plus a (major) third.
➊ ➌ ➎
1.4 Besides white keys the keyboard has black keys divided in groups of two's and
three's. After every c there is a group of two, and after every f, a group of
three black keys. This division of black keys makes it possible to orientate on
the keyboard. Their musical significance will become clear after we learn
about chromatics and keys* other than C major. A black key takes its name
from either adjacent keys. It raises
the one to the left by a half step
(sharp +), or lowers the one to the
right by a half step (flat -). For
c+ d+ f+ g+ a+
example: the first black key after c is
d- e- g- a- b- called c+ (c-sharp) or d- (d-flat); the
second one d+ or e-, the third one f+
b+ f- e+ c- or g-, etc. Adjacent white keys may
c d e f g a b also borrow each other's names
such as c- and b+.

Exercises:
✔ Find all the c's on the piano. Make good use of your ears. They all sound the
same except one octave higher or lower.
✔ Slide with the nail of your right middle finger over the white keys from low C
all the way up and, with the nail of your right thumb, from c"' down. You will
hear the C major scale.
✔ Find all f's on the piano. Now play an f after every c. When you play an f to
the right of a c, you'll hear an interval of a fourth (4 prime tones, i.e. four let-
ter names). When you play an f to the left of a c, you'll hear an interval of a
fifth (5 prime tones, i.e. five letter names). Make good use of your ears again
and try to recognize the interval.

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
C D E F G A B c d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
➪

✔ Now, do the same exercise with e and b. You will hear the same intervals,
only the other way around: e-b is a fifth and b-e is a fourth.

* 'Key' in this sense means something like 'tonal center'. Not to be confused with the key of a keyboard. (See also lesson 6)

2
 ✔ Play c-e-f-b-c up over the whole range of the keyboard. Make it a habit to do
exercises in tempo. Not fast but fluently. If you get stuck, play more slowly. If
necessary use a metronome and give every tone 2 or 3 beats. Take your time.

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e

➪
✔ Make up similar exercises yourself. Play them and say their names out loud in
order to learn your way around the white keys fluently. After that you can in-
clude the black keys.
First play the flats ascending: c-d--e--f-g--a--b- and after that the sharps de-
scending: b-a+-g+-f+-e-d+-c+-b.
■
In the■ end,
■
mix them
■
up.
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
Lesson 2 The triad in root position
➪

Now that we've learned our way around the keyboard, we can, very carefully, start
with some simple chords. In 1.3 we saw the major third, and in the exercises the
fourth and the fifth. In this lesson we will learn what is meant by a triad.
2.1 A triad is not the sound of just any three tones. A specific order of the tones
makes them a triad. A chord, consisting of three tones which are a third apart,
is called the close position of a triad in root position. The root of this triad is at
the bottom, in the bass. It is the smallest triad possible. The tones of the triad
can also be in a different order. We still have a triad, but in positions we will
discuss in section 3.1.
2.2 The triads on the white keys all look alike at first sight, but when we listen to
them closely, we observe that some sound different from others. That is be-
cause the triads on c, f and g are major triads and the ones on d, e and a are
minor triads. A major triad is composed of a minor third on top of a major
third. The construction of a minor triad is the other way around: it consists of
a major third on top of a minor third. Notice the difference! The triad on b is
an outsider. It is constructed from 2 minor thirds. We will see later about that
one in section 3.2

Exercises:
✔ Play 2 keys at the same time with your right hand thumb (1st finger) and mid-
dle finger (3rd finger), on respectively c' and e'. Do not cramp. I know it's eas-
ier said than done. Keep the fingers you don't use near the keys and don't pull
them up like the legs of an excited spider! Relax and drop them. Practice un-
til it feels comfortable. The most important thing is that the arm is relaxed.

3
A
 HET KLAVIER
Just let it hang down and lean on the two fingers. Now put your little finger
(the 5th finger) on g'. Remember the form the hand took. Next, put your hand
in the same position, but one tone higher. The
thumb goes to the root of the next triad on d'.
Repeat that movement a few times back and
forth and let your hand dangle a bit when the fin-
gers leave the keys, but remember the position
the hand was in when you heard the chord. You
➊ ➌ ➎ successively played the triads of C major and D
minor. The chord symbols are C and Dm.
c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a
✔ When you've become at ease doing the exercises, you can play a triad on any
other white key. Start with moving triads stepwise up and down the keyboard.
Do it again slowly but 'in time' and think along with your fingers. Don't for-
get your left hand. Occasionally a piano player uses two hands.

HET ✔KLAVIER
Next, practice making little leaps with the hand playing the triad. For exam-
ple in this order: put the 1st finger (thumb) on c and after that on f, on the next
c and so on (see diagram). Play the triads this way over the entire keyboard.
■ ■

■ ■ ■
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a
➪

➊ ➌ ➎ ➊ ➌ ➎
➊ ➌ ➎ ➊ ➌ ➎

HETc ✔KLAVIER
d e f g a b c d e
Play the triad with the 1 st
f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c
finger on f, on c, on g and on c (see diagram).
Repeat the same pattern, one octave higher. Try to play in tempo.

➊ ➌ ➎ ➊ ■➌ ➎■
➊
■
➌ ➎ ➊ ➌ ➎
■ ■
c d eWef hear
g all
a the
b tones
c dofethef scale
g ofa Cbin cthirds e f g a b c d e f g a b c d
d (NB!).
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d
➪

2.3 There's one part of the piano that we haven't dealt with yet. That part is the
pedal. The piano player can use two pedals: the right and left one. The right
one lifts the mutes from the strings so their vibration sustains after they have
been struck by the hammers. Lifting the mutes, also allows other strings to vi-
brate concurrently. The one on the left brings the hammers closer to the
strings, so they have less speed when the strings are hit. This softens the sound
■ ■
■ ■
■ ■ ■
4 ■ ■ ■
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g
➪
 a bit. This last pedal functions somewhat differently on a grand piano, in
which the whole mechanism moves to one side, so that the hammer touches
one string less of a chord of strings. This system brings down the volume, but
it also alters the colour of the tone. Because both pedals, if not handled with
care, can do more wrong than right, I advise the reader to use them with care.

Lesson 3 Inverting the triad

In lesson 2 we were introduced to the root position of triads. In this lesson the other
positions of the triad are discussed. For the time being the right hand is our main con-
cern, although the part of the left hand is not without meaning. It will become clear,
however, that learning to use the right hand alone is difficult enough. So take your
time and try not to cramp!
3.1 To invert a triad, the order of the tones has to be changed. In the first inver-
sion, the root – which was at the bottom (in the bass) – goes to the top, i.e. one
octave up. In the second inversion, the bottom tone of the first inversion goes
to the top. Because a triad consists of three tones, it has three positions:
1. root position c'-e'-g'
2. the first inversion e'-g'-c"
3. the second inversion g'-c"-e"
Each inversion of the triad has its own name, but for the time being, this is not
of real importance to us. In the above table the triads are mainly in the one-
line octave. Of course this could have been any octave higher or lower. The
choice for this particular octave has been made because this piano register
sounds good for this purpose and because the middle c is a comfortable place
to start.

Exercises:
✔ Place the 1st finger (thumb) on the middle c (arrow, see diagram) and play a
triad in root position, like you did in lesson 2. The 3rd finger is on e' and the
5th on g'. Then put the 1st finger on e', the 2nd on g' and the 5th on c" and play
the chord. You'll hear the first inversion of the triad of C major. Now you
place the 1st finger on g', the 3rd on c" and the 5th on e" and play the chord

➊ ➌ ➎ ➊ ➌ ➎
➊ ➋ ➎ ➊ ➋ ➎
➊ ➌ ➎ ➊ ➌ ➎
➪

5
 again. This is the second inversion of the C triad. Remember the advice in les-
son 2: relax your hand and arm. Also remember the position of the hand with
each inversion. This fingering has proven to be the most comfortable one.
Apply this as much as possible.
✔ When the previous exercise goes reasonably well, put the little finger (5) of
the left hand on c great or small octave (in the bass) and play the inversions
with the right hand. Increase the tempo steadily, but don't forget to relax the
hand and the arm and remember the position of the hand with each inversion.
✔ In the next exercise you start at d' and invert the triad of Dm. Then the triad
of Em, F and so on, until you reach C again. With your left hand in the bass
play the root of the chord you are playing with your right hand. Vary the ex-
ercise a bit by playing the inversions as arpeggios (playing the tones one after
the other), one arpeggio up and the next one down. Do these exercises daily,
with all the triads you know. Eventually you will do it more or less automati-
cally.
3.2 There is one triad we have not dealt with yet. In section 2.2 it was called an
outsider. That is the triad on the b. This triad is called a diminished triad . When
you play it on the keyboard, it becomes clear that there is quite a difference
between this one and the other triads. This is a dynamic chord which is not
really suitable as a final chord of a piece of music. It is enclosed by a dimin-
ished fifth and is part of an important dynamic chord, to which we will come
in section 5.2. Try also to invert this triad in the same way as you did the oth-
ers.

Lesson 4 Triads in minor

4.1 To understand minor keys really well, we have to go back to the exercise in
lesson 2. There we played successively the major triads of F, C and G. If we
turn the triads of F major and C major from this exercise into two minor tri-
ads, we see the tones of the complete scale of C harmonic minor. Not step-
wise, like a scale normally is being played, but in thirds. With the triad of F
minor, the third finger is on a- and with the triad of C minor, the third finger
is on e- (see diagram).

➌
➁ ➁ ➌
➊ ➎
➎ ➊ ➎
➎ ➊ ➌ ➎
F minor C minor G major
➊➋➌➍➎ ➊➋➌➍➎ ➲

6➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
Exercises:
✔ Play the triads from the above keyboard diagram over the entire range of the
keyboard. After the triad of G major you play F minor, C minor and G major
and so on. Keep your fingers in line with the keys!
✔ Invert the triads of F mi-
nor and C minor and play
them up and down the ➌
➁ ➁
keyboard. In the diagram ➊ ➍
you see the fingering of ➊ ➎
➎ The
the triad of F minor. ➋ ➎
➎ is
fingering of C minor ➊ ➋ ➎
identical.
4.2 ➊➋
Because there are ➌
two➍ ➎ keys
black ➊ ➋in➌C➍ ➎ ➲ minor, the triads are a little
harmonic
harder to play than the ones in C major. The position of the hand changes con-
stantly. In harmonic minor are two diminished triads: one on b and one on d.
On the e- we➀➁ find➂a ➃ ➄ which we have not met before. This is called an aug-
triad
mented triad. It consists of two major thirds and is enclosed by an augmented
fifth. Below you find the triads on the tones of the C harmonic minor scale
with their chord symbols:
On c is C minor = Cm(i)
On d is D diminished = Dm/–5
On e flat is E- augmented = E-+ or E-/+5
On f is F minor = Fm(i)
On g is G major = G
On a flat is A- major = A-
On b is B diminished = Bm/–5

Lesson 5 The seventh chords

In the following exercises a triad is inverted with the right hand, while the left hand
plays a tone that is a third (or a third plus one octave = a tenth) lower than the root
of the triad. Four different tones are played. The triad has been extended into a four-
part chord. The lower tone is a third (or a tenth) away from the root of the triad. A
four-part chord like that is called a seventh chord in root position. On the white keys:
A major triad plus the extra tone at the bottom gives a minor seventh chord, and a mi-
nor triad (except D minor) gives a major seventh chord.

Exercises:
✔ Play: c with the left hand in the bass and right the inversions of Em.
f in the bass and right the inversions of Am.
d in the bass with the inversions of F.
g in the bass with the inversions of B diminished.
Finish with the combination of c and Em.

7
 Try to make music out of this exercise by giving it a beat and making up some
rhythmic variations.
✔ Play (with the right hand) a Cm triad in root position and (with the left) a- in
the bass. It is not important in which octave you play the a-, as long as it is un-
derneath the triad. We hear an A-& chord (= A- major 7). The major 7 (&) is
the interval between root and top tone (lead).
5.1 With the white keys we can construct the following seventh chords by com-
bining a triad with an additional bass:
Em with c in the bass = C major 7 (C&)
Am with f in the bass = F major 7 (F&)
C with a in the bass = A minor 7 (Am7)
F with d in the bass = D minor 7 (Dm7)
G with e in the bass = E minor 7 (Em7)
5.2 The diminished triad on b with g in the bass, played in the exercise above,
shows the important seventh chord implied in 3.2. It is called dominant seventh
chord with the symbol G7. It's a chord we would like to resolve to a major or
minor C chord. It is not a chord you really would use as a final chord, except
maybe in bluesy endings. Therefore, also it is called a dynamic chord. Dyna-
mic chords usually generate harmonic motion.

Exercises:
■
Play C&
✔ and■ F&,■as mentioned
■
in 5.1, with your right hand and practice them
e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e
in all octaves. f g a b c d e f g a b c d e
➪

C& F&

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d'c e'd f'e g'f a'g b'a c"bd"ce"df"eg"f a"gb"ac"'d"'e"'
b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e
➪

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
✔ Play the minor 7th chords mentioned in 5.1 and practice them over the entire
d e f g a b c cd ed e
frange
gf g
a of
b
a cthe
b dc keyboard.
ed ef gf ag ad cbe dcf edg fea gfb a
c b gc b
ad ce
b dcf edg ea fb gc a
d b
e cf dg ea b c d e f g a b c d e
➪

Am7 Dm7 Em7

C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
➪

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
D E F G A B C C
d D
e E
f g a A
F G b c'
B d'
C e'
d ef' g'
f a'
C b'
g a c"
D E d"
b c'F e"
G f"
d' A g"
e' f' a"
B C b"
g' a'dc"'d"'e"'
b'
e c"f d"
g e"a f"b g"
c' a"
d' b"
e'c"'d"'e"'
f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
➪

8
 ✔ Play the G7 chord men- G7
tioned in 5.2 and practice
it over the whole range
of the keyboard. ■ ■ ■ ■
c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e

➪
5.3 In the above exercises the seventh chords are in the close position, which
means that in between the tones of the chord no space is left for other chord
tones. This changes when the root is put one (or more) octave(s) down, allow-
ing the other chord tones to be positioned more spread out. A chord position
with room for other chord tones between some of the tones, is called a mixed
(e.g. drop-two or drop-three) position. The chord is in open (or wide) position
when there is space for another chord tone in between all chord tones. The
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
keyboard diagrams below show examples of the above-mentioned seventh
➪
chords in mixed position. It's obvious that there is still space for chord tones
between some tones, whereby the area between root and next higher chord
c d e f g a b c d etone is bnot
f g a c c d taken
de e f f g ginto
a a b bc account.
cd de ef f g gaAlso
abbc cdcthe
dede eterm b bc cd de efisfgused
f fg ga avoicing ga ab bcto indicate
cd de e f g a the
b c d e f g a b c

➪
➪
➪

positioning of chord tones other than that of the bass .

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
C D E F G A B c
C d e f g a b c' Cd'De'Ef' Fg'Ga'Ab'Bc"c c' Cd'De'Ef' Fg'Ga'Ab'Bc"cCd" d
Cd"de"ef" fg"ga" ab"bc"'d"'e"' e" ef" g"
f ga" a
b" b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d
c"'d"'e"'

➪
➪
➪

Exercises:
✔ Play the chords in the above diagrams on the piano and determine what
chords they make up. Try to memorize them.
✔ Notice which tones allow room to insert one or more chord tones and which
chord tones they are. Try to add them while playing.
✔ Slowly invert the seventh chords in close position and practice them over the
whole keyboard.
✔ The keyboard diagrams below show the fingering of the inversions of G7 and
Dm7. The inversions of Am7 and Em7 have the same fingering. If the root
position of the chord and the upward octave shift of the root are projected on
the keyboard, then, after some practice, the inversions will show automatic-
ally. Make good use of the fact that the piano is a visual instrument, but above
all: don't forget to listen!

A
9
A
 G7
w
➊ ➋ ➌ ➎
& ww www wwww www
➊ ➋ ➍ ➎
ww w
➊ ➋ ➌ ➎ w
➊ ➋ ➌ ➎ & ww
ww
www wwww www
w w ww
Dm7
➊➋➌➍➎ ➊➋➌➍➎ & wwww www www ww
w
w
➀➁➂➃➄ & wwww www wwww www
➊ ➋ ➌ ➎ w
➊ ➋ ➍ ➎
➊ ➎ ➋ ➌
& wwww
➌ ➊ ➋➎

5.4 ➊➋➌➍➎ ➊➋➌➍➎

The Dm triad with b at the bottom is the only chord in&
thew
wwseries of seventh
w
chords on the white keys cthat
d hasn't
e f g been
a b cdiscussed
d e f gyet.
a bIt cis called
d e f Bg half
a bdim-
c d e f g a b c d
➀➁➂➃➄
inished. The chord symbol is BO. In the diagram below you will find it in close

➪
& wwww
and mixed position.

BO
& wwww

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
b cE dF e
c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g aC D G fA g a b
B C d ce df eg a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"
➪
➪

5.5 We've now met all seventh chords on the white keys, i.e. using the tones of the
scale of C. They are called the seventh chords on the scale degrees of C major.
The degrees are a numerical name for the scale tones. They relate to the
chords which are made up of the tones of the scale. The chords we've been
talking about in this chapter are the seventh chords on the degrees of the scale of
C major. The scale degrees are noted in Roman numerals. The chord on the
■ ■ ■ ■
first tone of the scale gets the number I, on the second tone II, etc. See below:
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
I = C& = C major seven
➪

II = Dm7 = D minor seven

III = Em7 = E minor seven
IV = F& = F major seven
V = G7 = G (dominant) seven
VI = Am7 = A minor seven
VII = BO = B half diminished
5.6 Although the seventh in traditional harmony is a tone that creates motion,
this extension of the triad is often used as a colouring of static chords (see be-
low) in jazz. This colouring is a matter of taste, like pepper in soup, and is in
fact not always appropriate. The colouring of the triad – both major and mi-
nor – especially by the major seventh, is, in many cases, redundant and often

10
 www
& ww www wwww w
ww w
a rather irritating automatism. To avoid the conflict, which the major seventh
can bring about, and still give a bit of a 'glow' to the harmony of a static chord,
w ww
adding the sixth (or the
w w w
w isw
& wwninth,
www which
www wwwe
w will encounter later)
& to
w
w
w thew
w
w triad,
w w
often a more tasteful option.
ww w w w
5.7 By static chords we mean the chords of the Ist and the IVth degree. If we add
the sixth to these chords, we get,won w
w wthe wwthe white keys, C6 and F6.wwThere is no
ww wpiano.
need to practice these&chords
www wwwon They are identical&with
ww the first in-
version of respectively Am7 and Dm7 (NB!).
w

F6 C6

& wwww & wwww

■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■
c d e f g a cb dc ed fe gf ag ba cb dc ed fe gf ag ba cb dc ed fe gf ag ba cb dc ed fe g a b c d e
➪

➪
Lesson 6 The black keys, harmonic functions and the circle of fifths
& wwww
Until now we have been looking at all the white and two of the black piano keys in
respectively the scales (keys) of C major and C harmonic minor. But even in C ma-
jor – the 'white-keys key' – the black piano keys are indispensable, if we don't want
to fall into a rather colourless harmony.
■ ■ ■■ ■■ ■ ■
6.1C D The
E F use
G Aof
Bblack
C DC Ed Fe Gf Ag keys
piano Ba Cb c' d' fe'key
d ethe
in gf' a
g'
ofba'Cc'b'major
c" e'
d' d" e" f" a'
f'is g' g" b'
calleda" chromaticism.
b"d"
c" c"'d"'e"'
e" f" g" a" It
b"can
c"'d"'e"'
➪

occur in any other major key. It can be taken to mean 'colouring', which
should not be confused with the meaning it takes on when we are referring to
the colouring of chords (as in section 5.6).
6.2 The black keys are often erroneously called half steps or half tones. In fact
there are also two half steps (half tones) in the scale of C major without any
black keys being used. Between e and f and between b and c it is impossible
to insert a tone, consequently there are no black keys.
In lesson 1.2 we have read that the tones of the C major scale are called prime
tones. The names of the black keys are derived from the names of the prime
tones. A stepwise succession of two or more prime tones, i.e. tones with dif-
ferent letter names, or of tones which names are derived from different prime
tones, is called a diatonic succession, e.g.: c-d, c-b, e--f, f+-g, etc. If it's not pos-
sible to insert another tone in between two tones of a diatonic succession, e.g.:
b-c, f-e, b--a etc., the interval between the tones is a diatonic half step.
A succession of two (or more) tones derived from the same prime tone, i.e.
with the same letter name, for example c-c+, b-b-, f+-f-f-, etc., is called a
chromatic succession, and the interval between the successive tones a chromatic
half step. In the major scale of any key there is a diatonic half step between
the third and the fourth, and between the seventh and the eighth tone. The
black keys are used in scales other than C major, to keep the intervals be-
tween the tones in the same order as in the C major scale.

11
 6.3 Everything falls into place if one proceeds from the superimposed triads of
the primary degrees I, IV and V. In lesson 2 you find an exercise in which you
are asked to play the triads of F, C and G successively over the entire key-
board. The exercise shows the tones of the scale of C major, not in successive
steps but in intervals of thirds. The tones of the superimposed triads of IV-I-
V form the tone material of a key. Each of these triads has a so-called har-
monic function, and these three functions rule the harmony of all tonal music.
The one in the middle – the C triad (I) in the exercise – is called TONIC (tonal
centre). The one at the top – the G triad (V) – is called DOMINANT, and the
one at the bottom – the F triad (IV) – is called SUBDOMINANT. In tonal
music the scale is nothing more than the stepwise organization of the tone material
of a key. Maybe now it's becoming clear where this apparently coincidental
but, in our ears, logical order of tones in a scale originates from.
6.4 In minor, things are essentially the same, with the following difference: the
middle triad (tonic) is always a minor triad, the one at the bottom (subdomi-
nant) is usually, but certainly not always, a minor triad. The one at the top
(dominant) occasionally can be a minor triad too. See lesson 7.
6.5 In the circle of fifths (see diagram below) the keys are organized in ascending
fifths, in which the number of sharps in the key signature* increases when go-
ing clockwise. After 12 keys we end up at C again, now called B+. Since B+ is
a key with the quite impractical number of twelve sharps, an enharmonic
change is made at F+, which has 6 sharps. It is renamed G- with 6 flats. From
there on the sharp keys turn into flat keys. Note that the number of signs de-
creases again. Going around the circle counterclockwise, you see the opposite
happening: a series of ascending fourths (or descending fifths) in which, after

THE CIRCLE OF FIFTHS

C
F=1- G=1+

B-=2- D=2+

E-=3- A=3+

A-=4- E=4+

D-=5- F+=6+ B=5+

G-=6-

* These are the sharps and flats appearing at the beginning of the staff.

12
 12 keys, we come back to the starting point, C, which is called D-- (D double
flat). With its 12 flats D-- is as impractical as the 12 sharps in B+. Halfway
around, or at the bottom of the circle are F+ and G-. These are the antipodes
of C and divide the number of 12 signs (flats or sharps) by two. It is easy to
derive dominants and subdominants from the circle of fifths: clockwise the
dominant is one position after, and the subdominant one before the tonic.

Assignment:
✔ Learn the circle of fifths by heart, and be able to recite it fluently, without
having to think.
6.6 In the scale, the new sharp is always a fifth above the previous sharp. It is the
seventh tone in the scale. The new flat is the fourth tone in the scale: a fourth
above (fifth below) the previous flat (NB!).
Although piano technique is not our main goal, knowledge of the scales is a
great help to get to know your way around the keyboard in all keys. We cer-
tainly will make use – though not in the customary technical sense – of this
practical stepwise arrangement of the tone material of a key.

Exercises:
✔ Look at the diagrams below in which you see the fingering of the scales of C
and of F (major) in the right hand. Try to play them with the given fingering.
Remember that the fourth tone of the scale of F is b- and not b; a black key
and not a white one. There is a half step, as we know, between the third and
the fourth tone. While playing the scales, remember to keep your fingers
aligned with the keys as much as possible, especially when shifting to the
thumb in an ascending scale, and shifting to the 3rd and 4th finger over the
thumb in a descending scale.* If you don't align your fingers with the keys, the
hand will be in a too awkward position to play the scale properly.

➁ ➁ ➍ ➁ ➁ ➍
➊ ➋ ➌ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➊ ➋➌ ➍
➎ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎➎ ➊➲
➎ ➊ ➎➲

➊✔
➋ ➌First ➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➲➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➲
➍ ➎play the triads on the keyboard, and after that the seventh chords on the
degrees of the scale of F, as we did in the key of C. Pay attention to the b- you
➁➂➃➄ ➀➁➂➃➄
want to hear in the triads on II, IV and VII, and in the seventh chords II7, IV7,
7 7
V and VII . Don't just look at your hands, but always listen closely to what
they are doing.

* Moving the thumb under, has more or less the feeling of moving the other fingers over the thumb; moving the third or
fourth fingers over the thumb feels like moving the thumb under the fingers.

13
 ✔ Look at the diagram opposite,
which shows the scale of G ma-
jor, and play it on the piano with
➁ ➁ ➍
the given fingering. Discover the
minor seconds (half steps) ➎be-
➊ ➋ ➌ ➊ ➋➌ ➎
➊ ➲
➎
tween the third and the fourth,
and between the seventh and
eighth tone. Keep in mind the f+! ➲
➊➋➌➍➎ ➊➋➌➍➎
✔ Play the triad in root position and its inversions on the degrees of the above
scales. ➀➁➂➃➄

✔ Also play root position and inversions of the seventh chords on the degrees in
the key of G major.
6.7 A general rule for the fingering of the scales: the 1st and 5th finger (thumb and
little finger) should avoid touching any black keys. For the right hand in 'flat
keys', the 4th finger always is on the b- and starts – with the exception of the
F scale – with the 2nd finger. In the 'sharp keys', the 4th finger is on the new
sharp. The new sharp in the 'sharp keys' is always the seventh tone of the ma-
jor scale. This rule for the fingering of the right hand goes for all 'flat keys'
and for the 'sharp keys' up to and including the scale of B major. Remember
that the scales of F+ and G- are one and the same, and therefore have the
same fingering. Scale fingering for the left hand is the same as the one for C
(4 on d and 3 on a) used as long as possible. When this is no longer possible,
because the scale starts on a black key, like the scales of B-, E-, A- and D- (for
G- see below), the 3rd finger is on the first tone and the 4th finger on the new
flat. The new flat is always the fourth tone in the 'flat key' scale. If in the left
hand the thumb is going to be on a black key, as in the scales of B and G- (F+),
the scale starts with the 4th finger and the 4th finger comes on g- (f+).

Assignment (long-term):
✔ Become a natural in playing the major scales, and triads and seventh chords
on the degrees, in all keys.

Lesson 7 The minor scales

7.1 When we compare the minor scales to the major ones, it strikes us that the
major key has one scale where the minor key has three scales. The superim-
posed triads of a major key all are major triads. In the minor key, however,
there are three possible combinations of triads:
1. Only the middle triad is a minor triad; this forms melodic minor.
2. The middle and bottom are both minor triads; this is harmonic minor.
3. All three triads are minor triads; this is called natural minor or aeolic.

14
 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d
c ed e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e

➪
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■
Diagrams 1, 2 and 3 show the tone material of the three different
■ ■ ■ C minor ■
c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e
B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e"'
scales as superimposed triads.

➪
➪

➪
1 2 3

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
C D E F G A B C d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g" a" b" c"'d"'e
b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d
c ed e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e f g a b c d e

➪
Diagram 4 shows the complete 4
stepwise tone material of C mi-
nor. We see respectively the
■ ■ ■
melodic, harmonic and aeolic ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
scale of C minor, which is ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

called the parallel minor of C c cd Cd

eminor
ef g a ab cb cdC e
mel.
f g ef g
dminor ga b
f harm.
a bc d eC enat.
c d f g a ab cb d
f minor
g e e
c d f fg ga a
b cb dc d
e

major. It has the same finalis as

the major scale.
7.2 The relative minor scale starts on the sixth tone (VIth degree) of the major
scale. The major and its relative minor key have the same key signature at the
beginning of the staff. The scale in the examples is C minor; the keys of C mi-
nor and E- major both have three flats. The relative minor scale of E- major
is therefore C minor. Also the reverse is true: the relative major scale of a mi-
nor scale starts on the third tone (IIIrd degree) of the aeolic minor scale. Con-
sequently C major is the relative major scale of A minor, which has no signs
at the beginning of the staff.
7.3 For lovers of practicing scales (!) it might be nice to know that the fingering
for the C, G and F minor scales and their parallel major is identical.
A A
7.4 It is customary in some languages, to write a minor key with a small letter: c
minor. Since the third of the minor triad, contrary to that of the major one, is
a minor third, the minor key is sometimes called 'minor-third key'.
7.5 The diagrams below show the seventh chords and their chord symbols on the
degrees of the C harmonic minor scale.

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ &wwb wwwwb wwb wwww

w
b www bb wwww
■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■■ ■ ■■ & b wwww ■ b wwww b ww b ww
I = Cm& II = DO III = E-&/+5 IV = Fm7
wwww b www b www
w b w b
& wwww b w
w w
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
& www bww
■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■■ ■ ■

V = G7 VI = A-& VII = Bo

15
 Next follow the chords on the degrees of the three different C minor scales, with
their names and symbols.

Harmonic minor:
I7 Cm& = C minor major seven
II7 DO = D half diminished
III7 E-&/+5 = E- major seven augmented five
IV7 Fm7 = F minor seven
V7 G7 = G seven
VI7 A-& = A- major seven
VII7 Bo = B diminished 7 (seven is usually omitted)

Melodic minor (differences with harmonic minor are bold-faced):

I7 Cm& = C minor major seven
II7 Dm7 = D minor seven
III7 E-&/+5 = E- major seven augmented five
IV7 F7 = F seven
V7 G7 = G seven
VI7 AO = A half diminished
VII7 BO = B half diminished

Aeolic or Natural minor (differences with harmonic minor are bold-faced):

I7 Cm7 = C minor seven
II7 DO = D half diminished
III7 E-& = E- major seven
IV7 Fm7 = F minor seven
V7 Gm7 = G minor seven
VI7 A-& = A- major seven
VII7 B-7 = B- seven

In traditional harmony the figure 7 added to a roman-type degree number, e.g. II7,
indicates a four-part seventh chord. Depending on scale, mode and degree number
the seventh will be a major, minor or diminished seventh. It should not be confused
with the figure 7 used in letter-type chord symbols, e.g. Dm7 and G7, customary in
jazz music. Here it indicates exclusively a minor seventh.
When using roman degree numbers, one often omits the 7, when the reader will un-
derstand the meaning, i.e. scale tone, triad or four-part chord.

16
Exercises:
✔ Slowly play the three scales of C minor with the correct fingering. Keep your
fingers near the keys and relax the hand.
✔ Play the seventh chords on the degrees of the scale of C minor harmonic with
comfortable fingering and call them by name.
✔ Play the seventh chords on the degrees of the scale of C minor melodic and
natural minor (aeolic) with comfortable fingering, and call them by name.
✔ Invert the seventh chords on the degrees of the scale of C minor harmonic
with comfortable fingering.
✔ Play the following chords in close position with the root in the bass (root po-
sition) and with the 7th as top note (in the lead):
A-&, BO, E-&, Bo, Fm7, F7, B&, F+m7.
✔ Play the same chords in mixed root position with the 5th in the lead.
✔ Play as many major 7th chords in close position as you can find. Pay careful
attention to their correct sound. Try to memorize them.
✔ Do the same with the dominant 7th and the minor 7th chords.

17
 w w ww
w
w
& ww ww www ww ww
w w ww ww w ww
LEARN THE OVERVIEW BELOW BY
?HEART,
www www AND
ww PRACTICE
IT ON THE KEYBOARD IN ALL KEYS!

Primary degrees: www

& ww
I = Tonic w
IV = Subdominant
w
w
V = Dominant
www ? www
& www
www www www wwww w IVww I
w w w V
w
Inversions of the triads on the degrees of the C major scale
˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙& ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙
˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ?

Inversions of the triads on the degrees of the C harmonic minor scale

˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙˙&˙ ˙ b ˙ b ˙
˙ b ˙˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙ b ˙ ˙˙ ˙ b˙
bb ˙˙˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙
b ˙˙˙ ˙
& b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙ b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙˙ b ˙ ˙˙
?
The seventh chords on the degrees of the C major scale

w w w
w ww
w
www ww∑ ww ww
w
& ∑& wwww wwww ∑www
&
I 7 II III 7 IV V7 VI 7
VII 7 7 7

?
The seventh chords on the degrees of the C major scale
organized according ˙ to the˙ superimposed
˙ ˙ ˙˙triads˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ Tonic
˙ w



wwww w w
w www
& ww www wwww& www ww w



w w
w www w ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
? ww b ˙ ww w˙ ˙˙ b ˙ b? ˙˙ ˙ b ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙ b
Dominant
bb ˙˙˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙˙ ˙
b˙
& b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙



Subdominant

www
18 & www
www ∑ ∑ ∑
&?
c d? e wf wg wa w
f g a b c wd w f wg a b c d
e w
b c d e f g a wb wc wd w
w
w w w w w & w w w w w
e ?

➪
F G A B c d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c" d" e" f" g"

& ∑
CHAPTER 2 THE FIRST CHORD PROGRESSIONS

In the previous chapter we were introduced to the piano and to some of the ele-
ments of traditional harmony. We also got to know the most common chord sym-
bols and a number of terms from the jargon of traditional harmony. The subject of
this chapter will be the progressions of the primary degrees: tonic → dominant →
C D tonic,
E F and
G A B →Csubdominant
tonic d e f g → tonic.
a b Furthermore,
c' d' e' f'weg'will
a' beb'introduced
c" d" e" tof"the
g" a" b" c"'d
preparation of the dominant by the subdominant.
➪

Lesson 8 Primary degrees in traditional harmony

8.1 The principle function of the dominant is steering the harmony to the tonic.
When the primary degree of the dominant (V) moves to the primary degree
of the tonic (I), both in root position, the bass falls a fifth (Latin: cadere, to
fall). This kind of chord progression is called an authentic cadence (example
1a). The chords have a fifth relation.*
Usually the subdominant prepares the dominant or steers the harmony away
from the tonic. The progression from the subdominant (IV) to the tonic, how-
ever, is all but unusual. It is called plagal (derived) cadence (example 1b).
The bass leaps a fifth (falls a fourth). In a sense, the relation subdominant
–tonic is the opposite of the relation dominant–tonic.
In a closure we hear the plagal cadence less frequent than the authentic ca-
dence dominant → tonic. The dynamics of the cadential fifth (fall of the fifth)
in the latter progression is considerably stronger than the raising fifth in the
subdominant → tonic progression.
8.2 The examples 1a and 1b show the elementary four-part progressions of the
primary degrees in C major: I ➞ V ➞ I, tonic → dominant → tonic (C➝G➝C)
and■I ➞ IV ➞ I, tonic
■ → subdominant → tonic (C➝F➝C). All the triads ■ are
in root position and all triads are complete, i.e. all chord tones are present.
■ The root of ■
the triads (c, g■ ■ doubled
and f) is ■ an octave
■ ■
up. ■ ■ ■

c d * Ineorderf to g a some
achieve b fluency
c d e harmony
in playing f g onathebpiano,cit isdof course
e notf absolutely
g a necessary
b c todbe familiar
e f g a b c
with the complete jargon of traditional harmony, but it is a lot more comfortable when one understands the terminology and
not every concept has to be explained elaborately.
19
 & ww w
w w ww
w
?w w w w
1a ˙˙ ˙˙ ww ˙˙ ˙˙˙ www
&
&˙ ˙ w∑ ˙ ˙˙˙ ∑ ˙˙ www Authentic cadence
˙
? ˙ ˙ w ˙
?˙ w∑ ˙ ˙ ∑ w
I V I etc.

ww˙ ˙ ww ˙˙w ˙˙ ww
1b
&
& ˙˙ ˙ ww ˙ ˙w ˙ ˙ w w ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ www
˙˙˙ ww Plagal cadence
? w & ˙
˙ ˙
˙ w
w w ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ w
? ˙ ˙ ˙ ww˙ w ˙ ˙ ww ˙ ˙ w
˙ ˙ ˙ w˙ w
? ˙ ˙ w ˙
I IV˙ I etc. w ˙ ˙ w
& ∑
ww˙ toneww of the ˙wmajor scale has the ∑
The & seventh ˙ w ˙ www ˙ tendency
˙ ww to resolve upwards to
the root tone.
w w
? & ww For this w
w reason the tone is called leading
w w
w w tone. The leading tone
is the third of the
? w w dominant primary
∑ w w w degree. In thew plagal cadence the root
w w ∑
of the subdominant ? w functions was a descending leading tone to the third of the
tonic: f ˙➘ e.˙ Seewexample
w ˙ 1b.˙ It isw mainly w this quality which causes the dy-
˙ ˙ w
namics & of ˙˙w the
w ˙ plagal
& ˙ ww˙ ˙cadence. ˙ ˙ w ˙ ˙˙ w
w ww w˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ww
In sections 14.4 and 21.6 we will∑learn that in the traditional plagal∑ progression often the 6 is added
?
(sixte ? ˙w &to˙ the triad
ajoutée) ˙w ˙ degree
ww of the primary ˙ ˙ w(IV). Because the chords resolve
ww of the subdominant
differently, this chord shouldn't be confused with the first inversion (%) of II . 7
? ∑ ∑
8.3 The progression
ww˙ ˙ ˙wwin example 2 differs from the one in example 1a. In the up-
per staff
& wwwwe see ˙wwa descending
& ˙˙ ˙ww ˙passing www tone ˙w(f) between
˙ ww the root tone of the G
triad (g) and˙the˙˙ 3rd of ww the C triad
˙ w
˙˙ ˙ (e).wwOn the thirdw˙ beat of the first bar this
w w ˙
?
(passing)
? w tone
& ˙ ww w the G˙triad
˙ changes
˙ w intow a wdominant
˙˙˙ w˙˙ seventh
www chord on g. To
get a complete ? ˙ C˙ chord, the leading ˙ tone (b) drops ˙to the fifth of C (g).
Examples 2a, 2b and 2c show the progression G➝G7➝C.
w ˙ w ˙ w
w
&w a w ˙ w b w ˙
w ˙ ˙ c
2? w & ˙ ˙
w
w w w
w ww w ˙w ˙w www ˙w ˙ w
w ww
?w w w
˙w ˙ ˙˙ ˙ w w w
& ww ww ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ww
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ www ˙ ˙ w ˙˙˙ ˙˙ www
8.4 In example w& w 3w we see the
˙ most
˙ elementary resolution of the incomplete domi- ˙
?
nant seventh chord
w
w on g (G7),winto an ˙incomplete
w w? ˙˙ ˙ triad of C. In both
˙ chords ˙
th
the 5 is ? absent
w (d and g). In the w upperw staff of example 3a we see thewinter-
w ˙ ˙ w
val of an augmented 4th (f-b) – w
a b
also called tritone – of G7, re- 3 w w
solving outward ˙w ˙to the˙˙ interval ˙ &w w ww ww
of a minor 6 (e-c) w
& w
wth w ˙
of C. The
opposite happens in example
?w w
w
w
? w
3b where the diminished w 5th (b-
f) resolves inward to the major 3rd (c-e) of the C triad*. Augmented intervals
usually resolve outward, diminished intervals&resolve inward.
∑ ∑
*Tritone and diminished fifth are complementary intervals. Superimposed they form an octave.
? ∑ ∑
20
˙˙ ˙˙ ww
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww
w ˙ ˙ w ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ www
 &
? ∑ ∑
˙˙ ˙˙ ww
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww
w ˙ ˙ w ˙˙˙ ˙˙ www
Lesson 9 Primary degrees in jazz
˙
?˙ ˙ w ˙ ˙ w ˙ ˙ w
The sound of the chords used in the progressions of traditional harmony deviates in
quite a few ways, due to differences in style and character, from the sound (colour-
ing) of the chords in jazz In this lesson we will &
ww some wof these differences.
meet w˙ ˙ ww
˙ ˙ ww w w w˙w ˙ ww
˙ →˙Tonicw (V7➞I)
Dominant ˙˙ in˙˙jazz ww w
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ww ˙ ˙ w ? ˙˙˙w ˙˙ w www th w w
w
w
9.1 In example 1 the 6 of C6 (a) is suspended by the˙ major 7 (&) of C& (b). The
latter?tone is˙ called a suspend- ˙ ˙ w
˙ w ˙
ing tone or in short a suspension.
w ˙
1 & w
It is a tone which suspends
w w˙ ˙ ww w˙ ˙
movement ww by which
w it creates ?w w
&
tension. The third of G7
w w (b) w
w w w w
keeps ?itswplace and becomes w the G7 C& C6 G7 C& C6
major 7th of C&.w w ˙w ˙ ˙˙ ˙
& ww ww ˙
A number of the tones which in traditional harmony were originally suspending tones, have partially lost their
dynamic character in jazz. These tones have become part of the w
Colouring the chord
& is the most important ? superimposed-thirds
∑ reason for their existence. ∑ them chordstructure
We call w
of the chord.
extensions and they are
indicated with a number or with a delta. The numbers are derived from the interval they create with the root of
the chord. The nine (9) is the major ninth, that is, the major second plus an octave. Thirteen (13) is the major
˙
?
& ww ∑ w˙ ˙ ww ˙ ˙ww ˙ ww
sixth plus an octave (tredecime). Eleven (11) stands for a fourth plus an octave (undecime), etc. By adding a
∑
minus (–) or flat (-) the extension is lowered and by a plus (+) or a sharp (+) raised. Besides the colouring char-
ww
w ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ w
acter of chord extensions, the most important difference between an extension and a chord tone is that a chord
w
& w w ww ww˙ ˙ ww
tone can be in the bass, whereas chord extensions only under certain conditions are found in the bass. The ma-
˙ ? ww ˙ ww
˙ w w ˙
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ www ˙˙ ˙˙ ww www˙w ˙ ww w
jor seventh (delta, &) is an exception to this. This tone can be both a chord tone and a (colouring) extension.
˙w ˙ ˙ ˙ ww
w w
? ˙˙w ˙˙ ww
9.2 In example aw w b w
? ˙ ˙2a thew root tone of
˙ 2
˙ w
w ˙˙ ˙˙ w
G7 (g) is suspended by the 9 ˙ w & ˙w˙ ˙ w ww w w
(a). In example 2b the root
w ˙ ˙ w
w ˙
˙ ˙˙
& ˙
? ww ˙ ww w
tone of ww˙C&/9 (c)
ww is alsow˙sus-˙ w ˙w ˙ ww
&
pended by the 9 (d).
˙ w w w ˙w ˙ w w
w ?G7/9
w G7 wwC&w˙ C6 G7 C&/9
w C6
9.3 In example
? w 3 wewsee the com- w
w &awwww w˙ww ˙˙ b www ww˙ ˙
plete five-part G7/9 chord of www ˙ w ˙ ˙
which the 9 resolves to the 5 of 3 &
? ww
˙
w
ww
˙˙ w
www w
ww˙˙ ˙˙
C&/9& (g).w The 5 of
w w˙ G7/9
comes the 9 of C&/9 which
˙ (d)w be- w
w re- ˙ ˙ ?w w
w w
solves
? to w the root tone. w
w w &G7/9www C&/9 ww C6 G7/9
w˙ ˙˙ C&/9
w˙ ww˙ C6˙
w ˙ ˙
w
? ww4, the 5wwof G7 (d)
In example
w
ww˙ is˙˙ internally
9.4
& w ˙ w
ww˙˙ ˙
˙ww ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
4 & w ww (within the chord itself) suspended by e. This
?w
tone is the 13 of thewG7/9/13 chord. The
w w ˙re-
mainder of the
w w
w voicesw move asww in example ˙and˙3a.
?w & w w w ˙
w
w
The 13 can also
ww stay ww in the lead of G7˙w ˙re-
G7/9/13 & w 9 of C&/9
ww
solve externally to the
? w w (d). ˙w ˙
?w w w
˙ ˙ ww˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ww˙ ww w˙ ˙˙
ww ˙ ˙˙ w ˙ ˙ w˙˙ ˙˙
& ˙
? ˙ww ˙˙ ww˙˙ ˙˙ ˙w ˙ ww
w w
21
?w w w w
w
 9.5 Examples 5a and 5b show the voicing in which the second voice – from the
top – is positioned an octave lower. In jazz music a mixed position like this is
called a drop-two position (see also section 5.3). This more open position gives
the chords a different colour. Furthermore, the possibility is created to divide
the space between the voices more evenly, which makes it easier to insert
the colouring tones in the middle voices (example 5c). In 5a we see the same
progression as in 3b, with the difference thatw in 5a ˙wthe 7 (f) wwand˙ rootww˙ of ˙G7,
˙
& ww ww
and the 3 of C& (e) are one octave lower. w w ˙ ˙ w
˙ w ˙ w
? w c ww w ˙ w ww
a b w ˙ w
˙ ˙ ˙ ww
5 & w w ww˙ ˙ ˙ww&˙ww ww w˙ ˙w ww ww ww ww
ww ˙˙ ˙˙ w w ˙ ˙ww w w
ww ˙& ˙
˙˙ ˙˙˙ w
?w ww ?˙˙w ˙w ww w ww w w ww
w w w w ˙ ˙w w
w
? G7/9/13 w C6/9 w w w˙
w
˙ theww externalww resolution ˙
˙w& ˙of˙ ˙ 9 (a) w
ww and 13w (e) of G7 ˙ ˙˙
9.6 Example& 5c ˙wshows w
w the
˙ ˙˙ w into
w ˙
respectively the 5 (g) and the 9 (d) of C6/9. wwwwBecause ww of˙ the˙wwwdrop-two ww˙posi-
˙ w
w ˙
˙
?w w &
? ˙ ˙
tion the colouring tones w 13 (e), 9 (d), and
w& w 6 (a) can w be more w evenly wwwplaced
˙ ˙˙˙ ww ww
in-between the middle voices (compare ? example
˙
w 5a).˙ ˙˙ w w w
? ww w
ww˙˙ ˙˙ ww w ˙ w ˙ w
→
Subdominant w
w Tonic ˙
˙ (IV➞I)
˙ in jazz w ww ww
& w w ww ˙ w
www w &
w˙˙ ˙˙ w w w
w w
w w˙˙ ˙ w
9.7 In jazz a subdominant primary degree can resolve to a root-positioned tonic
w ˙
as well as?to a tonic with
& w
ww˙ (I˙6). We w w ˙ w
w 6 the third in thew&bass ww will see, ww˙ however,
˙˙ w˙˙˙ that
w w ?
w w ˙ ˙˙
in jazz IV➞III or IV➞I is more common than
? ww IV➞I.w˙ ˙ w
w w
w w w
9.8 In the examples 6 and 7 the 6 ? w w w˙˙ ˙˙ www˙
& wwplagal progression
chords in thew
ww w˙˙ ˙˙ ww& w
w
ww
w
w w ˙
˙ ˙˙ww w ˙ ˙ ˙˙
are in root position. Again, we &
?w w
ww˙˙ ˙˙ www w w
˙w ˙
?w
see the major 7 (&) suspending
w w w& www ww
w w
the 6, and the 9 suspending the ? F& w C&
w w w ˙˙ ˙˙
octave doubling ? ˙www www
& www of the ww root. w ˙w& ww w˙˙w ˙
w w
w ˙ ˙ w w ˙
ww ˙ w˙ ˙˙
9.9 In example 8 the root of the 7 & ˙ w w w ˙ ˙
subdominant moves to the third
? w w w w ? ˙w
ww ˙
˙ w w ˙
˙ ˙˙ w˙ w ˙ ˙ w
(e) of the tonic. Traditionally, if
& w w
w ˙ ˙˙ ww˙˙ ˙
?w w w
˙ ˙ ww˙ ˙
this latter tone is in the bass,˙it ˙ w w
w
is not doubled
& ˙˙ in˙˙ thewwupper part
ww
˙ w?
&˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ w
˙ ˙ w ˙
w
˙ ˙ w˙ ˙˙
w ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ aw
w ˙
˙ ˙ b
of the chord.w
The two suspensionsw(b and d) 8 w& w
? w ? ww w ˙ww ˙
ww w
w
for the doubled root of the ton-
w w w ˙ ˙
ic in example 8b create the 7th ?w w w w
-2-
chord on III (Em7), followed
by I6 (C/E). F& C9/E F&
˙ Em7 C/E
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ww˙ ww ˙ w˙˙ ˙˙
w
-2- ww ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ -2-
? w w w
w
22
Exercises:
✔ Play all the examples Seq. 1a & ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙ # ˙˙
from lessons 8 and 9.
b ˙˙ ˙˙

✔ Play sequences 1a and ?˙ ˙ #˙ ˙ ˙ b˙

1b, and continue over
G7 C& F+7 B& F7 B-& etc.
one octave.
✔ Play sequences 1a and Seq. 1b
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙
1b, beginning on C7
&& ˙˙˙ ˙˙ w# ˙˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙b ˙˙ ˙˙ w
˙w ˙ w
and continuing to C7 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
one octave down.
?? ˙w˙ ˙
˙ w# ˙ ˙ b w˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙ bw
✔ Play sequences 2a and G7 C& F+7 B& F7 B-& etc.

2b, up to and including

G-& G-6. Seq. 2a & ˙ ˙∑ w ∑˙ ∑
& w ˙ ˙ w ˙ w
˙ ˙
✔ Play the sequences 2a
and 2b, starting at a ?w ∑ w
? ∑b w b w∑
random three-part ma- C& C6 F& F6 B-& B-6 E-& E-6 etc.
jor 7th chord with the
fifth omitted. w ˙
Seq. 2b &˙ ˙ w ˙ ˙w ˙ ˙
w ˙
✔ While playing the se-
quences, name the ?w w bw
chords and try to recall bw
their piano voicing. C& C6 F& F6 B-& B-6 E-& E-6 etc.

✔ Play exercises 1 and 2 while the left hand plays ∑the root of∑ the chords
∑ indicat- ∑
ed. Only the upper structure of the chord moves. The bass keeps its place.
&
✔ F+6 or D+m7;
Transpose the exercises a half step up: ? ∑ G6∑or Em7, etc.
∑ F+m6 ∑
or D+O or B7/9, etc. Try to get some fluency, which is not the same as speed!
Take your time!
✔ The exercises can be ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
varied in different
& œ
Exc.1 œ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœ
ways: F6 going up, F+6 ?& œœœœ ∑œœœ œ œ ∑ œ œ œ∑œ wwww
down, G6 up, etc. Start
∑
on a different chord. F6 or Dm7
Use a different rhythm.
Transpose by thirds: Exc.2 b œ b œ
œ b œ
œœ b œœœœ b œœœ b œœ b œ
F6, A-6, B6 (C-6), etc.
&& b œœœœ ∑ œœœ œœ œ ∑ œ œœ œœ∑œ b wwww ∑
Use your imagination ?Fm6 or DO or B-7/9 with root omitted
and don't make it too
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
easy for yourself. ∑ ∑
&

& ∑ ∑ 23
 Lesson 10 A few rules for voice leading

The technique of voice leading has its origin in the practice of traditional vocal four-
part harmony. The rules of voice leading serve to give a melodical sense to the sepa-
rate voices of the chords. This lesson is about some of these rules. In the following
lessons they will be extended and provided with additions and exceptions.
10.1 The seventh of a chord descends stepwise.
This rule is valid for the resolution of the seventh within the same chord or
the following chord. We call this the internal and the external resolution:
& ➘ 6 internal resolution
10.2 The seventh descends to the third of the following chord, if the two chords
have a fifths relation.
We have seen this consistently where G7 is followed by C. The f moves to e
(NB!):
7 ➘ 3 external resolution
10.3 The third becomes the seventh of the following chord, if the two chords have
a fifths relation:
3 ➙ 7 or 3 ➘ 7 external resolution
When there is a progression of G7 to C&, the third of G7 stays in place and
becomes the & (major seven) of C (NB!)
In a progression of two or more dominant seventh chords with a fifth rela-
tion, i.e. G7 ➝ C7 ➝ F7 (dominant chain) the 3 moves to the 7: b ➘ b- ➘ a.
10.4 Chord extensions descend stepwise:
9 ➘ 1 internal resolution
13 ➘ 5 internal resolution
and in a progression where the chords have a fifths relation as in G7 ➝ C:
9 ➘ 5 external resolution
13 ➘ 9 external resolution
10.5 Suspensions resolve descending stepwise, internally as well as externally.
10.6 In a chord progression the voices should preferably move over the shortest
distance.
Application of this rule depends on a number of factors: the lead (melody),
the tone in the bass, the doubling of tones, and whether or not there are tones
omitted from the chord; i.e. whether or not the chord is complete. 'Shortest
distance', therefore, will need some specification (see also 8.3).

24
Exercises:
✔ Play the following progressions with the correct voice leading:
✘ C7/9 | F&/9 F6 | ✘ D7/9 | G&/9 G6 |
✘ C7/13 | F&/9 F6 | ✘ D7/13 | G&/9 G6 |
✔ Connect the following chords in drop-two position:
✘ C7/9/13 C7/9 | F&/9 F6 | ✘ D7/9/13 D7/9 | G&/9 G6 |

Lesson 11 Sus4 → Dominant seventh chord → Tonic

In the previous lessons we were introduced to the suspensions: & for the 6 and 9
for the root of the major chord, the 9 for the root and 13 for the fifth of the domi-
nant seventh chord. We learned that the suspensions can be a part of the superim-
posed thirds structure of the chord, in which case they are called chord extensions.
In this lesson we will become acquainted with the suspension of the third of the
dominant seventh chord of V. This suspending tone takes the place of the third,
which is usually not present in the chord, and is usually not a part of the superim-
posed thirds structure. In the chord symbol this kind of suspension is abbreviated
as sus or sus4. The fourth c of G7sus4 suspends the third b of G7.
11.1 In example 1a the fourth (c) a b
suspends the third (b) of the ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ w
1 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ww ˙ . œ ww
G7 chord: G7sus4.
w
11.2 In example 1b, in addition ?w w
w w
to the suspension of the
third (b) of the G triad, the G7sus G7 I$ V7
˙
˙˙w. ˙˙˙ thew˙˙ second
6 or 13 (e) suspends the fifth (d). This ˙ creates,
˙ by coincidence,
& ˙ ˙˙ ww˙ ˙ ˙ œ ww ˙
& ˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ w ˙
inversion of the C triad with the doubled bass tone g. In traditional harmo-
? wisw called awsuspendingww six-four w($ ) chord
ny, a tonic triad (C) applied in this way,
?
(triad with the fifth in the bass). It can be regarded w as a suspended wV chord.
11.3 In the upper staff of exam- a b
ple 2a, on the first beat of
˙˙w ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
2 && ˙˙w ˙˙ w w ww
the first bar, we see the F ˙ ˙˙ ˙w˙ ˙˙
triad. This suggests the ?w
? w
presence of the subdomi- w ww w ww
nant (IV) as a preparation
for the dominant. Instead of G7/9 (see 9.2)˙˙we see
˙˙ ˙–˙also˙˙ written
G7/9sus4
&
& ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
as F/G – as a suspension for G7. ˙ ˙ ˙
w˙˙ ˙˙ ˙w˙ ˙˙ w w
˙
11.4
?
Example 2b shows the same suspensions
? w as example ww 1b. Because thew
wseventh
ww is created.
of G7 (f) replaces the doubled g shown wexample 1b, no C triad In
this example, the lead (e) could sustain as 13 in G7/13 for the whole bar, to
& ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ww ˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ww ˙˙˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙w˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙w ˙
? ˙ ˙ ww
? ˙ ˙ ww
˙w ˙ w w˙ ˙ w 25
œ œœ œ œœœ œ œ
& œ œ
œ œ œ œ œ œ œœœ œ œ œ œœ œœœ œœœ œ œœ œœœ œœœ
 & ˙˙ ˙˙ www ˙˙ . ˙ œ ww
˙˙ ˙˙ w ˙˙ . ˙˙ ww
? w˙˙ ˙˙ www
& ˙w œ ww
˙ ˙ w ˙˙ ˙˙ ww
&
? w˙ ˙ ww ˙w. œ ww
w
? w˙˙ ˙˙ w ˙ ˙
˙w ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙
resolve into the ninth of C&/9 (d) in the˙ next
& w w hap-
˙ bar.˙ A similar
w ˙ ˙
˙ thing
˙ could
˙
˙ ˙˙
pen with the lead in example 2a: the & a ˙
˙ w
? ˙ ˙ ˙w ˙ ˙ ˙ w˙continues ˙ ˙ w
w as 9, to w resolve
˙ externally
w
into the fifth of C& (g). ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
?a˙˙˙w ˙˙˙ ˙www ˙ w
& ww
11.5 In example 3 we find the b
most essential voices of 3 & w˙w
? w
w˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
w w
the progression ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
G7sus G7 IC& C6 I &
? w˙ ˙ ˙ww ˙ w ww ˙
It is recommended
˙˙ ˙˙ ww to ˙˙ ˙˙ ww ww
& ww˙ ˙ w˙ ˙
learn examples
& ˙ ˙ 3aw and 3b ˙ . ?
œ w ˙ ˙ ˙w ˙ w
w w w
by heart and practice ? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙w˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ w˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙
˙ ˙
? w
them in all keys. w
w & a
w ˙w˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ w˙ ˙ ˙
4 & ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
11.6 Examples 4 and 5 show ? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙w˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ w˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
the & complete
˙˙ ˙˙ five-part
ww
˙˙ ˙˙ & ˙˙ ˙˙w˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ w˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙
harmony ˙ of˙the ˙progres- w ?w ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙w ˙˙ w
˙ w w
sion.? Example 4 in closed w
wDm7
? ˙˙ /G ˙˙G7/9 wC&/9 C6 F& ˙ ˙G7/9 C&/9 C6
w˙˙ /G ˙˙ www
w &
and example 5 in drop- w w˙ ˙ ww
two position. ?a˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ www
& b ˙
˙ ˙˙ w
˙ ˙ ww
11.7 In example
& w 5b we meet ˙w ˙5 & ?˙w ˙˙˙ ˙ ww ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ w
w˙ ˙
the 13 ˙(e) ˙as colouring
˙ ˙ ww
˙ œ ˙˙œœ œœœw œœ œ˙˙œœœ ˙˙ œ w œœ œœœ œ
tone? again, replacing the ?
& ˙
œ œ ˙ œ œw œ œ œœ œœœœ œœœœ œœœ
w middlew voices w
fifth in the
w œœ˙œ œœ ˙ œœ œœw œœœ œœ œœ ˙œœ ˙œœœœ œœœw œœœ œœœ œœœœ œ
œœ œ œœ œ œ œ œ œœœœ œœœœ œœœ
of G7/13 (see example ? œœœœ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœœœ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœœwœ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœœœ
&
œ
5a). The˙C chord
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙has been ˙˙˙coloured
˙ ˙˙˙ &
?
˙˙˙by wœœthe
œ˙˙˙œœœœ6œœœ(a)œœandœœœ 9œœœœ(d).
œœœ œœ œœœ œœœ œœœ œœ œœ œœœœ œœœœ œœœ
11.8
˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙˙ of˙˙˙ the chords in˙ example
The upper structure
œ˙
w œ
4a, played by the right hand
wœ œ œœ
(upper? staff), canwbe inverted, in the? &wsame w way as in exercises ∑ 1wand 2 of les-
son 9. This way successively brings the chord tones of the upper structure in
w w
the lead over the same bass (see example & 6). We can try ∑this with the drop-
two position
?
& ˙˙ ˙˙in examplew 5a ˙as well.
˙ That,
& w however, will be∑∑considerably more
difficult. ˙The˙ challenge
ww is not ˙˙ to˙˙ double ww tones. Listen – and
? ∑ look – carefully!
In this
? position
˙ ˙ itwwis tricky (at ˙ times
˙ ? wwimpossible), to keep∑the sustained bass
in its place,
˙ without
˙ using the ˙ right
˙ pedal.
œ œ
6 & œ œœ œœœ œœœ œ œœœœœ œœœ œ œœ œœœ œœœœ œ œœ œœœ œœœœ
œœœ œœ œ œœœ œœ œ œœœ œœ œ œœœ œœ œ
? w
w
Dm7/G G7/9 C&/9 C6

∑
Exercises:
&
✔ Play ?
the examples and follow
∑ the advice given in 11.5 and 11.8.

26
 ✔ Learn by heart as many examples as possible and transpose them to nearby
keys (F, G, B-, etc.).
✔ Play the sequences 3a and 3b over one octave, and learn them by heart. Say
the names of the chords while playing them.
w˙ ˙ w˙ # ˙ bb w˙ ˙ w˙ # ˙
Seq.3a &
?w #w nw w
G7sus G7, etc.

Seq.3b & ˙w ˙ w˙ # ˙ bb w˙ ˙ ˙w # ˙
?w #w nw w
G7sus G7, etc

✔ Learn to play the sequences, starting somewhere halfway.

Lesson 12 Dominant → Tonic, with some chromatics

In this lesson we will encounter some chromatic passing tones, both in the lead and
in the middle voices.
12.1 In example 1, a chromatic passing tone is in-
1 & w˙w b ˙ ww˙ ˙
serted between the ninth of G7/9 and the w –9 ˙ ˙
fifth of the C chord. The a- in the lead makes
the G7/9 into a G7/–9 chord ('G7 flat nine'). ? w
w
12.2 In example 2, sus4 (c) resolves externally G7/9 C&/9 C6
into a chord tone of the next chord. We see
the suspension c move to the major 7 (b) of
2 & ˙ww b ˙
C&. The a- (–9) is a chromatically moving
w
–9
ww
passing tone again. In this example the fifth
(d) is omitted from the G7 chord. This ? w
makes the chord incomplete.*
w
G7/9sus4 C&
12.3 In example 3, we also see the passing tone
a- between 9 (a) and 5 (g). The 13 substi-
tutes for the 5 as a colouring tone that re- 3 & w˙ b ˙
w –9 ˙˙w ˙˙
solves to the 9 of the next chord (d). In all
examples we see the 9 or –9 of G7 (a or a-) ?w ww
resolve into the 5 (g) of the C chord. w
G7/9/13 C&/9 C6

* In a dominant seventh chord the fifth can easily be omitted. In some cases, e.g. where the 13, –13 or +5 are also in the
chord, it sounds better when the fifth is left out.

27
 12.4 In example 4, the 13 of G7 (e) moves to the 9
(d) of the C&/9 chord via –13. In the tonic chord 4 & w˙ b ˙
w –13 œœw b b œœ ˙˙
the middle voices also move with chromatic
passing tones. In this example we see the two ?w ww
of them move together. w
G7/9/13 C&/9 C6

Exercises:

✔ Play all the examples and name the chord tones by their number (1, 3, 6, 7,
&, 9, 13) and their flats (flat 9 and flat 13).
✔ Practice the following progressions until you can play them smoothly:
✘ C7/9/13 C7/–9/13 | F6/9 starting with 9 in the lead
✘ F7/9/13 F7/–9/–13 | B-&/9 B-7/–9 | B-6 starting with 13 in the lead
✔ Invert the following chords in close position with the right hand, keeping the
bass, written after the slash, in the same place:
✘ Fm7/B- ✘ DO/G ✘ Bo/G ✘ DO/B- ✘ AO/ F ✘ E-m7/A-

Lesson 13 Subdominant → Dominant and the II-V-I progression

The previous lessons showed the dominant as a preparation for the tonic: G7 resolv-
ing to C. In this lesson we will see the subdominant function as a preparation for
the dominant. Some hints about this characteristic of the subdominant have already
been given. In 11.3, 11.6 and 12.2 we see triads of F or F6 and F& chords in the up-
per staff of the examples, while the third of the G7 chord is omitted. The only thing
that distinguishes the suspending G7/9sus4 in the examples from the subdominant,
is the absence of a subdominant bass (d or f). Example 2 in 12.2 is a little different;
if there had been an f in the bass, the subdominant wouldn't have been a dominant
preparation, but we would have seen the plagal cadence: subdominant → tonic (see
lesson 8.2).
13.1 If there is a half step (minor second) distance between the seventh and the
eighth tone of the scale, the seventh tone is called the leading tone (see les-
son 8.2). In the scale of C, b is the leading tone which is also the third of G7.
It is said that this tone has a strong tendency to resolve upward to the tonic.
In contrast to the dominant, which takes a great part of its right of existence
from this tendency, a subdominant chord rarely has a ascending leading tone.
In the key of C we therefore very seldom find an ascending b in a subdomi-
nant chord. If there happens to be a b in it, for example as +11 in F, we usu-
ally want it to resolve downward to a or leave it in its place.
13.2 Besides the primary degree IV, II has a subdominant function as well. In the
introduction to the seventh chords (5.1) we discovered that the F triad with

28
 & ww ww
w
? ww w
w
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙
d at the bottom (in the bass) produces Dm7. It is also known that F6 con-
sists of the same tones as Dm7.
?˙ #˙ n˙
Dm7 is II in C major and has subdominant function in that key.˙ #˙ n˙
13.3 In the II-V progression in C (that is, the progression Dm7➝G7)˙˙ ˙ one˙ notices
˙ b b ˙˙ ˙˙
the following: the seventh of Dm7 (c) resolves to the third ˙ G7
& of ˙˙ (b)˙˙and
# ˙˙ theb˙ ˙
bass drops a fifth, as it does in the progression of G7 to C. Dm7 and G7 also
have this fifths relation (see 8.1). Root-positioned chords? with
˙ ˙ a fifths
tion make a strong (cadential) progression.
# ˙ # ˙rela-n ˙ n ˙
13.4 Because of the similarity of Dm7➝G7 with the 1
suspension G7sus➝G7, the Dm7 chord is
& w˙w w˙w
called a suspending minor seventh chord. The sev-
enth of Dm7 is suspending the third of G7. In
?w w
example 1 it becomes clear that Dm7/11 (11=g) Dm7/11 G7/D
is identical to G7sus4/D (d in the bass). See be- ww
low example 6. In this example G7 is not in root position w
& b www
13.5 The II-V progression in minor keys functions in the same ? way
w as the wwone in
w
major. In minor, however, the second degree is, as a rule, a half diminished
seventh chord with a diminished instead of a perfect fifth; in minor Dm7➝G7
usually becomes DO➝G7. See also chapter 4.
& ∑ ∑
13.6 In examples 2a and 2b we see the movement 2a & w w
ww w
of the most essential tones of the II7-V7 pro-
&
? ww ∑ w ∑
&
gression in C major or C minor. In example 2a ?w w
the third of II, and in example 2b the seventh ?w w
? 7 ∑ wwV7
is in the lead. Neither II7 nor V7 in the exam- & wwII
ples has a perfect fifth. This tone is considered &w ww
2b ww
as non-essential. It can give the chord a richer &
? w
sound, but usually it is a voice with no great &w
? ∑ww
harmonical meaning, and can therefore easily ? ww w -3-
be omitted. ?w w
Thirds and sevenths are tones that belong to 7 wwV7
& wwII ww
the middle voices rather than to the lead voice. & ww
If the third or the seventh has a melodic role, we 3 & ww w
usually find it doubled in the middle voices.
? w w
?w w
13.7 In examples 3 and 4 the complete four-part
?w w
ww www
Dm7 chord is shown. Example 3 shows that & Dm7 w wwG7/9(no 5)
retaining the same number of voices in the res- & ww ww
olution to the dominant results in an incom- 4
&
?
&w
ww w
plete G7/9 chord; the fifth is absent. After all, ? ww w
www
a complete ninth chord is a five-part chord. In ?w w
example 4 the fifth of Dm7 (a) keeps its place
?w w
but is taken over by the player's right hand as
& www ww
&Dm7 www G7/9
ww
& w ww
& ˙˙www˙˙ ˙˙ w# ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙
?
? w w
? w w
& ww ˙ # ˙wwwww# ˙ n ˙ n ˙ 29
? www˙ w
w
& ww w
& ˙w ˙ ˙ww˙ b ˙ ˙
 & ww ww
& www
? ww
w
?w
ninth in the G7 chord (arrow). In the left hand the root (d)w
& wof Dm7 wwsplits up
w w
and completes the G7/9 chord. w w
&
?& wwww from the wwwtraditional
This splitting up of tones is quite a normal procedure on the piano, deviating
voice-leading rules. &w w
? ww w
13.8 In example 5, Dm7 is extended by a fifth ? ww ww
5 &
voice: the ninth (e). In the next chord this tone ? ww ww
resolves to the fifth (d). In this example we ww
w www
w
see the complete G7/9 chord. Just like in the
&
?& www ww
previous examples the fifth of Dm7 (a) keeps &w w
w
Dm7/9 w G7/9
its place, and becomes the ninth in G7/9.
?? ww
&
? wwww ww
13.9 In example 6, Dm7 is extended with g. A ww
Dm7/11 chord is being formed. This exten- 6 &
sion of II appears in many forms. In this case
?& wwwww www
wwwww
the extension is more an anticipation of the
& w
w
? w www
root tone of the chord to which it resolves ? wwwww www
than a suspension. Like the 9 and the 13, the
&
? ww
Dm7/11
www G7
ww
11 also is considered a part of the superim- w w
posed thirds structure of a chord. The d can also remain
&
?&w in
w w w the
w
bass w of G7.
w
is 7➘3
In that case the only movement in the II-V progression &
w
ww (c➘b).ww See al-
w
so example 1. ??w
? www
& www w
13.10 The voice-leading rules become somewhat redundant as the chords,
b played
ww
b
w following them w
on the keyboard, become more extensive. In the first place, &
correctly becomes almost impossible, due to fingering problems.
?& wwwwwww Alsobwbwbwthe www in-
w
creased number of voices diminishes the necessity of?applying
& wwww the w w rules. -2-
w wb ww
Examples 7 and 8 show that we will barely hear the correct ? www voice leading;
following ineffective rules seems to be rather fruitless. ? ww w w -2-
ww
The arrow in example 7 stands for the ex- ww
change of the thumbs in this progression. For 7 & www wwww
people with hands that are big enough to play &w www
the third of Dm7/9/11 (f) with the left hand, ?w w
this thumb exchange is superfluous. If they ?w w
Dm7/9/11 G7/9/13
want, they could add the fifth (a) to the
Dm7/9/11 chord with their right hand thumb &w ww
or with the 2nd finger of the left hand, down 8 &w b
b w w
an octave.
w
? ww b b wwww
G7 in example 8 belongs to the so called al- ? ww bw
b www -2-
tered chords, d becomes d-, which we will get w -2-
to know later. Dm7/9/11 G7/-5/-9/-13

13.11 The II7-V7 progression usually has the following voice leading:
7➘3 5➙9 11➙1
3➙7 9➘5 of 9➙13

* "➘" means: "descends to...". "➙" means: "becomes...".

30
13.12 The scale tones that can be used as extension of the suspending minor 7th
chord, are 9, 11, and in some cases 13. The 4 can be added and is mainly
heard in the lower register of the chord (over the bass). The voicing of the
chords in the examples is one choice out of many possibilities.

Exercises:
✔ Play the examples above and analyse the chords.
✔ Practice the three-part chord sequences (Seq. 4, 5 &
andw6) until wyou can play
them smoothly by heart. Analyse them and continue w playing them
ww over the
entire keyboard. Watch closely to the tones which? keep
ww their position. Play
them slowly but in time. If necessary & ww w
ww
use a metronome and put several ➎ ➍ ➎w➍ ➎ ➍
beats to every chord. Smoothness is
w
Seq. 4 & ? ˙w ˙ ˙w# ˙ b ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙w ˙ b ˙ ˙
more important than speed. The fin-
gering of the upper voice, seventh ➘
third, in sequence 4 is ➎ ➘ ➍, all the
? ˙ ˙ # ˙ # ˙ nb ˙ ˙
& ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙ b˙ n ˙
time. The middle voice can best be ˙ ˙ ˙ #˙ b˙ ˙
played by the thumb. Dm7
? ˙˙ G7˙ C+m7˙ F+7
& ˙ Cm7
b b˙˙F7,˙˙ etc.
& ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙ # ˙˙ bnb˙˙˙ ˙
✔ In sequence 5, the 1st
and the 5th
fin- ?˙ # n˙
ger of the right hand play a doubling
# ˙ n ˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ## ˙˙ b b ˙nn˙˙
of the third ➙ seventh in octaves. Seq. 5 &˙ ˙ # ˙˙ # ˙˙ nb ˙˙ ˙˙
The fingering of the middle voices ➌ ➋
seventh ➘ third in the right hand is ? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ b b ˙˙ n ˙˙
& w˙w ˙ # ˙ww# ˙˙ bn ˙ ˙
➌ ➘ ➋. ˙ ˙
✔ In sequence 6 the right hand plays ?Dm7
? ˙ G7˙ #C+m7
˙www# ˙F+7 Cm7n ˙ n ˙F7
w
seventh ➘ major third ➘ minor third
& ww
˙ ˙
in the upper voice with ➎ ➘ ➍ ➘ ➎.
In the middle, voice the fingering is: &? ➎ww ➍ ➎wb ww
➊ ➙ ➋ ➘ ➊. Seq. 6 & ˙ww ˙ b ˙w w˙ bb w˙ ˙
➊ ➋w
˙b www➊
ww
✔ Start the sequences somewhere half ?
? w ˙
way. For example on Gm7 or B-m7.
& ˙w ˙ ˙ ˙
w
Dm7 G7 Gm7wC7
w Cm7 F7
✔ Transpose the drop-two position of ?
& w ∑ ∑
exercise 1 chromatically upward in
all keys (not easy!):
œœ œ
? œ˙ œ ∑œ ˙˙ ww˙∑ ˙ ˙ b œ˙ œ b œ ˙˙ œ ww˙
&
E-m7 I E-m7/9 A-7/9 | Exc.1
&˙ œœ œœœ ˙ ww ˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙
& œ ˙ ˙
Em7 | Em7/9 A7/9 | ? œœ˙ œœ œ w˙ ˙ ˙
? œ ˙ ˙ bw
Fm7..., etc. Learn them by heart. & œ œ∑ œ ∑ œ ∑w
?
Playing the chords in close position
to start with, may help. ?Dm7 ∑ Dm7/9 G7/9
&
& ∑ -3-
? ∑
? ∑ -3-
31
 Lesson 14 Subdominant → dominant → tonic and the II7-V7-I progression

Although the II-V-I progression is a simple and much applied harmonical pattern in
jazz music, it will become clear that it has its restrictions when harmonizing a melody.
Very often a stepwise movement in the bass sounds better than the quite poor fifth-
or fourth pattern that the II-V-I progression has to offer us in the bass. A long se-
ries of root positions of chords with fifths relations does not result in a very inter-

ww
˙˙w ˙˙that chords
esting, lively bass melody.

&
& ˙ ˙ ww
Because we have already seen the voice leading of V7-I and II7-V7, there is not very

w
much to add to the voice leading of the complete II-V-I progression, except for

?
? ww ww
some supplements and exceptions. In this lesson we will discover do
not always have to be in root position and also that the root can be kept silent. We

˙˙˙ ˙˙ ww
will meet the neighbouring tones and again the passing tones and will get to know

&
& w˙˙ ˙ w
& ˙ œ˙œ œœ ˙ww
two other extensions of dominant seventh chords.

?
14.1 In the II-V-I progression of example 1, all

? w˙ ˙˙ w
? ˙˙˙ ˙ www
1
voices move over the shortest possible dis-
tance. G7 is not in root position; the root (g) ˙˙ b # ˙˙ w ˙

˙˙ ˙˙G7/D wC
˙˙ ˙œ ww
is in the second voice and the fifth (d) is in
&

&
& ẇ œ w
& ˙wẇw ˙˙ wwwœœ˙ œ ˙
the bass. All chords under this melodical fi-
?Dm7 ˙ ˙ ˙

˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙˙˙ w œ ˙˙
nal cadence (c➘b➚c) are complete.

?
? ww œ
? ˙ww œœ œ ˙˙
14.2 Also in example 2, the root of Dm7 remains 2
below the G7 chord, and the root of G7

ẇwœœ œ ˙˙ wwwœœœ œ ˙
doesn't appear in G7 at all. In cases like this
& ˙

&
& ww˙ œ ˙ www œœ ˙˙
we say that the root is silent. In the second

& ˙ ˙
˙ ˙

& ˙œw b # ˙˙˙˙ wwwœ ˙

˙
bar we see two neighbouring tones (b and d) ? Dm7˙ ˙G7/9/DwC&/9 C6

?
? ˙wœ œœ ˙˙ wœ œ ˙˙
moving around the root c in the bass.

? ww ww œ
3

?
? ˙w ˙ ww ˙
14.3 The neighbouring tones in example 3 move ˙ ˙

œw œ G7/˙ 9/D C&/9 œw œ ˙ C6

in tenths (third + octave), because of the
&

&
& w ˙
˙˙ œ̇˙˙b œ œœww b b œœ ˙
drop-two position. In this example too, the

& ˙
& œ˙˙˙ œ œ̇˙˙œ˙b bœœ˙˙ wwœ bœb œ˙w˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙
root of G7/9/D is silent. In practice it will be-

?
Dm7

? w˙˙˙˙ ˙ b ˙˙ ww # www
come clear that this is no rarity in harmony

?
? ˙ ˙ ˙˙˙˙ w
at the piano. See also lesson 17.

b ˙˙˙ w www
4
&

bb˙˙˙˙˙/F œ̇˙G7bb œ˙œ bb œœwCb b œœww˙

14.4 Example 4 shows on the first beat the first

&
&
ẇw˙˙˙˙ nn˙˙b ˙˙ ˙ww˙˙œ ww˙˙˙
inversion of Dm7; f is in the bass. We also

&
&
? ˙˙ ˙
could have called this chord F6. Yet we pre-

?
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ww œ w˙˙
˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
fer the symbol Dm7/F of which the disso-

ww
Dm7

?
?
nant, the 7(c), is the moving tone. In exam-

? w˙ ˙ ˙ œ˙ œ ˙˙
ple 4a the 6 (d) is the moving dissonant (see 4a ˙

b ˙˙ b ˙bb œ˙ b œw w
&

&
&F6œ˙
also 21.6). In jazz this chord frequently re-

& ˙˙˙˙ œ bCn˙˙ ˙ F6œww œ Cww˙/E

& ww˙˙˙ ∑˙ ˙ www ∑
solves to Em7 or E7.

?
? ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ww ww
14.5 In example 5 we see a number of chromatic-

? œ
? w˙ œ ˙˙ œww œ ˙
&

& ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
˙˙ ˙ w
32 ? ∑ ∑
 œw œ ˙ œ œ ˙
&
& œwẇw œ ˙ wwwœœ œ ˙
& œww ˙˙ wwœ œ ˙
? œww œœ ˙ wœ œœ ˙˙
?
?w œ
w
œ
& ww˙˙˙ œ œ̇˙˙b œ œœwwwœ b œb œœ ˙˙˙
&
& ˙˙˙ œ̇ –13 b œ wœœœ b b œœ ˙
œ ˙ ˙ www œ ˙˙
ally descending passing tones. In G7 the

?
? w˙ ˙˙ œ
third is doubled an octave up. The lower 5

? ˙˙ ˙ ww
one is the harmonic and the upper one the

˙
melodic third. The upper one has a more

bœ
& b˙˙˙˙˙˙ œ̇n bbbœ˙˙œ b œœw b œwww˙
&
free voice leading and we will often see it

6 & b ˙˙ ˙ b ˙ b œ b œw˙
move in many directions.

w
Dm7 G7/13 C&/9 C6

˙
? ˙˙˙˙ ˙n ˙ –9ww ww
?
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
14.6 Example 6 shows a progression that origi-

ww
nates from C minor. Therefore the final

˙
chord could have been Cm6/9. In G7 the

DO bG7/-13/-10
˙˙b œ b œw C6/9
&
& b ˙
˙
˙ ˙
˙ ww ww
b ˙
lower third (b) originates from C harmonic

& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ b n˙
˙ ˙ ww w
minor and the upper one (b-) from C aeolic

? ˙˙ ˙ is also ww called
? ˙ ˙ ˙ ww
minor. This b- is called –10 (some prefer to

? ˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙
call it +9*). We see two successive suspen-

˙ ˙ w
w
sions, –10➘–9 (b- and a-), for the fifth of C6/9 (g). G7/–13/–10
– although not entirely correct – G7alt; alt being the abbreviation for altered.

& ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
˙˙ ˙
See also lesson 14.11.

w
? ˙˙ ˙ ww
14.7 The Dm7(O) chords of examples 5 and 6 7

˙
have a melodic third besides the harmonic
one; the f appears twice in the chords.
Octave doubling of the 3 provides freedom
for the upper 3 to move. Instead of keep-
Dm7 G7/13/–9 C6/9
ing its place as the seventh of G7, it moves
towards 13 (e in example 5) or –13 (e- in
example 6) of G7. Example 7 shows the –9
in combination with the 13th.
˙w
8 & ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙ w
˙
14.8 The seventh of a chord can also have – just
like the third – a melodic function and ? ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙
w
move more freely with respect to the voice-
leading rules. Dm7 in example 8 has a dou- Dm7 G7/–9/+11 C&/9 C6
˙ ˙ w
bled c. The harmonic seventh behaves as & ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙ ww˙ ˙
you would expect from a seventh within the voice-leading ˙˙ b # ˙˙˙rules;˙wit moves
˙
&
down to the third of the next chord: c ➘ b. The melodic
˙ ˙ whowever,
? ˙ seventh ˙
w ˙
moves up to c+. This c+ is also part of the superimposed˙ thirds ˙˙ structure
˙ ˙ of
?
G7 – like 9 and 13 – and gets the number +11 (augmented eleven). Itwis a non-
˙
scale tone in the key of C. ˙˙ b # ˙˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙ ˙ ww
14.9 Playing the right voice leading for the pro- 9
˙ ˙ w
& ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙˙ ˙ww˙ ˙˙
gression C&/9➞C6 in example 9 is not very ?˙
easy for a non-piano player. It is one of ˙ ˙˙ w˙ ˙
those cases in which, because of fingering
? ˙ w
problems, one should perhaps deviate from b ˙˙
the correct voice leading and simply play
Dm7/9
& ˙˙˙ G7/-9/+b11/1
˙˙ b # ˙˙ ˙˙3 ˙C&/9 C6 # www
an Em triad with the right hand, instead of making & the˙˙difficult
˙ ww ˙w
movement
d➘c with the fourth and third finger.
? ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ww
˙
? ˙ ˙ w ˙w ˙ ˙
*Since a+ (+9) is a not very common tone in C minor, in this book we rather use the symbol –10 (b-) instead of +9.
˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
& ˙ ˙ ˙ 33
& ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙ # www
? ˙ ˙ ˙ w˙
 ˙ w
˙ ˙ w
& ˙˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙˙ www˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙ ww˙ ˙ ˙˙
?˙ ˙ w
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙w ˙
14.10 Dm7/9 in example 10 has no doubled ˙ #˙ ˙ ˙
seventh. In this progression the ninth 10 & ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
(e) moves to the +11 (c+). Here we see
˙ ˙
# ˙
& ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww˙ ˙˙
the ninth in the lead of C&/9 (d) sur- ?˙ ˙ w
rounded by its neighbouring tones: e of ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙
Dm7/9 and c+ of G7/-9/+11.
? ˙ w
Dm7/9 G7/–9/+11 C&/9 C6
14.11 In example 11 we find a genuine alter- & ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙ # www
ation of G7: the 5 (d) has been lowered 11 & ˙˙
˙
b ˙˙˙ # w w
to d- (see also lesson 13, example 8). ? ˙˙ b w
b˙˙˙ ww
The e- and b- can be considered as be- ? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ w
ing borrowed from C minor, but d- is a b w
w
real non-scale tone in C. Often we find ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ w˙˙
& ˙
Dm7/9/11 G7/-10/-13/-5 C6/
˙9/+11/G
this tone in the bass forming a chord we ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
will call tritone-related dominant seventh & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
? ˙ ˙ The˙ final˙ C
chord (we will come to this subject in the following lessons).
chord in this example is not in root position. Because?of its
˙ low ˙ register, ˙ ˙you
will hardly notice this.
& ∑ ∑
Exercises: & ∑ ∑
? ∑ ∑
✔ Read the text with the examples carefully.
? ∑ ∑
✔ Compare the notes with the chord symbols as shown in the examples.
& ∑ ∑
✔ Play all examples a couple of times and listen carefully to how they sound.
Analyse the voice leading and the structure of the&
∑
chords. Try to play as -2-
∑
?
many examples as possible by heart, but don't be frustrated if∑ you don’t∑suc- -2-
ceed right away. Take your time. ? ∑ ∑
✔ Transpose examples 3, 5, 6 and 7 to F, B- and E-.
✔ Play the II-V-I progression in sequence 7 over the entire range of the key-
board. In this sequence you will find only the essential tones; the fifth of the
chords is omitted. The ties shown are used to emphasise that we are dealing
with the same note, youœ don't
b œ really
œ œ have
b œ œtobsustain
œ˙ b œ bb œ˙ œthe two tied notes. The
small notes
œ
&(doubled) œ œ
˙ ˙ can ˙ be added˙after you have mastered the larger ones.
œ œ œ b ˙ b ˙
One should practice these kinds of sequences as a daily exercise, while slow-
ly increasing
? ˙the tempo.
˙ ˙ A metronome
˙ b ˙ ˙is a useful ˙ b ˙aid, don't underestimate
it! After some practice, add the fifth to the chords.

w w w #w
Seq.7 & ˙w ˙ ˙w ˙ ˙w # ˙ ˙
#w #˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙ w
˙ ˙ ˙ #˙
#˙ #˙
˙
w
#˙

Dm7 G7 C& C6 C+m7 F+7 B& B6

˙
&w ˙ ˙ ˙
w
#˙ #˙
w
#˙ ˙
#w
34 ? ˙w ˙ ˙ ˙
w
˙ #˙
#w
#˙ #˙
w
 œ œ
& œœ œ œœ œ
œ œ˙œ œœ bbb œ˙œ œœ œ˙œ œœ bbb œ˙œ œœ
& ˙˙ œ ˙˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙ b˙ bb ˙œ˙ bb œœ bbb ˙œ˙ œ
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙
? ˙˙ bb ˙˙

✔ Practice the sequences

˙w˙ ˙˙ 8 and
ww ww 9 in the same
˙ ww
˙ way.## wwIn sequence 8 the fifths are
& ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙ ˙˙ dominant
omitted in the&m7 w and &/9 chords.
ww ˙ In the
ww bass of ##the
# ˙ ww ## ˙˙ seventh chords
in sequences? 8 and
˙˙ 9 ˙˙the root
˙˙ is˙absent. *
˙˙ After
# ˙˙ some ˙˙ # ˙practice, add the fifths
˙ ˙ # #˙
and roots to the˙ chords
? ˙ ˙ ˙ in˙wwhichb ˙they
w #
# ˙
˙ have been
# ˙ ww omitted. The added 5 in
Dm7/9 becomes & 9˙in ˙G7/9.˙ # ˙˙ b ˙ ˙˙
?˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙
Seq.8 &
˙ ˙ n˙ #˙ #˙ #˙
& ww ˙ ww˙ # ˙ ˙ n #˙ww˙ # ˙ ### w˙w ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
? w˙w˙ ˙˙ ˙ww˙ ˙ ˙˙ b ˙ ## ˙ww˙ ## ˙˙ ## w˙˙ ## ˙˙
?
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ # ˙ b ˙ ˙ w
Dm7/9 G7 C&/9
˙ ˙ C6 b ˙C+m7/9 ˙ F+7 B&/9 B6
?œœ˙ œ ˙˙ #œ˙ # ˙ ˙ n ˙ #nœ˙ # ˙ # œ
˙ wœ œœ ˙ ## wœ œœ # ˙ ## wœ ## œœ ˙˙
Seq.9 & & www œ ww # ww ## # ww
œ
œ ˙ œ œ
? ww œœ ˙ wwœ œœ ˙˙ ## wwœ ## œœ ## ˙˙ ## œwwœ ## œœ ## ˙˙
?
& ˙w ˙ b ˙w ˙ bb w˙ ˙
Dm7/9 G7/9 C&/9 C6 C+m7/9 F+7/9 B&/9 B6
?˙˙ ˙ œ˙˙ ˙œ˙˙ œ˙ bbb œœ˙˙ œ˙ ˙œ˙˙ œ bbb œœ˙˙ œ bb œœ˙˙ bb œœ bbbb œ˙œ˙˙ œœ
✔ ˙œ˙ œ bb ˙œ˙œsteps
Play sequence
œ œ œ bb ˙˙ œ ˙œ in
&10,
& œœ œœnot˙œ only
˙˙ ˙ œ ˙˙descending œ ˙œ œœœ bbbwhole
œ œ b
b œ
œ
bb œ˙œ asœœ given, but also de-
scending in half œsteps.œ œœ œœ bb œœ œœ œ
œ œ
? ˙˙ œ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙
? œ œ œ
œ
Seq.10 & œ˙ œ œ ˙˙ œ ww˙ ˙ b œ˙ œ b œ œ˙˙ œ ww˙
˙ ˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ b ˙˙
˙
? ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ w ˙˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ # ˙œ˙ bbb ˙œ˙œ œ ˙
&
& ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ## œ˙œ ## œœ œœ ## œœ # œb œwœ œ
œ
œ œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ
œ # œ b˙
? ˙œ˙ œœ ˙˙ œ ˙˙ ## ˙˙
? ˙˙ ## ˙˙œ œ## ˙˙œ bœ˙
œ w
✔
&
The exercises below show melody fragments on II-V-I progressions which
we may encounter in practice. Play ∑these fragments on the piano, together
&
with the given chords. Split-up the chords between two hands as much as
possible. Where
? relevant colour the ∑chords œ withœ appropriate
œ œ œ extensions and
&
additions. The melody fragments can be turned into sequences descending
w
in half- or whole steps.

&
œ œ œ œ œ
& w ∑ ∑ & œ œ œ ∑œ œ œ ˙ ˙
Dm7 G7 ? C Dm7 G7 C
∑ ∑ ∑
œ œ w œ œ œ
&œ œ œ -2-
& œ œ œ œ œ ˙
Dm7 G7sus G7 C Dm7 G7sus G7 C

œ œ
&œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙ &b œ œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙
* In the next chapter you will learn, that the omission of the root of a dominant seventh chord on V forms a VII.

œ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ ˙ ˙
& œ œ œ b
& œ œ œ œ 35
 b œ œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙
& œ & œ

˙ bœ ˙ ˙
& œ &b œ œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙
Dm7 G7 C Gm7 C7 F

˙ #œ œ ˙ ˙ b œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙
& & œ œ
Dm7 G7 C Gm7 C7 F

∑ ∑ ˙ bœ œ ˙ ˙
✔ &Slowly practice the melody and chords of the fragments below, which is given
&
in two keys. Make up the appropriate chord extensions by yourself.
The pick-ups written in eighth notes can be played unharmonized.
˙ #œ œ ˙ ˙
&
b
& b b œ . œJœ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ ˙
œ œ œ œ
œ . JF7œ œ B-
& b Cm7 ˙ œ œ œ œ œ
œ
œ b œ
B-m7 E-7 ∑ A-
˙ œ œ œ∑
& œ
b œ ˙ ..
& bb n ˙ # œ œ ˙ œ œ œ
˙ œ bœ b œ œ œ ˙
& b Am7
n˙ #œ œ œ œ ..
D7 G˙ Gm7
˙ C7 Cm7
œ F7

œ œ œ œ bœ
& œ . œJ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ ˙ œ
œ œ œœ œ
& œ. J œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ ˙
œ œ
Dm7 G7 C Cm7 F7 B-
œ
& #˙ #œ œ ˙ œ œ ˙ œ bœ œ œ ˙ ..
˙
& #˙ #œ œ ˙
œ œ
˙
œ bœ œ ..
Bm7 E7 A Am7 D7 Dm7 G7
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
✔

∑ ˙ ˙ ˙œ˙ ∑˙œ˙ œ ˙œ˙ ˙

Play
& the progression
∑ below and
∑ turn it into a∑sequence, descending
∑ in whole

∑b ˙ ˙
Seq.11 &∑ œ œ œ˙˙ œ ˙ œ ∑˙ ˙ œ œ˙˙ œ b∑ ˙
steps. 7➘6 (b➘a) can also be positioned in the lead.

˙ b˙ ˙˙
œ œœ œ
? œ˙ œ œ˙ œ ˙ œ ˙ ˙ œ œ˙ œ b˙ ˙˙
∑

˙
&
& ∑
Continue in B-, etc.

this chord &

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
?
✔ Play the same progression, this time starting the sequence in G. Eventually,

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
progression should be at your fingertips in all keys.

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
36
✔ Given the harmonic material learned in the preceding lessons, you should be
able to grasp the accompaniment of quite a number of standard songs often
played, the greater part of which are made up of simple II-V-I progressions.
Most likely, in the beginning the result will still sound rather primitive, and
playing the melody along with the chords will at some places be inadequate.
However, one can always have a try. Who knows what you will discover along
the way. Besides, you can always sing the melody at places where playing it
is awkward.
The following songs are suggested:

AUTUMN LEAVES
HOW HIGH THE MOON
PERDIDO
LADYBIRD
SATIN DOLL
JUST FRIENDS
TANGERINE
THERE WILL NEVER BE ANOTHER YOU
and probably quite a few more!

37
 LEARN THE OVERVIEW BELOW BY HEART,
AND PRACTICE IT ON THE KEYBOARD IN ALL KEYS!

Inversions of the 7th chords in closed position

on the degrees of the C major scale

˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙
˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙
I7 II7 III7 IV7 V7 VI7 VII7

& ∑
Inversions of the 7th chords in drop-two position
on the degrees of the C major scale

˙ ˙ ˙˙ ∑˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ∑˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
& ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙∑ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ∑˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
& ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
?˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
& ∑ ˙
& ∑ ∑
˙
∑ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙7˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙7 ˙˙˙
& I˙7 ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ II˙˙ 7 ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ III˙˙ 7˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ IV˙˙˙ 7˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ V˙˙˙7 ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ VI ˙˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ VII ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ of∑ the˙˙ 7th
Inversions
& ˙ ˙chords˙ in˙ drop-three ∑ ˙ ˙ position
˙ ˙ ˙ ∑ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ∑
˙ ˙˙ & ˙ ˙ ˙
on the
?˙ ˙ degrees
˙ ˙ of the ˙ C ˙ major ˙scale
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙ ˙ &
˙
˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙∑ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ∑˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ∑˙ ˙ ˙ ˙∑ ˙
& ˙ ˙
˙ ∑ ˙ ∑˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ & ˙ ˙ ˙
?
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ˙ ∑
I7 II7 III7 IV7 V7 VI7 VII7
& ∑ ∑
➤ If the e in ∑ ∑ is altered to e-, the∑∑C major scale changes
∑ the above examples ∑ to C
&
& melodic minor.
? ∑ ∑
➤ If the e as well as the a are altered to e- and a- respectively, the C major scale
? changes to C harmonic minor.
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
➤
& ∑
The C major scale becomes C aeolic (natural) minor if also the b is altered to
& ∑ ∑
b-, the e to e-, and the a to a-.
∑ ∑
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
? ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
38 ? ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
CHAPTER 3 SECONDARY DEGREES AND APPLIED DOMINANTS

In the preceding chapters we have seen the progression of the primary degree of the
dominant and subdominant to the primary degree of the tonic: I ➞ V7 ➞ I, and I ➞
IV ➞ I. In lesson 13 we leaned that besides the primary degree IV, also II has sub-
dominant function. The progression II7➞V7 was discussed, and finally the complete
II7-V7-I progression: subdominant → dominant → tonic. Chords on the scale degrees
II, VI, III and VII we will call the adjacent or secondary degrees. In this chapter we will
discuss their application. Furthermore, the concept of secondary or applied dominant
will be introduced. Applying secondary degrees or inversions of primary degrees,
adds to harmonic motion and to the liveliness of the melody of the bass.

Lesson 15 VI7 in major (Am7 in C)

This lesson deals with the tonic function of VI and with the link which the chord
makes with the subdominant in progressions like I-VI-II-V.
15.1 In lesson 5.1 we saw that adding an a below a C triad, resulted in an Am7
chord. An Em triad with c in the bass resulted in a C& chord. The common
tones of C, primary degree of the tonic, and Am and Em, secondary degrees
of the tonic, give these chords a third (3-5) relation* as well as a functional
similarity. Consequently, in the key of C major Am, Am7, Em and Em7 main-
ly have a tonic function.
15.2 In the V7-I progression in lesson 9 we saw a C6 chord formed by letting the
major 7th of C&/9 descend to the 6 and the 9 to the octave doubling of the
root. C6 and Am7 are composed of the same tones (NB!). Only the bass in
the root position differs; Am7 has an a and C6 a c in the bass. This c, in com-
bination with the rest of the chord, causes a definite ending in the key of C. In
contrast, with an a in the bass, a dynamic tonic is formed. The VI (adjacent
tonic) we seldom hear as a conclusion of a piece of music, but frequently as a
link to a subdominant chord by which the harmonies move away from the
tonic.
15.3 Am7 and the F triad, like F and Dm7, have a third relation. The VIth degree
(Am or Am7) can, due to this relation, under certain circumstances also have

&˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
a subdominant function in the key of C. In that case a chord with dominant-

˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙
or tonic function follows on VI.

?˙ ˙
1

˙
15.4 Examples 1–4 show some simple I-VI7-

˙
II7-V7 progressions in C major. The first
four bars of I GOT RHYTHM can be
sung on these chords (as well as many

& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ w˙w ˙

˙
other melodies).
C& Am7 Dm7/9 G7

?˙ ˙ ˙
˙
* E.g. the third (3) of Am equals the 1 of C, and the 1 of Em equals the 3 of C. The 3 of C equals the 5 of Am and the 3 of
Em the 5 of C. The 3-5 relation is normally abbreviated and written as third relation.

39
 &˙
&
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
? ˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
15.5 With the given lead and root tone in the
2
bass, the voice leading in the examples & ˙˙˙
& ˙˙˙˙˙ w
ww˙˙www ˙˙
moves over the shortest possible distance. & ˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
Also the chords are complete; none of the
chord tones are left out.
?
? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
The I-VI7-II7-V7 progression is in fact no C& Am7 Dm7/11 G7 ˙
more than an extension of the I-V7 pro-
gression, if we keep in mind the fact that 3 & ˙˙˙
& ˙˙˙˙˙ wwww˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
II7 (Dm7) is nothing but a preparation & ˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ w˙˙ ˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙
(suspension) for V7 (G7) and VI7 (Am7)
is a tonic with a different bass. We can
?
? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
verify this by singing the first four bars of ˙
C&/9 Am7/9 Dm7/9 G7
I GOT RHYTHM on:
& ˙ ˙
w
w ˙˙˙ ww˙w˙˙ ˙˙
˙ C C/G | G7sus/D G7 Ó as well as on: 4 & ˙www˙
& w ˙
˙w˙ ˙˙˙
˙ C& Am7 | Dm7 G7 Ó ? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
?
The simplified chords in the first progres- ? ˙˙ ˙
sion (I➞V7) also give a perfectly accept-
able harmonization. C&/9 Am7
∑∑ Dm7/9 G7
∑∑
&
15.6 In traditional harmony VI is often followed by IV: &
& ∑ ∑
C➝Am➝F➝Dm➝C/G➝G7➝C ? ∑∑ ∑∑
?
? ∑ ∑
Exercises:
✔ Play the examples on the piano and transpose them &
to some∑nearby keys.
∑
& ∑∑ ∑∑
✔ Play the given examples of I GOT RHYTHM. &
?
✔ Play the following chord progressions in different ways
∑ ∑
? with ∑∑the correct ∑∑voice
?
leading and sing the first four bars of I GOT RHYTHM to:
✘ F& Dm7 |Gm7 C7 | and
✘ G& Em7 |Am7 D7 |
✔ Add the 9th to some of the chords.

Lesson 16 III7 in major (Em7 in C)

Em7 and C have a similar third (3-5) relation as Am7 and C. We might say that Em7
is a C&/9 chord with e in the bass and a silent root. Therefore, the progression
G7➝Em7 is not unusual in the key of C major. Em7 is, like Am7, a dynamic tonic.
In the key of C major we will hardly ever hear it as a conclusion of a piece of music.
16.1 The relation between G and Em7 is analogous to the one between C and
Am7 (NB!). That's why we would expect Em7 also to have dominant func-
tion in C. Although, basically this is correct (Em7/G), in jazz music this func-

40
 ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙
tion of III is overshadowed by the stronger dominant quality
& ˙ ˙ of the ˙ G7/13˙
chord. In minor (harmonic and melodic), however, the dominant ˙ ˙˙ function ˙ ˙˙ of
III, as we will see, has survived: E-+/G (E- augmented with
? ˙ g in the ˙bass) is a
frequently used dominant in C minor. See also lesson 38.12. ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙
Examples 1–4 show some III7-VI7-II7-V7
16.2
& ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
1
progressions that could end up on I (tonic). & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ww ˙
There are three strong progressions; all ? ˙ ˙ ˙
˙
chords have a fifth relation. ? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙
16.3 7
Although the voice leading of III -VI in 7 & ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
?Em7 ˙˙ Dm7/11
the examples is not very strict, the 7 prefer- & ˙˙ Am7
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙w˙ b ˙˙G7
w ˙
ably descends stepwise. In example 1 we ? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ b ˙
&
see a doubled c; both d and b move to the 3 2
˙
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙
?
(c) of Am7. Of course on the piano this ? ˙˙ ˙˙ w˙˙w ˙
&
doubling of the c is impossible to observe. ? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ww ˙˙
If these voices would be played by two in-
&
& ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙
?
struments (e.g. two saxophones), both
would play the c (compare the movement ?Em7
& ˙˙ Am7
˙ ˙ Dm7/11 ˙˙ ˙G7
of b and d at the same spot in example 2). & ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ w˙˙w ˙˙˙˙
?
3 ? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙
To give the chord a different colouring, the & ˙
lower 3 of Em7 and of Dm7 in example 3 is & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙
?
substituted by the 4 (a and g respectively). & ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
?
16.4 The lead of G7 in example 4 falls a 7th to
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
&
the 3. The entire voice leading seems to be
?
&Em7˙˙ Am7/9 ˙ Dm7/9 ˙˙ b bbG7
˙
˙
˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
confused at this point. In order to keep the & ˙
voices below the lead, the resolution of the 4 ? & ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙
7 (c) of Dm7 in the third voice is taken over & ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
?
by the lead in this case, and the other voic- ? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ b ˙˙
&
es will have to move along with it. Necessity ? ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙
knows no law!
& ˙˙ Am7 ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙G7˙
?Em7
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ Dm7/9 ˙˙˙ ˙
In examples 5–8, Em7 takes the place of the
16.5
˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ b ˙˙
? ˙
tonic (I). Instead of resolving to C& or C6, 5 ? & ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b˙˙
G7 resolves to Em7. In all these examples ˙ ˙ ˙
we see an exception to the customary de-
? ˙ -2-
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
scending resolution of the 7. Notice: f ➚ g. & ˙ ˙˙
˙
& ˙ ˙ ˙˙ b ˙ ˙ ˙
In the V7➞III7 progression the bass takes ? Dm7 ˙˙ G7 ˙˙˙ Em7˙˙ Am7 ˙˙
over the normally descending resolution of
&
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ -2-
the 7 whereby the 7 is free to ascend. 6 & ? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
16.6 In all examples the 3 (b) of G7 leaps to the & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
7 (d) of Em7 or keeps its position, and ? ˙˙ ˙
changes into the 5 (b) of Em7. ˙ ˙ -2-
? ˙ ˙ ˙˙
Dm7 G7/13 Em7 -2-
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ Am7 ˙
& ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙˙
˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ -2- 41
˙
 ˙ & ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ & ˙˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙ ? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙
16.7 It is preferable not to double the root and ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
7 7 ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
the 5 of III , unless one of them is in the &
˙˙ ˙ ˙
lead. In five-part harmony, the 3 of III7 is & ˙˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙˙
˙˙˙
preferably doubled and occasionally the 4 ?˙ ˙
*
is added over the bass (4➘7 see ex.3). ?˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙
Dm7 G7/9 Em7 Am7/9
˙
16.8 In example 8 the 13 (e) of G7 descends in
the usual way to d (here the 7 of Em7) by & ˙˙ ˙ œ b œ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
means of the passing tone –13 (e-), while 8 & ˙ ˙ œ b œ ˙˙
the 9 of G7 (a) moves stepwise down to the
˙
? ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙13 -13 ˙ ˙˙
3 of Em7, as it is supposed to. ? ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
16.9 For those who are interested in a summary
˙ ˙
of the possibilities for voice leading in the & Dm7
˙˙ G7/9
˙˙ Em7 ˙ Am7
˙
root-positioned V7-III7 progression: & ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙
7 (f) of G7 ➚ 3 (g) of Em7 ? ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
9 (a) of G7 ➘ 3 (g) of Em7 or ➚ 5 (b) of Em7 ?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
5 (d) of G7 ➙ 7 (d) of Em7 ˙
13 (e) of G7 ➘ 7 (d) of Em7 w ˙ ˙
3 (b) of G7 ➙ 5 (b) of Em7 or ➚ 7 (d) of Em7 & w˙ww ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
We obviously have a wide choice of resolutions. For the
& w˙wappropriate
˙
˙˙ ˙
˙ voice
˙
? ˙
leading our choice will have to depend mainly on the melody of the lead˙and
˙ ˙
on the rule of the shortest distance. The completeness ?of˙ the ˙chords˙ and˙ the
˙
doubling of certain voices also play a role in the voice leading. In the next les-
son we will see that the voice leading for VII7➞III7 has&more˙˙˙ restrictions,
˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ but
as a consequence, is also somewhat easier. & ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
?˙ ˙ ˙
Exercises: ?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙
✔ Play examples 1–4 and close them, with an acceptable voice leading, in a C
chord.
-3-
✔ Play examples 5–8 and finish them with a II7–V7–I
progression in the same -3-
key (Dm7 G7 |C ||). Observe proper voice leading.
✔ Play the following chord progressions with different voicings and lead:
Am7 Dm7 |Gm7 C7 | F ||
Cm7 Gm7 |Cm7 F7 | B- ||
Dm7 G7 |Em7 Am7 |Dm7 G7 | C ||
C& AAm7 |Dm7 G7 |Em7 Am7 |Dm7 G7 | C ||
Don't forget the voice leading, but don't let it bog you down.
✔ Transpose the above progressions into as many keys as possible and try to
memorize them.

* One should be cautious to indiscriminately extend the III with a major 9th, since this tone is a non-scale tone (NB!).

42
Lesson 17 VII7 in major (BO in C)

VII7 in major is, as can be seen in the exercises in chapter 2, lesson 14, the upper
structure of a V7/9 chord, i.e. BO is G7/9 with a silent root.
17.1 To simplify things, in examples 2 and 3 of lesson 14, we can read G7/9/D while
in fact we are dealing with the first inversion of VII7: BO/D (NB!).
To figure out the root position of a seventh chord, we have to bring it back to
superimposed thirds, i.e close position. To do this, we should remember that
the interval of a whole step (second) is the inversion of a seventh – the inter-
vals are complementary – and a seventh gives room to three thirds. If the top
& wdropped
note of the second, which is the root tone of the chord, isw www an octave,
w
the remaining chord tones can be placed between the tones of the thus formed
seventh; the root position of the chord comes out.
?w w
17.2 The root position of VII7 in major does not frequently move to the root posi-
tion of I. The most common progression is VII7➞III& 7 (inwC: BO➝Em7).
ww ww We
& w
are used to interpret a chord progression
ww ww like this as: G7/9
w & w C&/9 wor as Dm7/9
w w
G7/9 | C&/9 C6 | with a silent bass, usually with the 7 (f) of G7 at the bottom.
w w
This is exactly one of the characteristics
?w w of VII7: BO? ? ww
resembles wwG7/9 with a
silent root (see below).*
w w
1 & ww ww 2 & www ww 3 & wwwww
& wwww
w w w w
w w
?w w ?w w ? ww
? ww
BO/F Em7 BO/F Em7 F BO/ Em7
w w ˙ # œ œ ww w˙ œ œ
17.3 & wwwalreadywww encountered&a wnumber
We have
w wwof the examples
&& w
w ww this
in lesson
w w in pre-
ceding lessons. The essential difference,
w however,
w concerns
˙ wthe˙bass. Compare
example 1 above with example ? 5awin lesson w ˙
? w w w 9, example?4 below
? w with w example
˙
5b in lesson 9 and example 3 in lesson 14. With the exception of the bass and
the neighbouring w tones in the melody, they are
pretty
& much
ww thewwsame.
w ˙
& ww # œ œ7 ˙ww 7 œ 4œ & ˙
˙w #˙œ œ ˙˙ ˙œ œ
The examples make it clear that in a VII ➞III
& ˙˙w ˙˙ ˙˙ww ˙˙
w
progression
? w (BO➝Em7)
w
w the root
? ˙ ˙ is ˙ ? ˙ ˙˙9 3 ˙˙ ˙˙9 3
˙ position
seldom heard in both chords at the same time. ?˙ ˙
One of the two has the root in the bass (exam-
F&/C BO Em7 w/B Am7/9
ple 4). Frequently
˙ # œ œ ˙we hear between the 7 (a) œ œ
of BO
œ
ww the 3 (g)ww of Em7
&and œ a&chromatic œ
# œ˙ ˙˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙ pass-
˙˙ ˙˙˙ & & ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ww ˙˙
ing tone˙ (a-). Try it! Notice the doubled
˙ ˙ g in˙ example 3 as˙˙ a result
˙˙ of˙wthe ˙leap
in the
?lead. ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
? ˙ ˙ ˙ ? ˙ ? ˙ ˙˙ ˙
w ˙ ˙ ˙
17.4 The voice leading in BO➝Em7 is basically the same as in G7/9➝C&/9, but in
˙
the former progression the bass (g and œc) is wsilent in both chords. In example
5 we&see:
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ & ˙˙ ˙˙˙ # œ œ œ ww # œ˙ œ˙œ˙ œ ww &˙ w
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ -4-
* The 7 of G7 is the 5 of BO. When the 5 of a 7th chord is in the bass,
˙ the chord
w is said to be in #˙position;
˙ # is added
w to the
Roman numeral.?
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ? ˙˙ ˙ w ? ˙ ˙ w
43
œ˙œ˙ œ w
& # œ
˙ ww
 ? ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙œ b œ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
& ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
?˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙ww ˙˙ ww ˙ ˙
5 of BO (f) ➘ 1 of Em7 (e) ?
& ˙˙˙www ˙ www ˙˙˙ ˙˙
5
7 of BO (a) ➘ 3 of Em7 (g) ? w˙ww ˙˙ w ˙˙ ˙˙
1 of BO (b) ➙ 5 of Em7 (b) &
3 of BO (d) ➙ 7 of Em7 (d)
? ˙˙w ˙˙ w ˙˙ ˙˙
˙˙˙ww ˙˙˙œ b œw ˙˙ ˙˙˙
& ˙
Compare the movement of the voices with ?
&Dm7w BO/F ww Em7 Am7/9
those in G7/9➝C&/9. ˙ ˙˙
? ˙ w ˙
& ww˙˙w ˙ ww ˙˙ ˙˙w
17.5 The voice leading for doubled voices, e.g. the
&
?w ˙ w˙ ˙
6 ˙˙w˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
lead d on the 3rd beat of the first bar in exam- &
?
ple 7, allows more freedom of movement. The ? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ w ˙˙
& ˙˙w ˙ w ˙˙ ˙˙
lower d becomes the 7 of Em7, comparable ?
with the 9 of C&/9, and the higher one in the
& ww ˙ ww ˙ ˙˙
? ww ˙ w ˙ ˙
lead moves (leaps) to wherever we want it to & w
˙
? ˙ww BO˙˙/F wwEm7
G7/9˙ w˙ ˙ w ˙˙ Am7
move (see also example 3). A similar progres-
& ˙ ˙˙
sion, but now in minor, is found in example 9 ? w˙w ˙ w ˙˙ ˙
? -3-
of lesson 20.6. 7 & w˙˙w ˙ œ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
17.6 The voice leading of the G7/9➝BO/F pro- & ww # œ ˙ww ˙œ œ
œ ˙
gression is simple: & ˙ww˙ #˙œ˙ ˙ww˙ ˙œ œ
?
-3-
1 (g) of G7 ➘ 5 (f) of BO
?
G7/9 ˙ BO˙/F Em7 ˙ Am7
➘ 3 (d) of BO
7 (f) of G7 ? ˙
and the 9 (a), the 3 (b) and the 5 (d) usually & ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
keep their places (example 6 and 7). 8 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
17.7 The number of voices and the voice leading in & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙
?
example 8 are again adapted to the lead. The
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
leaps in the lead result in the doubling of the ? ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
3 (c) of Am7 (compare example 6). The pro- Dm7 BO/F Em7/ w Am7
˙
œ œ œ -3-
gression of three four-part chords ends up in a & # œ˙˙ ˙˙œ œ ww
five-part Am7 chord. 9 œ
& # ˙œ˙ ˙˙˙ ww
17.8 Because of the stepwise ascending melody, the ? ˙ ˙˙ ww
voice leading in the progression V7➞VII# (5 ? ˙ ˙
˙ w
in the bass) in example 9 is also a little differ-
ent. G7 BO/F Em7
-4-
17.9 One hears the root position of VII7 move to a root-positioned III only in a II-
-4-
V progression in aeolic (natural) minor or in a traditional diatonic sequence
in major, in which the key is established. See example 10 below. In jazz music,
however, one more likely expects to hear a dominant 7th chord on III follow-
ing VII7. In that case a more common harmonic minor II7-V7 transition to VI
is formed. In C: BO➝E7➝Am. We will come to the minor progressions in
chapter 4.
In example 10 we see a simple diatonic sequence, with falling fifths (raising
fourths) in the bass, in C major. The second chord of every bar has a doubled
third and the 5 is left out. This is the result of the appropriate descending

44
 voice leading of the 7ths ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
of the first chord of each 10 & ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
bar. The sequence can
also be in three-part ?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
harmony in which case
the lead will be left out BO Em7 (A)
and the second voice be-
comes the lead. When & ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ww
the progression starts ˙ w
and finishes on Ami, the ?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ b˙˙˙˙ w ˙˙˙
& ˙ ˙˙˙
sequence is in the key of
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
A aeolic minor. The se- ?w ˙
quence can also close on an A major triad on the first beat of the third bar. In
˙
that case we hear a surprise.
17.10 As mentioned in 17.2, not too often we hear VII7 11 & ˙˙˙ œ˙˙(b œ ) ww
in root position move to a root-positioned I in w
major. Usually a chromatic passing tone (a-) is ?˙
heard between the 7 (a) of VII7 and the 5 (g) of I ˙ w
forming a diminished 7th instead of a half dimin-
ished 7th chord of VII (see example 11). The former originating from minor-
major, on which we elaborate in chapter 4.
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙ b˙
˙ ˙
Exercises: ? ˙ #˙
˙˙ ˙˙
✔ Play and practice the examples on the piano.
✔ Compare the analyses of the voice leading with the examples 4–9.
& ∑ ∑
✔ Close the examples, except example 9, with: | Dm7 G7 | C ||
The examples are all in the key of C.
? ∑ ∑
✔ Close example 9 with the same II-V-I progression in C, but add an A7 chord
between Em7 and the II.
✔ Transpose the examples 5 and 6, including the above mentioned
& ∑ending, to ∑
the keys of F, B- and E-. Try to memorise them.
✔ Learn the sequence in 17.9 (example 10) by heart and transpose
? it∑to all keys. ∑
✔ Start the sequence somewhere in the middle.

Lesson 18 Secondary dominants (1). & ∑ ∑

The chord progressions we have encountered so far, have all a fifth relation, except
?
I7➞VI7 and V7➞III7 (in C: C&➝Am7 and G7➝Em7). Such fifth relation∑ is called a ∑
dominant relation. In many aspects it is comparable with the progression G7➝C&; the -2-
bass drops a 5th and the voice leading with 7 to 3 and 3 to 7 is identical. For this

45
 reason we can call Dm7 in the II7-V7-I progression a figurative dominant of G7.
Likewise the Em7➝Am7➝Dm7 progression can be called a figurative dominants
progression. A figurative dominant, however, lacks a very important ingredient of
the real dominant; it doesn't possess a leading tone. By raising the minor 3rd of a m7
chord by a half step, we give the chord a leading tone and increase its harmonical dy-
namics. This makes a dominant seventh from a minor seventh chord: Dm7 becomes
D7, Am7 becomes A7, etc. Thus the minor chord on the scale degree, composed of
scale tones, changes into a secondary dominant. It takes the key of the adjacent tonic
to which it resolves.
18.1 Like V7, the dominant seventh chord in its role of secondary dominant can be
preceded by a suspending m7 or sus chord. The chord on the scale degree for
which the secondary dominant is applied as dominant, is called an adjacent or
secondary tonic.
18.2 The secondary dominant in combination with a preceding suspending m7
chord is called secondary II-V progression. This combination, together with the
adjacent tonic, temporarily causes a new key. Such a short departure from the
main key we will call a tonal excursion. This short detour is not to be confused
with a modulation in which the tonal centre changes totally.
18.3 Without extensions the dominant seventh chord in major is identical with the
one in minor. Since the 9 and 13 in major are different tones from those in mi-
nor, the extended dominant seventh chord in major also differs from the one
in minor. As II7, III7 and VI7 in a major key are minor chords, one should take
this consideration into account when a secondary dominant precedes one of
these chords. (See also lesson 20 and 24)
18.4 Frequently we hear a diminished seventh chord used as secondary dominant
for II7, III7 and VI7. Read more about this in lesson 22.
18.5 Besides the tonic (I), the primary degrees IV and V are the one and only ma-
jor chords in a major key. The secondary dominants or secondary II-V pro-
gressions for these major chords function similarly as the V7-I and II7-V7-I
progressions with the original major tonic. To be able to play excursions to IV
and V, the only new progressions we have to learn are those from I to the sec-
ondary dominant or secondary II-V for IV and V. This implies the voice lead-
ing for following progressions*:
C➝C7 (➝F) or C➝Gm7 (➝C7➝F) and for:
C➝D7 (➝G) or (C➝Am7➝D7➝G).
We have met the progression C➝Am7 (I-VI) (lesson 15) and we are also sup-
posed to be familiar with the II-V-I progressions in the new keys G and F.
18.6 The new chord progressions we have to learn are:
C➝C7; C➝Gm7; C➝D7.
The examples 1 and 2 are straightforward and don't require elaborate expla-

* The progressions of which the voice leading is previously discussed, are placed inbetween parenthesis.

46
 & ww˙ ˙ # www
˙ ˙ w
?w w

&
& www˙˙ ˙˙ bwwww
ww
?w
nation. C6 could have been left out and in-

? ww # www
1
stead of the 3 (e) of C&/9 any other chord

&C&/9
tone could have been in the lead.

w˙˙ C6 ˙ bwww
˙
& ww˙ ˙ # www
18.7 Somewhat more complicated is the pro-

?
& w˙˙ ˙˙ w˙˙ b ˙˙
gression C➝D7. To avoid undesired parallel C7/9

& ˙ ˙ w˙ ˙ b
*

?
motion between the voices , most voices have

w
w˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙ww ˙
?
&
to move in contrary motion to the bass, or will

ww˙˙ ˙ bw˙ww ˙
2

?
& w˙˙ ˙˙˙ # wwww
have to keep their position. In example 3 and

? ww C6 Gm7
4 we see:

& ˙ www ˙ ww C7/-9/13

?w
w˙ẇw ˙
5 (g) ➘ 3 (f+)

& ẇ
3 (e) ➙ 9 (e)

3 ? & www˙ # www

C&/9

& ww˙˙ ˙˙˙ # wwww # ˙

9 (d) ➘ 7 (c)

?
8 (c) ➙ 7 (c) or ➘ 13 (b)

? www˙ ˙
& ww
6 (a) ➙ 5 (a) or ➚ 13 (b)

? w
wb˙œ ˙ ˙# ww˙˙ b ˙b ˙˙
& (b) ➘ 5 (a) or ➙ 13 (b)

&C&/9
? œ w
& ww ˙ C6˙˙ ˙˙ D7/9 b w˙b ˙˙ ˙
18.8 One has to realize that C➝D7 in fact is simi-

w
& œwwbwœ b w ˙ww ˙˙
?
lar to a IV➞V7 progression in G major. For a

4 ? & www ˙ ˙ www˙w ˙

7
IV➞V progression, contrary motion be-

? ww˙
& #˙˙ww b ˙˙
tween bass and upper voices always gives the

? ˙ ˙
˙ww ˙ # ˙ww˙ ˙˙ b
best voice leading. The octave doubling of

& ẇw
? ˙ẇw ˙˙
the root, the 3, and the & or 6 of the C chord

w ˙˙ ˙
˙ D7/9
can keep their position; the 5 preferably de-

&C&/9
? w w˙˙ ˙˙ b w˙˙ #b ˙˙˙
scends stepwise. Compare 7➘3 in Am7➝D7.

& ˙w˙ ˙ ˙˙ b ˙
5 & ? wẇw w˙ ˙ b w ˙ ˙ ˙˙˙
18.9 In example 5, D7 is preceded by a suspension C6

? œwwb œ ˙ ˙˙ ˙b b ˙˙˙˙ ẇ
(D7/sus4) which is the consequence of the

&
? w ˙ ˙ w˙ #˙˙
good sounding parallel, stepwise descending

w ˙
& ˙œwwẇb œ ˙˙ b w˙ ˙ẇw ˙ ˙
intervals of a 10 th in the drop-two voicing. In

?
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙

˙ D7sus
this example
˙ b we ˙ see˙˙ the ˙octave doubling of

&C&/9w C6 ˙ b ˙ ˙D7/9
[G: IVœẇb œ ˙˙ ˙ w
˙˙ ẇwVb ˙˙]# progr.
? wof C6 descend
the root 13 of D7sus4.
˙ to theleading

? ww
& ˙
In this progression the voice deviates

? key ˙ # ˙the
˙

œw b œ C.b wThis w
somewhat from the one in the preceding

˙ ˙
specific name for the secondary dominant for V . D7?functions
7

wœ b œ ˙ as˙ V7 bin˙˙ the

examples.

& œwwb œ ˙˙ b b ˙˙
˙
18.10 ˙ ˙˙ D7wwis called the double dominant7 in the
In examples
& ˙˙ 3-5, œ bœ w of is

& In ˙
wwœ b example ˙˙ 6bwe˙˙ see
œ ˙ b ˙wdominant
F+O preceding the?suspended
œ b œ ˙ 7 b w˙ ˙
w
key of?G,˙ which ˙ is called
w the dominant key of C.

? w VII in the key ˙ of

18.11 Also a secondary VII can function as double dominant.

6 & ˙
˙
˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ G7(9/13)sus. F+O being
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙
G major and double dominant [VII7] in C
? ˙ #˙
˙˙ ˙˙ major. Both chords are in root position.
See also lesson 36.6.
F& F+O G7sus G7/-9/13

* Like parallel fifths and octaves.

∑ ∑
&
47
? ∑ ∑
 Exercises:
✔ Play the examples on the piano and practice them.
✔ Close the examples 1 and 2 in F and the examples 3–5 in G.
✔ Play the progression below in 3-part harmony. Begin with the & in the lead
and have the two upper parts move the shortest distance possible. Do the
same exercise, this time beginning with the 3rd (e) in the lead.
✘ C& | Gm7 C7 | F& | Cm7 F7 | B-& | Fm7 B-7 …, etc.
✔ Continue the progression as a sequence from E- going to G- and A. When the
register gets too high, drop one octave.
✔ Play the chord progressions below in 4- or 5-part harmony. Pay some atten-
tion to the melody in the lead. Don't start in too low a register.

✘ F&/9 F6 | Dm7/9 G7/9 | C&/9 C6 | Am7/9 D7/9 |

G&/9 G6 | Em7 A7/9 | Dm7/9 G7/9 | C ||
✘ Fm7/9 B-7/9/13 | E-&/9 E-6 |B-m7 E-7/9 | A-& A-6 |
Fm7/9 B-7/9/13 | Gm7 Cm7 | Fm7/9 B-7/9 | E-6 ||
✔ Play exercise 1. In places where they are not given, try to find the chord ex-
tensions yourself.

Exc.1 &˙ œ œ ˙ ˙ ˙ œ œ ˙ ˙
&Dm7
˙ G7 œ œ Dm7 ˙ ˙G7 Em7˙ A7 œ œ Em7/9 ˙ A7/9/13
˙
&˙ ˙ ˙
˙ w w
&D7/9sus
˙ D7/9/13
˙ Dm7 G7/13
˙ ˙ C&/9
w
C6
w
✔ Play the &melody
.. of exercise 2.
˙ ˙ w w
˙ œ œ
Exc.2 & .. ˙ w w
˙ œ œ ˙
& ˙ Dm7……etc.
˙ w w ..
˙ ˙ Turn around…………

&˙ ˙ w w ..
˙ ˙
& See ex.4∑ en 5 ∑ ∑ ∑
✔ Find the harmonies without the extensions and link up the last chord with the
first one &
(turn around).
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
✔ Add a few &extensions
∑ to the chords,
∑ without losing
∑ sight of correct
∑ voice lead-
ing.
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

48
 j
&b ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙

✔ The exercises
œ œ œ 3 and 4 also put into practice some of the subjects we dealt with
˙
& in lessons 15, 16 and
b ˙ 17. Play
˙ them on the piano, and try to transpose them to
as many keys as possible.

Exc.3 Exc.4
# œ œ ˙ b ˙
& œ œ ˙ œ &b Œ ˙ œ ˙
Am7 D7 Bm7 Em7 B- Gm7 Cm7 F7

˙ ˙ ˙ b
& ˙ &b Œ ˙ œ ˙ ˙
Dm7 BO/F Em7 Am7 B- Gm7 Cm7 F7

b
&b b ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ j
&b ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙
Fm7 B-7 DO/A- Gm7 Cm7 F Dm7 Gm7 C7

b
&b ˙ œœœœ œ œ œ ˙ &b ˙
œ œ œ
˙
˙
Cm7 AO/E- Dm7 Gm7 F Dm7 Gm7 C7

# œ œ ˙
& œ ˙
✔ The following exercises show two short melodic
œ
œ fragments such as we can en-
counter in practice. Harmonize the fragments with V7➞VII#➞III7 progres-
sions (underlined). Transpose these also to nearby (easy) keys. First play the
melody in the new key, then add the bass˙ and˙finally ˙try to find˙ the appro-
priate harmonies to the melody. Don't
& forget to distribute the voices of the
chords over both hands as much as possible.

Exc.5 b b œ . œj œ œ ˙ n œ œb b œ œ œ w œ œ œ œ œ
& & b ˙
B- Gm7 Cm7 F7 AO/E- Dm7

b œ œ b
& b˙ ˙ œ wœ œ œ œ œ œ ˙
&b b ˙ ˙
Fm7 B-7 DO/A- Gm7

b
&b ∑ ∑

49
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
◆ The concept of harmonic function is one of the main elements of the theory of harmony. It un-
derlies the logic of the progression of the harmonies and defines the activity and interrelation
of the three so-called harmonic functions: tonic, dominant and subdominant.
The three functions are represented by three triads of which the root tones are a perfect fifth
apart. It is customary to name these triads after the function they represent. Superimposing
these triads shows the tonic triad in the middle, the subdominant triad at the bottom and the
dominant triad at the top (see also lesson 6.3). These triads are called the primary degrees.
The stepwise arrangement of the tones of the superimposed triads structure forms the scale
of the key which bears the letter name and mode of the tonic.

◆ The tonic triad is positioned on the first tone (degree) of the scale. A chord in root position
on that tone is called Ist degree.
In a tonic chord the harmonic activity usually comes to a rest. That rest can be of temporary
nature or it can, after a cadence, generate a final closure. In the latter case the chords in the
progression dominant→tonic or subdominant→tonic are in root position.
All inversions of I, as well as the root-positioned chords on the 6th and 3rd tone of the major
scale (VI and III) and their inversions can have tonic function. They form dynamic tonics.
These chords always have a temporary character and generate no final closure.
In principle the Ist degree can be followed by any chord.

◆ The root tone of the dominant triad is positioned on the fifth tone of the scale. This tone is
also the fifth of the tonic. A root-positioned scale-tone chord on that tone is called the Vth de-
gree (V); the primary degree of the dominant.
The main activity of a chord with dominant function is leading the harmonies to a chord with
tonic function; in a closure or in a progression. The leading tone (seventh tone of the major
scale), as a rule, is a component part of a chord with dominant function.
Chords on the 7th and 3rd tone of the major scale (VII and III) can also have dominant func-
tion – in jazz III rarely has. A chord with dominant function can, besides by a tonic or tonic
substitute (VI and III), be followed by any arbitrary secondary dominant and in some cases by
a subdominant.

◆ The root tone of the subdominant triad is positioned a fifth below the root of the tonic. The
primary degree of the tonic, therefore, is the dominant of the subdominant. A scale-tone
chord in root position on the 4th tone of the scale is called the IVth degree; the primary de-
gree of the subdominant.
Chords on the 2nd and 6th tone of the major scale (II and VI) can also have subdominant
function – in jazz VI only has in some cases. In a chord with subdominant function the lead-
ing tone usually is absent and, as a rule, the root tone of I is part of a chord with subdominant
function.
Like a dominant chord, a chord with subdominant function can directly resolve to the tonic.
In that case we speak of a plagal progression. This progression usually has a weaker character
than the authentic progression dominant→tonic.
A chord with subdominant function, besides resolving directly to the tonic, can also steer the
harmonies away from the tonic. In major the VIth degree is the foremost scale-tone chord
connecting the tonic with the subdominants IV and II. The tonic itself (I) can also directly pre-
cede IV (dominant relation), and in some cases II.
Furthermore, preparing the dominant is an important quality of a subdominant; in jazz II7
specifically possesses this quality.

For the deviating harmonic functions of the chords in minor, the reader is referred to chapter 4.

50
CHAPTER 4 MINOR AND MINOR-MAJOR

In chapter 1, lesson 7 we have become acquainted with the chords on the scale de-
grees of the three minor scales. Since their application, voice leading and even their
harmonic function differ to some extent from those in major, this chapter will treat
them separately. Also the secondary dominants in minor are a little different from
those in major.
The exercises in this chapter incorporate a few of the topics treated in the previous
chapters as well.

Lesson 19 Scale degrees in minor and minor-major

19.1 Examples 1-3 show the superimposed triads of the three primary degrees, and
their resulting scales in C minor for the three different minor modes:
1 = melodic
2 = harmonic
3 = natural (aeolic) 11 & w w
b www w b w w w w w
www ] w
19.2 In the superimposed triads of example 1,
only the triad in the middle (tonic) is a
minor triad. This forms the melodic C 2 & w
w
www w w b w w w b w w w
minor scale. w]
b
[b w
In example 2, not only the middle but al-
so the bottom triad (subdominant) is mi-
33 & b[ b w
nor. This gives C harmonic minor.
w
www ] w w b w w w b w b w w
In example 3, all the triads are minor. [bw w III
They form the aeolic minor scale. This
scale is also called natural minor. w VI I in C w w w
[w
w w w
4 & w] w w
w w
Note that the differences between the three minor[scale
w modes occur in their
w
I III in a-mineur
higher part. The combination of the 6th and 7th tone differ in each scale.
19.3 The three examples below show the seventh chords on the scale degrees of
the three minor scales. The secondary degrees (II, III, VI and VII) are found
on either side of the primary degrees (I, IV and V), the letter symbols of which
are printed in bold under the chords.

II IV VI I III V VII
w www www
Melodic minor
ww www
& b www b wwww
w
w
b ww b w w w
w
? www www b wwww
w
Superimp. Dm7 F7 AO Cm& E-&/+5 G7 BO
triads

b ww
w www b www
& b www ww w www w
w b w
b ww b w w
b ww
b wwww b b www
w 51
? b www
 19.4 Because of their similarity with the major mode, II (subdominant) and VII
(dominant) occur wwless frequent in melodic minor. We www usually
www hear the tonic
w
(Cm&), its substitute
& b ww VI (AO), and bIVww (F7),
w w w
which
w is w mainlywused in the blues
b w
w b w
w
in (C) major, 'borrowed'
w from
b wmelodic
ww minor.
w
? ww wwww www
w
19.5 When one speaks of minor, as a rule the harmonic minor mode is meant. All
degrees of harmonic minor occur with the same frequency.
II IV VI I III V VII
b ww
w w ww b www
Harmonic minor & b wwww b
b w
www b wwww b www ww w
? b ww b www b b wwww
w w
Superimp. DO Fm7 A-& Cm& E-&+5 G7 Bo
triads

19.6 In aeolic minor I7,wwIII7, V7 and VII7 differ fromwthe w

bw bw
wwwseventhwww chords on the
& b
same degrees in bharmonic ww
w minor. Of b wwthese,
w b w b 7
w b
b www VIIb wwwaeolic
w w b
www is usedww frequently in
w
7
wwwwww
jazz and I occasionally.
& b ww wIn major b w
w we
b
b wwwhearb wwwof course
w b ww wthe minor w 7th chords on
? b functioning
II, III and VI often www bwwww bbwwasww adjacent w tonic of a secondary dominant. For
example: C➝A7➝Dm7
? ww wwin thew key of C.
w w w
Contrary to the customary dominant function of VII in major, the dominant
seventh chord onb VII ww in aeolic minor, B-7 in C minor, w hasb wmainly subdomi-
wwwwith IV7 (Fm7).
nant function. It bisw often used instead of, or in wcombination
w
& b www w w w
w w
w w
w b
b w
The minor 7th of I, wwww the b- of Cm7, busually www wwwis a wpassing www wwww tonewwwbetween the ma-
jor 7 (&) and the b6,
&
bwwwwas we b wwwhaveb wwwseenb balso
w w w b w in example 5 of lesson 14*.
ww binww major
?
It can also functionwas a passing
w
www b b wwwtone in the bass between the roots of I and VI.
b
In C minor this would
w b
? ww bew wa b- descending
w from c to a-:
Cm6➝Cm7/B-➝A-&**. Also see 19.7.

& b www ∑II IV VI ∑ I IIIw V

w ∑ bVIIw
Aeolic minor & b b www b ww b b www b b www w
b ww b www
? w ∑w b ww b ww ∑ w ∑
? b www b www b ww
Superimp. DO Fm7 A-& Cm7 E-& Gm7 B-7
triads

19.7 In jazz the VIth degree

bw bw
b wwww of harmonic7wwor aeolic
www wwwwminorwww (A-&)
b wwusually has sub-
w w w
dominant functionwand precedes V w(G7)
&
w or occasionally I (plagal progres-
7
sion). Sometimes VI is followed www by IV and II7 in a descending progression:
b w 7
b
? w w w w b w
w b
Cm Cm7/B-w | A-&w Cm/G | Fm7 Fm7/E- | DO G7 |
In this progression VI can be regarded as a passing tonic substitute. Once in a
while we hear the triad of VI with the third in the bass. Often this chord is
erroneously identified as m/+5: Cm Cm/+5 (?)| Cm6 Cm/+5, etc. In such
& ∑ ∑ ∑
* Unless the m7 chord is a deliberate colouring of the tonic, or the m7 chord is the tonal center of a Dorian, Phrygian or
Aeolian mode, should one hear a m7 chord in root position on the Ist degree, one can in most cases assume that it is a habit of
the player who confuses a minor chord (Cm, Cm6, Cm&, etc.) with that of a m7.
** In such a progression the bass moves stepwise, by which some of the chords will be in another position than the root posi-
?
52 tion.
∑ ∑ ∑
 ww www www
& b wwww b wwww b wwww
w
b www w w
w
? www www b www
w w
cases the apparent (enharmonized) +5 (a-) is a passing tone between 5 and 6
('James Bond fifth').
b ww Should we hear a I-VI-II-V progression b in
w minor, we can
usually assume that w
w w
& b wwwwthe VI is derived from
www bmelodic
www b wwww minor.
www In wwC minor:
Cm(6 or &) AO | DO G7/–9 | b (I
b
w b www w GOT w RHYTHM in minor)
19.8
b w
Although the so-called
b w b
? ww minor-major
ww w mode is not a true minor scale, it pos-
sesses so many characteristics of minor that it is appropriate to include it in
this lesson. The triad of I in the superimposed primary-degree triads in minor-
major is a major triad,
b ww as it is in the major scale, but thew triad b wwwon the IVth de-
gree (subdominant)b w wwis a minor triad. Hence, b w in order
b www btowww form
b w a minor-major
scale, the 6th toneb ofw
w the majorbscale, b wwwthe ba wwin C,b isw lowered to a-. In minor-
& w w
major the 7th tone bofw theb scale,
www b the b
ww b, can also be lowered.
w
? w
The lowered VIIth degree,
w wB-7 inwC major-minor, has subdominant function;
the 7th chord of VII on the leading tone, Bo, usually has dominant function.

II IV VI I II V
b ww ww bVIIwww
&( b) wwwww
Minor-Major www www ww ( b)w
www w w
b
w w
? b www b wwww b www
superimp. DO Fm& A-&+5 C& Em7 G7 Bo(B-7)
triads

19.9 The preceding section shows

∑ that the minor-major
∑ scale also
∑ has a few differ-
ent faces. On the dominant (G7 and Bo) the harmonic major scale is applied:
&
only the 6th tone is lowered, while on the subdominant (DO, Fm&, B-7 and
A-&/+5) the 6th? and 7th tone ∑ the aeolic major
∑ of the scale ∑is lowered. We see
scale, being the same scale as the melodic minor scale of F beginning on c.
The minor-major mode does not apply to the tonic functions I, III and VI.*

Exercises:
✔ Play the chords of the first four bars of` I GOT RHYTHM in minor (see sec-
tion 19.7).
✔ Play the descending progression of 19.7 in a few minor keys.
✔ Play the root position of the chords on the degrees of the three minor modes
of C minor in the mixed position (root-seventh-third-fifth).
✔ Do the same with the three minor modes of: A, D, G and F minor.
✔ And eventually with the scales of all minor keys.
✔ Play the descending progression of 19.7 in a few different keys.

* One perceives the I of a minor-major melody with lowered 6th and 7th tones as a secondary dominant for the minor-major
or the minor IV. The VI in minor-major (A-&/+5 in Cmm) normally has subdominant function or appears as passing tone in the
bass between Am and C$ (g in the bass).

53
 Lesson 20 Voice leading and chord extensions in minor

The voice leading of the chord progressions, and the extensions of the chords in mi-
nor are, in principle, the same as in major. However, in some cases there are small
differences. Specifically, one must remember that in minor the 6, 9 and 13 are
preferably derived from the same scale – minor or major – as the chords. The exten-
sion of a m7 or half diminished chord with the 9 can be an exception to this (see be-
low).
20.1 Examples 1 and 2 show that the voice
b
1 & b b ww ˙˙ ˙ w
leading of the II-V-I progression is the n˙ nw
same for both major and minor. Whereas b w
& b b b ww ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ww
?
we do not often hear the III-II-V sequence b b n˙ nw
in major, in aeolic minor the III followed w
by a II-V-I progression, is quite common.
? b bb E-& w DO
˙ G7/-9
˙
˙ Cm6 ww
This progression is identical with the tran- & b bb www ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww
˙ n˙ nw
sition from the tonic (E-) to its relative b
minor key (C minor), by way of a sec- 2 & b b b www˙˙w ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ w˙˙ ww˙˙
?
ondary II-V. This is a secondary dominant
b b n˙ nw
b w
(G7) preceded by its suspending minor ?& bb b b w˙ww ˙ n www w
7th chord or half diminished chord (DO), bb bb bb ˙˙w˙ ˙˙n ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙n w w
which means a II-V progression in the key
& wG7/-9w Cm6ww
&? b b b E-&˙˙˙ DO ˙ n w w
of the adjacent tonic (Cm6). The voice b bb bb ww˙˙˙ ˙˙n ˙˙ w˙˙w ˙˙n w n wwww
leading is according to the rules.
&
?
Careful!
? bb b b w˙ n ˙˙ n w n ww w
bb w ˙
20.2 The minor 9th as an extension of the II7 3 ?& bb b b ww˙˙ ˙˙ w ˙wwwwn www
in minor (DO/–9) should be used with b bb b ˙w˙ n ˙˙ w ˙n ˙ n ˙˙
care, especially if the extension occurs in
& b w ˙ ˙ w
&? b b b ww˙w˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙www w˙w
the middle voices as shown in example 3. bb bb bb n˙ww nb˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙n ˙w nw˙w
This friction in the half diminished 7th &
?
? b b b DO/-9 ˙w ˙˙ ˙Cm&/9
b b b ˙˙ nG7/-9
ww w Cm6
chord is less jarring when the –9 is in the ˙ n w
˙
lead, as in example 4. Although the major & bb b b nww˙ww b˙˙˙ ˙˙ ww ww˙
Dramatic!
?
9th in II does not belong to the minor b bb bb ˙˙ ˙ ∑
4 & ˙
? bb b b ww˙˙ n ˙˙ n ww˙w n ˙˙
˙
scale, as a rule, one should choose for it &
when it occurs in a middle voice. By re- &
? b bb bb ˙ n ˙ ∑ n ˙w n ˙
solving to the –13 in the subsequent dom- ? b b b ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙˙ ∑ n ww
inant 7th chord (e ➘ e- in example 5), the
b b b ˙˙ ˙
?& bb b bDO/-9 ˙˙ ˙˙ nb˙˙˙˙ ∑ n ˙ww ˙
minor quality of the chord progression is b ˙ G7/-9
maintained. The harmonic tension of the b ˙ ˙ ˙ Cm&/9 w
˙
Cm6

? bb b b ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ n w˙w ˙

–9 in the lead of II7, however, can in fact
&
produce an attractive dramatic effect 5 & b b bb wœ b œ˙ n ˙ ˙
(example 4). ? b ˙œ b œ˙ ˙˙ w˙˙ n b ˙˙
b bb
20.3 The voice leading in example 5 deviates ? bb b b ˙˙ww˙ n ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
&
from that in major. This is because the 3 b b n ˙ ˙ ˙ n ˙˙
&? bb b b E-&˙˙˙ nE-6 ˙˙˙ ˙˙ -4-
˙˙ DO/9/11G7/-9/-13
b b n ˙ n ˙
˙˙ ˙ n ˙˙
&b b ∑ ˙ ∑
b b b ˙˙ n ˙˙ ˙ ˙ -4-
? b ˙
54 ? bb b b ˙˙ ∑˙˙ ˙˙˙ ∑˙˙˙
&
b b
&? b b n ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
 b bb b ˙ ˙ w
& b b w
ww ˙ ˙ ww ˙ ˙
˙ n˙ nw
b ˙ ˙ ˙
? bb b b ww ˙ ww w˙
&
b ˙
˙
bb ˙ ˙ n˙ n˙n ˙
? b b
(f) in the DO chord is missing (NB!). In & b b b ww˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ w w
example 6 we see the 5 (a-) of DO de- 6 & b b w˙ ˙ ˙ w˙˙n ˙ ˙˙ n wwww
scending to the lower 7 of G7, which as- ? b ˙www˙ ˙˙˙ n w˙ w n ww˙w
cends in its turn to the 5 of Cm6/9 (NB!). ? bb b b ˙˙w n ˙˙ w˙ n ˙w ww
&
The higher octave double of the 7 of G7
b ˙ w ˙ ˙
& bb bbDO/13
descends to the 3 in accordance with the ? b b ˙w DO˙ G7˙ w Cm6/9
w ˙˙ ˙ w
b bb www ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ n www
rules. Here also: The more voices, the freer the voice&leading.
w ˙ w
20.4 The 9 in the lead of VI of the melodic mi- ? b bb w ˙ ˙ ww
nor scale (the b in AO/9 in example 7) 7 ? bb b bb n˙˙ww˙ nnb˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙n˙˙ww ww˙˙
&
&
usually resolves upward rather than b n ˙ ˙ ˙˙ n ˙
downward, the customary resolution of a ?
? bb b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙ww ˙
b
& b b b ˙w n ˙ w˙ ˙ ˙www
ninth. In contrast to major, in melodic mi-
nor this tone sounds more like an ascend-
& b b w n ∑w
ing leading tone (b➚c instead of b➘a-).
? b bbCm&/9 w AO/9 w DO G7/-9/-13
w n ww
w
b ˙w
? bb b b ˙˙w˙˙ n ˙˙ ∑w n˙˙˙˙˙ww n˙˙˙˙˙
&
& ˙
20.5 In aeolic minor, the progression of VII b
(B-7) to I (Cm/9) is like in major; see ? b
b b b n ˙˙˙www b ˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ w w˙˙w
8 ?
&
example 8. The 7 (a-) resolves to the 5 (g) b b ˙ w
and the 3 (d) normally ascends to the 3
(e-) of I or keeps its place as a 9. The voic- ? b b n˙ww b˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ww˙
es move from Cm6 to Fm7/9 taking the
& b ww ww
-2-
Cm6˙ Fm7/9 B-7/13 Cm/9
shortest possible distance. It is not unusu- n ˙ n ˙
al that such a minor progression ends in
? bb b ˙ ˙ ∑ w n ˙
&
major. ('Picardian third').
20.6 In example 9 we see V7sus➞VII# (Fo is ? b b ˙˙ n ˙˙ ∑ n w˙ ˙ -4-
9 & b ˙˙ ˙ w
Bo with 5 in the bass) of harmonic minor
resolve to III7 (E-&/+5). This last men- ˙ ˙ ˙
tioned chord is a suspension for Cm with ? ˙ ˙
bbb w
the third (e-) in the bass. This third
should not be doubled. Chords with an G7/-9sus4 Fo E-&/+5 Cm/E-
augmented 5th (the +5 is e-–b) are unsta-
b Vb 7sus nVII# III
& b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
ble, and normally function as dominants n˙ n˙
or embellishing chords, and in some cases as subdominants.
? b bb ˙˙ See also
˙ lesson
˙
38. The arrow from the f in the upper staff to the d in the
b b lower
˙ n ˙
˙staff ˙indicates
˙
the voice leading as well as the change of thumbs.
& b w ˙ ˙w ˙˙˙ -4-
20.7 Examples 10-12 show the VI-V-I progression of harmonic
? b bbb ˙˙wwminor. w
˙˙ As˙˙n wwa rule,
& ˙ ˙ In˙ wthe˙˙˙ex-
the voices in this progression move the shortest possible
b b distance.
amples, A-& has subdominant function
and paves the way for the dominant.
? b bb n ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
10 & b bb
A-7➝G7 would also be appropriate. We ˙˙ n ˙˙
shall encounter this kind of progressions
n ww
in lesson 26 on the tritone related sec- ? b ˙ ˙ ww
b b ˙ ˙ -2-
ondary dominants and in lesson 36 on al-
tered chords. A-& G7/-13 Cm6/9
b
& b b ˙˙ ˙˙ w
˙ n˙ n ww
? bb ˙ ˙ 55
b ˙ ˙ ww
 & bb bb b ˙ ˙
& b ˙˙ n ˙ n ww
n˙
? b ˙˙ ˙ n www
? b b b ˙ ˙˙ w
b b ˙ ˙
20.8 The use of the 11 (f) as extension in the 11 bb bb b ˙˙ ˙˙
closing chord Cm6/9 in example 12, oc- & b ˙˙ n ˙ n www
&
curs exclusively in minor. In a major n˙ nw
chord the 4 or the 11 cause a hard disso- ? ˙
? bb bb b ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww
w
nant, which is seldom heard in a closing b ˙ ˙
chord. The +11, on the contrary, is cus- A-&/9 G7/-9/-13 Cm6/9
tomary in a closing chord. See also lesson
b
bb b b
12
& b ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ n www
27.12. &
˙˙˙ n ˙˙ n w
? bb b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
Exercises: ? bb b ˙ b ˙˙ ww
✔ Reread the preceding section paying A-&/9/+11
close attention to the examples. & bb bb b wœw bG7/-9/-13/-5 ˙
Cm6/9/11
˙
& b œœ bb b œœœ ˙˙˙ nn ˙˙˙ n bb ˙˙
✔ Play all the given examples, and mind the 3 key signs (b-, e- and a-). n ˙
? bb b www ˙˙ ˙
✔ Transpose examples 1, 2 and 10 to as many keys as you
? bb bcan. ˙ ˙˙
˙
✔ Transpose example 4 to D minor and B- minor.
bb bb b ∑∑ ∑∑
✔ Transpose example 8 to D minor. &
& b
✔ Play the following progressions on the piano until?youbplay them with ease:
✘ Cm&/9 AO | A-&/9 G7/–9/–13 | Cm&/9 Cm6 | Fm7/9
? bb b b B-7 ∑∑| ∑∑
b
E-&/9 E-6 | DO G7 | Cm&/9 Cm6 | DO G7/–9 Ó
✘ F | EO A7/-9 | Dm6 Dm7/C | BO E7/-9 |
-3-
Am6 F+O | BO E7/-9 | Am7 D7–9 | Gm7 C7 Ó -3-
Deviate a little from the customary voice leading if the chords threaten to come in a too low register by
doubling the 3 or the 7 one octave up. Change, if necessary, from four to five part harmony (v.v.). If a
chord extension doesn't sound right, leave it out, but try to understand why a certain tone does not
sound right. Always listen with a critical ear.

Lesson 21 Voice leading in minor-major

With the exception of all the subdominants (IV, II, -VII and -VI), the diminished 7th
on VII, and the dominant seventh chord extended with a (minor) 9th on V, the minor-
major mode (mm mode) is identical with major. Minor-major is rather a variant of
major than an independent mode.
21.1 One doesn't speak of a piece of music in such and such a 'minor-major key',
only of a melody, a chord or chord progression derived from minor-major. If
mm is mentioned, it will always be in connection with chords in which the
lowered 6th tone of the scale is prominently present; i.e. in subdominants (IV,
II, -VII and -VI), in diminished 7th chords on VII or in dominant 7th chords
extended with the –9. One also speaks, in a wider sense, of a mixture of minor
and major, or of borrowed from minor, but now including chords with the mi-
nor 3rd of the minor mode, used in major. Compare G7/–13➝C&: The –13
(e-) of G7/–13 is the (minor) 3rd of C minor applied in C major. However,

56
 when we hear DO G7/–9 |C& C6 | we may say that DO (subdominant) and
G7/–9 (dominant) are derived from minor-major, or that the progression is a
mm progression; the a, 6th tone of the major scale, is lowered to a-.
21.2 In minor-major one should take in consideration the descending tendency of
the lowered 6th tone of the scale to the 5 of the tonic triad (a-➘g in Cmm).
This aspect of the voice leading is specifically relevant for the subdominant
functions and to a smaller extent for the diminished 7th chord on VII resolv-
ing to I or III. See also lesson 22. &˙ w
w ˙ ˙ ˙
21.3 The 7th
of IVmm is, contrary to the 7th
of IVminor, a&major th
˙ 7b ˙˙ (&). The
w minor
th ?
7 mainly functions as a passing tone between & and 6b ˙in minor-major:
˙
w ˙ ˙˙
*
F(m)&➝F(m)7➝Fm6 , or as a suspension for the 6: Fm7➝Fm6
? ˙ bb ˙˙ (NB!).
˙
w˙
21.4 Characteristic of minor-major is the progression in which ˙ IV major is˙ followed ˙
by IV minor (1) or by VII aeolic minor or minor-major& (2). ˙˙ Bold
˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙ face˙˙˙ indicates
w ˙
˙˙
the mm enclave:
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙w ˙˙˙
&
(1) C | Gm7 C7 | F | Fm& Fm6 | Em7..... or ˙˙ b ˙ ˙˙ ˙
(2) C | Gm7 C7 | F | B-7(+11) | C..... (B-7 is also ? 7
VII in aeolic minor)
or the progression in which a diminished 7th chord of ˙VII or a II-V progres-
b˙ ˙ ˙
sion from minor resolves to I or III of major : & ˙˙ ˙˙
ww
˙˙ ˙˙
ww
C | Bo | C | G7/9 Fo | Em7 Am7 | DO G7/–9 | C Am7 | Dm7 G7 Ó
b
&
? ˙˙win measure
˙ ˙ ˙
In the second bar we see VII7 in root position (Bo), andw w ˙ b ˙wwfourb ˙˙with
5 in the bass (Fo), both derived from minor-major. ? w ˙
b˙
21.5 In example 1 F& (IV) is followed by Fm6
1 & ˙ w
➝Fo➝Em7. We see mm subdominant → ˙ ˙œ œ ˙ ˙
mm dominant (substitute) → tonic (substi-
tute). The dim chord of VII (Fo= Bo/F)
? ˙˙˙ b˙œ˙ œ w˙ ˙
&
could have been omitted. In that case we ˙ w b˙ ˙w ˙
would have seen the plagal progression
?
F& Fm6 Fo Em7 Am7 ˙
subdominant → tonic (Fm6➝Em7).
w˙ b ˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙ œ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
œ ˙
21.6 Example 2 shows the same progression, but 2 & ˙˙w b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
with a different lead. The four-part harmo- ? ˙ œ˙ œ ˙ ˙˙
ny changes to five-part (Am7). One easily
identifies the mm subdominant in both
?w ˙ ˙
˙
examples as Fm6, although in truth the har- & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
mony is a II (DO) with 3 (f) in the bass of F&˙ ˙ Fm6b ˙˙Fo Em7 ˙˙ Am7 ˙˙
which the dissonant (the 7 c) resolves to the &
leading tone (b); by analogy with 7➘3 in the
? ˙˙˙w ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙ b˙ ˙ ˙
II-V-progression DO➝G7. In actual sound ?w
Fm6 and DO/F are of course similar. See al-
˙
˙
so sixte ajoutée (added sixth) in section
14.4.

* The first two chords of this progression can be major or minor.

57
 & ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
˙ ˙œ œ ˙ ˙˙
?w ˙ ˙
˙
21.7 Example 3 shows the plagal progression
mm subdominant (Fm6) → tonic (substi- 3 & ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
tute Em7). In this, and the following
˙˙ b˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
& w˙ ˙
examples, the dominant (Fo) is absent. ? w˙ ˙
˙ bFm6
˙ ˙
21.8 The lead voice in examples 1 and 4 are ?F&/9 w
Em7 Am7
identical. Example 4, however, shows the
b˙
˙ ˙ ˙
plagal progression: subdominant (B-7/9)
4
→ tonic (Em7). Fm6 is substituted here & w
by B-7.
& ˙˙˙w ˙˙˙˙ w˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙ ˙˙w ˙
?˙ b˙
21.9 Fm&/9 in example 5 could have a b- in ?˙ b˙
˙ ˙˙
the bass. In that case we see a B-7 chord F&˙ b˙
B-7/9 Em7 ˙ Am7
of which 5 (f) and 3 (d) are suspended by
respectively the 13 (g) and the +11 (e). &˙ ˙ w
Moreover, between the +11 and the 3
5 & ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙w ˙˙˙˙˙
w
could be the passing tone e- and between ?w bw
the 9 (g) and the 5 (f) in the lead the pass-
b˙
? w˙ ˙˙ b˙˙
ing tone g- (see also section 21.3). Try it!
F&/9 F6 Fm&/9 B-7/9
In the above text the word 'tonic' always &˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
refers to a chord with tonic function. & ˙˙ww ˙˙ b˙w˙ww ˙
˙ œ ˙
? ˙w b ˙ œ ˙
Exercises: ? w b˙
w ˙ ˙
✔ Play all the given examples of this lesson, and transpose them to as many keys
as possible. & ˙ ˙œ w˙ ˙˙
Nota Bene!: All examples are in the key of C and start with the IV. & ˙ b ˙ œ ˙
˙˙ œ˙˙ œ ˙˙ ˙˙
? ˙ b˙ w
✔ Close the examples 1-4 with a II-V-I progression in? thewkey in which they
practiced.
˙˙ ˙˙ are
˙
✔ Close example 5 with a III-VI-II-V-I progression in C major.
˙ b˙ ˙
NB!: In mm the tonic substitute VI also is an Am7-chord instead of &
&
A-&/+5.
˙
˙˙˙ See˙˙œ˙˙alsoœ section
˙ ˙ ˙˙ 19.9˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙
✔ Play example 5, concluded by the III-VI-II-V-I progression,
˙ b ˙
? w in F, B-,˙˙ and˙ E-.
?w
Remember: All examples are in the key of C, and start with the IV. In case the progressions
˙ long
˙ are too
to remember, write them down first.
˙
✔ Always try, as much as possible, to memorize the examples.
&˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙˙˙ b˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
?w ˙ ˙

58
Lesson 22 The dim chord of VII and its role as secondary dominant
Because of its versatility in minor as well as in major, we shall in this lesson pay fur-
ther attention to the diminished seventh (dim) chord on VII, specifically to its appli-
cation as secondary dominant for II, III and IV.
22.1 The elementary position of a diminished seventh chord (e.g. Bo, VII7 in C
mm or minor) consists of three superimposed minor thirds. It is composed of
a minor 3rd (b-d), a diminished 5th (b-f) and a diminished 7th (b-a-) on the
root (b). It forms the upper structure of G7/–9.
Inversions of Bo
22.2 Outside the harmonic context, the ear is
not able to identify the specific inversion
w
& b www b wwww b wwww b www
of the diminished 7th chord, for within the w
system of the equal temperament* a minor
third (f-a-) and an augmented second (a--b) sound just alike. Only the nota-
tion clearly shows the difference between such intervals. This gives the dim
chord an apparent symmetrical form; a characteristic
& b wwwwhich,
w ww afterb wwwenharmon-
ww
ic changes, is very useful in modulations and short tonal excursions
w w to other
w b ww
keys. See also lesson 18.2, and lesson 35 on dim chord and octotonics.
w www
w w
& b www b wwwit is customary
b ww b w
22.3 As result of this apparent symmetrical construction,
w in jazz
(but a little sloppy) to name the diminished 7th chord ∑after its bass tone in-
&
stead of its root. We came across this custom in the sections 21.4 and 21.5, in
which Fo turned out to be a Bo with f in the bass (Bo/F).
22.4 When the dim chord of VII re-
solves to a major triad, it possess- & b wwww ww b wwww ww
es three, and when it resolves to a & ∑ ww b ww
minor triad two leading tones; in
some cases three. It usually does-
n't have a common tone with the subsequent chord to which it resolves. As a
consequence, the voices always move. These characteristics,
& ∑ plus the apparent
symmetrical construction, make the diminished 7th chord of VII a dynamic
∑
and versatile dominant chord. &
22.5 In spite of all its sublime characteristics, the diminished 7th chord also pre-
sents us with some problems. One should, for instance on the piano, be cau-
tious with the doubling of tones, i.e. the dim chord sounds a great deal better
without than with doubling of the bass tone in a higher register.
As the examples below will show, in a progression one often has to choose be-
& ∑
tween the colouring of the chord and the correct voice leading. Especially
where the dim chord is applied as secondary dominant for a m7 chord.
22.6 The examples 1-3 show the voice leading of the progression of the root posi-
tion of secondary dominant C+o to Dm(7), II in C major, also in root position.
In examples 1 and 2 we see the triad of D minor. In jazz music, however, we
∑
&
*The system of equal temperament devides the octave in 12 equal halve steps. In the 17th century it was brought into practi-
cal use by J.S. Bach’s Wohltemperiertes Klavier.

59
 ? ˙˙ b# ˙˙ ww

& ˙˙ ˙˙ ww &˙ ˙ w
˙ b˙ w
would prefer to colour this chord with
˙ b˙ wthe 7 (example 3). To achieve this, one
of its leading tones has to be sacrificed
˙
˙ 7# ˙˙(c), orwwthe 7
? ˙ # ˙ and whas to fall to the
?
(b-) of C+o has to ascend, resulting in the omission of the 5 (a) of Dm7.

1 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ww 2 &˙ ˙ w 3 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ww

˙ b˙ w
? ˙˙ b# ˙˙ ww ? ˙˙ # ˙˙ ww ? ˙˙ #b ˙˙ ww

C& C+o Dm C& C+o C& Dm C+o Dm7

˙
œ b œ œ œ ˙ ˙
& ˙ œ œ œ
œ ˙b œ
#
˙˙D+o œ ˙œ ˙
œ# ˙˙˙descendsœ
##œ˙ n ˙˙
œ œ
22.7 The &7 of
˙˙ C+o˙ in
b˙ w example
w 4 is ascending
& ˙˙ ˙˙ (b-➚c)
w
w while ˙ 7 of
˙ the& ˙
(c➘b), as is customary for the seven.
˙ The
b ˙ reason for the
˙ b ˙different
b ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙movement˙˙ ˙
of the
˙
?sevenths˙ w ?
w 7 of C+o
˙ # ˙ is because
ww the resolution
? ˙ # ˙ of the ˙ #? ˙(b-)# ˙is˙ taken
# ˙ ˙ over
#˙˙ by ˙
the lead voice (a). The parallel 7th motion in this progression (c+-b- ➚ d-c) is,
however, not according to the rules of traditional harmony.
The & 3 (f+)
˙˙ of˙˙D+o can also fall to
& theœœ b7œœ (d)˙ # œ
œ œœ n ˙˙˙ & ˙ ˙˙ # œ˙ œ ˙
ww ˙ 3 of ˙˙ # ˙ ˙ œ
of Em7, likeœwe see happen ˙ with the 4 ˙
C+o ?in&example
œœ ˙˙
˙ ˙˙ b ˙œ˙ b œœ 3.˙˙w˙In##œœ˙that case,?we b ˙would ˙ ˙ &˙ ˙˙ ? ˙ b ˙ ˙˙ # ˙ ˙œ ˙( ˙˙) ˙
miss the˙ pretty# ˙ ascending w chromatic
˙ # ˙ pass- ˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ? ˙ #˙ ˙ #˙
? ˙˙in#b ˙˙the second
ing tones ˙ # ˙ voice ˙ (e➚f➚f+➚g), ˙
althoughœthis motion isœless ˙ obvious on the ˙ ˙
piano,
b œ
& as˙ theœ lead
œ ˙˙ (g)
˙ œ
##œ˙ takes
œ n ˙˙ over & the˙˙ reso- ˙˙ # œ˙ œ ˙C& C+o & ˙˙Dm7˙˙D+o # Em(7) ˙˙ ˙˙
lution of the f+.˙ * ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
b˙ b˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ? ˙ b ˙˙ ˙
In examples
? # ˙˙ 5˙˙and˙6# ˙the resolution# ˙of the˙7 is in
˙ ? # ˙ all&cases taken
˙ ˙ ˙˙ # ˙ ˙˙over
# ˙
˙ by anoth-
# ˙˙˙ ˙
er voice. Since
& ˙ ˙ the˙order œ œ ˙
# ˙ of the˙ voices of root-7th-3rd is the best sounding po-
˙
sition, and˙ because we˙ rather ˙hear a 7 in the subsequent ˙ m7
b ˙ chord,˙ ˙we should- ˙
b ˙ ˙ ? ˙ # ˙be content with˙the
n't worry
&?˙˙˙too# ˙much ˙˙ ˙# about #œ˙˙ œ ˙the˙ultimate
& ˙˙ voice
˙ ˙˙ leading,
˙ ˙ ˙
˙ and ˙ # ˙
#˙
fact, although not according to the traditional rules, that the 7 of a diminished
7th chordb ˙ascends,
? #˙
˙ when ˙ it is˙ a 7th over
? #˙ b ˙ the˙ bass**˙. ˙
˙ #˙ ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙
5 &˙˙˙ ˙ #˙ ˙˙ 6 & ˙˙ œœ b œœ ˙˙˙##œœ˙ œœ ˙˙
˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙# ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙
? ˙˙ b˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
?˙ #˙ ˙ ˙# ˙ ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
? #b ˙˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
C& C+o Dm7 D+o Em7 C& C+o Dm7 D+o Em7

22.8 Some voices of the diminished 7th chord can be suspended. These œ˙ œ suspen-
˙
˙ ˙
˙ ˙
sions can resolve internally or, in some cases, externally. Although it could
& ˙ # ˙˙ be
done, it's not common practice to indicate suspensions ˙ b ˙in the˙ chord
˙ symbol.
˙˙
The 6 (a in C+o) substitutes the 5 (example 5) or suspends
? ˙ #˙ it as
˙ #in˙ example 6.
If C+o functions as secondary dominant for DO (example 7), the matter is a lit-
tle more complicated. In this progression C+o actually is an enharmonically

* In arrangements for wind instruments or strings the parallel motion in tenth is clearly audible.
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
& ˙˙ # ˙˙
** In lesson 29 we will discover that the diminished 7th chord between II and III can resolve in both upward and downward
directions.
˙ ˙ ˙˙
60 ˙ ˙ ˙
? ˙˙ b˙
#˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
 ˙ ˙
? ˙˙ b# ˙˙ w
w & ∑ ∑

? ∑ ∑
&˙ ˙ w
changed
˙ b ˙inversion w of Eo, of which the
7?(d-)
˙˙ is#in˙˙ the wwbass. This dim chord is 7 & b œœ˙ b œœ& œœ˙˙ œœ ˙˙ bb œœ˙ ww
b œœ n ˙˙˙˙
VII (dominant) in F minor (NB!). DO
˙ n ˙
˙ b ˙ w-9
is Fm6 with 6 (d) in the bass. The sus- b ˙ ?b ˙
? b ˙ n ˙˙ # ˙ ˙ w ˙˙
pension becomes a- (from C minor or ˙
mm)
& ˙˙ and˙˙ in fact
ww is* a suspension for D-o DO/9/11 G7/-13/-10 C&/9
the ˙thirdb ˙(g) of Eo . & ˙ ˙ w -2-
? ˙ # ˙ ww ˙ b ˙suspension
22.9 In C+o (example 8) the c in the lead is an internally resolving b œ
w (c➘
œ œ
ofœ b7˙(b-).b ˙Theb ˙b-,˙ in #its
œ œ˙˙forœ the
b-)
& œ˙ descending ˙ œdoubling
œ b
b˙œ œ œ
˙
b œ œ b œ ? ˙ ˙ turn,w resolves
˙ w
to the 5 (a) of the subsequent chord, as is cus-
8& œœ b œœ ˙ œ œœ n ˙˙
˙ ˙˙ ? ˙ ˙ ˙ 7.˙ It gives
##œ ˙ tomary for a b ˙ the ˙ lower ˙ 7b ˙of C+o a legitimate ex-
b ˙ ˙ ˙ cuse˙ to move ascending to the 7 of&Dm7 ˙
˙
(b-➚c).
˙˙ ww
? # ˙ ˙ # ˙ The˙ c in C+o could have been called the –8 (or -8).
w However, in that case we would ? have ˙ formulated
b ˙ w a new
w w
C+o Dm7/9 & w chord
˙ ˙ symbol;˙ ˙C+o/–8˙ is#a˙ useful, #
˙ but
w
# ˙ unfortunately
˙ # ˙ w uncom-
w w
& ˙˙ ˙˙ # œ˙˙ mon œ ˙˙ chord symbol in jazz music. #w
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
?
22.10 The g+ and˙ b in D+o in example 9 are
#
ascending
˙ suspensions
˙
˙ ˙ w # ˙ w œ
œ b œ ˙ 9
& ˙ œ ˙˙ ##œ˙ n ˙˙ œ œ
œ
? #b ˙˙ internally
which ˙ #˙ resolve ˙ to the 5 (a) and the 7 (c) of D+o res-
pectively. b ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
? ˙ ˙ #˙
The g+ and b could
&
˙ have ˙ been ˙ called˙ # ˙ 4# ˙and 6# ˙of the
the ˙ #dim
˙ ˙
& ˙˙ but˙˙ also #D+o/4/6
chord, ˙˙w ˙˙ is anw unfamiliarwnotation.# w
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ #˙ #˙ #˙ D+o Em7/9
?
Exercises: w & ˙˙ ˙˙ # œ˙ œ ˙
˙ ˙w ˙ w #w
? #b ˙˙ ˙ # ˙ ˙
✔ Again, the sequence below looks considerably more difficult ? #b ˙˙ on˙˙ paper ˙ then˙ it
is in reality. First˙read˙ the larger printed notes, and
#
play them on the piano.
˙ ˙
˙ ˙ # ˙ # ˙ # ˙ ˙ (beginning with e)
The fingering& forw wthe right wwhand is always: # ww the# half # ww notes
with ❺, and the quarter
˙ ˙ notes ˙ (b➘a) ˙ ❷ ❶. ˙ The # ˙ fingering
# ˙ #& for˙ the˙left hand is not
?
important. The keys w we meetw in this sequence ˙
lastwfor two ˙˙bars;˙˙they #are
˙˙
˙˙ C and
#w
E-. Continue the sequence in G- and A. ˙ ˙
? b˙ ˙
˙ b ˙ ˙ b ˙ b ˙ #bb˙œ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
˙ ˙ bœ œ
œ œ bb œ˙ œ b ˙ b œ b ˙ œ
& œ œ œ œ œ˙ œ b ˙ œ ˙œ b œ œ œ b œ b œ œ
Seq. 12 ˙ ˙ œ
œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ ˙ b˙
? ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ b˙ ˙

✔ Now play the small printed notes (octave doubling of the upper two larger
ones), and the&upper large
˙ one ˙ with˙ the# ˙right ˙œhand. #The˙œ half
bb ˙œ notes
œ are always
played in octaves with ❶ and
œ ❺,
˙ œand œ
# œ the quarter notes in between are played
# œ # œ # œ
with ❸➘❷. The
œ œ
? quarter œ œ # ˙ are playedb ˙with ❶➘❷ and the
˙ notes
˙ in# ˙the left˙ hand
œ # ˙
˙
bass always with ❺.
✔ Continue the sequence in this manner, over the entire keyboard.**
* See also chapter 5 on secondary dominants (2).
** Playing the exercises and sequences 'over the entire keyboard', you will notice that in the higher and specifically in the low-
er registers the sound of the chords becomes dubious. (Play on all the same, it's just an exercise! See also page 110.)

61
 ? w˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
w
˙ #˙
#w
#˙ #˙
w
b˙ b˙ b œ˙ b˙
˙ ˙ œ˙ œ b œ œ œ˙ œ b œ œ b œ bb œ˙ œ
&˙ œ œ œ˙ œ ˙ b˙ b œ b ˙œ b œ b œ œ
˙ b˙
œ œ
✔ Play and practice
œ sequence
œ œ œ œ sameœ way. Doubleb ˙the first and second
œ 13œ binœ the
? ˙ withb ˙the right
˙ hand ˙
voice an octave ˙up and
˙ play˙ them (see Seq. 12). The keys
in this sequence are: C-E-A-.

b˙
Seq. 13 &˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ## ˙œ ˙œ # œ # ˙œ œ b œ œ
œ œ #œ #œ
œ œ œ
? ˙ œ ˙ ˙ #˙œ b˙
˙ #˙ #˙

✔ Play all the examples of this lesson and try to memorise them.
✔ Transpose examples 4, 5 and 6 to as many keys as possible.
Remember, the diminished 7th chords are secondary dominants for II and III.

✔ Practice the example in 22.2 (Bo) on the entire keyboard. Do the same with
Co and C+o.
✔ Learn the inversions of the drop-two position of Do, E-o and Eo (below) by
heart, and practice them over the entire keyboard, until they run reasonably
fluent.* If this proves to be a little too hard in the beginning, try first to mas-
ter the close position.
b œœ b œœœ
Excercise & œ b œœ œœ
œ b œœœ # œœ œ
b œœ b # œœ # œœ # œœ b œœ
œ # œœ
œ
œ œ #œ
? b œœ œœ bœ b œœ # œœ bœ
b œœ #œ œ
Do E-o Eo

✔ Play the exercise

&above also
∑ in drop-three∑ position. ∑

Lesson 23 Thickened
? line ∑and the 6th diminished
∑ scale ∑
In this lesson we will become acquainted with the thickened line. In jazz music this
is a traditional way of harmonizing a melody. Usually the chords in this way of har-
monizing are in close or drop-two position and move in similar motion with the
melody, which consists of chord tones and non-chord tones. The chord tones are har-
monized with the chord symbols as written under the melody, the non-chord tones
are usually harmonized (amongst others) with the dominant diminished chords of
the symbols under the melody. When the tonic (I) is written under the melody, this
will be a VII7 (dim), and when a chord other than the tonic is under the melody, a
secondary VII7 (dim) for that chord. The scale, formed by the tones of the chord un-
der the melody together with the tones of the diminished chord, is called the 6th di-
minished scale (Dr. Barry Harris). This is a major or melodic minor scale, in which
between the 5th and the 6th tone, a chromatic tone is inserted. This tone is the (di-
minished) 7 of the dim chord which alternates the chord under the melody.

* The upper three tones of the chords are usually played with the right hand. The lead tone can also be doubled an octave low-
er, and played by the left hand. In volume 2 we will discover, that no standard method can be given to devide the chord tones
over both hands. Find yourself what is easiest.

62
23.1 In the examples 1 and 2 we see the major 6th diminished scales harmonized
with C6 (I) and Bo (VII7) in close and drop-two position. C6 is under the
melody and harmonizes the chord tones. Bo harmonizes the non-chord tones.
In these examples, C6 is the tonic. As a result of the similar motion of the
chords, the voice leading shows some deviations from the rules: with the as-
cending scale in the examples we see the descending leading tones in Bo, f and
a-, resolve upward instead of downward. This is typical with the thickened-
line harmonization.

1 & ww b www n www b www n wwww

b wwww n ww w w w
w
w
? www b wwww n www
C6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
w w
& w w w b ww n www www www b ww n ww
w w
w
? www b www n ww w w b w n w w
C6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2 By changing the major 3rd (e) of C6 w to an minor

w b ww3rd n(e-),
ww&w b wwwthe scale
b wwwww becomes a
&
minor 6th diminished scale; C6
w w w
www
ww n ww Cm6.
b wbecomes
w w
w w w
& #w n w
#
b w
ww b wwn
w w
w
23.3 ? a-wwis enharmonically
When the changed to g+, Bo alters
? tow G+owwand becomes
w b w n
w w
secondary dominant dim for VI (Am7). Since a- and ? g+w in practice sound
alike, the difference between Bo and G+o is
not evident. Besides, C6 and Am7 are com- 3ww n&w œœœ b œœœœ n œœœœ b œœœ n œœœ b œœ n œœ
posed of& the same tones; the w
b w n w b # w
wtonewwinw thewwbasswww ww &ww œœœœ b œœœ n œœœœ b œœœœ n œœœœ b œœœœ n œœœœ
ww b # ww n w the# w two
n ww between œ œ œ œ œœ œœ
is the only wdifference
w ?
chords. ?
w
Sincew
# w
w the
b wbass
w is absent in the har- ?(ww)
monies of the thickened line and only ap- C6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pears in the chord symbols written under œ
the melody, one doesn't hear the difference & œœœœœ # œœœœœ n œœœœœ # œœœœœ n œœœœœ # œœœœ n œœœœ
between&the harmonization
œ œ œ œ œ ˙˙˙ with C6 or 4 & œœœ # œœœ n œœ # œœœ n œœœ # œœœœ n œœœœ
œ
Am7. Thisœœœ isb #specifically
œœœ n œœ b # œœ n ˙true when the ?
chords are
w
? inw close position (examples 3 and ?
4). By analogy, harmonizations of the thick- ( w)
ened line with F6 and Dm7 are identical. &Am7 . .∑. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
∑
23.4 For AO & b # œœCm6
andœœœfor œ n œœ bthe
œœœ same
˙ 6th diminished scale &
is applied, as well as for
œ œ œ
œ ˙
DO and Fm6. AO and# œDOn ˙are being alternated by G+o
˙ ? and C+o∑ respectively.
?
These dim chords are similar – enharmonic inversions – with the secondary
∑
? [VII] Bo and Eo for Cm6 and Fm6 respectively (see 22.8). Here
dominants w
we notice the advantage of the symmetrical build&of the ∑diminished 7th
chords. & ∑
? ∑
? ∑
63
& ∑ ∑
∑ ∑
 & wwww ww b www n www b wwww n wwww
w w ww b n ww w w
? www b www n ww

23.5 In example 5 we see the normal C major scale in the lead, ww harmonized as the
w w w
6th dim scale
& up
& w to the w 5w (g);bbwwwwwthe
w
wwww is absent.
n a- w bwwwww wwww From
w w n ww b wwww the
b w n www a onwards, the 6th
n ww
diminished scalew continues.
w w
w The scale can be used as long
w n w w w as it's appropriate
? bbwwwwwwmelody,
? wwwww the
for harmonizing nnwwwww wif not, w one b w hasn wto findw other solutions. In the
w
example below (example 5) we therefore see under the a an inversion of the
preceding C6 chord (arrow).

→
b www n ww w wwn ww www b wwbwwww w
5 && w w w w
n wwwww
n
wb www wn www w ww w
?? wwwwwww bb wwwww nnwwwwwww w w bw nw w
C6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w
&
&w www www bb wwww nn wwww bb wwwww
b www nn ww w ww
23.6 Example 6& shows the major
& 6th dim wscalewb wof
n Dm7
n
w w
w b or
#
www
www # wwbwwwwwn wwwn www# www wwww wwww ?F6.
w n Up
w
w
w
wwww bb www nn wwww scale
w to the
w
w a, the
w
w b
tones of C major are in
ww www the w lead;
wwb w the 6th dim scale can ? be applied
w wstraight for-
n
ward. C+o? andwww
? #bwwww n wwEo are [VII] for Dm7 (II) and F (IV) respective-
wwwit'sb inversion
ly. From the tones following a, i.e. b-➚c➚c+➚d, the b- and c+ are less common
on Dm7 or F6 in a melody in C major. w w bw nw w w w
& & ww w w b w n ww www www bb www
ww w
6 && œ œ œœ n wwœœw b˙˙#˙wwww n wwww b ww n ww b # www?n wwwwwww bb wwww w
nn ww w bw nw w
œœœ wb # œœœ n œœw b #wœœ n ˙ # ww ww w ? ww ww
w w ww w b w n w w
?? wwww b # www
Dm7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
w
&
& b
www www nn wwwww bb wwwww
23.7 The chords we œœ use
# œfor
n œ harmonizing a melody are determined
www bybb wwwwwthatnn wmelody
ww
w
ww b ww nn ww w
œ b œ œ b œ ˙ ˙ ? w
in the first&
place,
& œœœ bnot
œ#œœœ by
œ œ the
œ
œ œ
œ 6th
˙ ˙
œ œn œœ# bœ# œnœ˙˙n ˙˙diminished scale. If the?melody
w w coincides
w w with
the 6th diminished
œ œ
œ œscale, we can use the chords applicable to that part of the
scale. ?? ww
& ww bb ww nn www bb ## wwww
23.8 A melody on III (in C: Em7), can only partly be harmonized& with D+o. n wwwFor
b # wwwthe
w n wwww ## www ww ww
n ww # w n
time being it can best be dealt with as if it were a melody w
on
w
ww I.bb ## wwwww w
w b w
œ
œœ b # œ œ
& œ œœ œœ œœ ˙˙ n œ
œ b œ ˙ ?
? w
w
23.9 The non-chord tones of a# œthickened
n˙ 7
line on V can for the time being be part-
ly harmonized with the secondary dominant dim chord for V7 (in C: F+o).*
?w
23.10 It is mainly the duration of the non-chord tones 7 & œ ˙
which decides whether the secondary dominant
& œœœœœ b ## œœœœœ nn œœœœœ b ## œœœœ nn ˙˙˙˙˙
is mentioned in the chord symbols under the ? œ (b¡)œ œ b œ
? ww
melody. The eighth-note passages in the exam-
ples 7 and 8 are harmonized with the complete Dm7 (or F6)
tone material of the 6th diminished scale of œœœ b # œœ n œœ bœ ˙
Dm7 or F6, being the only chord symbols writ- 8 & œœœ b # œœœœ n œœœ
&
##b œœœœ nn ˙˙˙˙˙
ten under the melody. The duration of the sec-
ondary VII (C+o or Eo) is too short, and there-
?
? ww(¡)
fore impractical to be mentioned under the
melody. Dm7 (or F6)

* In volume 2 we will come back to the subject of the thickened line and the 6th diminished scale.

64
Exercises:

✔ Play all the examples in this lesson.

✔ Play the inversions of the diminished chords Bo, Co and C+o in close position
over the entire keyboard. Do the same with the drop-two and drop-three in-
versions.
✔ Learn the examples 1 and 2 by heart. Try eventually to master the harmo-
nization of the 6th diminished scale of all major keys; in close as well as in
drop-two position.
✔ Do the same with all minor scales on the m6 chords.
It's important to master one key, before transposing to other keys. Begin with the major 6th dim. scale
of C, F, B-, E- and A-; then A, D, G, C and F minor. Bit by bit, one can try playing the remaining scales.

✔ Play the following melody and chords. Apply the diminished chords (sec-
ondary VII) of the 6th diminished scale under the non-chord tones. Play with
the left hand the melody and with the right hand the chords in close position
with the melody in the lead.

1 2 3
b w œ œ ˙.
& b 44 œ œ œ œ œ œ
Gm6 Cm7 F7 B-& B-6
4 5 6 7 8
b
&b œ œ œ œ w œ œ œ œ w œ
E-& E-6 AO D7 D7/-13 Gm6

✔ Play the melody plus the chords below. Again apply the diminished chords of
the 6th diminished scale under the non-chord tones where possible.

# 4 1 2 3 4

& 4 œ œ œ ˙ ˙ Œ œ œ œ bw Œ nœ œ
œ
G6 G&/9 G6 h Gm7 C7 Gm7 C7

# 5 6 7 8 9

& ˙ ˙ Œ nœ œ bw Œ bœnœ œ
œ œ
F&/9 F6 h Fm7 B-7 E-& E-6

If you are familiar with both the songs, try to finish them.

# ∑ 10 11 12 13 14

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

15 16 17 18 19
# ∑ 65
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
 ✔ Play the chords of the rather well known song below (Cole Porter) on the pi-
ano, and try to recognize it.
GO | C7–9 | Fm& Fm7 | Fm6 | DO | G7–9/–13 | C&/9 C7/–9 | C6 Ó
Cm7 | F7/9 | B-&/9 | B-6 | A-7/13 | h | G7/13 | DO G7–9 ||
GO | C7–9 | Fm& Fm7 | Fm6 | DO | G7–9/–13 | C&/9 C7/–9 | C6 ||
✔ Play the 6th diminished scale of C major descending, then ascending with the
left hand alone over one octave.
✔ Try slowly to play at the same time the 6th diminished scale (major as well as
minor) with the right hand ascending and the left hand descending. The scale
moves in contrary motion.
✔ Play the 6th diminished scale of C major with chords (C6 and Bo) in close po-
sition. The starting position is: thumb (1) of the left hand on middle c (c'), the
little finger (5) of the right hand on c" (one octave up), and the remaining
tones of the chord in between with the right hand. Don't forget the half step
between the g and the a!
✔ Play the minor 6th diminished scale in the same way.

The following melody fragments repeat topics treated previously. Some fragments
can be harmonized with chords in root position, others with a combination of thick-
ened line and root-positioned chords. Also apply at some places chords in drop-two
position.

Practice:
Model & b w˙˙ ( œœ œœ ) # ( ˙˙ ˙˙ ) ww
✔ Learn the two minor II-V-I ww n ww
models opposite by heart,
and practice them in as many
? ww w
b w
minor keys as possible. First EO A7 Dm6
without, and subsequently
with the lowest note of the
parallel thirds (between Model & b ˙˙ ( # œœ œœ ) ( ˙˙w ˙˙ ) w
parenthesis) in the right hand #w n ww
ww
✔ Play the two melodic frag- ? w
b
w ww
ments in practice 2a and 2b b wj
& b b b œEO œ œ œ œ . A7œ Dm6
w
Pr.2a Pr.2b
& ∑ ∑ ∑
b j
& b bb œ œ œ œ œ . œ & b # œ œ œ œ œ . Jœ w
w ? ∑ A7 ∑ Dm ∑
GO C7 Fm EO

b
& b # œ œ œ œ œ . Jœ w & b ˙ #œ œ œ œ ˙.
66

b ˙
 b j
& b bb œ œ œ œ œ . œ w
on the II-V-I progressions written below, in five-part
b b b b œ œharmony,
œ . thejmelody in
&
the lead included. Don't forget to spread the chord tones over
œ œ both œ hands.
w
Remember, a minor chord is not the same as m7! œ .
& b #œ œ œ œ œ w
J
✔ The two melody lines in practice
3a and 3b are harmonized with Pr.3a& b #œ œ œ œ œ. œ w
J
a I-VI-II-V progression in b ˙
melodic minor. The VIth degrees &b #œ œ œ œ ˙.
(EO and F+O) are b b bderived from
b œ œ
& The D7 chord
melodic minor. œ œ inœ .
j
œPr.3b b bGm6
˙ EO AO
œ œ ˙.
D7/–9
w & #œ œ
practice 3a is on the third beat
of the second bar. & œ . Jœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
The g and the e in practice 3b
are two neighbouring
& b # œ œ tonesœ œ of
œ. œ w Am6 F+O BO E7/–9
the 5 (f) of BO. Therefore, the 5
J & œ . Jœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
can be omitted from the chord. bbb
Pr.4a & b œœœœœ œ w
✔ The melodic linesb ˙in practice 4aœ œ
and 4b are&
b
harmonized # œ with
œ a ˙ .& b b b b œ œ œ œ
I-VI-II-V progression in har-
œ œ w
monic minor. Consequently, the
œ Fm œ œ œ œD-& GO
w / C7/–9
œ C
Pr.4b
&
VIs are major 7th chords (D-&
and F&). The
& root
œ . JœofœV œis antici-
œ œ œ œ &œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w
pated in the bass of II: GO/C and
BO/E.
&Amb b b ˙ F&œ œ BO˙/E E7/–9 nœ œ w
✔ Practice 5a canb bbe
b b harmonized
& œ œ œ œ in a wfour-part
sions Go and Ao of œEo and F+o œcan also &
b drop-two position.
be bomitted.
b ˙ In thatœ case
The inver-
œ we˙ hear n œ an œ w
ascending stepwise motion (German: sekundengang) b ˙ in the
œ bass˙ (see alsoœ w
& b
example 4 in 22.7). In practice 5b we see the progression IV➞VII# mm➞III
œ œ in
B- (E-➝E-o➝Dm7). œ œ It is best
& down. œForœ the w the 3b in
to double
œ œvoicing b the melody of both˙ Dm7 andœ w
Bo one octave of Bo
& with ˙ the 3rd
œ inœ the lead, refer
œ to
C+o in example 5 of section 22.7.

b
Pr.5a &b b ˙ œ œ ˙ nœ œ w
E-& Eo (Go) Fm7 F+o (Ao) Gm7

b ˙ œ
Pr.5b &b ˙ œ œ œ w
E-&/9 E-o Dm7 Bo Cm7

67
 ✔ Harmonize following eighth-note melody lines with the 6th diminished scale;
non-chord tones with the appropriate diminished 7th chords (secondary VII).
Transpose the lines to as many keys as possible.

Pr.6a
œ œ bœ œ bœ œ œ
& bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
Gm7………………F6…………………..

Pr.6b & œ œ bœ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ bœ œ œ œ
œ
DO………………… Cm6……………..

✔ After the preceding

∑ ∑
& lessons have been studied and understood, a substantial
number of standards can be added to your repertoire.
Make a choice from:

PENNIES FROM&HEAVEN ∑ ∑
I CAN'T GIVE YOU ANYTHING BUT LOVE
OUT OF NOWHERE
WHAT'S NEW
& ∑ ∑
YARDBIRD SUITE
IT COULD HAPPEN TO YOU
SOFTLY AS IN A MORNING SUNRISE
I THOUGHT ABOUT & YOU ∑ ∑
ALL THE THINGS YOU ARE
OLD FOLKS
STELLA BY STARLIGHT
BODY AND SOUL & ∑ ∑
THE TOUCH OF YOUR LIPS
ALONE TOGETHER
ALL GOD'S CHILDREN GOT RHYTHM
THE BEST THING & FOR YOU∑ ∑
BLUE BOSSA
THE NEARNESS OF YOU
IT MIGHT AS WELL BE SPRING
∑ ∑ ∑
&
HAVE YOU MET MISS JONES
and likely a lot more. Try!

✔ Identify the minor-major enclaves in the above listed songs.

68
CHAPTER 5 SECONDARY DOMINANTS (2)

In lesson 18 we were introduced to the concepts of the secondary

& ˙˙ dominant and the
adjacent (secondary) tonic. We saw examples of secondary dominants
˙ ˙ ww
& ˙˙ ˙for ˙ the prime
w
degrees IV and V. Furthermore, we learned that the extensions? ˙œ of #the ˙ dominant
n ww
seventh chords as secondary dominant [V7]* for II7, III7 and?VI˙7 originate
œ b# ˙ from n w the
œ
key and mode of the adjacent tonic, in C major: A7➝Dm7, B7➝Em7, E7➝Am7.œ b ˙ w In
lesson 22.6 we were introduced to the dominant function of the bdiminished seventh
chord as secondary dominant for II and III. In lesson 23 we&
b b b about the sixth
learned
diminished scale, in which the diminished seventh chord, in&
b b ˙˙ embellishing
its role˙as
b ˙˙ ww
˙ ˙ ww
passing and neighbouring chord, appeared as dominant applied ˙ asb ˙˙secondary
?forb b I, and w
œ œ ∫ ˙
dominant for II, IV and VI. In this chapter we will broaden our
? bunderstanding
b bb ˙œ œ ∫ ˙ wof the
application of secondary dominants. We will also meet the tritone-related dominant
w
seventh chord and introduce a few more embellishing chords. nnn ∑ ∑
& n
&nn ∑ ∑
Lesson 24 V7/–5 and the tritone-related dominant 7th?chord
n ∑ ∑
? nn n n ∑ ∑
24.1 As the scale tones which mainly distinguish Good!
n minor ➡ major
the minor from the major scale – i.e. the 3rd
and 6th tone – are not present in a non-ex- 1 & www ˙˙ ˙˙ # ww
tended dominant 7th chord on V, it is im- & www ˙ ˙ # w
˙ ˙ #w
possible to establish its mode (major or mi- ? ww ˙˙ # ˙˙˙ # ww
nor). 'Bare' V7ths belonging to either major ? ww ˙ # ˙˙ w
or minor are identical.
˙ w
Poor! major# ˙ ➡ minor
24.2 In lesson 18.3 we learned that the extensions & www # ˙˙˙ ## ˙˙ www
of the secondary V7 are derived from the key 2 & www # ˙˙ # ˙˙ ww
and the mode of the adjacent tonic [I]. A sec- ? ww ˙ # ˙˙ w
ondary V7 or secondary II-V progression* ? ww ˙ # ˙˙ w
moves smoothly to major, even if extended ˙ w
by tones from minor. In example 1, C➝[II-
V]➝A7, the extensions of E7 are derived & # ## ˙˙˙ # ## ˙˙˙ ww
n w
from A minor. The opposite is not true: it is &
3 & # ˙˙˙ # ˙˙ n w
difficult to move to minor with a V7 of which ?& ˙˙ #˙˙˙ wwww
the extensions (9 and 13) are derived from ? ˙˙˙˙ #˙˙
# ˙˙ n www
ww
major. In example 2, C➝[II-V]➝Am7, the
? ˙˙
?˙ #˙ nw
extensions of E7 are derived from A major. ˙ w
C/9 E7/B Am7
-2-
24.3 In examples 3 and 4 we see the bare [V ] for 7
& b bb b -2-
VI. We notice that the 5 instead of the root of 4 & b b ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
the chord is in the bass. A descending pass- ˙
˙ b˙ ˙ ww
ing tone appears between the roots of I and ? bb ˙ ˙ ˙ w
VI. This is a stepwise moving tone which
? b bb ˙ ˙ w
b ˙ w
usually appears on a metrically unaccented
n Cm/9 E-7 A-&
beat or part of a beat. & nn n n ∑∑ /B- ∑∑
& n
* Square brackets [ ] used with chords or chord progressions in roman scale-degree notation indicate a secondary function.
? n
? nn n n ∑∑ ∑
∑ 69
n
 bn b ˙ ˙ w
&nn ∑ ∑
n
? n nn
& ∑
∑
∑
∑
nn
? nn ∑ ∑
24.4 In examples 5 and 6 the 3 of E7 and E-7 is n
5
suspended by a and a- respectively. & ˙˙ ˙
˙sus ww
We see Bm7/11 = E7sus/B and B-m7/11 =
? ˙˙˙
& œ
E-7sus/B-. In both the m7 chords the 5 is ˙˙˙ # œ n www
w
omitted. Without the 5 in the suspending œ #œ
chords, we will not notice the difference be- ? C9 ˙˙ E7/B
nw
Am7
b ˙ w
tween the minor 7th chord (II in major) and &b b
the half-diminished chord (II in minor). ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
Consequently, the [II-V] in these examples
b
6 ? bb b b
& œ
can resolve to major as well as to minor. ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ œ www
b sus w
24.5 The 5 of the secondary dominants [V7] in ? bb ˙ œ œ w
nb ˙ ˙ w∑
examples 7 and 8 is lowered. In both E7 and n ∑
E-7 this flat five (–5) is in the bass. These
& n
Cm/9 E-7/B- A-&
chords also can resolve to both major and n
minor. However, we notice another phe-
? n n n ∑∑
& ∑
∑
nn
nomenon: If the 3 (g+) of E7 is enharmoni- 7 &
cally changed to a-, E7 changes into
? ˙˙n ˙˙∑ ww∑
nn
B-7/+11, and if the 7 (d-) of E-7 changes to
c+, and the –5 (b--) to a, E-7 changes into
? ˙œ˙ # ˙˙
& nw
ww
˙ œ b˙
A7/+11; both dominant 7th chords without
(perfect) 5. See also lessons 25.7, 26 and 37. ? C9 ˙ E7/-5
œb b œ b ˙ /B- Am7
#˙ nw
& b w
24.6 The alterations and enharmonic changes in ˙
˙ b˙ w ˙ w
E7 and E-7 convert these chords into so-
called tritone-related dominant 7th chords: 8 ? b bb b ˙œ˙ ˙˙ ww
& b b ˙ œ ∫b ˙ w
B-7 with E7 and A7 with E-7. The chords
are related by their common tritone: a-–d = ? b bn ˙œ ˙ w
d–g+ and g–c+ = d-–g, and are also a tritone
œ ∫˙ w ∑
& n nb ∑
apart. Cm/9 E-7/-5/B-- A-&
Although a simplification, this concept is n
? nn n n ∑∑ ∑∑
commonly used in jazz harmony.
& n
24.7 Thus, the tritone-related (TR) dominant 9 ? n ˙n ˙˙∑
& ww∑
7th chord can resolve to major as well as to ˙ ˙ #
& wwwn ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ # #w# www
minor. We will see in the next lesson that ? ˙˙ b # ˙˙ nw
their main application is in a dominant ww ˙˙ # ˙˙ w# ww
chain, i.e. as a secondary dominant for a
?
& w w ˙ ˙ A7/9/13
C9 B-7/+11/13 # w
(secondary) dominant, etc. In example 9
B-7/+11/13 resolves as secondary dominant to V7 in & ww ∑ ˙A7/9/13.
D major:
? #˙ ∑w
˙ ˙ #˙˙ w w
& www # ˙˙ # ˙˙ ww
Exercises: ? ∑ ˙ #˙ ∑
? w w
✔ Transpose all examples of this lesson, except examples
&1wwand w 2,# ˙˙to# ˙˙chromatic-
ww
ally ascending keys, i.e. C+, D, E-, E, etc.
? ww ∑ ˙ # ˙˙ w∑
&
✔ Learn them by heart. ˙ www
& # # ˙˙˙ # # ˙˙˙ nw
? ∑ ∑
? # ˙
& # ˙˙ # ˙˙ # ˙ w
70 n ww
? ˙ ∑ # ˙˙
& w∑
˙ w
Lesson 25 The dominant chain and another TR dominant 7th chord
When a dominant chord resolves to another dominant chord, a series of descending,
cadential dominants is formed. This progression is called a dominant chain (see also
24.8). The chords in such a chain can take on many different forms. In this lesson we
shall meet some of them. The first six examples show the chords in root position.
25.1 Because the 7 in these chords is absent, we
will not very often encounter in jazz music 1 b œ œ œœ bb œœ bb b bb ˙˙˙
the dominant chain of triads shown in exam-
&
& œ œ
œ b œ œ b
œœ œ bb œœ bb œœ bb b œœ bbb œœœ bb bb bbb ˙˙
b
&
& œœœ œœœ bb œœ bbb œœœ bbb bb œœœ b œœ bb bb b ˙˙
ple 1. Only the cadential bass that falls by a &
5th or rises by a 4th, and the leading tone
&
?
? œœ œœ œœ b œ b b œ b œœ b bb ˙˙
cause harmonic motion in this progression.
? œœ œœ bbb œœœ bbb œœœ bb œœ bb œœ bbb ˙˙˙
?
? Cœœœ Fœœ bb œB-
? œ bb œœE- bbbA- œœ bbb œD-
œ b˙
25.2 Example 2 shows a chain of dominant 7th ˙ bb˙œ b˙œ œb ˙ G- œ
chords in which the 5 is omitted. We see the 2 & bb ˙˙ bb ˙ bb ˙˙ bb ˙˙
tritone b-–e of C7 turn into the diminished
&bbb ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙
&
&
& b ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙
5th a–e- of F7, etc.* &
?
? ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ bb ˙˙
? ˙
? ˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙
25.3 The dominant 7th chords in example 3 are ?
? C7 F7˙ B-7 bE-7 ˙
alternately extended with the 9 and the 13.
In this chain the diminished 5th e–b- of C7/9 & b ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙˙ bb ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
3 b
& bbb ˙˙ bb ˙˙˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙
&
turns into the tritone e-–a of F7/9/13, etc. &
&
&
? b ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙˙ bb ˙˙ bb ˙˙˙˙
25.4 In example 4 the chords are again extended ? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bbbb ˙˙˙˙
?
with the 9 and the 13. In the second and
?
? ˙˙ b ˙ b ˙
? b˙
fourth chord these tones originate from mi- C7/9 F7/9/13 B-7/9 E-7/9/13
˙ b ˙
nor. The upper structure of the chords in this &
& bbb ˙˙˙ bb bbb ˙˙˙˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙˙ bb bbb ˙˙˙˙˙
progression descends chromatically, main- 4 & bb ˙˙ bb bb ˙˙˙˙ bb ˙˙ bb bb ˙˙˙˙
&
& b ˙˙˙ bb bb ˙˙˙ bb ˙˙ bb bb ˙˙˙˙
taining the same form enharmonically; the 5 &
?
descends to the –9 and the 9 to the –13.
?
? ˙
˙ ˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙
? ˙ ˙˙ b ˙ bb ˙˙
?
25.5 We see a similar repetitive pattern in exam-
? ˙ b˙
C7/9 F7/-9/-13 B-7/9 E-7/-9/-13
ple 5: & ˙ ˙ b bb ˙˙ ˙˙ b bb ˙˙
&
13 ➘ –10 ➘ 13 & b ˙ b b ˙
& bb ˙˙˙ bbb bb ˙˙ bb ˙˙˙ bbb bbb ˙˙˙
5 & ˙ b
3 ➘ 7 ➘ 3 &
? bbb ˙˙ b b ˙ bb ˙˙ bb b ˙˙˙
7 ➘ 3 ➘ 7
?
? ˙˙ ˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ b ˙˙
?
?
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙
25.6 The progression in example 6 is identical
with the previous one, only with the differ- & C7/13 ˙ bb ˙˙ B-7/13
˙ b F7/-10 ˙˙ b bbbE-7/-10
˙˙˙
& ˙ bb bb ˙˙ ˙ b b
b ˙˙
ence that the lead moves independently from & ˙
& b ˙˙˙ bb bbb ˙˙˙ ˙ b
b b ˙
the other voices. Chromatically descending 6 &
&
? b ˙ b b ˙ bb ˙˙˙˙ bb bbb ˙˙˙˙
middle voices, together with falling fifths ? bbb ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bbbb ˙˙˙
?
?
(rising fourths) in the bass, and with the lead
?
? b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙ bb ˙˙
moving independently, is a very common
voice leading for a dominant chain. C7/13 F7/-10/-13 B-7/13 E-7/-10

* Augmented 4th (tritone) and diminished 5th are complementary intervals, and divide the octave in two equal parts.

71
 25.7 Example 7 shows the altered VII7 in C ma-
jor and example 8 the one in C minor, both 7 w
& bbwwwwwww
& bbwwwwwww
with lowered 3 (d-). The chords in both w
examples are in close root position as well as Altered VIIth degree in C major
in first inversion, the latter with d- at the
bottom. When in the minor inversion in
8 w
example 8, the root b of VII is enharmonic- &
& bbbbwwwwwwww bbbbwwwwwww
ally changed to c-, the augmented 6th d-–b
changes into a minor 7th d-–c- forming a Altered VIIth degree in C minor
root-positioned D-7 chord. See (8) in 33.6
and lesson 37. & ∑∑ ∑∑
&
25.8 In the first bar of example 9 we see VII% (3
in the bass) in C major (BO/D). By altering d 9 & ˙˙ œ˙ b œ n ww
into d- and a into a-, the first chord BO/D
+5 5
changes into D-7/+5 and D-7 respectively. ˙ ∑b w ∑∑
Both are called tritone-related (TR) domi-
& ˙˙
&
? b˙ ∑w
nant 7th chords of G7, originating from VII;
the first from VII in C major (+5), the sec- BO/D D-7 C7/13
ond from VII in C minor or C minor-major b ˙˙ n ˙˙ ∑∑b b ˙˙ n ˙
(a ➘ a-).
&& ˙ ∑∑
&
& ˙˙ ˙ œ˙b b˙œ n ww
25.9 The traditional point of view to name a TR dominant ? bafter ˙ its origin, ˙ b ˙the
VIIth degree, would become too complicated to capture
˙ b ˙ chord
?in˙ a bcustomary
˙ ˙
˙
b w
w
b˙
symbol used in jazz, specifically when the chords are extended. Therefore, the
concept of the tritone relationship is a useful and practical && simplification. ∑∑ ∑∑
˙ œ b œ
&& ˙b b ˙˙˙˙ n ˙˙ b wwb ˙˙ ˙ n
10 & w
˙ b˙ n˙
1 1 & b ˙˙ ˙ nb˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙ nb ˙ ˙˙
˙ # ˙ w˙ # ˙ w˙ ˙ w ? ˙ ˙ ˙ b w˙ ˙
w ? ˙ b ˙
b ˙ b ˙ ˙ w˙b ˙ b ˙b ˙
?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙ n ˙ #˙ n˙ ˙
?&b ˙ ˙ ∑∑b ˙ ∑∑
b ˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ w & b˙
w Trad.: Bo/-3
b˙˙w / n∫˙˙ Ao/-3
Trad.: C B7/-13 E7/-5/ A7 D7/-5/ G7
B- A-
TR
D- b w/ n ˙C-
TR : B-7 A-7 && ˙w C7/13
: D-7
b
∫ ˙ bbbB7˙˙ww B-7/13 ˙
b ˙ b ˙
bb˙n7˙˙˙].˙ Inb bb∑example
The& TR ˙˙ # dominants
œ˙ # œ ˙˙ œin# œexample n œ 10b œoriginate
ww * from the altered
& bb˙w˙˙[V
? ˙ b˙ ˙
w ˙bn˙˙˙˙ ∑∑
11 they originate #from
œ b
˙ the˙ altered œ
˙ [VII w 7] . The chord ? &&bb˙w ˙ ofbD-7
extensions
∑ w
˙
˙ bb ˙and˙
C-7? in˙˙ example
˙ #12˙ n make
˙ #it˙ notn ˙practical w to relate to traditional
? b ˙ notation. ˙ b˙ b˙
˙ b ˙
At some spots in the examples the
˙ b ˙ ˙ notation
of accidentals is inadequate, e.g. the 7 of
w 1 2 & b˙w˙ ˙˙ wwb ˙˙ ˙
the TR dominants is written as an aug-
& b ˙ ˙
w
˙ ∫ b n
˙ ˙
˙ ˙ b b wb w˙˙ b n ˙˙˙
∫ w b ww
mented 6th. bFor example, B-7 in example
& ww
& n œ˙b-–g+ œ w ?? bbbww˙ ˙ wwb ˙ b ˙
10 has œ bb œ˙ instead
b ww of7 b-–a-; b- originally
being the –5 of E7 (V ). In D-7 in example ? bw b b ww
? # ˙annaugmented
˙ TV : D-7/9/13 C7/9 C-7/9/13 B-7/9
11 hasb ˙ ∫ ˙ b ww 6th d-–b instead of a Trad.: Not
b ˙w practical!
∫˙ bw
minor seventh d-–c-; the b being the root of ∫
&& bbw˙w b ˙ b www
the altered VII in C. ˙ ˙ wwww
& b www wb ww VII .
* Often it is problematic to establish 7 7
& ∑ whether an extended TR∑dominant originates from an?altered
?bbwwwV or from anb wwaltered
? b ww ww
72
? ∑ ∑ ˙ ˙ ww
& ww w
 & bbb ˙˙˙˙
&
&
nn ˙˙
n ˙˙ bb bbb ˙˙˙ nn ˙˙
n ˙˙
˙˙ bb ˙˙ b˙
? ˙ bb ˙˙
? bb ˙˙˙
? b b ˙˙ bb ˙˙˙ bb ˙˙
˙ b˙ b˙
25.10 There is another item from traditional harmony which should be taken into
account when dealing with TR dominants. In a conclusion
& b
bb ˙˙˙to nI˙˙it is bbless
bb bb b ˙˙˙˙˙b nnap-
˙˙˙
&
propriate to extend the TR dominant with tones belonging
b ˙ ˙
& b ˙˙to
b ˙ ˙ bb nthe
˙ b n ˙ ˙ minor
˙˙ b ˙˙ bb n ˙˙˙˙˙
˙ b ˙ ˙ key
7
in which the chord is the actual V . Thus, D-7, extended
? with
? bb ˙˙ tones
minor, is too remote from C major or minor to be harmonically
from G-
˙˙ acceptable.
b˙
? b ˙ ˙ bb ˙˙ bbb ˙˙˙
The 'tonal ear' will object.
no objection!
25.11 The examples 13 and 14 show a D-7 chord. 13
b˙
∫∫bb ww˙˙ ∫∫∫ ˙˙˙
In example 13 as V7 in G- in which the ex- &
& ∫ ww bb bbb www
& b ww
tensions originate from G- minor: –10 (f-), bb ww
–9 (e--) and –13 (b--). The progression is ?
? bb ww bb bbb www
? bw
entirely acceptable. In example 14 we see bw
D-7/-10/-13/-9 G-&/9
D-7 as TR dominant in C major, with the
objection!
same extensions from G- minor, in this ex- ˙˙ ˙˙ ww
ample enharmonically changed. The ear 14 & w
& w˙ww ˙ ww
probably has objections.
& w
–10ww –9
? ww
25.12 The extensions of the dominant in exam- ? bb www
? b ww
ple 15 (D-7/13/9) originate from C minor. D-7/+5 C6
The ear has no reason to object! The 9 in no objection!
D-7 is the e- from C minor. & bb ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ww
The extensions of the TR dominant, espe- 15 & bb ww˙w b ˙
& ww
cially the 9, preferably originate from the ? www w
minor mode of the key in which the chord ? b ww
? bb ww ww
functions as TR dominant and not from
the minor mode of the key in which the D-7/13/9 C&/9
same chord functions as V7.
25.13 As a key can hardly be established, the statement made&abovew˙ # ˙is lesswrelevant
˙ # ˙ w˙ ˙ w
for dominants in a chain, however, we still have to be cautious with –9 ➘ –9 w
th ˙
in dominant 7 chords descending with a half step. If the ˙closure
˙ # ˙ n ˙
? ˙ inb example # ˙ n ˙
˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ w
16a is compared with the one in 16b, the difference is obvious. The progres- w
sion G7/–9➝C& in example 16a is acceptable in every way, as with the resolu-
tion of G7/–9 (enharmonized) to G-7/–9 (also enharmonized) in 16b, the ear
& w˙ # ˙
probably objects, due to the altered bass (a--) in conjunction
w˙ # ˙ w˙ ˙ w & ˙˙ # with
œ˙ # œ the˙˙ non-al-
œ # œ n œ œ b œ b œ ww
#
tered lead (a-), i.e. the combination of the minor and diminished 3 of the al-
w ˙ ˙ ˙ w
? ˙˙ ˙ #˙ n˙ #˙ n˙ w
tered VII. See for further discussion on this topic section
˙˙
? 27.21.˙ #˙ n˙
˙ b ˙ ˙ b # ˙˙ ˙ w
˙ b ˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ n˙
The TR secondary dominant preferably is extended by a 9 instead of a –9.
w w

16a & ˙˙ # œ˙ # œ ˙˙ # œ˙ # œ n œ˙ œ b œ b œ w 16b & nœ œ bœ bœ w

˙ ww ˙ b˙ b ww
? ˙˙ ˙ #˙n˙ #˙ n˙ w ? #˙ n˙
b ˙ ∫˙
w
˙ b ˙˙ b ˙ ˙ bw
w
& ∑ ∑
& n œ˙ œ bb œ˙ b œ w
b ww ?
? #˙ n˙ w ∑ ∑
73
b ˙ ∫˙ bw
 25.14 Every chord in which a tritone occurs can function as a dominant or as a TR
dominant. Also chromatically descending diminished 7th chords in a thick-
ened line have a dominant relation and can form a
chain. Because of the fact that the bass is absent, 17 & # w
b ww b www
their dominant relation is obscured. Compare the
w nw
similarity between the progression F+o➝ Fo and F+o Fo
D7/–9 ➝ G7/–9 in example 17, the latter seen with-
? w w
out root. The descending chain of diminished 7th D7/-9 G 7/ - 9
chords can be concluded on almost any major or mi-
nor chord. We will come to the many different resolutions of the
& dim œœœ n œœœœ binœœœ
œœœ b chord n œœœœ b œœœ n œœœ
lesson 35.
œ œ œ œ œ
?w
Exercises:
✔ Play all the examples of the lesson on the piano and pay close attention to the
accompanying text. œœ œœ œœœ œœ
& œœ # œœ n œ # œœ n œœœœ # œœœœ n œœœ
✔ Play the dominant chains in the examples 2-5 and 11-13 over the entire key-
œ
board until some fluency is achieved. ?
w
✔ Come up with a lead, as demonstrated in example 16, for the following pro-
gressions:
F& B-7 | E-7 A-7 | D-7 C7 | F& || & ∑
G& G-7 | F7 E7 | E-7 D7 | G& ||
? ∑
✔ Play an arbitrary diminished chord in close and mixed position (root-7-3-5),
first chromatically descending over the entire keyboard, then the same chord
ascending.
& ∑
✔ Resolve the chain of diminished 7th chords at some point on a major or minor
chord. Don't forget the correct voice leading!
? ∑
Lesson 26 Tritone-related (TR) secondary dominants

The main distinction between the resolutions of the secondary V7 and∑ the TR ∑
&
secondary dominant is in the bass: the falling 5th of the secondary V7 exchanges for
a descending leading tone in the bass of the TR secondary dominant, i.e. the strong
? ∑ ending,
cadential progression exchanges for a stepwise bass progression. In a definite ∑
however, one prefers the cadential 5th instead of the weaker half step.
26.1 Example 1 shows a piano part and melody for the first eight bars of a well-
known song. TR secondary dominants with extensions occur in measures 3-4
and in the short dominant chain in the measures 6-8.
Bar 3-4: A-7➝G7; TR secondary dominant for V7 in C minor.
Bar 4-5: D-7➝Cm7; TR secondary dominant for VI in E-.
Bar 6-8: F7➝F-7➝E-7sus; dominant chain.

74
 b
& b b ww ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ w
b ww
ww
w
ww n˙
? b ww ˙ b b ˙˙ ww ww
b b ˙
The resolution of do- 1 & b b
b œ
7
œ œ œ œ œ œ w ˙. œ
minants, V , and sec- œ œ
3 4
ondary dominants, b
[V7], is frequently in-
& b b Œ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ n ˙˙ ˙˙
terrupted by their TR ? b Œ w ˙˙ b ˙ ˙ b ˙˙
substitutes. b b w
˙ ˙
In bars 3-4 we see for
E-&/9 E-6 h DO A-7/13 G7D-7/9
instance: b œ
A-7➝G7➝D-7➝Cm7 & bb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w ˙ Œ
6 7
Depending on the b
melody, also the oppo- &b b w
site is possible: the res- w n ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙ n ˙˙ b ˙w ˙
olution of the TR ? b w
dominant is interrupt-
b b ˙ b˙ ˙ b˙
w
ed by V .7 Cm7 F7 F-7 B-m7 F-7 E-7sus E-7
A suspending II can 7 b
& bb ∑ ∑
also interrupt a TR (secondary) dominant, as we can see in bars 6 and 7:
F-7➝B-m7➝F-7 the B-m7
b b being ∑II7 in A-.
& b chord ∑
26.2 Example 2 shows a 2 b
& b bb
? œ
more tricky version b b œ œ œ œ œ∑ œ œ œ w ∑˙ . œ
3
for the accompani- b Œ
ment of the same & b b ˙˙w ˙˙ w˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ w˙˙ n ˙˙
melody fragment. w ˙ ˙
? w ˙ b ˙ ˙ b ˙˙
At some spots liber- bbb Œ w w ˙ ˙
ties are taken with the
˙
E-&/9 E-6 h DO A-7/9/13 G7sus/-9 D-7/9+11
voice leading. In the
b œ œ œ
progression of the TR & bb œ œ œ œ œ w ˙ Œ
secondary dominant 6
A-7/9/13 ➝ G7/sus in & b bb
ww ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ww ww
bar 3, the 5-part har- ww n˙ b w w
mony changes into 6- ? b ww ˙ b b ˙˙ ww ww
part (the 7 of G7 is b b ˙
doubled). Cm7/9 F7/9 F-7/9/+5 E-7sus/9/13 E-7/9/13
The extensions of A-7 b
& bb œ œ œ œ œ w œ
and D-7 originate from G minor and C œ minor
œ œ œ respectively. ˙.
If we had stuck to the rules, theb progression in bar 6 (F7/9/13➝F-7/9/+5)
b b Œ ˙ with
would have been unplayable&on the piano ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ the ˙˙ given
˙ ˙˙˙ lead.
˙˙ ˙˙ Besides,
n
˙˙ ˙˙the
last three bars would have come to a register too low for the˙piano, hadn't the
˙ ˙
voices in F7 ➝ F-7 taken over their
? b respective
b b Œ w w leading˙ asb ˙shown˙inb ˙˙the
voice ˙ ˙
example. We will frequently encounter this practice. The piano is not a string
orchestra or choir, for which the voice leading is imperative. On the piano one
can, and sometimes has to take b b b liberties.
& more œ œ œ œ œ w ˙ Œ
œ œ œ
b
&b b w
w n ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙ n ˙˙ b ˙w
˙
? b w
b b ˙ b˙ 75
˙ b˙ w
 b
& bb b b ∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
b
b
& b
? bb ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ b
? bb ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
b b b
26.3 The first bar of the j œb œ œ
3 & b ‰ œ œ œ œbœ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ w
song in example 3 & b ‰ œ
j œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ w
shows a descending
TR secondary & bb ˙˙ # # ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙ ˙˙
& ˙˙ # # ˙˙ ˙˙ b # ˙˙˙ n ˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙ n www
dominant E7/9, ˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙ n ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ n www
while in the same
? ˙
? b ˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙˙ ˙ b˙ w
bar in example 4 we b ˙ b˙ w
F/9* E7/9 E-7/9 D7/-9 G7/9 A-7/9/13/+11 G7/9
see B-7/13. The
œb œ
harmonic function & b ‰ œjj œ œ œ b œ œœ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ w
œ
of the chords is 4 & b ‰œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙
& w
identical. The sec- b ˙ ˙ # 13œ n–13 ˙
& ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ww
9 –9 ˙
˙ w
ond bar of example
& ˙ ˙ œ œ b œ ˙n ˙˙˙bb ˙˙ b ˙˙w˙w n www
& b ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ### ˙œ˙ n œ nn ˙œ˙? b œ ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙b ˙ b ˙˙ww˙ n www
4 shows the ?b ˙ b ˙ ˙ ?
# ˙˙ ˙n bb ˙˙ w
descending move- ?b ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙˙ n ˙ b ˙w w
ment 13➘–13➘9➘ ˙ ˙ ˙ b˙ w
–9➘5 in the middle F6 B-7/13 A7 D7 n ww G7/9
& ∑ ˙˙˙G7/9bb ˙˙˙ A-7/9/+11
voices of the chain & b
b
&
∑ ˙˙ ˙ n ww
of secondary dominants A7➝D7➝G7. The 3 of D7 can & also˙ bbbe˙˙˙ suspended
wwww by
&
? ˙
sustaining the 7 (g) of A7 for
&one
b more beat, forming D7sus/9 ? ∑ ˙ bb ˙˙ on wwwthe third
˙
beat and D7/–9 on the fourth.& b ∑
? ˙˙ w
? TR sec- b˙ w
26.4 One of the most frequently used
?b7 5 & ∑∑˙˙
b . In the
ondary dominant is the one for V & ˙˙˙ b bb ˙˙˙˙ n ww
nw
examples 5-11 we see a II-V progression in & ˙˙ b b˙˙˙˙ n wwwww
?
C (major and minor) which &hasb been in-∑ ?∑∑˙˙˙ bb˙˙˙ www∑
terrupted by the TR double & bdominant.∑ ? ˙˙ bb˙˙ w w∑
Double dominant is a special&name
b given∑ ∑ b˙ w∑
to the secondary dominant for& the
b domi-∑ 6 ∑˙
&-2- bb ˙˙ n ww∑
nant – in these examples for?V7 (G7). In
&-2-˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙
˙
nw
b also be∑∑ &
&∑˙˙˙ wwwn ww∑
such a progression II7 (Dm7)?can ? bb bb˙˙˙˙˙
b
substituted by the double dominant (D7)
?∑˙˙˙ bbb˙˙˙ ww∑w
?
? ˙˙˙ ww
and be followed by its TR dominant (A- bb˙˙ ww
7). The choice mainly depends on the
melody over the harmonies.
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙ w
7
& ˙˙ bb˙˙˙˙˙ n wwn wwww
&
26.5 Observe that some liberties have been & ˙˙˙
? b˙˙˙ w ww
taken with the voice leading in example 8. ? ˙˙˙ b
bbb˙˙˙ w
These are the consequences of the ? ˙˙˙
? w ww
bb˙˙ ww
'jumpy' lead voice. ˙ w
& ˙˙˙ bb ˙˙˙˙ b ## www
26.6 Example 9 shows an A-7 chord of which &˙ ˙ b ww
8 &
the extensions originate from C minor- & ˙˙˙˙˙
? b ˙
b bb ˙˙˙˙˙ n www
wwww
major. The +5 (e) is in the lead. This tone ?˙
would have been less appropriate, had it
?
? ˙˙˙ bb ˙˙ ww
bb ˙˙ ww
been in a middle voice. The chord origin-
ates from an enharmonically changed
˙
presence of the 7 when the 9 is indicated in the symbol.
&
& ˙˙˙
bb ˙˙
˙ bn #wwwwwww
* The 7 in this chord is omitted and therefore not mentioned in the chord symbol. Some writers automatically implicate the

76 ? ˙ bb ˙˙ www
? ˙˙ b˙ w
 & ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ n ww
w
? ˙ b˙ w
b˙ w
raised IV% from C minor-major which will 9
be discussed in lesson 36. If we forget the
&˙ ˙ www
b- for the moment and make the g- an f+, & ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙˙
the analysis of the chord becomes some- ? ˙˙ b ˙ w www
what more obvious. Then we discover ? ˙˙ bb˙˙ ww
F+O, raised IV subdominant, with the low- A-7/9/+5
b˙ w
ered 3, the a- from C mm in the bass.* & ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ n ww w
The b- is a colouring tone from C mm. 10 & ˙˙˙ b˙˙˙ wb # ww
w
26.7 In example 10 the bass of A-7 as well as of ? ˙˙ b ˙˙ w
G7 is silent. This makes playing these ? ˙ bb˙˙ w ww
chords more practical on the keyboard.
A-7/13/9/+11 G7/13/-9/+11
26.8 The 9 (e) of DO/9/11 in the first bar, and & ˙˙ nob ˙root ˙ n wno root

the e- in the second bar make the pro- ˙ b ˙ w w

gression in example 11 a mixture of C mi- 11 ? & ˙˙˙˙w b˙˙˙ b ˙w˙ ˙
nor-major and C minor. b w b ˙ b ˙w n b˙˙
If DO is substituted by Dm7, we hear ma- ? w b˙ ˙
jor in the first bar and minor in the sec- & ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙
bn˙w ˙
ond. If e- in the second bar is substituted ww
by e, the whole progression is minor-major, and if subsequently also
&
? b ˙ ∑ the a-w in G7 ∑
is substituted by a, only A-7/+5 originates from minor-major.b ˙
˙
w
In example 11, A-7 comes under the e- on the first beat ? of the second mea-
sure, but it could also have been, like in example 8, under the f on the third
∑ ∑
beat of the first measure, forming A-7/13/+11. In that&case,˙˙ G7/–9/–13
˙˙˙ wwwcomes
˙
under the e- on the first instead of on the third beat of the second measure.
Try these variations on the piano!
∑b ˙ w∑ & ˙˙
?
b˙ w
26.9 In the I-VI-II-V and III-VI-II-V progressions, which we learned in lessons 15
?
and 16, the diatonic chords on the scale degrees can be˙ substituted
∑ by∑ sec-
˙ # w
w
ondary dominants, provided the melody permits this. & These
˙˙ secondary
b ˙˙ b wwdomi-
nants in their turn can be replaced by TR secondary dominants. This implies
& ˙˙ I)∑ isb ˙˙substituted
that if in the aforementioned progression, C (the tonic
? ∑ ww ∑by
Em7 (III), and Em7 in its turn by E7, its tritone-related dominant B-7 can sub-
stitute for the tonic C. We end up with the following ? possibilities:
∑ ∑ ∑
C➝Am7➝Dm7➝G7 becomes
Em7➝Am7➝Dm7➝G7 or
E7➝A7➝A-7➝G7 or & ∑ ∑ ∑
B-7➝E-7➝A-7➝D-7
or any other combination of these chords. For example:
? ∑ ∑ ∑
B-7➝A7➝Dm7➝D-7 or
E7➝E-7➝D7➝G7 or
∑ ∑
Em7➝Am7➝D7➝D-7, etc. &
? ∑
* F+O/-3 can of course also be seen as VII (dominant) with flat 3 in G. Compare example 7 in lesson 25.7.
∑
77
-2-
 Exercises:

✔ Play the piano part of the examples 1-4 and sing the melody with it. Compare
the chords, as written out in notes, with the chord symbols underneath.
✔ Play the examples 5-11 on the piano.
✔ Transpose the examples 5-7 a whole step, both up and down.
✔ Play the exercises below on the piano.

& ˙ bb ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ nn ww
Exc.1 &
& ˙˙ b˙ b˙ ˙ ˙ b˙ nw
GO D-7/9 C7/-9/-13 C7/-9 Fm7 B7/9 B-7/9/13
C-7/9

Exc.2 &
& ˙ bb ˙˙ nn ww ˙˙ bb ˙˙ nn ww
& ˙˙ b˙ nw ˙ b˙ nw
Fm7 B7/9 B-7/9/13 Gm7 D-7/9 C7/9/13
C-7/9
&˙ b˙ b˙ ˙ ˙ b˙ nw
Exc.3 & ˙˙
& b ˙˙ bw˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙ n ww
&˙ ˙ ww w
Dm7 A-7/9/13 G7/9 Em7 B-7/9/13 A7/9

&˙ b˙ nw ˙ b˙ nw
✔ Make an ascending∑b∑˙ sequence of∑ the exercises 2 and 3 and practice these over
the entire&keyboard.
& ˙ ∑ n w ∑∑ ˙ b˙ nw
&
✔ Start exercise 2 on Dm7, and exercise 3 on Fm7. Also make a sequence of
these and play
˙ them over the entire keyboard.
˙
& ˙ w ˙ w
✔ Find and& play the
˙ ˙∑∑ appropriate
∑ chords
∑
∑∑ under
˙ ˙the melody of exercise 4. This is
&
the transposed
& version ofwmelody in the examples 3wand 4.

b ‰ j œ œ œ bœ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ
Exc.4 &b b œ œœœ˙ w
&
& bbb ‰ ∑∑∑ j œ œ œ b œ œ œ∑∑∑ ˙ œ œ œ
& œ œœœ˙ w
✔ Play the first four measures of the well-known ballad below. Colour the
chords with appropriate extensions. Listen carefully!
& œ bœ œ bœ œ œ œ œ œ #œ nœ #œ nœ œ œ
˙
∑∑œ b œ ∑
Exc.5 & œ bœ
& ∑ ∑
œ œ ∑œ œ œ # œ n œ # œ n œ œ œ ˙
&
D7 D-7 C7 F B7 B-7 A7 Dm7
b
&b b ∑
& b b b ∑∑∑
& ∑ ∑∑∑
&
b
&b b ∑
b
78 &b b ∑

b
✔ Exercise 6 shows four measures of the melody of three well-known standards.
Try to play them in as many keys as possible. Add some extensions to colour
the secondary dominants.

Exc.6 a
˙. œ
&b œ œ œ œ œ œ
bœ œ ˙ . œ
F BO E7 AO D7

b & b œ œ œ œ b˙ . œ bœ bœ bœ bœ n˙ . Œ
B- A-m7 D-7 G- Em7 A7

c
j j j j j
& b œ œ œ œ œœ œ œ œ œ ‰ œœ œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙. Œ
F B7 Em7 A7 Dm7 A-7/13 G7

✔ Play the&TR
b œ œ œ œ
b secondary dominants
œ instead
œ œ œof the
˙ œ n œ given
b œ ˙ dominants under the
. œ
melody of the fragments a and c in exercise 5.
✔ Harmonize the melody
fragments b in exercise 7 Exc.7 a &˙ b # œ œb œ ˙ œ
b œ œ
&
with the 6th˙ diminished
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ œ n œ˙ w ˙
scale (the non-chord Gm7………………… D-7 C7
tones with F+o or its in-
versions). b bStart on˙ the b b ˙ b ˙
& b œ œ œ œ˙ œ œ œ˙ œ w˙
˙
& ˙
first beat in close position
b
with the melody doubled Gm7………………… D-7 C7
an octave below. Change
on the second beat to a drop-two position, & with the∑ melody doubled∑ in the
second-lowest voice. Play all of fragment 7b in drop two, also with the melody
doubled to the second-lowest
b œ ˙ . voice. œ œD-7 as well as C7 (both with a
œ Play
colouring extension)
œ œ in a 5-part root position.b œ œ ˙ .
& œ
& œ ∑ ∑
✔ Transpose both melody fragments to as many keys as possible.
✔ Play the sameb fragments,
œ œ ˙ . GOœ instead
but bwith b œ b œofb œGm7 (i.e. minor-major:
Πd be-
& œ œ .
comes d-). The non-chord tones are harmonized
& likewise
b œ∑ with F+o. Also∑ trans-
n ˙
pose these to different keys.
✔ Play following
b dominant
j j j chainj and melody.j Move the inner voices with 13 ➘
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ‰ œ œ œ œ œ dominants.
–13 ➘ 9 ➘&–9. Substitute D7 and C7 with theirœTR ˙∑ ˙ . ŒTranspose ∑ the
melody fragment to other keys. Put the chords in a 5-part root position.
&
b œ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ ˙ .
&b œ
& ∑ ∑
D7 G7 C7 F7 B-7 E-7 C7

&b ˙ bb ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ∑ ∑
&
79
b bbb ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
&b ˙ ˙
 j j j j j
& b œ œ œ œ œœ œ œ œ œ ‰ œœ œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙. Œ

b œ œ œ œ ˙
&b œ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ ˙ . œ
✔ Play exercise 9 with the chords and finish it in E-.

Exc.9 &b ˙ bb ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
F& F+o Gm7 G+o Am7 Ao B-& Bo Cm7 C+o

b bbb ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
&b ˙ ˙
Dm7 Do etc. in E-

✔ Continue exercise 9 as sequence through all keys. Play the lead one or more
octaves down, in case it becomes too high. See the examples in lesson 22.7.
Don't forget that the melody tone of the diminished seventh cords in exercise 9 is the unresolved sus-
pension for the 5 of the chord. Therefore, it is preferable to omit the 5 in these dim chords. In this ex-
ercise the suspension of the diminished seventh resolves externally and becomes the 5 of the following
chord.

✔ Now that we have learned more substitute chords, our repertoire can be ex-
panded as well. Also we might be able to use less primitive harmonies under
the melodies already dealt with.

Choose from the list of standards below:

NICE WORK IF YOU CAN GET IT
I THOUGHT ABOUT YOU (2)
THERE WILL NEVER BE ANOTHER YOU (2)
FALLING IN LOVE WITH LOVE
INDIANA
WHAT IS THIS THING CALLED LOVE
IF YOU COULD SEE ME NOW
I CAN'T GET STARTED
THESE FOOLISH THINGS
MY ROMANCE
THE DAYS OF WINE AND ROSES
YOU AND THE NIGHT AND THE MUSIC
DOXY
SWEET GEORGIA BROWN
ALL OF ME
HAVE YOU MET Miss JONES (2)
I LOVE YOU
GEE, BABY AIN'T I GOOD TO YOU
THERE IS NO GREATER LOVE
Titles marked with the figure (2) have already been mentioned.

80
CHAPTER 6 EMBELLISHING CHORDS

Embellishing tones (passing, neighbouring, suspending tones, etc.) create melodic

activity. Embellishing chords (suspending, passing, alternating, approach and leading
chords) create or delay harmonic motion. These chords usually harmonize
embellishing tones, which can be found in the lead, in the inner voices or in the bass.
An embellishing tone usually is a dissonant in the main chord.
Embellishing chords do not alter, but mainly decorate the essence of the harmonic
structure. Their harmonic function, therefore, usually is subordinate to the function
of the main chords in the progression.

Lesson 27 Dissonants, suspending tones and suspending chords

A suspending chord is the harmonization of one or more suspending tones. In previ-
ous lessons we met suspensions on several occasions. We learned about the maj7 (&)
suspending (delaying) the 6.* Lessons 9 and 10 dealt with the suspension of domi-
nant and tonic chords. We learned about the suspending four-six ($) chord, about the
4 suspending the 3 (sus), the 13 as a suspension for the octave doubling of the 5, and
the 9 for the octave doubling of the root of the chord. All suspending tones delay
chord tones: the root (tonic), the fifth, the third, the sixth and sometimes the sev-
enth. In lesson 13 the suspending minor 7th chord and in lesson 20 the half dimin-
ished 7th chord (O) were introduced; both subdominants delay the dominant.
27.1 Suspensions, whether they are chords or tones, have two characteristics in
common: they occur on relatively strong beats and delay the main chord, by
which they create tension. For example, the forming of the major triad is de-
layed by the fourth (sus4), which is suspending the third of the triad. We will
call the 4 (or its octave doubling) over the root of a major triad a conditional
dissonant. Similarly, we saw the dominant triad suspended by the fourth, in
conjunction with the sixth, over the root of the dominant, forming a suspend-
ing $ tonic triad (lesson 11.2). Therefore, this suspending inversion of the tri-
ad also forms a conditional dissonant.**
27.2 The first beat of a measure normally has the strongest accent (stress). It is
called a strong beat. E.g. in a 4, i.e. quadruple meter, derived from the two-four
or duple meter (c), the strongest accent is on the first beat and the weaker on
the third beat. The second and fourth beats are still weaker. In a triple meter
the first of three beats is strong. Of a group of 4 eighths, the first and third are
stronger than the second and fourth. This organization of accents also applies
to groups of measures: of a group of two bars, the first is the strong bar, etc.
27.3 The suspending chord (m7 or sus4) is usually found on an accented beat and
in a relatively strong (odd) bar. We can hear for example:
Dm7 G7 | Dm7 G7 || or Dm7 | G7 | Dm7 | G7 || or
Dm7 | G7 | Dm7 G7 | C || or G7sus G7 | C ||
* The 6 which is added to a triad, although traditionally a dissonant, is in jazz music regarded as a (colouring) chord tone.
** In the section on the overtones in volume 2, this phenomenon will be discussed.

81
 27.4 If a II7-V7 progression doesn't fulfil the conditions as mentioned above, the
II7 normally is not considered to be a suspending m7 and consequently no em-
bellishing chord. This means that the m7 in such a progression is an essential
part of the harmonic structure, and can normally not be left out.
27.5 In example 1 we see the first four bars of ALL THE THINGS YOU ARE.
Preceding V7 (E-7), we hear the IInd degree (B-m7) of A- in the second bar.
This is a relatively weak bar (even bar) where as E-7 is placed in the relatively
strong third bar (odd bar). B-m7 doesn't fulfil the conditions as mentioned
above, and consequently is not a suspending, embellishing chord. It can there-
fore not be omitted and substituted by E-7 without disturbing the metrical*
and harmonical logic of these bars.

1
b ˙.
& b bb w œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙.
Fm7 B-m7 E-7 A-&

27.6 In example 2 we see Gm7 in the strong third bar of HOW HIGH THE
MOON. It &fulfils
b b b b the ∑ ˙ . of aœsuspending
w conditions n n n nœ œ œ chord
œ ∑ and . #consequently
œ ˙can
be omitted and substituted by C7; the chord delayed by Gm7. Although the
harmonisation will be more or less impoverished by the lack of embellishing
chords, this doesn't really disturb the logic between the harmonies of the pro-
gression. G&/9
#b b inb the example
1 also2 fulfils
n n n the 3condition4 of a suspension;
# it is
& b œ œ ˙ ∑ ˙ Œ n œ œ b w ∑
positioned on a strong beat in a strong measure. The 9 (a) of G&/9 in the
œ
œ œ
melody is an ascending suspension for the 3 (b) of G6, and the & (f+) in the
middle voice of G&/9 is a descending suspension for the 6.
1 2 3 4
2 # ˙ Œ ∑ œ œ bw œ bb
& œ œ œ ˙ œ
G&/9 G6 h Gm7 C7
& www ww˙ ˙ www
27.7 A suspension can occur prepared or unprepared. The prepared suspension
shows a chord
# b tone becoming a suspending tone ?
in the
w nextwchord.
b b Especially
& ˙b ˙ ˙ ∑˙ w
in jazz music, the distinction between a prepared and an unprepared suspen-
sion is not of vital importance.
➤ In example 3, the 5 (c) of the F triad 3 &w w ˙ w
becomes the suspension for the 3 (b) w ˙˙ ww˙˙ ˙ww ww ww
b ˙ ˙
of the dominant.
&b w˙ ˙ ww ˙w w˙ ˙ b ˙ w
➤ The 5 of the dominant in example 4 (d
? w w ww
of the G triad) prepares the ascending
suspension for the 3 of the tonic (e).
We see Csus2
b (or sus9)➝C.
www∑ ˙ ˙ ww˙ ˙w
& b ˙ ˙ ∑ w 4 & ˙ ˙ ww w
➤ Example 5 shows four suspensions: w ˙
three prepared and one unprepared. ? ww w ˙ ww˙ b ˙ ww
The 5 (a) and the 7 (c) of Dm7 prepare
the suspension ∑ b in G7. ∑
b b of the ∑g and
& ∑ ∑ Csus2 ˙
* The perception of strong–weak (stressed–unstressed).
w
& ww ww˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙
82
?w w
b
&b ∑ ∑ ∑
 w ww
w ˙ ˙˙
& www
&
? www˙ www
?
? ww
& ˙˙ ww˙˙ ww ww ww
? www
& w˙˙ ˙˙ w˙ wb ˙ ww
The 7 of G7 (f) prepares the sus4 (f) in w w
C6. The a in the third bar is the suspen- 5 & www
&
? w˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ww˙ wwb ˙ www
sion for the 5 (g) of the C triad. The a-
w
is a passing tone between a and g.
w
? www
?
& w˙˙w ˙˙ ww˙˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙ww
ww ww
27.8 Also the tonic can be suspended in
www ww˙ ˙
&
?wDm7 sus4 sus4
many ways: ww ww˙˙ ˙˙
➤ The most common suspension is the &
? ww
& ww
four-six ($) chord of IV; the so-called ✽ w
6
w w
'Amen' close. Example 6 (✽) shows this ? ww
?
& ww˙˙ ˙˙
$ chord of IV (F with 5 in the bass) de- ww w˙
laying the tonic triad (C).
&
?w ˙ ˙˙
ww
➤ Example 7 (✽) shows an extended Co & ww ˙˙˙w ˙˙˙
& ww
?
suspending C6 in two steps: first to w
C&/9, then to C6 (NB!). w # www ˙˙ .. œ
➤ In example 8 (✽), the dominant dimin-
?
&
? wb w ww# #✽˙˙ ˙˙ œ
ished chord (Bo=A-o) suspends the 7 & b # wwww ˙˙ .. ˙ œœ
? # w˙˙ . ˙
#
middle voices of C6/9. # www ˙˙ .. œœœ
& b
& b ww
? # # ˙ ˙
˙
27.9 In example 9, the secondary dominant
## # w˙˙ ˙
of V7 (F+o= VII in G minor-major or G
b ˙w ˙ w
minor) is placed above the root of the
? b wwww
?
& ˙˙w˙w˙ ˙˙˙˙
b w˙ ˙
dominant (G7/–9). We recognize the &
? wb b✽˙˙w˙ ˙n ˙˙
same melody as in example 8. The sus- 8 bb ˙˙ ˙˙ ww
pending melody tone e- (–13 of b
? b www
&
& b ˙˙w˙ ˙n ˙˙˙
G7/–9/–13 in example 8), however, is
w˙ ˙
harmonised with F+o.The latter chord,
w bb ˙˙˙˙ nn ˙˙˙˙
? ww
? ww
which is the upper structure of D7/–9,
suspends (delays) the complete G7/–9 A-o/ C C6/9
that follows. Also d could be in the
bass. In that case we see a short domi-
nant chain: 9
b˙ ˙
D7/–9➝G7/–9.
& # ˙˙˙ n b ˙˙˙ www
w
b ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ www
The use of Dm7 as a suspending chord & #w˙˙ n ˙
for G7 is less appropriate here, as the
? ww
lead e- doesn't always fit in Dm7.* ? F+o w G7/-9
w˙ /Gn ˙ wC6
27.10 The descending seventh (c+➘c) in ex- #
& b ww # wwww
ample 10 forms a rather strong disso-
nant, but attractive embellishing 10 & #b˙ww˙ n ˙ # www
chord. The minor seventh c of DO (or
? ww
ww
Dm7) is suspended by the major sev- ? # ˙w n ˙
enth c+. If the chord is placed in a low- w
er register, octave doubling of the & Dm&/-5∑DO G7/-9/+11
∑
moving sevenths can also be left out. or Dm& ∑Dm7
& ∑
* See also lesson 20.2.
? ∑ ∑
? ∑ ∑ 83
& ∑ ∑
 27.11 With common chord symbols it is not always possible to correctly represent a
suspending chord. In such case one could write the suspending sonority as a
familiar chord symbol combined with a bass tone after a slash. See example 8:
A-o/C. Do not confuse this slash with the slash used to indicate chord exten-
sions.
27.12 The 4 (or 11) is a strong dissonant in conjunction with a major 3; so is the –6
in conjunction with the 5 of a major as well as a minor triad. Even in the ab-
sence of both the major 3rd or 5th, if only the root tone of the chord is played in the
bass, the 4 and –6 are conditional dissonants.*
These descending leading tones are strong suspensions for the major 3 and the
5 respectively. In a minor chord the 4 (or 11), in conjunction with the minor
3 sounds less dissonant. It's not a descending leading tone, and therefore quite
common. The –6, however, sounds out of place, also in a minor chord (see al-
so 27.19). The 4 (11) and –6 are the root and the 3 respectively in IV and the
5 and 7 in VII, in both minor and minor-major, e.g. in C minor or mm, the f
and a- from Fm and Bo.
The major seventh (&) we know, besides as leading tone, as suspension for the
6 of I, and the 9 as suspension for the octave doubling of the root of I. These
tones can resolve descending as well as ascending. Because the & and the 9 al-
low the tones, towards they tend to resolve, to be present in the same chord,
they are considered to belong to the superimposed third structure of the chord
and became chord extensions. Therefore, apart from being suspensions, cre-
ating motion, they also can be applied statically as colouring dissonants. As we
see in example 8, the d of A-o keeps its position and becomes 9 in C6/9. The
b descends as suspension for 6, but could also have stayed as &. In the latter
case, however, the interval of a minor 9th between the b and the c in the lead
results in a rather strong dissonant.
27.13 Normally, a suspending tone doesn't allow its resolution to be present in the
chord at the same time. In certain cases, however, as mentioned above, the
suspending tone – e.g. the major seventh (&) for 6, the 9 for 1 or the aug-
mented eleven (+11) for 5 – functionsb ˙as ˙colouringww dissonant in conjunction
with its resolution. In these cases, the
& suspending
b ˙˙
˙ ww tone and its resolution, both
th
present in the chord, usually form an interval of a minor or major 7 , or a ma-
jor 9th interval and sometimes a whole? or w
ww half step.
w
➤ Example 11a: The sus- a b c d
pending f+ resolves to g, ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙˙ b w˙ ˙
11 & # # ˙˙ ˙˙ w
while the same tone, w ˙ #
# ˙˙ ˙ # ˙ ˙ w
one octave lower, is in b ˙ ˙ ww ˙w ˙
the chord. The interval ? ww w w w
between the suspending
tone (f+) and its resolu-
tion (g), already present, is a major& 7th.
b wSee
w alsob www27.16. b ww
* See lesson 27.1.
? b w˙ ˙ b www b ww
w
**This matter is discussed further at various places in this lesson.

84 & # # ww
w
? w
 ➤ Example 11b shows the descending suspension a- for g, whereas the g, al-
though one octave up, is present in the chord. Once again, the interval be-
tween the tones a- and g is a major 7th. (see also 27.12).
➤ Example 11c shows the suspension b (&) for a (6). The a (6) is already present,
a major 9th under the b, in the chord. In the second chord the interval between
the suspension (a) and its resolution (g) forms a whole step (major 2nd). The
6 has largely lost its dissonance and suspending character in jazz, and there-
fore is accepted as added chord tone to the C triad (C6).
27.14 The strongest dissonance between a suspending tone and its resolution is created
when these tones form an interval of a minor 9th.
➤ In example 11d the suspensions in the chord create strong dissonance. The
position of the b is a minor 9th (–9) under its resolution (the lead c). Also the
a- is a minor 9th above its resolution g.
➤ In example 12 the position of the e- (–13) in bb ˙˙ ˙ w
G7/–9/–13 is a minor 9th above its resolution (d). 12 & ˙˙ www
Therefore, the 5 normally will be omitted in a
dominant 7th chord extended with –13. Even when ? ww w
bw˙ ˙ w
the 5 in a dominant 7th chord is positioned over & b ˙˙˙ www
the –13, forming the interval of a major 7th, the dis- ˙˙ ˙˙˙
sonance between the tones is not really acceptable.* By some it# #is˙˙w even
& ?˙˙ wwpre-
# ˙˙w
w
˙˙ w # ˙˙ # ˙
ferred to avoid the combination 5 and major 13 in a dominant 7th chord alto- b˙
? ww the middle
gether. One should keep in mind, that an interval of a minor 9th between
˙ ww
& # # ˙˙ wa˙˙
voices or between one of the middle voices and the lead may create too strong
w
# ˙˙ ˙˙
w
w
colouring dissonant in a chord.
th
& b ww ? www bbwww˙ ˙
27.15 Although the major 7 is a chord extension and belongs to the superimposed b w
thirds construction of a chord, one should be cautious to position ? b ˙w this˙ tone b www a b www
minor 9th below the root tone; the same applies for the 7 over the&13 in
dominant 7th chord. One usually prefers the 13 above, instead of below the 7 b w
b ww a ww b ww
of the chord. & # # ww ? b ˙ ˙ b ww b ww
In volume 2 we will learn how strong dissonants like the interval of a –9 generate motion. w w w w
27.16 The +9 and the +11 (d+ and f+ in example 13) have the char-
? w
13 w & # # w
acter of an ascending leading tone to the 3 and the 5 res- w ww
pectively of a major triad (see examples 7, 11a and 11c), and
therefore can function as suspensions for these tones. Un-
? w
& b ww b w ww
der certain conditions, however, they both accept their res- nw
olution in the same chord appearing as colouring dissonants
in conjunction with the 3 and the 5; usually in a final chord (BIRTH ? b ww OF THE
COOL, example 13). They originate from the unresolved diminished
w & b b www7th
nw
chord of the raised II, about which we will learn more in the next chapter.
? b ww
27.17 The 7th tone of the major scale (leading tone) can be a suspension & wœ œfor
œ œ #3˙or wn ˙˙5
of IV. It forms the +11 and can, with or without its resolution, be present in
# ˙
the chord (examples 14a and 14b). In some cases the +11 can ? resolve
w exter-
ww & œwwœ œ œ
ww ## ˙˙ n ˙˙
* Obviously, dissonance is a subjective assessment, mainly depending on style and conditioning. One should keep this in
mind whenever the subject comes up.
& ww ? wwww w 85
ww
˙ ˙ ww
?
 w ? w
w w
& b ww
w
& b b www
nw & œw œ œ œ ## ˙˙ n ˙˙ ? w
? b ww
nally to the w root of the tonic chord: ? wwb ➚ c inwexample 14c. IV+11 is one of the
ww
few subdominant chords in which an w ascending leading tone can occur.
14a 14c
& œw œ œ œ ## ˙˙ n ˙˙ 14b & ww ww & ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ w
w w ? w˙
?w ? ˙
(w ) w ww w
& ww w w & ww
b w bw
27.18 In m7,
& wwm6 and in
ww half diminished chords the 11 (f in example 15a) or 4 (f in
exampleb˙w
? w
? w15b)˙ is often
w applied as colouring dissonant in conjunction
b w
w with the
minor?(!) third. In these cases, the 11 is more an extension of the chord – or
an anticipation ofwthe chord's – than a suspension for the minor 3rd. -2-
ww
&& resolution
w & bw
& b b ww 15c we see: Cm7/11➝F7
In example
w
b wwb w /C. The 11 in Cm7b iswan anticipation of
w w
the root tone of F7/C (see also ?b wwblesson
www 13.4 en 13.9). Due to
b ww its lower position,
? b w
w ?
the 4 (likewthe 6) usually is called w an added tone instead ofwa chord extension.
?
15a & 15b 15c
& bwwww ww &&b bbwwb ww & b ww ww
bw ? b ww w
? bbwwww
? w
w ??b wwwww w
27.19 As discussed
& b bwwww in 27.12, even &
&inreason
minor, ww –6 (–13) in &
bwww wthe
w conjunction
b ww with the 5 is
a strong bdissonant.
w For this b w it only occurs as a suspension
w for the 5 of
b bwwwWhen the –6th is ?
the chord.
nd
?b wwthe w5,wwthe interval between
above b w
? b ww the tones forms a
minor 2 wor
? w a minor 9 . This againw isw a much stronger dissonant than the ma-
jor 7th, which occurs when the 5 is
above the –6. &Only
b ww over the root of a
15d & b w
bwww ww 15e &&b wwwww
b w
chord with the 5 omitted
w (Dm7/–6 in
b
? w ww w b
??b www
w ? inwwhich the 5 is dim-
example 15d) or
inished (DO/–13 in example 15e), we
often hear the –6. In those cases, how-
& www as fundament tone* of the chord in the lead.
b ww
ever, &
we perceive
b w
ww the –6 primarily
& b w
The chords in examples 15d and 15e we hear in fact as B- chords with 3 in the
bass or
?with
˙b˙w ˙a silent root. The
& w˙ ?? –6w can also occur in the
w & middle
˙˙ ˙˙ voices.
27.20 The –10 suspends the –9. In succession these tones together w form a suspen-
sion ? for
w
& ˙the
b ww ˙octave doubling of the root of the dominant ? ˙ 7th˙ chord on V (in-
ternal resolution), or form a suspension for the 5 of the tonic (external reso-
w
lution) ?as win example 16. & Both˙tones ˙ (–10 and –9) are derived from minor or
˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙
&minor-major. The –10 can also function as a
16 & b w ˙ b˙ w colouring
w˙w˙ ˙ dissonant in the chord, in which case
w w
w ?? the suspension
˙ doesn't necessarily have to re-
-2- -2-
solve. The –10 in conjunction with –9 occurs in
? w 7/–9/–10/–13. ** It is seldom heard in conjunction
& ˙˙w ˙˙ with the major 9th.
G7/-10 G7/-9 C

* A fundament tone
&ofw˙a chord˙∑ is a bass tone which
? ∑
forms, in combination with two tones of the chord, the root of a major tri-
-2-
ad. See also lesson 35.6. -2-
** The custom to? identify this chord as +9 (augmented 9th) instead of –10 is less appropriate, since the resulting raised tone
86 ∑ key in which the
(+9) usually doesn't occur in the ∑ chord is applied.
 & # # ww
w
? w
ww

➤ Example 17 shows G7/–9/–10/–13 (difficult to play!), in

17 & b b w
which the –10 (b-) as well as its resolution –9 (a-) are w
n ww
present. The descending suspension b- is positioned a
major 9th above its resolution a-. In this chord we see the ? b ww
case of an interval of a minor 9th between the suspend- w
ing tone (a-) and the tone to which it tends to resolve G7/–9/–10/–13

(g). The interval of the –9 in this chord, however, doesn't occur betweenœ the
œw œ œ # ˙ ˙
middle voices or between one of the middle voices and the lead, but&between #˙ n˙
the bass and one of the voices.
The interval of a –9 above the bass in a dominant 7th chord creates ? wwa mild ww
dissonance.* w w
27.21 In general we can state, that the conjunction of two tones with the same
& wwletter ww
name, one of which is altered – lowered or raised – form too strong a ˙disso- ˙ w
nant in a chord, except when applied as suspension. This is specifically
?w true
for the conjunction of the 5 and +5 (–6), unless the 5 is positioned directly w
over the bass, the 13 and –13, 7 and &, and the 9 and –9. The –10 together
w w
with the major 3rd is an exception to this, which is hardly surprising, since the
–10 without major 3rd doesn't exist; without major 3rd the –10 is just the mi-
nor 3rd of a minor chord. Only when the major 3rd is positioned a minor 9th
(augmented octave) over the –10 we hear the strong dissonance of a major 3rd
in a minor chord.
Comparable with the –10 in dominant 7th chords, unaltered extensions of
dim chords also occasionally occur in conjunction with altered chord tones.
Usually, these extensions, like the –10, are unresolved suspensions function-
ing as colouring of the chord. See example 8 in lesson 22.
➽ In volume 2 we can read how the 'Barry Harris sixth diminished scale' creates
more possibilities for suspending tones moving independently from the bass.

SUMMARY OF TERMINOLOGY USED SO FAR

◆ Chord tone The root (1), third (3), fifth (5) of a triad are static chord tones.
The seventh (7) usually is a dynamic chord tone. Chord tones
can have a bass function. In jazz the 6 is normally considered
as being a chord tone. The major 7th can either be a chord
tone or a chord extension (see below).
◆ Extension A tone is called a chord extension if it's not a chord tone but
still belongs to the upper structure of the superimposed thirds
of the chord. Chord extensions have an essentially melodic
function. They are unresolved embellishing tones, mainly sus-
pensions. The major 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th are known to be
chord extensions. In the bass a chord extension is exclusively
an embellishing tone.
* The reason for this phenomenon is dicussed in the lesson on overtones in volume 2.

87
 ◆ Addition Tones which are part of a chord and do not belong to the con-
struction of superimposed thirds are called added tones. A fur-
ther distinction between chord extensions and added tones is
the usual lower positioning of added tones in the chord, and
the fact that added tones are mostly static and have no obvious
melodic origin. An exception to this is the –10 in a dominant
7th chord. This tone can be static – in blues-type harmony – or
dynamic. The 6 added to a minor or major triad, the 4 added
to a minor, m7th or half diminished chord, and the –10 added
to a dominant 7th chord are the most common added tones.
◆ Colouring Every tone can be applied to colour a chord, whether the col-
our is appreciated or not. Colouring of a chord depends on
taste, style and conditioning. Usually, it is brought about by in-
troducing a degree of dissonance to the chord. This dissonance
can be from beautiful to unbearable. Once in a while, colour-
ing can effectively be achieved, when the dissonance of a chord
is reduced instead of intensified.
Sometimes the tone which generates dissonance needs to be
resolved, in which case the colouring tone is a suspension and
has a dynamic character.
Advice: Be cautious with colouring of chords, in a tonal context it
might easily be overdone.
◆ Sonority A vertical combination of two or more tones, which is not nec-
essarily identified as an interval or a chord.
◆ Chromatic A succession of tones with the same letter name. The tones are
derived from the same prime tone.
◆ Diatonic A succession of different prime tones or of tones derived from
different prime tones. The tones have different letter names.
A succession of scale tones or scale-tone chords usually is a di-
atonic succession; a diatonic succession, however, does not
necessarily have to consist of scale tones; essential is the use of
different letter names.
◆ Secondary A non-scale-tone dominant for a chord other than the Ist de-
dominant gree; usually for one of the other scale degrees. In Roman-nu-
meral notation, secondary dominants are written between
square brackets: [ ]. We distinguish [V7], [VII7] and [TR V7].
◆ Double Is the specific name of the secondary dominant for the domi-
dominant nant; usually for V7.
◆ Enharmonic A different letter name for a tone with the same pitch: c+ be-
change comes d-, c becomes b+ or d--, etc.

88
 & œ ˙ ˙ Œ œ bw œ
œ œ œ œ

#
&# ∑
& ∑
Exercises:
Exc.1b
✔ Play the examples of this lesson and & bb b ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
try to comprehend them in relation & ˙ ˙ ˙
to the text.
F7/9sus4 F7/9 B-o B-6
✔ Play the exercises opposite on the
piano. & bb bb ˙˙˙ ˙ w
NB! F7/9sus4 is an E- triad with f in the bass.
&b
& ˙˙ ˙w ˙
A four-part diminished 7th chord sounds best Cm7/9 F7/9 B&/B- B- 6/9
when the lower voices are in the following or- Exc.2
der, starting from the bass:
root (=1), 7, 3 (see also lesson 22.7). & b ˙bb ˙ ∑˙ ˙ ∑
&b
& ∑ ∑
✔

➜
For the places indicated in exercise
2 (arrows) make up some different suspension G7 idem. C
suspending chords and apply a few bb ˙
& j
extensions or additions to the given & bbœb œ œ b˙œ∑∑. œ ˙ b œ ˙ ˙∑. ∑

➜
➜
chords. & ∑ ∑
suspension C7 idem. F
✔ If you encounter places in the text
you can not completely understand yet, skip bthem
˙ for˙ a while.˙They probably
˙
&
will become clear after a second reading later
& on. ∑ ∑
✔ Play the chord sequence below on the piano. See 27.10, example 10, in which
the major 7th (&) is a suspension for the 7th of the half diminished
j chord (O):
&b ˙
Dm&/–5➝DO➝G7/–9 ➡ Cm&/–5➝CO➝F7/–9
˙ ˙
˙ & œ ➡ œB-m&/–5➝B-O➝B-7/–9,
œ œ bœ ˙ . etc. bœ .
∑ ∑
& bass (D-/ *). The 3 (f) of the D-
Dm&/–5 sounds like a D- triad with d in the D
triad sounds best in the lead. The B triad is over c in the bass; the A triad over
b-, etc. We hear
b ˙ repeatedly:
˙ &➝7➝3
˙ ˙in one of the middle voices.
& ∑ ∑
✔ Apply the suspension for the 7th of the half
& diminished
∑ chords in above
∑ se-
quence in exercise 3 (arrows).
&
j
Exc.3 &œ œ œ b œ . œ bœ ˙.
& ∑ ∑
➜

& ∑ ∑
EO A7/-9/13 DO G7/-9/13

✔ Transpose exercise 3 (which is in the key of C) to F, B- and E-.

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
& ∑ ∑
&

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
&
* This slash-chord symbol gives no insight into the harmonic functioning of the chord; it is only applied as simplification.

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
&
89
 Lesson 28 Passing tones and passing chords

A passing tone moves stepwise from one chord tone to another. This movement can
be internal, i.e. between two tones of the same chord, or external, between two tones
of different chords. Passing chords usually are the result of harmonizing passing
tones in the bass. Passing tones and chords can move chromatically or diatonically.
A passing chord is, contrary to a suspending chord, an unaccented embellishing
chord. Like a passing tone it normally (but not always!) appears on a weak beat.
Without mentioning this explicitly, we came across passing chords in the section on
secondary dominants (lesson 24.3) and in the sixth diminished scale (lesson 23), in
which melody tones are harmonized with passing diminished 7th chords.
We will notice that there is a difference between the voice leading of passing chords
in traditional harmony and that in jazz music. However, traditional voice leading is
by no means a rarity in jazz.
28.1 In traditional harmony, two successive chords, which move in step-wise mo-
tion, never appear both in root position, unless a diminished triad forms the
basis of the second chord. This rule is based on the avoidance of undesired
parallel motion of certain intervals.* In jazz music, however, one is less con-
cerned with regard to this parallel motion, therefore, in harmony applied in
jazz, successive chords in root position are quite common.
28.2 Seventh chords usually are inverted when applied as passing chords. If in the
bass, we normally hear the 7 descending, the 3 ascending and the 5 moving in
one or the other direction. Because extended chords in many cases can not be
inverted, and consequently accept no other chord tone but the root in the
bass, one should be careful to apply extensions in a chord which is inverted.
Passing sevenths and thirds, due to their leading tone character, by definition,
have a rather compulsory resolving tendency, especially when they appear in
the bass. For this reason, their octave doubling in a higher register is prefer-
ably avoided, as undesired parallel motion of octaves is usually the result of
this doubling. Moreover, the sound of a chord can become rather 'muddy'
when a 3 or a 7 in the bass is doubled in a higher register (see lesson 31.3).
28.3 Sometimes, a passing progression result in a coincidental sonority which can
neither be identified as a customary chord nor be reduced to a construction of
superimposed thirds (see example 6 in 28.10). Usually these sonorities are the
result of passing tones in conjunction with sustained tones. It is often a prob-
lem to provide an appropriate chord symbol for such passing sonorities with-
in the harmonic context of the progression (see example 8 and 9 in lesson
29.4).
28.4 Like all embellishing chords, also passing chords are of no great importance
for the harmonic structure. Of course tempo and their duration are significant
for their harmonic value. The longer they are sustained, the less is their em-
bellishing character.
* Undesired is the parallel motion of intervals of a 5th, octave, and of the traditional dissonants: 2nd, 7th, 9th, etc.

90
28.5 Example 1 shows a traditional sekundengang (German: stepwise movement)
in the bass, descending from I (tonic) to II. The passing chords, consisting of
scale tones (scale-tone passing chords) with 5 or 7 in the bass, are on the weak
beats of the measure (NB!); we see: Em7/B , Am7/G and Am/E.* In traditional
harmony a triad with a passing 5 in the bass, like Am/E, is called a passing
four-six ($) chord. ww II% in measure 3 is a IV with an added 6.
& ˙˙˙ In˙˙˙this case
The overall harmonic structure w of the progression in this example is: I ➞ VI
➞ IV add 6 ➞?II. The first
˙ ˙ two w measures have tonic and the next two subdomi-
nant function.

1
˙ ˙ www ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww
& ˙˙ ˙˙ w
˙
? ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ w
I III# VI VI2 II% VI$ II
& ∑ ∑ ∑
28.6 In example 2 we see a bass line, descending in chromatic half steps, which
ends on I6 (C? /E) in the fifth bar. In this example, not all of the passing
˙˙ 6 chords ww
are on the weak beats. We notice that the emphasis is on I, II# and ˙I , which
∑ ∑ ∑ & ˙˙
˙ w
appear on the strong beat of the strong (odd) first, third and fifth measures.
The
&remaining
˙˙ ˙˙ chords w ? ˙ the
are passing chords, some of which appearing on ˙ ac- w
˙ ˙ w
w
cented beat, however, of weak bars.
In?the˙ weak
˙ secondw bar we see the passing [II#-V7] progression** in˙ D˙minor,
& ˙˙ ˙˙ www ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
moving to Fm6/A-, an inversion of DO (II# in C minor-major).
The strong third bar shows the passing $ chord of C, on the weak ? third
˙ ˙ beat,˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
followed
& ˙˙˙ in˙˙˙ thewwfourth bar by the the two faces of IV, to which we will pay at-
tention in lesson w 36.6.***
?˙ ˙ w˙ ˙ ww
2 ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ∑ ∑ ∑
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ w &
˙ &∑ ∑ ?
? ˙ b˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ #˙ n˙
w ∑ ∑
?∑
Scale degrees: I [II# V ] II# I$7 +IV IV(II%) I ˙ ˙ ww 6

& wwwFunctions: wwwTonic Subdominant Tonic

& ˙˙ ˙˙ w
& ∑
The basic
?
˙ ˙harmonic ? ˙ 2˙are: w
w functions in the progression of example
tonic→subdominant→tonic
? ∑in C minor-major (mm).
28.7 Example 3 shows w the ascending progression 3 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ww
I ➞ V# ˙˙ ➞˙I . The
6
& ˙ ˙ ˙ ww # inversion of V (G7/D) is a ˙ ˙ w
traditional
? ˙˙ ˙˙ scale-tone
w passing chord, between ?˙ ˙ w
I in root position w and I6 (3 in the bass).
G7/D

* The scale-tone passing chords in this progression can be substituted by secondary dominants:
C E7/B | Am C7/G |F A7/E |Dm7 G7 | In traditional harmony such a progression is named extended cadence with secondary
dominants.
** Roman numerals between square brackets in the examples indicates a secondary function.
& www ww
*** We will return to the chromatic passing chords in the lessons on Passing diminished 7th chords and Leading chords in this
w
chapter, and in the lessons on the Relation between melody and harmony in volume 2.
?˙ ˙ w
91
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ w
˙ ww
 ˙ ˙ w
?˙ ˙ w
& www ww
& w˙˙˙ ˙˙ ww
˙ ˙ w
& ˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙˙ ? www
w˙ ˙ w
28.8 Example 4 shows the same passing chord as
4 ?˙ ˙˙˙ www˙
we saw in the first bar of example 1 (III#). On- & ˙˙˙ ˙ & w˙˙ ˙˙˙ www ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
ly the voicing of the chords and the voice
leading in this progression differ slightly. This
? ˙˙ ˙ w˙
˙?w ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
is the result of the different lead.
28.9 The 7 (b) of C& in example 5 is an unharmo- 5
nized passing tone. The chord which appears
& www ww
w∑ ∑ ∑
over the passing tone is the third inversion of ˙ ˙&w
?
C& (7 in the bass). It is called a 2 chord (in this ? ∑ ∑ ∑
case I2). Examples 1 and 4 have the same de-
scending bass line as this example. & ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww
6 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ww
28.10 The passing chord in example 6 is one of ?˙ ˙ w
those indefinable sonorities (tone combina- ? ˙ ˙ ww
tions) mentioned in lesson 28.3. In jazz music,
it could be identified as Am7/4 (NB!). In tra-
ditional harmony, it is just a scale-tone pass- 7 & ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww ˙
ing sonority; two passing scale tones in the
&
&
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙ w ˙˙˙
progression from I to its first inversion I6 & ˙˙˙˙
& ˙
?
? ˙˙˙˙˙ w ˙˙˙˙
(G/B). ?
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
28.11 In jazz music, scale-tone passing chords fre-
? ˙˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙
quently appear between I and III (example 7) ˙˙ ˙˙
8 & ˙˙
and between II and IV (example 8). These &
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
passing chords usually are in root position.
&
& ww˙˙˙
& w ˙
˙˙˙ ww˙˙˙
? ˙˙ w˙˙
The voices can move in: ?
? ˙
parallel motion – same interval(s) maintained ? ˙˙˙
? ˙ ˙˙˙
˙ w˙˙˙
between the voices.
similar motion – voices move in the same di- 9
&
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙ w˙˙
rection.
& ˙ ˙˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ww˙˙˙
&
oblique motion – one or more voices move ?
while others are static.
?
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙ w˙˙˙
contrary motion – voices move in opposite di-
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙ w˙˙
?
rection. ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
From the examples we may conclude that 10 &
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
&
parallel motion of certain intervals, usually & ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
&
avoided in traditional harmony, is to some ex-
?
?
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
tent characteristic for harmony in jazz.* ? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
?
˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
28.12 The examples 9-12 show oblique motion be- & ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙˙
tween the outer voices. In examples 13 and 14 &
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙˙
11 & ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
& ˙
the outer voices move in contrary motion. In ? ˙ ˙
˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙
examples 7 and 8 all voices move in parallel ?
? ˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙
or similar motion. ? ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
?
˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
&
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙
* Probably this practice originates from the guitar player, who not seldom has the habit of moving
& his ˙fist liberally
˙ along˙ the
neck of his instrument. & ˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙
&
?
? ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
92
? ˙˙˙ ˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
?
˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
& ˙ ˙˙ ˙
 ˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
& ˙˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙
?˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙
˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
28.13 In examples 7-14 notice the interval of a 10th 12 &˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
between 1 and 3 moving in parallel motion
to 3 and 5, although this movement doesn't
& ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
invariably occur in the same voices. We see
?˙ ˙ ˙
the 10th c-e move to e-g (C&➝ Em7) and the
?˙ ˙ ˙
10th d-f to f-a (Dm7 ➝F&), as indicated by
the arrows in examples 7 and 8.
˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
13 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙
& ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
28.14 The overall harmonic function of the pro- ˙ ˙ ˙
gression C& Dm7 | Em7 is tonic. Often in ? ˙˙˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙
? ˙ ˙
such a progression Em7 is followed by Am7, ˙
the other tonic substitute.
C& Dm7 | Em7 Am7 | is comparable with ˙˙ ∑˙˙˙ ˙˙˙∑
14 &
& ˙˙
two bars C. Depending on the melody, Am7
˙˙ ˙
can be substituted by A7 (or E-7), in case it ˙˙˙ ˙˙∑
is followed by Dm7 or D7:
?
? ˙ ∑ ˙˙˙ ˙
C& Dm7 | Em7 A7(E-7) | Dm7(D7) |
28.15 Dm7 Em7 | F& has subdominant function. F& in this progression
& ˙˙ ∑ ˙˙˙can precede
˙˙ ∑ ˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙
the dominant. For instance: ˙
Dm7 Em7 | F& G7 or Fo (=VII#) ? ˙ ∑ ˙ ˙˙ ∑
?
or a subdominant mm:
˙ ˙
Dm7 Em7 | F& Fm(6) or B-7/(+11).
& ∑ ∑
28.16 The passing chords in most of the examples can move ascending as well as de-
scending. The progressions therefore can also be read (played) from the right
to the left,
? ∑ ∑
C& Dm7 | Em7 Am7 | in that case becomes: Em7 Dm7 | C& Am7 |
28.17 Dominant chains, descending in half steps, like we met in &
lesson ∑25, also often
∑
function as passing chords. Depending on the tempo at which they occur, they
have little or no consequences for the overall harmonic structure
? ∑ of the pro-
gression. * ∑
One should keep in mind, that above examples merely deal with purely harmonic as-
pects, i.e. the voicing, connection and functional relation of the&chords.
∑ Accentua-
∑
tion of the embellishing chords will in practice, however, also have consequences for
the rhythmical aspects: a suspension usually has tones of longer duration
? ∑ than its ∑res-
olution; an unaccented embellishing chord will be of a shorter duration than the
chords to which it connects. Later we will shed some light on these aspects of har-
mony at the piano. ∑ ∑ &
Exercises: ? ∑ ∑
✔ Practice examples 1–6 on the piano.

* Chromatic passing chords will be discussed in the lessons on the passing diminished 7th chord (lesson 29) and on leading
chords (lesson 32).

93
 ✔ Transpose example 1 to as many keys as possible.
✔ Transpose examples 3–5 to as many keys as possible.
✔ Play the extended cadence with secondary dominants, as shown in the foot-
note to lesson 28.5, in several keys. Use example 1 as a model.
✔ Practice examples 7–14 as written, also from the right to the left.
✔ Practice the chords below in various keys and in several ways.
F Gm7 | Am7 D7 | Gm7 Gm7/F | EO A7 |
Dm7 G7 | Gm7 Am7 | B-& C7 | F& or F6/9 ||
Treat B-& in the voice leading for B-& ➝ C7, as if it were Gm7/9 with a silent
bass. Don't double the b- in the upper register. Also remember to avoid dou-
bling of the 7 of Gm7/F (f in the bass) with the right hand.

✔ Play the chords below and extend the progression in the first two bars with an
ascending passing chord and a VI chord or a secondary dominant as discussed
in 28.14:
B- | h | Cm7 F7 | Dm7 G7 |
Cm7 Dm7 | E-& A-7/9 | Dm7 G7 | Cm7 F7 Ó
Treat the voice leading for A-7/9 | Dm7 according to the rule of the shortest
possible distance.
✔ Extend the dominant 7th chords in both progressions shown above with 9 or
–9, and where possible with 13 or –13.
✔ Play, where possible, the above progressions (with passing chord) in similar as
well as in oblique motion.
✔ Transpose examples 7–14 to F, B-, E-, A- and D-.
✔ Harmonize exercises 1 and 2 with a I-VI-II-V progression (one chord per
measure) and next play them with the chords as written.
✔ Harmonize exercise 3 with a II-V-III-VI progression (one chord per measure)
and subsequently with the chords given below.
b ˙. ˙ œ œ w
Exc.1 &b ˙ ˙ Œ
B- Cm7 Dm7 G7 Cm7 Dm7 E-6 F7

Exc.2 &b ˙ ˙ œ œ ˙ œ œœ œ œ œ œ œ
˙
F Gm7 Am7 D7 Gm7 Am7 B-& C7

Exc.3
b œ œ œœœ œ ˙
& b b ˙.
˙ œ œ œ ˙
Fm7 Gm7 A-& B-7 Gm7 Fm7 E-& Cm7

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
94

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
Lesson 29 Passing diminished 7th chords with subdominant function

In this lesson we will become acquainted with the chromatic passing diminished
chords on the raised subdominants II, IV and VI. In many a song, embellishing chords
like the descending passing diminished 7th chord between III ➘ II or I6 ➘ II, belong
to the harmonic structure as given by the composer (see examples 13 and 14). Often
these dim chords can not be omitted without disturbing˙ the song's harmonies. Nev-
# ˙˙
& ˙ chords. ww
ertheless, I would still classify them as passing embellishing
29.1 The following examples will show that groups ? ˙ 1 # ˙& ˙ w ˙
˙ # ˙ ww
with two or more consecutive passing chords & ˙ #˙ w
can occur: ?œ ˙ w # ˙ w
One chord (example 1*), a group with two (ex- & ˙˙ œœ ? #œ ˙ w # ˙ w
ample 2), with three (example 3) or even with Dm7 D+o C/E
more (example 4) passing chords. It is not un- ?˙ œ& # œ ˙˙ w œœ # œœ ww
usual for these passing chords to occur on ac- 2 &
˙ œ #œ w
cented beats. w ˙ ? w˙ ˙ œ ww# œ w
˙ ˙ w & ?
➤ Example˙ 3 shows
& 7
# ˙ a passing D+o (+II ) chord on
w ˙ # ˙˙ œ # œ w
the strong first beat of the second bar. We have w˙ C˙/E ww
?
to keep ˙in mind, w that the first beat of? ˙ ˙ &
# ˙ however, # ˙Cw˙w ˙Dm7
˙
& ˙ ˙ # w˙ ˙ ww
wD+o
#
an even bar has a weaker accent than the first beat of an odd bar. The passing
chord on˙ the strong first beat of an even bar &
? less
has therefore
˙ ww
œ œ w ?∑ ˙˙ emphasis
˙ # ˙ than
˙ # ˙ ˙
the main œ # œFor wthis reason C on the first beat of the first bar and F on
& ˙ chords.
the first beat of the third bar are more stressed? then the&passing chords
∑ in be-
?
tween. See˙ also
œ example
#œ w 2 and 28.6.
∑ ∑
> >
& >j
>
?
3 & w ˙ w
#˙ ˙ w
w 4 & ˙œ . . œ # œ ?
œ b œ n œ b œœj w∑w
∑
˙ œ w
˙ .. j
? ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙ w ? œ œ#œ & œ œ˙˙#..œ.. œœ# œ œwb œ n œ b œœœjj www
& œ˙œ . . œ # œ œ b œ n œ b œœj ww
C D+o F
? œ˙ . . œ # œ œ œ # œ œœ ww
➤ The &
five passing∑ chords in example 4 are all&less emphasized
∑ ? œ ∑œ #than œ œ the
œ # œ first
chord (C) and the accented # chord of C7, which is tied over to the strong first
beat?of the second
∑ bar. In the examples most?of the∑ chords are
∑ ∑∑ the result
∑ of
voice leading and therefore incomplete (NB!).
& ∑
&
29.2 The ascending passingb œdim
j chords with subdominant function
? ∑mostly appear ∑
˙ . . œ ww ?
between:
& œ II ➚ III and II ➚ I and between IV&➚ V or∑ IV ➚ I$ ∑(I with 5 in∑ the
œ # œ œ b œ n œ j 6 ∑
bass). In˙ .the
. latter progressionœ w the raised II appears in its first inversion +II%
?
(+II withœ3 in œ œ bass). œSee wexample 17. Furthermore,
œ #the œ # œ
? ∑ we&hear ∑+VI, passing be-
tween VI ➚ VII, embellishing V (examples 8 and 9). Descending
7
∑ ∑
passing∑dim
& ∑
chords most∑often occur ∑ between III ➘ II or I6 ➘ II (examples 10, 11 and
-2- 12).
In these examples the passing dim chord, E-o, is more ?
& ?
regarded as the third
∑ ∑
∑
inversion of a diminished chord on +IV, i.e. F+o with 7 (e-) in the bass, than as
∑
? ∑ +II (D+o). -2-
a root-positioned ∑ See also lesson 36.3. -2-

* Notice that in some of the examples the dim chords are incomplete, i.e. the 5 is omitted.

& ∑ ∑ 95
? ∑ ∑
 29.3 In the examples 5-7 we see two passing
chords between I (C) in root position and the 5 & ˙˙ œœ # œœœ w
first inversion of I (I6). The passing chords are
& ˙˙ œœ # œ w
& ˙˙ œœœœ # œœœ ww
Dm7 (II) and D+o(+II). The harmonic func- ?
tion of the two bars is tonic (C). If there
? ˙˙˙ œœœ ### œœ ww
&
?
& ˙˙ œœ # œœ w
would have been g or b in the melody of the
second bar of examples 6 and 7, the chord un- 6
?
&
&
& ˙˙˙ œœœ œœ###œœœœœœ www
&
? ˙˙˙ œœœ##œœœ ww
der the lead could have been Em7 instead of &
? ˙˙˙ œœœ ####œœœœ ww
&
I6 and the progression could have continued
?
?
&
? ˙˙ œœ ###œœœ www
with Am7 or A7 on the third beat of the sec- ?
& ˙˙ œœ ##œœœœ ww
?
ond bar (compare with 28.15). ?
&
& ˙˙ œœ # œœ ww
&
? ˙˙˙ œœœ ### œœ ww
29.4 On the third beat of the first bar in examples 7 &
& ˙˙˙ œœ ## œ ww
8 and 9 a chromatic passing sonority appears
?
?
?
& ˙˙˙ œœ ## œœ ww
? ˙˙˙ œœ ## œœ ww
which cannot be interpreted within the key of ?
? ˙˙˙ œœ ## œœ w
&
the progression. If this sonority is enharmoni- ?
& ˙˙w˙w œœœœ # œœœœ www
cally changed, and a+ and c+ are rewritten as
&
&
&
? œ˙w˙˙w œœ ##œœœœ ## œœœœ www
b- and d-, we see B-m6 (example 8 ✽) and &
&
? œ˙w˙w œ✽ # œ w
B-m& (example 9 ✽); neither chord belongs 8 & ˙œw˙œw œœ ##œœœœ ## œœœœœ www
?
?
œ #œ
to the key of C. These coincidentally occur- & œ˙œw˙w œ #œœ # œœœ wwww
?
?
ring sonorities, which have the appearance of ?
&
& œw˙˙w œ # œ˙˙ œ ww
a common chord, are called ornamental har-
&
? wœœ˙˙œw œœœ ### œœ˙œ˙ œœœ wwwww
& wœœ˙˙w œœœ ### œœ˙œ˙ œœœ wwww
monies.* Apparent chords could also be an ap-
&
?
?
?
& ˙œ˙œ œœ ## œ✽œ˙˙ œœ www
propriate name. See also lesson 28.3. ? œ ˙ œ #œ œ w
9 & œœ˙˙ œœ ## œ˙œ˙ œœœ wwww
?
?
29.5 The sonority on the second beat of the first ?
&
& œ˙˙ œ# #˙˙œ˙ œ n wwww
bar in example 8 is difficult to reduce to a &
&
? ˙˙œw œ# #˙˙œ˙ n ˙www ˙
& ˙œ˙w œœ# ##˙˙œ˙œ œœ n ˙wwwww˙
root position and is difficult to be fitted with &
? œ œ
an appropriate common chord symbol. It is
& œw˙œ˙˙ œœ#bb ##˙˙œœ œœ n ww˙www ˙
?
?
composed of the two passing tones a and c in ? wœ˙ œœ#b ##˙œœ œ n w˙w ˙
?
&
10 & ˙˙œw ##b˙˙ n˙˙w˙ ˙˙
?
conjunction with the 7 and the root of G7. &
& ˙ww˙ #b˙˙ n˙˙˙˙w ˙˙˙
?
29.6 Although E-o in the examples 10-12 has all
&
&
?
? ˙˙˙w˙ ##b˙˙˙ n˙˙ww˙w ˙˙˙˙
the characteristics of a passing embellishing ?
&
? ˙˙ #b˙˙ ˙˙˙w ˙˙
chord, we will find in many songs that it is & ˙˙˙ #bb˙˙˙ ˙˙w ˙˙˙
?
?
part of the harmonic construction and explic- ?
& ˙˙ # #b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
11 &
& ˙˙ # #b ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
itly included in the chord symbols. Although &
?
& ˙˙ # #b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
often substituted, it cannot be left out with-
&
?
? ˙˙ # #bb ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
out disturbing the flow of the song's har-
?
&
? ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
?
?
& ˙˙ # #b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
monies. ?
& ˙ # #b ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
29.7 Over the e- in the bass in example 12, we &
? ˙˙ # #b ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
12
meet another ornamental harmony. If enhar- ? ˙˙ # #b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
&
monically changed, we see A-7/E- appear
? ˙ b˙ ˙ ˙
? ˙ b˙ ˙ ˙
(NB!). This chord in fact is E-o, extended ˙
with a passing tone g+: g ➚ g+ ➚ a.

* Specifically these type of passing chords are mainly the result of voice-leading activity.

96
29.8 In example 13 we see the first three measures of a well-known song. D+o (+II)
in the first bar is the ascending passing dim chord between II and III. In the
next bar the same dim chord – here renamed E-o (+IV2 = 7 in the bass) –
moves in the opposite direction (descending) between the same chords III and
II.
3

13 œ˙ œ ˙
& œ˙ œ œœ # œœ #˙ œw œ œ œ œ
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
? ˙˙ œ #œ ˙ b˙ w
C Dm7 D+o Em7 E-o Dm7 G7
3
The first two ‰measures
j could
j œ easily
œ œ be harmonized
Œ œ with:
& ˙ œ œ œ œ˙ . œ ˙ # ˙ œ n w œ œ œ
C |Am7 | or with: C˙F Fo ˙|Em7 Am7/9 |
˙ ˙ w
The composer
? ˙ of the song,
˙ however, w wrote between Em7 and Dm7
˙ b ˙ explicitly
a descending passing E-o chord, by which it became part of the composition. 3
3
29.9 The measuresœ 3-5 œ ofœ another œ famous
œ song are shown œ œ inœœ example
œ œ˙ œ14.˙In thisœ œœœ œ
harmonization b œ
& b˙ bthe œcomposer
b œ œ œ ˙
œ œ# œ œ ˙˙ œ embellished œ œ œ&
# ˙ œœ ˙œ bwœœtheœtwo˙˙ œbars tonic, ˙demanded
œ # œ # ˙ byw
& ˙
the melody, with the
˙ ˙˙˙œ #two
npassing
˙ ˙ chords,
œ œ ˙œDm7 ? ˙˙˙ E-o.
œ ˙nand ˙ Instead, he˙ could˙
˙ examples
b˙ ˙
have chosen,
? bfor
? ˙b binstance, ˙ oneb ˙barœ C and
œ for wb œ ∫one ˙˙ Am7.
b œœ bar œ # œIn both w
n œ
˙ under the melody in˙ the first two bars is tonic.
the overall harmonic
b function
3
3
‰ j œ œ . j œ œ œ œ Œ œ &œ ‰ œj œ œ œ˙ . œj œ œ œ œ Œ œ œ
14 & ˙˙ œ ˙ œ ˙ œ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙ w n w ˙œ ˙ #˙ nw œœ
& b˙˙ ˙ ˙b b ˙˙ #˙n ˙˙˙ b˙b www w ˙ œ ˙ ˙ ˙ w
? ˙˙ b ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙ w w ? ˙
? ˙ ˙ b˙ w
˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ bw
C& Dm7 Em7 E-o Dm7

29.10 Depending on bthe b tonal context,

œ œ œ œ the
œ œ progression
˙ & in
b˙b bexample
b œ œ œ 15 œ œ˙can
œ œharmoni-
œ œœ ˙œ œ ˙˙
&
& b b
cally be explained in
œ œ
œ˙morenthan ˙
˙ one œ
∑ way.œ bBy œ
œ analogy
œœ n ˙˙ with ˙ n ˙ 11 we canb œ œœ
example n˙
˙˙ dim˙ chord Bo
say that the the passing œœ descends
œ œ b? between
˙˙ Cm (III) ˙ and
œ œ œ bœ
E-7
? b b ofb A-. Due˙to the melody œœ b˙˙b b b œ n/B-
œ bœ ∫ œ ˙˙
(V#) in the?key n œ b tone
œ ∫ g, B-m7 (II7) is˙ left out. The
b ∑
global harmonic construction is tonic→dominant→tonic. A short excursion to
VI (A-&) in C minor, however, is a
more obvious interpretation: Bo
(VII in C minor)
& b ˙˙ is˙˙∑transformed
& ∑ b www 15 &∑ b ˙˙ ˙˙ b b ˙˙˙ # n ˙˙˙˙ b b wwww
b b ˙˙˙ # n ˙˙˙˙ in-
to a secondary˙ dominant [VII]
b w
for w
? b ˙ ˙ ˙ ? ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙ w
E-7, i.e. Bo ˙ is ˙enharmonically
? ∑ b˙ ˙ ∑ bw ∑ ˙ bw
changed to Do (VII in E-). There- Cm Bo E-7/B- A7/9 A-&/9
fore, the passing dim chord (Do/B) -2-
moves between the tonic Cm and∑E-7/B- , the dominant & forA-. ∑
&
The overall harmonic construction is:
tonic→secondary
? dominant→subdominant ? (I➝[V#]➝VI). ∑
∑

∑ ∑ &∑ ∑ ∑ 97∑
&
?
 3
‰ j j œ œ œ œ Œ œ œ
& ˙ œ œ œ œ˙ . œ ˙ #˙ nw œœ
˙ ˙ ˙ w
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙ b˙ w
✽
29.11 A similar case we see in
measure 6 of another
b b œ œ œ œ œ œœ ˙œ b œœ
16 & b b œ˙ œ œ n ˙˙ œ ˙˙
ballad shown in example ˙ œ œ œ n˙
16. The passing dim ? bb b ˙ ˙ œ
œ n œ b œ ∫b œœ ˙˙
chord Eo(✽) occurs be- b ˙
tween Fm and A-7/E-.
Because the melody tone c (leading tone like the g in example 15) doesn't al-
low the use of the suspending m7th
*
˙˙ ˙˙E-m7
& chord ˙for A-7
˙ &(see
ww also lesson
ww 54),
wleads to
A-7/E- immediately follows Eo. In this example
b b ˙ # the
b ˙ n ˙˙ progression
˙ b w
b ww˙ # ˙
** We b ˙ V7˙➞I in˙ f-minor➞[V
D-7/(9/13) instead of to D-& (VI).? ˙ hear: ? w˙ # ˙ 7] wchain.
˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ bw
29.12 In example 17, between f and g in the bass, we ✽
see a passing F+o = +II% (✽). Instead of G7 over 17 & w w.. ˙˙ œ œ www
& ww˙ the# ˙g in wwwthe bass, we see C/G. This chord could & ˙ ˙ ## ˙˙ ˙˙w ˙˙ ..
& ∑ ˙ #˙˙ w˙ b ˙
be followed by G7, as is the case in example 18. ?
? .. ˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙ ..
? ˙ The w
# ˙ passing progression in example 18 is iden-
? ∑ . ˙✽
tical with the one in example 17; some chords, . ˙˙ ˙˙ œ˙ œ ˙˙ ˙wb b ˙˙ ˙ ..
&
& .. however,
˙˙ œ œ ware coloured by extensions or added 18 & w b# ˙˙
.. ˙
˙
tones. ˙
˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙ & ˙w ˙ ˙˙˙www˙ b ˙ ˙
w & w ww ? ˙.. ˙ ##˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ..
˙ ˙ 19˙ ..the C chord with & ˙ # ˙ w ?∑ ˙ # ˙# ˙ w∑
˙
29.13
? .. In ˙ #example g in the ∑bass ? ˙˙
(I$) is followed by C7/9. This progression ? ˙ forms #˙ w ˙ ˙ ˙ b
˙ a so-called
˙ ˙ bvamp.
˙ Such a repetitive ? progression ∑ &∑ ˙˙b b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ∑ ˙˙ b
& ˙˙ can ˙˙˙ b ˙˙
b ˙˙˙– among ˙ ˙ ˙ n˙
19 & b.. ˙˙b ˙œ œ ˙ w ˙ ˙ .. ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
other things – be applied .as ˙ an in- . ˙
troduction: 'Play
˙ till cue'. It could & have. ˙˙contin-
œ œ w˙ ˙ . ? ˙-2-# ˙˙ ˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙b ˙ ˙ # ˙ ˙ n˙
? ˙ ued ˙
# ˙ also as follows: # ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙ b ˙ ? b˙ #˙˙ n ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙ # ˙ n ˙
˙ ? ˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙ .. b.. b ˙ # ˙ ˙˙ .. n ˙ ˙
˙
F6 F+o | C /G A7 | D7 G7 | C G7 || or .C7 Ó . b
bb ˙ ˙ ˙ n˙ & b˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙˙˙ #n ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
˙˙
29.14
& In examples
b
˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙ 20 and
˙ 21 we
˙
˙ meet˙ some
w ˙progressions
˙ ˙ b in
˙ which
& b F+o,
b ˙ this ˙ time ˙ in ˙ ˙ n
root˙ position (diminished ˙ 7thn ˙˙ chordww &on˙the
˙ ˙˙˙ bIV˙˙in C&
b ˙˙˙raised ? b˙bb ˙˙˙˙ functions
minor), ˙ nn˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙as ˙ ˙˙ # ˙ wwwn ˙
? ba passing ˙ n ˙ chord ˙ (✽) ˙ in #minor.
˙ n ˙ Wewoften hear, however, these
? b˙ b#progressions
˙˙˙ #˙˙˙ ˙ ˙inn ˙ ˙
b major
b ˙ #as˙ well.˙ n ˙ ˙ ˙ w ? ˙ #˙ ˙ ˙
? b ˙ #˙ ˙ ˙ n ˙ nw ˙
˙ b b w
20 21 ˙
✽ ✽ bbbbbb ˙˙˙˙ n ˙ ˙ ˙˙ n ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ww ˙
b ˙ b &&
& b b ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙
ww
w & b b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ #n ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙∑˙˙˙ ww˙˙˙ # ˙n∑˙ ˙ wn∑˙˙
˙˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ n ˙ n w ?&
? b b b ˙˙ nn#˙˙ w˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙n wn ˙
? bb w ? b ˙ n ˙ ˙ ˙ bb bb# ˙˙˙ n#˙˙ ww˙ n ˙ ˙ ˙ w ˙
b ˙ b b ˙ #˙ ˙ ? n˙ b ˙∑ ∑ ∑
b b
In chapter 7 on alterations and altered chords we will go somewhat bbbbbbdeeper˙˙ n∑˙˙into the ˙˙ ∑˙˙˙ ww∑
harmonic
b b &
& ˙
& b b background ∑ of the
∑ diminished ∑ 7th
& bchordsb ˙˙ discussed
˙ ˙
n ˙˙ ˙˙ in this
˙ ˙˙ chapter. ˙ w
w
w
˙
˙˙ in# ˙˙the chords.
˙
˙˙ n ˙ n w
w
In the scales corresponding with altered chords like +II and +IV, the˙ alterations ˙ should
˙ ?match
? b
b those
For? example,
b in D+o (+II), d+ and f+ are the alterations;? the corresponding
b ˙ # ˙ scale is n
˙ E minor ˙
bb bbharmonic, n w i.e. the C ∑˙
∑ w∑
b b with the two alterations d+ and f+. In F+o (+IV), which
major scale ∑ ∑ ∑ b b is derived from C melodic ˙ minor, wthe alteration
is f+ and e- is borrowed from C minor; the corresponding scale is C major with f+ and e- instead of f and e. This is -2-
the scale of G harmonic major starting on c.

* In case the leading tone is in the melody – like in this example – it balso can be seen as 13 of& b b b m7∑ chord, pro- ∑
the suspending ∑
vided the tone resolves descending or keeps its place. In that case& bwe
b usually hear∑ the complete superimposed
∑ third
∑ construc-
tion of m7.
** In lesson 36 we will discover that in traditional harmony, D-7 in this example is called an inversion? b b(%) of the seventh
of the raised IV in F minor. ? b ∑ chord ∑ ∑ -2-
-2- b
98 b b ∑ ∑ ∑
Exercises:
✔ Play all examples of this lesson on the piano.
✔
&b
Transpose each
˙ of the
˙ examples
˙ 5,œ 6,œ 10 ˙and 11 to F, G, ˙
w A- and B-.
✔ Transpose the examples 1, 2, 3 and 8 in half steps up over an octave. Aim at
achieving some fluency. ˙ w
&b ˙ ˙ ˙ œ œ ˙
✔ Play the measures in exercise 1 (III ➞ +IV2 ➞
7
b II7 ➞ V7) in all˙ keys on the pi-
&
ano, as long it takes to play them reasonably fluent. œ œ ˙ ˙ w
˙ ˙
b #
Exc.1 &b ˙ ˙ w œ œ œ œ w
& b ˙ ˙Dm7 D-o ˙ œCm7œ F7˙ || ˙Bm7 & b B-o w˙ ˙Am7 D7˙ œ œ ˙ ˙ w

✔ Play exercise
& b b2,b first œ Fm7 b œ B-7,
œ œasœ givenœ œ inœF and œ œ then,
b œ n œ after œ inw E-.
b œ #
b ˙ ˙&b w ˙
Exc.2 ˙ & b
&
b
˙ œ
˙
œ ˙ ˙ ˙ w w œ œ œ œ w
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ œœœ œœ ˙˙ ˙ w
b œ ˙
b & b F&œ œ œF+oœ œ œGm7 # G+o Am7 Bo
œ
b
Cm7 F7
œ nœ œ bœ œ
b b œ œ
& b ˙& b ˙ ˙w ˙ œ œ
œ œ œ ˙ œ ˙w œ w & ˙ b œ
w œ œ œ œ œ
b
& ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ œ œ ˙
& b B-&œ œ Boœ ˙
Cm7
œ œ œC+o œ Dm7
b œ œ G-o Fm7 B-7
✔ Playb b
b
b b& b œ3œand 4, and
exercises ˙ œ make
˙ œ œ œaœ harmonic
n œ
œ # œ bbb˙œ œœ œthe
analysis ww same
œ œ œ itœ has
way
œ ˙been
& &œ b bœ˙ œ ˙œ w # &
˙ œœ œ œ œ
done for&exercise
b ˙˙ 1. ˙ w œœ œ œ œœ ww
Exc.3
& b b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Exc.4 œ œ ˙ œ . œj œ œ œ œ œ
w
b b &œ b œb ˙ œ œ˙ œ ˙œ œ ˙œ œ œ˙ b œ œ œ bœ œ œ
b
& œ& b b b bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ n
& œ œ œb œ ˙ œ w
& b b œœ œ œ œ œœ œœ œ œ n œ œœœ œœ b œ œ w
E- Eo B-/F G7 B- Bo F/C D7/-9
b #
✔ Transpose
b ˙ ˙3 and
& œexercises œ œœ4wb œtoœœG,œœœC œand˙ œF& œb b œ œ œ œw œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ . œj œ œ
& b œ& b
œ b bœ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ ˙
✔ & b œœ œ œ œœ œ œ œ
Play exercise 5. Don't forget the voice leading for the dominant chain.

Exc 5 b b bbb œ œ œ œ nœ j bœ œ w
b & œ œ œœ œ
œ œœ œ œœ œ
b œ œ œ œ
œ œ œœ b œ œ œ œ œ . œ œ œ
œ œœœ
& œ& b œ œ œ
œ œœ ˙˙ Bo œ Fm/C D7 G7 C7
& b œœ œœB-m7 Fm

✔ Play the fragment

& b b œ œ of œ œexercise
œ œœ 6œ inœseveral
b œ ˙ keys.
b b œ œœ œœ œ œœ œ œ œœ œœ œœ œœ œ .. jj œ œ œ œœ œ
œ
Exc.6 & b œ
& œ œœ œ œœ œ œ œ œ
Cm7 F7 E-o
b œ œDm7œ D-o Cm7 F7
&b œœœœ˙ œ œ œ
If you know the melody, try to finish the song.

b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ . œj œ œ œ œ œ
&b œ
99
 Lesson 30 Alternating chords

A couple of times we have already encountered alternating chords, although not ex-
plicitly stated. In lesson 26, in the 3rd and 4th bar of examples 3 and 4, we saw G7/9
alternating with an extended A-7 chord. If one or more voices of a chord move –
forming a new chord – and subsequently return to their original position, we speak
of an alternating chord. The movement of the voices can be stepwise (half or whole
steps) or leapwise, up or down. The bass can be an alternating tone, while some or
all other voices stay static, or move in any direction each (parallel, similar, contrary
or oblique motion). The bass can also be static while some or all other voices move.
In traditional harmony a non-chord tone (dissonant), which moves stepwise up or
down and returns to its point of departure, is called a neighbouring tone. If the bass
moves stepwise, not leapwise, an alternating chord is also called a neighbouring chord.
Usually alternating and neighbouring chords are unaccented. Their harmonic func-
tion is, in most cases, subordinate to the chord with which they alternate.*
30.1 Probably the most frequently occurring alternating chord is a dominant (or
secondary dominant) of the main chord.
(1) C G7 | C or C Bo | C or C | D-7/(+11) | C , etc.
(2) Dm7 A7 | Dm7 or Fm7 C7 | Fm7 or B-m7 Ao | B-m7 , etc.
(3) G7 D7 | G7 or E-7 F-7 | E-7 or F7 Eo | F7 , etc.
30.2 Progression 1 is the original harmonization of the first three bars of the song
in example 1. The altered dominant D7/+5, i.e D7 with raised 5 (a+) in the
weak second bar, alternates with the tonic G. In its place could also be the tri-
tone-related (TR) dominant A-7/+5/+11 (progression 3).
The basic harmonic structure of the first three measures is three bars tonic
(G). Although rather excessive, the melody could also be harmonized with
the chords of progression 4. In that case, the tonic would be on the strong first
beat of every bar.
3
#
1 & œ œ ˙
. Œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙.
1 G D7/+5 G
2 G G D7/+5 G
3 G A-7/+5/+11 G
&4 G
∑
D7/+5 G
∑
D7/+5 G
∑
D7+5 etc.
5 G C7/9/+11 (F+7/+5) G

30.3 The tonic in example 1 could also alternate with a subdominant borrowed
from minor; in progression
∑ 5 we
∑ see the extended
∑ C7/9/+11, IV borrowed
from G minor, or its tritone substitute F+7/+5 (see also lesson 38.20). Other
&
subdominant chords could also act as alternating chords for the tonic, the
choice of which obviously depends mainly on the melody.
* The most simple alternation with the dominant is produced by the so-called oscillating bass, as one can hear in harmonically
simple fragments of waltz- and march-like music, where the tonic triad alternates with its $ chord; i.e. a tonic triad with 5 in the
& ∑ ∑ ∑
bass.
100
 & ∑ ∑
? ∑ ∑
30.4 Other alternating chords can be seen in example 2. It shows the middle part
(bridge) of a well known jazz standard. In bars 1 and 5 we notice the neigh-
bouring chords&G-7 and F-7. The ∑B-7 chord in bars 3 and 4 could also∑ alter-
nate with the second inversion (#) of FO. In that case the alternating chord
(FO/C-) would? ∑ chord. In this example we see the∑ II, FO
also be a neighbouring
preceding B-7, applied as an unaccented alternating chord instead of an ac-
cented suspending m7(–5) chord. Bars 3 and 4 could also easily be harmo-

2 & b œ˙ œ bb œ˙ b œ b œ˙ ˙ . œ
˙˙ œb bb œ˙˙ b œ ˙œ˙ ˙ .
? ˙˙ b b ˙˙ ww b˙ ˙˙ b w
b˙ bw
F7 G-7 F7 B-7 FO B-7

b œ œ œ œ . j j .
& b œ˙ b œ ∫bœ˙ b œ œ . œ
b ˙ b ˙ b ww œ œ œ
ww
? b ˙˙ b b ˙˙ b ww bw ˙
bw ˙
E-7 F-7 E-7 A-7 G7

nized with a common II-V progression: Fm7 |B-7 |, the composer, however,
preferred B-7 FO |B-7 | and we appreciate his inspiration. The song in the ex-
ample, although usually played in D-, is here written in C. If it had been writ-
ten in the original key, the bridge of the song, shown above, would have been,
due to uncommon flats and double flats, even harder to read for the inexpe-
rienced music reader.
3
30.5 The examples 3-6 show some alternating & ˙ ˙˙˙ ww
& ˙˙ w
chords as they may occur in practice. In ex-
ample 3 we see as a model I alternating ?
? ww ww
with IV$. Any subdominant chord – altered -3-
or unaltered, either from major or from mi-
nor – could take its place, provided it fits 4
the melody tone c and sounds nice.
& ˙˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙˙ wwww
˙˙ b b ˙˙˙ ww
30.6 In the examples 4 and 5, we see the tonic C,
?
? ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ www
alternated by VI borrowed from minor. Ex-
ample 4 shows the first inversion (3 in the
bass) of A-&/9. The bass is static and the 5 b˙
& ˙˙˙˙˙˙ bb b ˙˙˙˙˙
& wwww
middle voices move. In example 5 the alter- ww
nating chord is in root position and some of ? ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙
? www
w
the middle voices are static.

&
& œ˙œ œ œ œœ ww
˙˙ œ # ˙˙˙ ww
?
? ˙˙w # ˙ www
w w
∑∑ ∑∑ 101
&
&
 ? ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww

& ˙˙˙˙ b b ˙˙˙˙ wwww

30.7
? ˙ ˙ ww
In example 6, Co alternates C&. A similar case we hear in˙ theb ˙first couple of
bars of I REMEMBER YOU (example 7). In these bars too, the inverted
diminished 7th chord of the raised II (Fo
=G+o/F) alternates the tonic; a little more
6 & œ˙ œ œ œ w
elaborate than in example 5. More than one ˙ # ˙˙ ww
would expect from an embellishing chord, ? ˙w # ˙ ww
this alternating chord is part of the harmonic
structure of the∑ composition.
∑ Most players,
&
however, substitute it with Bm7 E7, which more or less shows that the chord
& If∑ necessary∑ E7,
doesn't?contribute that much to the solidity of the structure.
or even C7, could
∑ replace it.∑ Compare F+7/+5 in 30.3.
? ∑ ∑
7 &b j
œww. œ œ œ n # www œœ b˙œ˙ .. œ œ œ
w # w www œ œ ˙. œœ & ∑ ∑
?b w w w ˙˙ .. b œœ
w w w ? ∑ ∑
Exercises:
& ∑ ∑ ∑
& ∑ ∑
✔ Play the
?examples
∑ on ∑the piano.
∑
? ∑ a secondary -2-
✔ Alternate Cm7, Bm7, Fm7 and B-m7 – with 5 in the lead – with ∑
& 7/–13/–10 chord with –10 in the lead.
dominant
∑
✔ ? Dm7/9,
Alternate Em7/9, Am7/9 and Gm7/9, with 3, 5 or 7 in the lead, with
∑
a tritone-related secondary dominant. For instance, a dominant 7/–13 chord
with –13 in the lead.
& ∑
✔ Alternate F&/9, B-&/9 and E-&/9 with an appropriate subdominant from ma-
jor, or ?
borrowed from minor, while maintaining a static bass.
∑
✔ Play opposite exercises. b ˙ b˙ w ˙ b˙ w
&
At places
& marked with
∑ ∑
✘, insert an appropriate F7 ✘ B-7 ✘
alternating
? chord. ∑ ∑ ˙ b˙
Colour the chords at &b w ˙ ˙ ˙
˙
will.
& ∑ Am7 ✘ D7 Gm7 ✘ C7
At places where chords
have been
? omitted, in-
sert the correct ones.
∑ &˙ ˙ w ˙ ˙ w
Bring in some syncopa- ✘ ✘
tion. & ∑ ∑ C D7

&˙ ˙ w ˙ b˙ w
? ∑ ∑
G7 ✘ C ✘

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
102

& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
Lesson 31 Approach chords

The bass of approach chords is reached by a leap or a fall, and subsequently makes a
ascending or descending step.The leap or fall can move in similar or in contrary mo-
tion with the step: leap up, step up ➚ ➚ ; leap up, step down ➚ ➘; fall down, step
down ➘ ➘
; and fall down, step up ➘➚.
31.1 Approach chords, like passing and alternating chords, usually occur on the
relatively weak beats. They have little harmonic weight. Occasionally they be-
long to the harmonic structure of a composition and are therefore mentioned
in the chord symbols given with the melody. They can be left out or easily be
substituted. Often, scale-tone passing chords can substitute for approach
chords composed of scale tones, or the other way round.
31.2 The most frequently heard approach chords are TR secondary dominants and
diminished 7th chords. The bass of the TR dominant moves a half step down,
of the dominant diminished chord a half step up, and of the subdominant di-
minished chord a half step down. In a somewhat more traditional setting, we
hear triads and dominant 7th chords, both with 3 in the bass, half diminished
chords with 5 in the bass, and sometimes a dominant 7th chord in root posi-
tion. Significant is that the bass, after a leap or a fall, continues stepwise,
preferably in contrary motion and as an ascending or descending leading tone.
31.3 Example 1 shows a transition from the key of C 1 &˙
to the key of F, where Gm7 is II in F. It is pre- & ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙
˙˙ b ˙˙
ceded by the approach chord A-o. The progres- & ˙˙
? ˙ ˙
sion could proceed to Dm7: ? ˙˙˙
& b ˙˙˙ bb˙˙˙
Gm7 Gm7/F | EO A7/–9 | Dm7 G7 | ?˙ b˙ ˙
? ˙˙ b˙ ˙
In that case, Gm7 would be IV in the key of D &˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙
minor. Remember: 2 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
The 7 of a chord in the bass (Gm7/F) is preferably & ˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙
not doubled in the upper register.* ? ˙˙˙
& #˙ ˙
˙ ˙˙
?˙ #˙ ˙
31.4 In example 2, the same approach chord A-o, re- ? ˙˙ #˙ ˙ ˙
named G+o, is secondary dominant, [VII], for & ˙˙ # ˙˙ b ˙˙˙
Am7. The progression could proceed to F:
& ˙˙ ˙˙
3 & ˙˙ b ˙˙
Am7 D7 or F+o| Gm7 C7 | F |
?
& b ˙˙˙ b˙˙
? ˙˙˙ #b ˙˙ b ˙˙
If F+o would follow Am7 or C, it also would be an ?˙ #b ˙ ˙
approach chord to Gm7 (example 3); F+o is a sec- ? ˙˙ b#b#˙˙˙ ˙˙
ondary dominant [VII] for Gm7.
& ˙˙˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙
31.5 TR secondary dominant G-7/9/+11 in example 4 & ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙˙
4 ?
& b ˙˙
is an approach chord for F&. ? ˙˙˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙
?˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙˙
? ˙˙ b˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙
* See also lesson 28.2
& ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙
& ˙˙˙
?
& b ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙
?˙ b˙ ˙ 103
? ˙˙ b˙ ˙
& ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙
&˙ ˙ ˙
 & ˙˙˙˙˙˙
& b ˙˙ ˙
˙˙˙
& ˙ bb˙˙˙ ˙
˙ b˙ ˙
?
? ˙˙˙
? bb˙˙ ˙˙
˙ b˙ ˙˙
bb˙˙
31.6 By analogy, the approach chords A-7 and B-7 in 5 &
examples 5 and 6 are TR dominants for respec- & ˙˙˙˙˙˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙
tively G7 and A7. The voice leading in example 5
˙˙˙˙ ˙˙
is, due to the falling lead, somewhat less strict; ? ˙˙˙˙
?
?
b˙
bbb˙˙˙ ˙˙
˙˙˙
the number of voices has been varied. This
˙ b˙ ˙
shouldn't worry the student too much. A piano is ˙˙
not like a vocal group with a fixed number of 6
˙˙˙ # ˙˙
&
& ˙˙
&
˙˙˙˙ ##˙˙˙˙˙
parts (voices). bb ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
bbb ˙˙˙ ˙˙?
? ˙˙˙
31.7 In example 7 we see a more traditional progres- b˙ ˙ ?
sion, C7 with 3 (e) in the bass is the approach
chord here. Also remember: the 3 in the bass of a & ˙˙ bb˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
major chord is preferably not doubled in the upper 7 & & ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙
register. (See also 28.2) ? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙ # # ˙˙ ˙˙
&
?
31.8 Example 8 shows a root-positioned dominant ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
7th chord (E7) as approach chord. In this exam- ? ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
ple, we observe a different resolution of E7.* In-
stead of falling a 5th to a, the bass ascends with a 8
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
& ˙ ˙˙ # # ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙
half step to f. In traditional harmony, this devia- & ˙˙˙# # ˙˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙
&
tion from the usual resolution of a dominant 7th ? ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
chord is called a deceptive cadence. We actually ?
? ˙˙ ˙
see V7 ➞ VI in the key of A minor. See 31.11
˙
˙ ˙ ˙
31.9 Example 9 shows a scale-tone approach chord. & ˙˙˙b ˙˙˙ ˙
9 & ˙
˙ ˙
In this example, F& substitutes the passing (em- b
& ˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ .. # ˙˙ .. œ n ˙˙˙ œœœ ˙˙. .
bellishing) chord Dm7 between I (C&/9) and III ? ˙˙ ˙˙ . ˙˙˙ .
(Em7).
?
? ˙b b ˙˙ .. ˙˙ .. ˙˙ . n œ
˙. ˙.
31.10 The approach chord in example 10 is the second bb bb ˙ . # ˙˙ . œ ˙ œ ˙.
inversion # ˙˙˙II in C˙˙˙mm:7 # chord of DO (5 in the 10 &
& ˙˙˙ # of
˙ ˙ ˙ &
˙˙˙˙ .... # ˙˙˙˙ ... œ nn ˙˙˙˙ œœœœ ˙˙˙. ..
bass). It approaches V (G7/–9/+11). Compare & ˙˙ ˙˙.˙ # ˙˙ ..
this progression ˙˙˙ ... ˙˙˙˙ .. nn œœ
˙˙ ˙ with˙˙ the one in example 5.
˙ ? b ˙˙ .. ˙˙ .
? ? b b b ˙˙. ˙.
In example 10 we see a II-V progression, of which ? b˙˙ ˙˙.
the II is an unaccented (on a weak beat) ap-
b˙ ˙
proach ˙chord ˙ instead
˙ of a suspending chord,
˙˙ &˙ ˙ ˙
which usually
& ˙
˙ ˙ appears on a strong beat.
˙ & ˙˙ ˙˙˙ ##˙˙˙˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙D7/–9/–13
˙ of the song in example 11, the ascending b ˙˙
31.11 In the second
˙ ˙˙ measure ? b
?˙
chord precedes
˙ ˙ bb ˙ a decep-
the suspension for E-6. In this example, we see again ˙˙
tive cadence V7 ➞ VI; this time
11 & b
b in G minor. D7, which is the
˙˙˙ ... # ˙˙˙ .. œ n ˙˙˙ œœœ ˙˙. . secondary dominant for the VI
˙ . ˙ (Gm7) of B-, resolves decep-
? b b ˙˙ .. ˙.
˙˙ .. ˙˙ .. n œ
tively to VI (E-) of VI. See also
lesson 38.20.

* See the chapter on Deviations from the usual resolution of the dominant 7th chord in volume 2.
& ˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙
˙ ˙
? ˙˙ ˙ ˙b
104 b˙ ˙
Exercises:
✔ Play the examples in this lesson.
✔ In exercises 1, 2 and 3 at the end of lesson 28 find those passing chords which
can be substituted by scale-tone approach and alternating chords.
✔ Slowly play the following melodies with the chords as written, and distinguish
the approach chords.
Chord extensions appearing in the melody and some colouring extensions
have not always been included in the chord symbols. Add those where suit-
able.

Exc.1
œ. œ w
& b œ . Jœ œ œ w œ œ J
F C+o Dm7 B7/+11 B- F+o Gm7 C7

&b œ œ œ œ œ
œ œ œ
w w
Am7 G+o Gm7 C7 E-7/9/+11 D7 G7 D-7 C7
/ / / /

b
Exc.2 &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ ˙ w
B- E- Dm7F+oF+o/GGm7 Cm7 G-7/13 F7sus F7

&b ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
Lesson 32 Leading chords
Leading chords are embellishing chords, which do not exist in traditional harmony.
They represent ab form of∑parallel harmony. ∑ So far, we haven't met them in the
&
preceding pages. Leading chords played an important role in the harmonies applied
in jazz, especially in the forties. This role, although not yet played out, has neverthe-
less lost part of its novelty. Even so, leading chords are important enough to spend a
lesson on them.
In nearly all cases,
∑
& b leading chords ∑
are applied for a rather stylish reharmonization of
standards, mostly substituting for diminished 7th chords and secondary dominants.
Often leading chords are in conflict with the melody, and are therefore mainly ap-
plied in chord progressions used for improvisation. We typically hear leading chords
in harmonies of &pieces
b specifically
∑ composed ∑ for jazz.
32.1 A leading chord mainly consists of leading tones, which, as we know, move in
descending or ascending half steps. Likewise we talk about descending and
ascending leading chords.
32.2
&b ∑ ∑
A leading chord can function as a passing, neighbouring (alternating) and ap-
proach chord. Sometimes the leading chord is applied as a suspension, in
which case it falls on a stressed beat.

105
 32.3 The leading chords can resolve in parallel, oblique and in contrary motion. In
the oblique motion only one tone, usually the lead, is static; we can see such a
sonority as a partial leading chord. & ∑ ∑
& ∑ ∑
Dominant 7th chords, descending or ascending with a half step, are∑ dominants.
∑
Do not confuse them with leading chords.
&
? ∑ ∑∑
? ∑ & ∑ ∑∑
32.4 Minor and major 7th chords are the most fre- & ∑∑
? ∑∑
quently applied leading chords. & ˙ ∑∑b ˙
?
1 ?
& ˙˙ b b∑b ˙˙ ˙˙∑∑
32.5 The examples 1–5 show a chromatic passing ? ˙˙˙b b∑b ˙˙˙
& ˙˙
˙˙˙∑
leading chord between III and II. The same pro- ? ˙˙ b b bb ˙˙
& ˙
gressions in these examples can also be read
?
& ˙˙ b b b ˙˙ ˙˙
from the right to the left II ➞ III. In that case
? ˙˙ b b bb ˙˙
& ˙˙
& ˙˙˙ bbb bb ˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙
E-m7 is renamed D+m7: Dm7 D+m7 | Em7
2
& ˙˙ b bb ˙˙
? ˙˙˙
32.6 In the examples 2 and 3, the lead moves in con- ? ˙˙˙ bb b˙˙˙
& ˙˙
trary motion with the other voices. In example ? ˙˙˙ b bb ˙˙
& ˙˙
?
& ˙˙ bb ˙ ˙˙
4, the lead is a neighbouring tone. In example 5 ? ˙˙˙ b b b ˙˙˙ ˙˙
the lead first moves in contrary, and subse-
&
quently in oblique motion.
& ˙˙ b b b ˙˙
? ˙˙
& ˙˙ b b bbb˙˙˙˙
? ˙˙
? ˙˙b b bb˙˙˙
& ˙˙
32.7 The entire progression in example 6 moves in 3 & ˙˙˙
oblique motion; the lead (e) is static. The pro-
? ˙˙ b b b ˙˙
?
& ˙˙ b b b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
gression C&➝C+m7 can hardly be considered a ? ˙˙ b b b ˙˙˙
&
leading chord progression; it can normally not
˙˙
? ˙˙ b b b˙˙˙˙
& ˙˙
be played in the opposite direction.* We should & ˙˙ bb b˙˙˙
? ˙
not forget that, as its name already implies, the ? ˙˙˙ b bbb˙˙˙˙
& ˙˙˙
˙
target to which the leading chord leads is more ? ˙˙ bbb˙˙
& ˙˙
4 ?
important than its starting point. The succes- & ˙ bb ˙ ˙˙
sion of the chords invariably is: arbitrary chord & ˙˙˙ b bb ˙˙
? ˙˙
→ leading chord → resolution chord, by which
? ˙˙ b bb ˙˙
& ˙
& ˙˙ b bbb˙˙˙˙˙
? b ˙˙˙
the most important tones of the leading chord & b ˙˙
and its resolution form congruent chords.
? ˙˙b bbb˙˙ ˙ b ˙˙˙˙
? ˙˙ b b b ˙˙
&
32.8 Although the congruence of the chords in ex-
?
& ˙˙ b b b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙
5 ? ˙˙ b b b ˙˙˙
& b ˙˙
ample 5, E-m7/11➝DO, is incomplete, we b ˙˙˙
nevertheless call E-m7/11 a leading chord for
& ˙˙ b b b˙˙˙˙
?
& ˙˙ #˙˙b ˙
? ˙˙
DO. Consequently, the reverse is also true. The ? ˙˙˙ # ˙˙b˙˙
& ˙˙
congruence of the leading chord and its reso- ? ˙˙˙ ## ˙˙˙
& ˙˙ -2-
˙ -2-
lution doesn't have to be complete. The chord ?
& ˙ ## ˙ ˙˙˙˙ -2-
can be applied as such, as long as the essential ? ˙˙˙ ## ˙˙˙
& ˙˙
tones are present in both. In the examples, we 6 & ˙˙˙ ## ˙˙˙
? ˙˙˙ -2-
-2-
see at least the correspondence of the root, the ? ˙ #˙ ˙ -2-
third, and the seventh. This is normally suffi- ? ˙ #˙ ˙
cient to call the progression a leading-chord
progression.

* C+m7➝C& is not a complete leading chord progression, however, one may hear it played by pianist Lenny Tristano.

106
32.9 As said before, leading chords are often applied as a substitute for dominant
7th chords or for passing and approaching diminished 7th chords.
∑ In∑example
1, instead of E-m7, we could have heard A7/–9 or C+o under the b- in the
&
lead. In bars 7 and 8 of JUST FRIENDS, the leading chord A-m7 fits the
? ∑ diminished
melody excellently. It substitutes A-o, the passing subdominant ∑
7th chord between III en II (example 12).
32.10 Often,&leading
∑ chords
∑ have a distinctive surprise effect. bWeœ should keep in w
˙˙ b w w
& œ œ œœ the
mind, however, that the novelty of surprises wears off quickly. Notice ˙˙ sus-
˙ b w ww
pending leading
? ∑ chord∑ A-m7/9 in measures 6-8 of …M ?ISSb JONES œ shown
˙ ˙ in b w
˙ ˙ bw ˙
example 7 (✽). # œ ˙
✽
7 b œ ˙ w w
& œ œ œœ ˙ ˙ b b ww
˙ ˙ ww & ∑ # œœœ b œœœ ∑ b œœœ b b œœœ b b œœœ ww
?b œ ˙ ˙ bw ˙ &
#œ ˙ ˙ bw ˙˙ ? # œ œ # œ n œ b œœ bw
˙
? ∑ œ bœ ∑ œ b œ bw
Because the leading chord in this example falls on the first beat of a strong
(odd)& measure, # œœœ the b œœœ chord
b œœ isb rather
œœ b b œœœa suspensionw for Gm7 than
œœ .. a passing
œœ .. b œœ chordww
between Am7 and Gm7.
œ b œ w &b œ
? #œ bœ #œ nœ bœ œ œ b w & œœ .. bœb œœœ.. œœ b ˙œ ˙˙ w b b ww w
ww
32.11 To make up a œsuitable œ(surprise-) bœ leading
œ .. b b œ .. one
b w chord under?a melody, b ˙œœshould
˙ ww w
œ œ œ ˙
keep in mind that the melody tone we intend to provideb with the
? œ
˙ ˙˙ w bb ww
# œ 'surprise ˙
chord' should
˙
œœ .. be œœ .. a common œ w tone for both the new chord and the original
˙ JONES, ˙ thewwb- in
chord& under the melody. b œ This w requires some skill. In …MISS
the melody œœ ... isb bthe œœ ... 3 bofœ Gm7, w which is the original
& ˙under˙˙ the melody.
chord
˙ bw
bwœ œ b œœ
œ b œ b œ w & ˙ # œ˙ œ
œ b
A-m7 is the œ . descending
b œ . œ leading w chord. The 9 (b-) of A-m7/9 isœ the common
? œ w ˙ œ b œ œ bœ
? ˙ wœ b œ b œœ ww
tone. ? #œ œ #œ nœ bœ bw
œ✽ b œ œ b œ bw
32.12 With oblique motion ofwa leading chord, the 9
˙ ˙ w
&∑ ˙˙ ˙˙∑leading
of a descending b w chord, in example 8
8 b
˙˙ b ˙˙
. .
w
&f in E-m7/9
the ˙˙ ˙ (✽), becomes bw the octave dou-
&
& œb ˙. œ . b œww ww
œ ˙ b œ
˙ œ
?
bling of the 3 of˙ the resolution (f in Dm7); the
w œ . b œ˙ . w
b
? ∑ ? ˙ . b˙. bœ w
octave doubling ∑of the 3 of an ascending lead- ? œœœ .. b b b œœœ .. b œœœw www
ing chord – in example 9, the g of Em7 (✽) –
becomes
˙˙ 9 of
the b
˙ the resolution
˙ w (g in Fm7/9). ✽
& œ b
b b œ˙ œ œ ˙ ˙˙ b ˙ w
w w w & ˙ ˙∑ w
32.13
&
Also m& or m6 chords œb ˙ ˙ wcanb be
b w appliedww as lead- 9 & ˙˙ ˙˙ b ww
˙ ˙ w
ing
?chords
? ˙ (example
œb ˙ ˙ ˙10). w The b w strong ˙ compul- ? ˙˙ ˙∑ b w
sory bprogression # œ of ˙a leading
˙ chord
˙˙ be
can ? w
bw ˙ ˙
& ∑ ✽
10 & # œœœ b œœœ b œœœ b b œœœ b b œœœ ww such, that ˙˙ a˙ conflicting w
? tone&occurring
b ˙ b ˙
b ˙ in theww lead
∑
? # œ b œœ # œ n œ b œœ b w hardly b interferes:
˙ b˙ wb- in
œ œ bœ b w Am6 (✽). Notice also
? ˙ b ˙ w the
œœ .. œœ .. œ ww
& bœ & ∑
œœ ... b b œœ ... b b œœ ww 107
? œœ . b b œœ . œœ ww ? ∑
 b #œ ˙ ˙ bw ˙˙
˙

# œœœ b œœœ b œœœ b b œœœ b b œœœ

& ww
? # œ œ # œ n œ b œœ bw
leading chord (✽) in Jerry Mulligan's ROCKER in exampleœ b œ11 (notœ b easyœ to bw
play on the piano!). Without a prob-
✽
lem, we hear a major third (f) in the œœ .. œœ .. b œœ ww
lead of a minor 7th chord (D-m7). 11 &
This phenomenon one often hears in œœ .. b b œœ .. b œ ww
a succession of leading chords. It can ? œœ .. b b œœ .. b œœœ ww
give an attractive, rugged charac-
ter to the progression ˙ D-m7˙ Cm7w
32.14 A minor 7th chord, applied as a descending leading
˙˙ ˙˙can beb wwseen as a II
& chord,
˙ bybaw V7, or the
in a key a half step above the main key. It could be˙˙followed
progression in the new key could be manipulated?in an other˙ way.wObviously,
time and space have to be available for this procedure. In a ballad tempo, half
a bar will probably be sufficient. In a faster tempo, however, the leading chord
should last one measure at the least.
˙ ˙ w
& b ˙˙ b ˙
b ˙ w w
32.15 In JUST FRIENDS, mentioned previously (32.9), the leading
b ˙ b ˙ chord
w (A-m7)
stays for two bars. Usually, the song is played in a medium tempo,w which pro-
? ˙ b ˙
vides sufficient time for some manipulation.
In example 12, we see under the b in the melody of the 3rd and 4th measures,
six possible harmonizations : & ∑
3 ? ∑
12 &b w œ œ œœœ œ œ . œj œ . œj ˙
nw ˙.
1 Am7 h A-o h Gm7 C7
2 A-m7 h
3 A-m7 D-7
4 & œ œ bœ ˙ A-m7 E-7
œ œ bœ œ bœ œ w A-m7 D-7
5 A-m7 A7/9 A-m7 D-7
6 A-m7 Am7/9 A-m7 D-7

➢ 1:
& b ‰original
j œ œchords.
œ œ bœ ˙ œ ˙
➢ 2: leading
œ chordœA-m7 replacing A-o.œ
➢ 3: V7 (D-7) added to A-m7, forming a II–V progression in G-.
➢ 4: alternating chord E-7(/–9/–13), and added V7 (D-7).
➢ 5: œ w of E-7(/–9/–13), w added V7 (D-7).
& b tritone
œ œ relation œ œA7/9 œ and
b œ
➢ 6: leading chord A-m7, alternating chord Am7/9 and added V7(D-7).
The passing chords in progression 4 are scale-tone chords in G-, in which key
A-m7 is II7 (see 32.14).
œ asœ well œ ˙ ˙
For accompaniment
˙ ˙ œ as improvisation, such
˙ reharmonizations
˙ can on
&
occasion present lively possibilities, but don't overdo it!

œ
& ˙ #˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ œ œ bœ bœ œ w
108
Exercises:
✔ Play minor 7th chords in root position, with arbitrary voicing, chromatically
ascending and descending over at least one octave. Don't forget to listen care-
fully! Try to gain some fluency.
✔ Do the same with m7/9 chords en m7/11 chords. Also with major 7 and ma-
jor 7/9 chords.
✔ Play in the same way a II-V progression chromatically up and down the key-
board.
✔ Play all the examples in this lesson.
33
3
3
3
✔ Play following
& bb exercises.
ww œœ œplaces marked with ✗,œ insert
œœ œœAtœ the œ . the
jj œ appropriate
. jj
leading chord
& or/and
& b w dominant
œ œ œœ œ œœ7thnn wwchord. At ˙˙the
.. places
œ marked
œ
œ œ j ˙˙˙?, ex-
œœ .. œ œœ .. with
j œ
tend the chords with appropriaten colouring
w tones
˙ . (extensions œ and œ added
tones).

& œœ œœ bb œœ ˙˙ œœ œœœ bb œœ œœ bb œœ œ w
Exc.1 & œ
& œ bœ ˙ œ b œ œ b œ œœ ww
Em7 ✗ Dm7 G7/? C/ ?

& bb ‰‰ j œœ œ œ b œ ˙˙ ˙˙
Exc.2 & œœj œœ œœ œœ œœ
&b ‰
œ œ œœ œœ bb œœ ˙
œ ˙
œ œ œ
F/ ? Am7 ✗ Gm7/ ?

& bb bbb œœ œœ œœ
ww œœ
œ œœ œœ œœœ
ww
Exc.3 & w w
&b œ œ œ œ œ
✗ Cm7 F7 B-/ ?

˙˙ ˙˙ œœ œœ œ œœ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
Exc.4 & ˙ ˙ œ œ œœ œ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
&
&
C ✗ Dm7 ✗ Em7 ✗ Dm7 G7/?

œœ b œ œ
Exc.5 & ˙˙ ## ˙˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙˙ œœ œœ bb œœ œ bb œœ œœ ww
&
&Em7
˙ #✗˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ œ œ bœ w
Dm7 ✗ Em7 ✗ Dm7

In some of these exercises, more then one possibility is applicable.

✔ Try to find some more leading chords under the melody of AUTUMN
LEAVES. See exercise 3.
✔ Try also to find some leading chords in HOW HIGH THE MOON. They
should fit under the melody.

109
 SOME TIPS FOR CHORD VOICING

◆ A chord played on the piano is supposed to produce one single sound. Al-
though it is usually played with two hands, it is not made up of a left and a
right half. Traditional harmony gives an octave as the maximum distance be-
tween the middle voices. In my opinion, on the piano this is already too much.
Therefore, the interval between the tone played with the thumb of the left
hand, and the one played with the thumb of the right, should not exceed the
interval of a sixth, but dividing the voices evenly over both hand sounds still
better.
◆ Unless some of its tones are doubled in a higher register, the voicing of a
chord in root position generally sounds best, if the larger intervals are posi-
tioned in a lower register than the smaller ones. Therefore, it is preferred to
position the second lowest tone at least a fifth or, still better, a sixth, seventh
or a tenth over the bass. In many cases, however, this tip is overlooked .
◆ The seventh and third of a chord sound best in the middle register – i.e. in
front of the pianist. If in the melody, they usually are doubled in a lower reg-
ister.
◆ The bass of a chord usually is positioned in a register not higher than the c of
the great octave. Only rarely it reaches g small octave. This tone is a fourth
below middle c. Also to this tip one often pays no attention.
◆ The 13 of a dominant seventh chord is rarely found directly over the fifth. Of-
ten the fifth of a dominant seventh chord is omitted altogether, specifically if
the 13 is present.
◆ The 13 as well as the –13 of a dominant seventh chord are preferably not po-
sitioned below the seventh
◆ A dim chord usually sounds better, if the added (non-chord) tone in the
melody is positioned not directly over a chord tone, as the added tone origi-
nally substitutes – suspends – the chord tone. The chord tone, therefore, is
much rather omitted. See also the examples in lesson 22.
◆ In general, the following tones are preferred not to be combined in one chord:
–13 or –6 and 5, 13 and +5, and any altered and unaltered tone: 7 and &, 9
and –9, 13 and –13, etc. The only exception is the combination of –10 and
major third, with the remark that 3 should be below –10.
◆ In a root-positioned chord the 9 is usually not directly over the octave dou-
bling of the root tone. Besides, the 9 as colouring extension is not always ap-
propriate. The harmonic function of the chord tends to get obscured, due to
the occurrence of an interfering triad in the chord's upper-structure, if the 9 is
the highest tone below the lead and the bass is in too high a register. It is usu-
ally prefered in those cases, to lower the bass or replace the 9 by the 3.

110
CHAPTER 7 ALTERATIONS AND ALTERED CHORDS

In the previous lessons we already met a number of chords in which altered tones
were present, e.g. secondary dominants, diminished 7th chords on +II and +IV, domi-
nant seventh chords with –5 and +5, tritone related dominant 7th chords and some
non-scale tone extensions of chords such as +11 and +9.
In this chapter we will discuss the theoretical justification of altered tones and chords
in general, and the application of alterations that we haven’t met so far.

Lesson 33 Alterations in general

33.1 An alteration is a scale tone which is chromatically raised or lowered.
There are three reasons for altering a tone or a chord:
(1) to bring in a leading tone
(2) to colour a chord or sonority
(3) to change key in a modulation or a tonal excursion
These reasons can overlap or supplement each other.
The root or any other tone of a scale-tone chord, except the root tone of the
tonic (see 33.5), can be altered, thus forming an altered chord. An accidental
chromatic embellishing tone (passing tone, neighbouring tone etc.) in one of
the voices, however, doesn't necessarily result in an altered chord.
Any altered triad and 7th chord, except for the ones already inverted (e.g.
Neapolitan sixth chord, etc.), can be inverted. We will notice, however, that
some inversions of altered chords are more frequently used than others and
that not all altered chords are equally common.
33.2 A chord can be an altered chord in one key, while in another key the same
chord is composed of scale tones, i.e. tones belonging to the key in which it
occurs unaltered. In this context the key includes major, minor and minor-ma-
jor (mixture).
For instance, D+o is an altered chord in the key of C (+II) and a scale-tone
chord (VII7) in E minor. B7 is an altered chord on VII in the key of C, and a
scale-tone chord on V in E major.
Some altered chords do not belong to any key. For example, a dominant 7th
chord on V with a diminished fifth, or a diminished 7th chord on +II or +IV
with a diminished third include non-scale tones in any key.
33.3 Some are inclined to consider tones borrowed from minor as alterations in-
stead of tones belonging to the extended major key. This has resulted in the
use of the abbreviated symbol G7alt instead of the notation G7/–10/–13. This
chord is composed of scale tones derived from C minor; alterations are not
present. Therefore, we prefer to speak of V7, extended with –10 and –13 from
or borrowed from C minor, or in short, extended V7 from minor.
Chords applied in major, in which tones occur from parallel minor or minor-major,
are usually not considered altered chords.

111
 We will maintain the custom to speak of 'borrowed from minor', if tones derived from minor occur in a major
key, and of 'minor-major' chords or chord progression, if these are derived from minor-major.

33.4 At times, one encounters a chord or chord progression for which the har-
monic analysis is ambiguous. For example, D7 in the key of C major can be
seen as secondary dominant for V (double dominant), as altered subdominant
or simply as an altered chord on II.
B7/-9/D+ ➝ C/E can be seen as V7➞VI in E minor, or as altered VII%➞I6 or
+II➞I6, in C major. All points of view are correct and applicable. Only the con-
text will decide which interpretation is best suited.
33.5 It is common practice to regard a chord in which an altered tonic (finalis of the
scale) occurs, as not belonging to the key. These chords are seen as secondary
dominants, usually for II. For instance, A7 and F+ are no altered VI and IV in
C, but regarded as secondary dominants, respectively [V7] and [III] for II. In
both chords the c (tonic) has been raised to c+. The only exception to this rule
is the dominant 7th chord on V extended with +11, e.g. G7 extended with c+
in the key of C. In this chord we find a discrepancy between the western tonal
system and the overtone series.*

In the summary below we see a number of altered chords which are more or less common in jazz. They will be
separately treated in the following lessons of this chapter. We will also go into various aspects of the augmented
triad and will meet the octotonic scale and the octotonic tone system, both resulting from the diminished 7th
chord.

33.6 Altered chords most applied in jazz

(1) Neapolitan sixth chord. -II6 Major triad of lowered II. The 3 is in the
Lesson 34.1-2. bass and should be doubled.
(2) 7th chord of lowered II. -II7 Major 7th chord (&) on the lowered II.
Lesson 34.3.
(3) Raised II7. Can be invert- +II7 Usually this is a diminished 7th chord;
ed and is often heard in its root and 3rd of II are simultaneously
first inversion (%). raised. The chord also occurs with only
Lesson 35. the root raised, forming a diminished
7th chord with diminished 3rd.
(4) Raised IV7 in major, mi- +IV 7 In major this is a half diminished 7th
nor and minor-major. The chord (O), in melodic minor a dim chord
chord can be inverted. (o) and in aeolic and harmonic minor a
Lesson 36. dim chord with diminished 3rd. The
root position in mm has no name.
(5) Augmented-six five chord +IV+% In jazz this frequently used chord is
(first inversion) of +IV7 in mostly interpreted as TR** double
minor, and mm.*** dominant (see 26.4 and 26.6); if fol-
lowed by a tonic, it functions as sub-
dominant. See also lesson 36.

* See for more information volume 2, The mystic chord.

** TR reads as tritone-related.
*** In +%, +6 means an interval of an augmented 6th over the bass.
112
 (6) Augmented-four three V+# In jazz the second inversion of V7 with
chord of V. –5 (in the bass) usually is interpreted as
TR dominant with 5 omitted, extended
with +11. See 24.5-6.
(7) Seventh chord on V with V7+ 5 In jazz its first inversion (3 in the bass)
an augmented fifth. is frequently used. See 37.5.
(8) Augmented-six five chord VII+% In jazz this inversion usually is inter-
of VII. See 25.7 and lesson preted as TR dominant. It is derived

‹
37. from minor and mm. The variant from
major is treated in 25.7.
(9) Double augmented-four VII # Diminished 7th with double diminished
three chord of VII. fifth in the bass. For its application in
jazz see 34.4.

In jazz mainly 7th chords are used. Therefore, the altered triads from traditional har-
mony will not be discussed in this chapter. An exception is made for the Neapolitan
sixth chord discussed below, and for the augmented triads which will be treated in

‹
lesson 38 and the appendix in volume 2.

Lesson 34 Neapolitan 6th, -II7 and VII #

From the alterations mentioned in above summary (33.6), the traditional form of the
Neapolitan sixth chord (1) is the least applied in jazz music.
The double augmented # chord on VII (9), slightly varied and enharmonically
changed, can be heard a little more frequently. For the sake of completeness, an il-

˙ œ
& b b ˙˙ œœ n œœœ www
lustration of the use of both chords will be included in this lesson.
34.1 The Neapolitan sixth chord in example 1 is a

? ˙ ˙ w
major triad on the lowered II. As the 3 nor- 1

˙ œ
b ˙˙ œœ n œœ ww
mally is in the bass, the term «sixth» has been

& b SD ww D œ wwTw
added to its name. In traditional harmony, al-

&b w b w
though doubling of the third of a major triad

? ˙ ˙ w
is usually avoided, the third in the bass of a

? w
Neapolitan sixth, which is also the root of the

ww w
primary subdominant (IV), is doubled.*

2 &b w b ww
b ˙ ˙ w
& b ˙˙ ˙˙˙ wwww
˙
34.2 A Neapolitan sixth has subdominant function.
Therefore, it is usually followed by a domi-

? w w
nant, either suspended or not (example 1). A

? b˙ ˙ w
plagal progression to the tonic, however, is

b ˙ ˙
& b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ wwww
certainly not impossible (example 2).
For a number of songs played in jazz, -II func-

& b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ w

tions as pivot chord** in a transition to anoth-

? b ˙ ˙ bwww
SD T
er key. In that case, -II usually is a major 7th

** A pivot chord has a harmonic function in both keys of a modulation or tonal excursion. ?
chord (&) in root position (2).

w w
& b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b wb www
* Notice the conditional dissonance of a minor 6th between the bass and the root of a Neapolitan sixth chord.

& b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ww

113
 ? w
ww w
b w ww
&b w b w
˙ ˙
& b ˙˙˙ ˙˙œ ww
& b bw˙˙˙ œœœ n œœœ www
?
b˙ nœ
& b ˙˙ b œœœ˙ œœ b ww
?
3 &
? b b ˙˙˙ ˙œœ˙˙˙ n œœœ ww
&
? # ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙ www ˙˙
? bbb˙˙www# ˙˙˙ n˙˙˙ ˙ www ˙
&
➤ We hear the major 7th chord on -II in bars 5

& w
and 6 of ALL THE THINGS YOU ARE, in

˙ ˙
? b ˙ ˙ wwwC&/9˙
b# b www˙G7/-9/-13
the transition from A- to C (example 3).

&D-&/9 wwT
In C:?SD bw
In A-: IV➞[V7]➞[I], or in C: -II7➞V7➞I (ma-

& bb ˙˙ w Db ˙˙ w
˙ww ˙ wbwwww
jor). In the transition from A- to C, D-& func-

4 & bw
?
? b b ww˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ (b)wwww
tions as pivot: IV in A- and -II in C where -II
is borrowed from altered C minor (Phrygian).

& wb w˙˙ ˙˙ wwww

w
& b bb w˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ wwww
?
In bars 13 and 14 of the same song the transi-

? b ˙b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ b wwwww

tion from E- to G goes analogous.

&
& ww
b˙ ˙ w
? D-&/9
34.3 The major 7th chord (&) on -II can also sub-

? b b˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b ww
stitute as subdominant for the tritone-related

& ˙˙ b ˙˙ b www
dominant. For instance in the turn around C(m)&/9
borrowed from minor*, D-& can substitute for

& b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ w

? #b ˙ ˙ b ˙˙ b ww˙
D-7 in its resolution to C major or minor. See

& ˙˙w# ˙˙˙bn˙˙ ˙ ˙ b www˙˙

5

? w˙ ˙
the plagal progression D-&➝C(m)/&/9 in

w
example 4. In the last bar of the first and last

? #bFo ˙ ˙ ˙b)wwCm ˙
& w˙˙ ˙ ˙b˙˙ ˙b www˙
8 bars of Thelonious Monk's PANNONICA,

˙ ˙
& b ˙˙ ˙˙ b www
we can hear D-& applied as suspension for I.
E7/B(enh.
We hear: G7➝D-& || C& (=V7➞-II7➞I).

? bb˙ww˙˙ b˙˙˙ bww

&
&
? w˙ b ˙ bbww
34.4 The examples 5 and 6 show a rather uncom-
6

# w˙ ˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙bww ˙
mon altered chord. On the third beat of the

?
‹
& #bFo ˙ )˙wCm˙˙
w# ˙˙˙E7n ˙(enh.
first bar in example 5 we see a diminished 7th

˙ b˙
& # # ˙˙˙˙ n ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙
chord with a double diminished fifth (f-). In

? # # ˙˙˙ bn ˙˙˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙

example 6 this tone is in the bass (VII #). En-

&
? # ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
harmonically changed, it gives an E7 chord

? # b ww˙ b ˙ ˙˙w ˙˙
resolving to C minor with a doubled third
(e-). In this form the chord is not frequently 7

& w b www
w
heard in jazz, but in some respect, it is similar

& E7/9b ww AO D7 ww G&/9

/E- b w
to E7➝AO(/E-)➝D7➝G& (example 7) in

?
& b ww w
b ww
which E7 ➝ AO is a common progression.**

? bw
? b ww ww
The emergence of E7 (enharmonized) in ex-

w
amples 5 and 6 can also be seen as the result
of voice-leading activity: f ➘ f- ➘ e-.

Exercises:
✔ Play the examples.
✔ Make a descending sequence of example 4 as given in the following model:
D-& Cm | B& B-m | A& A-m , etc.
✔ Make a sequence of:
E7/9 AO/E- | D7/9 GO/D- , etc. (see also example 7).

* E.g.: C E-7 | A-& D-& || C& | See the chapter on turnaround in volume 2.
** In the A-parts of Dizzy Gillespie's WOODY'N YOU one can hear: GO➝C7➝FO➝B-7, etc.

114
Lesson 35 Diminished 7th chords and octotonics

In lesson 22 we met the diminished 7th chord, applied as secondary dominant. In

lessons 29, 30 and 31 we discussed its role as passing, approach and alternating chord
on the raised II and raised IV (+II and +IV). We met the dim chord in the upper struc-
ture of the dominant 7/–9 chord and we learned about its symmetrical appearance.
The diminished 7th chord can occur as scale-tone chord on VII as well as a non-scale-
tone chord, on +II with altered (raised) root and 3rd, and on +IV with altered (raised)
root. See (3) and (4) in summary 33.6.
35.1 By means of enharmonic change, the dim chord divides the octave in 4, and 2
apparent equal parts; 4 minor thirds and 2 tritones. This apparent symmetry
makes it impossible to identify – outside the harmonic context – its inversions
from the sound. This quality, and the fact that each key possesses three dif-
ferent dim chords, i.e. VII7 in minor and mm, +II7 in major and +IV7 in minor,
gives the same dim chord, after enharmonization, a function in eight minor
and eight major keys. The dim chords of +II7 and +IV7 are each others appar-
ent (enharmonic) inversions; the two sound alike. See example 1-3.
35.2 Only the augmented triad, which has a similar symmetrical appearance, can
rival the speed of the dim chord in implementing a modulation or tonal ex-
cursion; in one step, two at the most, the new key is reached.
Example 1 shows the resolutions of Bo (C-o) in 4 minor or 4 major keys
(mm). The same dim chord resolves in another 4 minor keys in example 2 and
in 4 more major keys in example 3. We see the dim chord as VII in example 1,
as +IV in example 2, and as +II in example 3. The first bar in the examples
# ww w
& b ww (b)www
1
ww b w www ww b b w
# wwww b
# # www # # www b ww (b)bb www
# w
& b ww b ww # www ww # ww # # www b ww b w
3
? b ww ww
& w # # ww5w # # www b ww7 b b ww
w (#) w w #w bw
? w w w #w w (#) w b w b w
VII–I:? Bo ww C(m)
w Bo # A(m)
w b ww Bo F+(m) bC-o
ww # ww ww bE-(m) w
& b w b www w
bw bbw w
w
2 & bw ww b ww b www b bb www # ## ww # ww ## www ww
b w b www b ww b b ww # w # ww w ww
&
? w # # ww5 # ww # w3w w
? ww ww b w7 b w w w w w
? w w bw bw w w w w
bw bw ww Bmww Bo w Dm
+IV–I: b Bo w# w
& www b bb Fm #C-o
ww A-m Bo
bw ww w ‹ w
w w # w #
# w # w # ‹ w # # ww w
& b ww b b www # ww www w
# # ww # www # # ‹ ww # # ww
3 & bw b w # ww ww
? w b ww # # ww # w # # ww # ww
? ww w w w w w w w
? w w w3 w w5 w w7 w
w w w w w w
+II–I: Bo A- Bo F Bo D Bo B

115
 b
&b b œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ ˙

shows Bo in root position; in the remainingbbars

b b œweœ see its inversions, in which
œ
the b occasionally has been enharmonized to c-. Thisœ bœ(c-)˙ can be
& œ œthird
œ the ˙
(3), fifth (5) or seventh (7). All together, the same dim chord Bo has a func-
tion in eight different major and minor triads. A versatile chord indeed.
35.3 The octotonic scale (also called
4 & œ b˙ bœ
dim scale) is another result of ˙ œ ˙
the seemingly symmetrical ap-
˙ #œ
Bo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pearance of the diminished 7th
chord. This scale is formed by inserting ascending leading tones between the
chord tones of the dim chord. See example
& 4. ∑
35.4 Every tone of the scale sounds in concordance with its dim chord played un-
derneath. This would not be the case if c, e-, g- and a were inserted instead of
the tones given in example 4, as these tones would form intervals of a minor
9th with the chord tones of the dim chord.
& In lesson∑27, we learned that this ∑
interval is a strong dissonant when occurring in a chord. It would certainly not
result in concordance of the scale tones with the accompanying dim chord; the
main reason for the popularity of the scale.
35.5 In example 4a the scale starts on the 7th of the dim chord; in example 4b on
a suspension (accented non-chord tone) b œ for
latter example the scale
œ theœ 5thœ of theœ dim chord. In the
is divided into two halves 4a & b w
& b œww œ œ œ wœww ## œœ œœ bb œœ
ww ww
which are a tritone apart: w w
Bo in the first bar, and in
the second bar the enhar- œ œ œ œ
monically changed inver- 4b & b œw w œ œ œ bœ bœ bœ bœ
sion of Bo, in this case & b www b∫∫bbœwww b œ b œ b œ
written as Fo. The scale w b bww
w
tones on Fo equal the first 4 tones of the scale transposed a tritone down. The
scale relates to dominants, e.g. the first bar played on G7 and the second -2-
bar
played on the tritone-related dominant D-7
b ˙ b œ
# œ in˙the œœkeys˙of Cœ andb ˙ G-b œrespec-
& ˙ œ
&
tively. The dim chord can resolve to either
˙
˙ # œkey,˙which are also a tritone apart.
The tone system, which originates from the diminished 7th chord and the oc-
totonic scale (dim scale), is called octotonics.*
∑ ∑
35.6 The upper stave in example 5 shows ∑ of Bo, with in the∑ lead the
& the inversions
&
octotonic scale, made out of suspensions and chord tones. The g in the bass,
sustained for two bars, forms, to-
gether with the root (b) and the third b œ˙ b œ œ œ œ
(d) of the dim chord, a major triad.
& 5 ∑& ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b ˙ ˙˙ ∑ œ b# œ˙˙ œ
This sustained g, root of the G triad,
& is ∑ ∑ ˙
called the fundament (tone) of Bo. Due
to its symmetrical appearance, the
?˙ ˙ b˙ b˙
dim chord possesses four of these fun-
w w

* See also volume 2: The circle of fifth, the axis cross and octotonics. & œ œ œ˙ œ b œ˙˙ b œ b# œ˙˙˙ n œ
b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙
116 ? b˙ ˙
˙ b˙
 dament tones. They are written in the lower stave of the example as half
notes, above the sustained g: g, e, d- and b-. Together with the three chord
tones from the dim chord, written as half notes in the upper stave, the four
fundament tones form four (enharmonized) dominant
b œ˙ b œ 7th
˙˙ b ˙œ˙˙ œchords
œ˙ which
œ b# œ˙ areœ a
minor third apart: G7, E7, D-7 and B-7. These & four dominantb ˙7ths ˙ form ˙˙ the
(octotonic) dominant family of Bo, and, as a consequence of symmetry, also of
Do, Fo, and A-o (G+o). The corresponding tonic ? ˙family˙consistsb of ˙ theb ˙major
and minor chords of C(m), A(m), G-(m) or F+(m) and E-(m), a minor third
w w
apart as well.
35.7 The upper stave in example 6 shows 6 & œ b œ˙ b œ b# œ˙˙ n œ
œ œ
the same diminished 7th chords as b ˙˙˙ œb ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
example 5 in ascending order. In ex- ?
ample 6, however, they are provided b˙ b˙ ˙
˙
with different fundament tones from bG7œ˙ b œ B-7
œ˙ œ D-7œ œ E7
the corresponding dominant family.
˙
& œ œb ˙˙œœ # œœ b b˙˙˙œœ˙ # # œœb###œ˙˙˙œœ˙ #œn œœ
˙
On the relative strong beats we see: G7/–9/13, & # œ˙B-7/–9/13,
œ ˙ D-7/–9/13 and
E7/–9/13. Each of the chords in the upper stave ? can
˙˙ be #provided
˙˙ with anyone
of the four fundament tones and corresponding chord symbol.
b ˙
Occasionally,
? #w˙ # ˙ w b ˙˙
one of the chord tones, 3, 5, 7, or –9, is suspended (example 6),# ˙or substitut-
&
ed in the lead by the suspension (example 7). ˙ ˙
& œ œ b œ˙ b œ b# œ˙˙ n œ
35.8 The four fundament tones by themselves form a bdiminished
˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙˙ 7thb˙˙˙˙˙chord
œ œ ˙ b #˙˙˙which
˙
&
is a half step below (whole step above) the original dim chord. These
˙ funda-
˙ ˙
? ˙ within
ment tones are also the extensions of the dim chord
˙
the
n ˙ ˙n ˙
octotonic
? b ˙˙ b ˙˙ b b ˙˙ b ˙˙ tone
˙
system, although not necessarily within the key and mode in which the dim
w
chord occurs. We must therefore keep in mind that not all of the
w
œ b œœtones# œ #ofœœ˙ #the
n œœ
octotonic scale apply to a single key. Consequently, œ œ one
& #b œ˙œ b œœ œ˙ œ should
# œ œ ˙ be
# œcautious
#
not to extend the dim chord indiscriminately,&just˙˙ for the
∑˙˙ œsake of œ˙ colouring,
œ b#∑œ˙ œ
with tones from the octotonic scale. This applies
& especially to the ˙ suspension
˙ b #
˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙˙
? # ˙ #
for the root of the dim chord, e.g. c+ in Bo, which can be out &
˙ of #place within˙ a
? ˙
tonal context. ? ˙ ∑˙ b˙˙ ∑ ˙
w w b˙
35.9 Example 7 shows the octotonic ex-
7 b ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙˙
tensions of G7/–9. These are: 13 (e), & ˙
∑˙
˙˙˙ ˙˙ ∑n ˙˙
–10 (b-) and +11 (c+). The final & ˙ n
bbœ˙˙ b œ b#bœ˙˙ n œ
& b ˙ œ b œ
˙ œ
chord is made up of Bo and its four ? b˙˙˙ b ˙˙ œ ˙˙˙ ˙
extensions, over its fundament tone ? w ∑ ˙ w ∑
? ˙
g, which forms: G7/–9/–10/+11/13. ˙ b˙
b˙
We see the superimposed diminished ∑ ∑œ
7th chords Fo and Eo, with g in the
& b œ # œ˙ # n œœ
œ œ
œ # œ œ # # œ
œ #
bass. 8 & # œ˙ œ ˙ œ œ ˙
? ∑ ∑
35.10 Example 8 shows the inversions, or ˙ #˙
rather transpositions by a minor ? #˙ # ˙ & ˙
third, of D+o with two suspensions,
# ˙
∑ ˙ ∑˙
&
& ˙ b ˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙˙
? ˙ ∑˙˙ ˙ ˙ n ˙˙ ∑n ˙˙
117
? b ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙
w w
 i.e. b for the 5th (a) and d for the 7th (c). This succession of chords, after elab-
orate enharmonic change, can be seen as +II in C, E-, F+ (G-) and A, and +IV
in C minor, E- minor, F+ minor and A minor, and VII in E, G, B- and D-. This
example also shows that in some of these keys, the given dim chord extensions
are somewhat out of place.
To go any deeper into the fairly extensive area of the octotonic tone system would
exceed the scope of this jazz harmony method. On some of its aspects, however, we
will come back in the following lessons.
35.11 In lesson 32 we came across the practice of replacing diminished 7th chords
with leading chords. Also the II-V progression is often used to substitute the
dim chord. For the latter substitution, a fundament tone is placed below the
dim chord, thus creating a dominant 7th chord. Next, the dominant 7th is sus-
pended by the corresponding minor 7th chord.
Well-known examples from the repertory of standards where this practice is
applied are, among others: ALONE TOGETHER, STELLA BY STAR-
LIGHT and EMBRACEABLE YOU. In these songs the subdominant dim
chord is replaced by a secondary II-V progression for III, but instead, unex-
pectedly, a II follows. Besides a different harmonization of the melody – the
'changes' – this practice mainly serves improvisation purposes, as the II-V pro-
gression gives the improviser more insight in the corresponding key and its
tone material than the diminished 7th chord does.
35.12 Examples 9-11 show melody fragments of the songs mentioned in 35.11, in
which the dim chord is substituted by a II-V progression.
In example 9, E7/–9 is created by placing a fundament tone e below the A-o
chord; this dominant 7th chord is suspended by BO and a II-V progression in
A minor is created. E7/–9 does not adequately link up with Gm7 in the next
bar. Therefore, we may assume that the change has been mainly created for
improvising purposes instead of for harmonizing the melody. By analogy, also
the dim chords in the examples 10 and 11 are replaced by II-V progressions.

9
œ ˙ œ. œ œ œ. œ. œ œ . œj œ .
&b J J J J
A-o Gm7 C7 F
BO E7/–9
b
10 &b œ w œ œ œ œ w ˙
D-o h Cm7 F7
EO A7/–9

11 &b Œ Œ œ . œj œ œ
œ œ œ œ œ œ
F A-o Gm7 C7
F BO E7/–9

& ∑ ∑ ∑
118
35.13 In the preceding examples the diminished 7th chords A-o and D-o are not in
root position. If this would have been the case, the diminished 7th of the
chords, i.e. the g-- and the c--, would have been very unusual tones in the keys
F and B- of the melody fragments. These tones do not normally occur in these
keys; they are simply called f and b-. In the examples, therefore, the dimin-
ished 7th chords are from the raised IVth degree with the 7 in the bass (+IV2).
We see Bo with a- in the bass in examples 9 and 11, and Eo with d- in the bass
in example 10.
We may conclude that naming the diminished 7th chord after the bass instead of its
root tone, is not really a useful custom for a good understanding of its harmonic
function.

Exercises:
✔ Play the examples slowly on the piano and try to comprehend them fully.
✔ Close example 8 in as many keys as possible, as has been shown in the exam-
ples 1-3.
✔ Sing the melody of examples 9-11, and play, in some different ways, the ac-
companying chords.
✔ Play all the fundament tones of Co and C+o.
✔ Find and play the appropriate octotonic scales of the dim chords in the pre-
ceding exercise.

Lesson 36 Alterations of the 7th chord on IV

bwww
b w b# ww # b
&7b, #exclusively
In the foregoing lessons we have met alterations of IV
ww b w originating
w w w b ww from
# b ww
minor. See also (4) and (5) in summary 33.6. We came across the dim chord and, al-
though not explicitly mentioned, the augmented % chord on +IV in a progression such
as A-7➝G7➝C, presented as tritone-related double dominant (see lesson 26.4). In
this lesson we will look into its harmonic background and
b ww will
b# walso
ww discussw the appli-
7
cation of +IV originating from major and mm. Furthermore,
& #ww w we
b# wwwwill
w b #become
www ac-
quainted with the concept of cancelled alteration.

+IV7 in C minor +IV7 in C mm

A-7
bw bb# wwww # bbwwww b ww A-7/+5
w #ww
enh.*
& b # www # b ww enh.
& # b www b ww # b www # b wwww
w
+IV7 in C melodic minor +IV7 in C major
b www b # wwww w ww #wwww w ww
F+o F+O
& #w b # wwww b # www & #ww #www #ww

w #w
& # b www b www # b www # b wwww
* 'enh.' means: enharmonically changed.
& ∑
w
119

ww # www w
 36.1 Raising the fourth tone of the scale brings in a leading tone for 5, which is,
among other things, the fifth of the tonic and the root of the dominant. The
raised fourth tone of the scale can be positioned in the bass, in the lead or in
the middle voices of the chord.
36.2 Examples 1 and 2 show the traditional, and example 3 some jazz progressions
of +IV7 to V and I, in C a b
harmonic minor. 1 & bb ˙ ˙
b ˙
˙ ˙
˙ b ˙
˙ ˙˙ bb ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙ bb ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
˙
b ˙
➤ In example 1 the & b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
dominant is suspend-
ed by the $ chord of I
? ˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙ bb ww w
? ˙ #˙ ˙ ˙ w
(Cm/G). +IV7 +IV+%
➤ In example 2a +IV+# (5
& a ˙ # ˙ b ww
in the bass) resolves, 2 & b ˙˙ # ˙˙
b
b ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
b ˙ ˙ b ww b ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
as alternating chord, ˙
& ˙˙ # b˙ wwwb ˙ ˙ #˙ w
directly to I in root po-
? w b ˙ w w
˙
? ˙w ˙ ˙w ˙ ˙ # ˙ ww
sition; in example 2b, ? ˙ b˙ w w
as approach chord, to ˙˙˙ +IV ˙˙˙ +# ˙˙ ˙˙ +IV+#
V with 3 in the bass. & ˙
& a˙˙ b˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙
➤ Example 3 shows two 3 & ˙ ˙˙ bwwww ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ b b ww
of many applications ? b
˙ ˙ ˙ =
# ˙ b nw
? ˙ # ˙ w
+
of +IV % in jazz: in ex- ? ˙˙ # ˙ www ˙˙ # ˙ nw
ample 3a the chord re- ˙˙ b œ˙˙ œ w b ˙ w
solves to the tonic and & ˙˙ b +IV ˙˙ œ+ ww
œ +IV+% V7
in example 3b to the & ˙ b˙ % w I
˙ b ˙ ww
& ˙˙ *# bSee
&
see:#˙˙A-7➝Cm
dominant. Enharmonized we ? n˙ wand A-7➝G7. ˙˙ alsoww36.5.
? #˙˙ #n ˙˙ ww
36.3 When the third (a-) of ? +IV7
is replaced
˙ # ˙ by wa, the chord ˙ originates
˙ ˙ from ˙ C
melodic minor and the frequently ˙˙used˙dim chord
?
& ˙ # ˙˙ n www (F+o) on +IV is formed.
˙ b ˙ w
36.4 Example 4a shows +IV7 as passing& ˙˙ #chord ˙˙ ∑ n ww 4a
&
with the 7 (e-) in the bass. We ?
may # ˙recognise
˙ w & ˙˙ # bb˙˙˙ ww bw
? #˙ ˙ & b˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ b˙www b ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ b n ww
a ripe evergreen. ˙ ∑w
ww ˙
➤
?
Example 4b shows the original harmonies
?
˙ b ˙˙ of œ˙ œ ˙ ? ˙ # ˙
˙ ˙ b ˙ w w ˙˙ # ˙ nw
the composer under the melody. & We˙˙˙˙ see ˙
˙ C+oœ œ ˙˙
˙
b ˙ w b ˙ w
of which the g is substituted by& the passing
b ˙ œ œ ˙˙
tone a- that resolves externally?to˙the #root ˙ of ˙ 4b˙˙ & & b˙˙˙˙ bb˙˙˙˙ b www b ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ b bn www
G7. In this example, C+o is secondary
? ˙ # ˙ sub- ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ w
dominant, i.e. +II% in G, for V# in C. It is in- ? ˙˙˙ ##˙˙ www
?
˙˙ # ˙ nw
teresting to see how a simple &melody
˙ ˙ œ
˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙ can œ˙˙˙ œ ˙˙˙
œ ˙ #b ˙˙ w b ˙ w
have rather complicated harmonic& ˙ #conse- ˙ ˙ ˙˙
quences. ? ˙˙ bb ˙˙ ˙ ˙ & & ˙˙ b ˙˙ ∑ ww
36.5 In jazz, where the avoidance of ?parallel motion ˙ of ˙certain intervals iswfollowed
˙ ? ˙ #˙
less stringently, +IV7 with the diminished third (a-) in ?the˙ bass
# ˙ (%)∑usually
w re-

*Example 1-3 can also be in minor-major, in which case the e- becomes e.

& ∑
120
? -2- ∑
 solves directly to V7 (see example 3b). Enharmonically changed +IV7 is named
after a dominant 7th chord on the lowered VI. For example, in the key of C,
the f+ is seen as g- and +IV+% is given the chord symbol A-7 in which the 7th, a-
-g-, in reality is an augmented 6th (a--f+). This custom is a practical, and for
our purpose adequate simplification, although not quite in accordance with
the rules of traditional harmony. See also lesson 26.4.
36.6 Ambiguity of harmonic function of chords has been mentioned in 33.4. Espe-
cially the harmonic function of an altered subdominant, i.e. a subdominant
chord in which the raised fourth tone of the scale occurs, is ambiguous. De-
pending on the context, these subdominant chords can just as well be seen as
secondary dominant for the dominant (double dominant).
Only if a seventh chord on +IV is followed by a tonic, or by another subdom-
inant, usually derived from minor-major as shown & b b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ 6, b+IV
in example
˙˙ exclu-
˙ ˙˙
˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ #˙
b ˙˙
˙
sively is a genuine subdominant. In this progression the alteration of the
fourth scale tone is cancelled in the following chord.
?We ˙call# ˙this a˙cancelled ˙ bw w
alteration.
In case +IV7 is followed by a dominant, either suspended b b ˙˙˙ or˙˙˙not,bthe
˙˙ chord
˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙ b ˙˙
function is ambiguous and can be seen both as double
& ˙ ˙ ˙ # ˙˙ ˙
& b ˙˙dominant# ˙˙ b w and
w as al- ˙ b ˙˙ ww
tered subdominant. See examples 5 and 9. bb ˙w
? ˙ # ˙ ˙ 7˙ w
A third possibility is that +IV7, originating from major,
? functions
˙ b ˙ aswwa II in a ˙w #˙ w
secondary II-V progression for III ( see example 7), becomingw part of a tonal w
excursion or modulation.
& ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙ b˙˙ww ˙
➤ Example 5 shows F+O as +IV7 in C major. It 5 & ˙˙b ˙ ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙ ww
˙ ˙˙
can be seen functioning as secondary domi- ˙ b˙ ww ˙w # ˙ w
7
nant for the suspended V, i.e. +IV is double
? w w
? ˙ #˙ w
dominant in C major. It can be compared
with D7 with a silent bass. F&˙˙˙ F+O ˙˙˙ C˙˙/G G˙˙
& ww˙ ˙
This progression can also occur in C minor. &
˙
˙
˙ b œ
˙
˙ œ w
In that case we hear:
? ˙ #˙ w
Fm7➝ F+o➝Cm/G➝G(7) ? #˙ n˙ w
The root as well as the 3 of IV are raised. w
˙ œ
➤ In example 6 the mm subdominant follows 6 & ˙ b ˙
˙ ˙ œ ww
+IV7*. We see Fm&➝Fm6 resolving to the & ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ww
˙ #˙ nw
sixth chord of the tonic. This example shows ? #˙ n˙ w
a plagal progression: subdominant → tonic. ? #˙ ˙ w
F+O Fm& /6 C/E
˙
The following variation of example 6 can be w
frequently heard too: ˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ #˙˙˙˙ œn wwwœ ˙
F+o(➝Fm7)➝Fm6➝Cm/E- or ➝C/E & ˙ b ˙ œ˙ œ ˙˙
? # ˙ The ˙ w
36.7 In example (6) the alteration of the root of +IV7 is cancelled. ? ˙ #˙ ˙ raised
˙ fourth
˙˙
tone of the scale (f+) in the bass of F+O becomes scale tone (f) again in Fm&. w
We can hear such cancelled alteration in a dominant chain ˙ ˙˙˙ theœ˙ 3œ of˙ the
& ˙˙˙˙ btoo: ˙˙ ˙œ œ ˙˙
&'two˙ faces# ˙of IV' ˙ ˙˙
*In my classes I am used to call this frequently applied progression (F+O➝Fm& or m6) the
? ˙ # ˙ ˙ ˙˙
? ˙ b ˙ ˙ ˙˙ 121
˙ ˙ œ œ
& ˙˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙
 ˙ w
& ˙ ˙˙˙
? #b œ˙˙ œ ww
ww
œ
& ˙˙ b ˙˙ œ
? #˙˙ nœ˙ www
& ˙ b ˙˙ œ w
? #˙ n˙ w
first dominant 7th chord resolves to the 7 of 7
& # ˙˙˙
? n ˙˙˙ wn www
the next one. E.g., in D7➝G7 the f+ of D7 re- # ˙˙
solves to the f of G7. See also lessons 25. & ˙˙˙ # ˙˙ n ww
w
? #˙˙ ˙˙ w
36.8 Example 7 shows the secondary II-V pro- & ˙ n ww
? #˙ #˙
gression to III (Em7) in C major. F+O˙ B7 ˙ ˙ Em7œww˙ œ ˙
F+O is pivot chord between C and E minor & #˙˙˙˙
? b ˙˙ ˙
œœw˙ œœ ˙˙˙
or E mm; it is +IV7 in C and also II in E mi- 8 & ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ œ œ ˙
nor or E minor-major. ? ˙˙
˙
#
b ˙˙˙ œ˙˙ œ ˙˙˙
& œ˙ œ ˙˙
36.9 +IV7 can also originate from minor-major. ?˙ #˙ ˙
The 6th tone of the major scale is lowered; ˙ ˙˙ œ˙ œ ˙
instead of a we hear a-. & F&˙˙˙
? ##F+O/–3
˙˙˙ G7
œ˙˙ œ C˙˙
In examples 8 and 9 we see the rather & ˙˙˙ #b ˙˙ ˙ ˙
uncommon chord symbol F+O/–3. In jazz 9 ? ˙˙ ˙ œ˙˙ œ ˙˙˙
music the chord in this position is seldom
&
?˙ #b ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙
˙
heard. The same chord, on the other hand,
with the diminished third (a-) in the bass,
?˙ b˙ ˙ ˙˙
i.e. A-7/+5 in example 9, we hear quite fre- F&/A F+O/–3/A- G7 C
quently (see also lesson 26.6). It is a double A-7/+5
dominant, as well as an altered subdomi-
nant, functioning as dominant preparation; the alteration f+ is cancelled and
becomes 7 (f) of G7.

Exercises:
✔ Play all examples of this lesson.
✔ Play the following chord progressions:
✘ BO B-m6 |Am7 D7 | G7sus G7 | C7sus b œ œ C7œ ||
✘ DO D-m6 |Cm7 Fm7 | GO C7 | Fm7
& b
& B-7œ œ || œ œ œ
œœ œ œ ˙˙
In which key are the first 2 bars of these progressions?
✔ Play the melody of the exercises 1–4 together with the chords as given in ex-
ercise 1.
œ œ œ
& œ œœ œ œ œ œœ œ œœ
&œ œ
Pay attention to the different keys! In Exercise 4 the chord changes on the fourth beat of bar two.

✔ Transpose the exercises to keys of nearby tonalities.

b bb œœ œœ œœ œœ ˙˙ œœ œœ œ j
œœj œœ ..
Exc.1 & bb œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ ˙˙
& Exc.3 &
& b œ œœ
+IV(O) IVmm III 7 +II (dim)

Exc.2 & œ œœ œœ œœ œ œœ œœ œœ Exc.4 & bb ŒŒ œœ œœ œœ

& œ œ & œœ œœ œœ œœ

bb œ œœ œœ œ ˙˙ œœ œœ j
122 & b
& œ œ
b œœ œœ œœj œœ .. & bb
& ∑∑ ∑∑
Lesson 37 Alterations of dominant 7th chords

The alteration of the dominant 7th chord, encountered in lesson 24.5, concerns an al-
teration of V7, where the altered chord tone, the lowered 5, is in the bass. This con-
verts the common dominant 7th chord into its tritone-related # www counterpart
ww # ww˙(7/+11).
˙ It˙ ˙
& b w b
forms an augmented # chord of V. See (6) in the summary 33.6. Furthermore, in les-w
w w w
son 25.7 we discussed the alteration of VII7. This alteration also converts the w VII7 in-˙ ˙
to a TR dominant 7th chord. See (8) in the summary 33.6. The w
? w altered tone in bothw
w
of these altered dominant chords is a descending leading tone for the root of the ton-
ic (the second tone of the scale is lowered) or, if applied as secondary dominant,
b # ww forw
the root of the adjacent tonic. Since the sound and some #other
b www characteristics b ww of TRww
& w w
n www
chords are identical to those of common dominant 7th chords, we call the altered Vw 7
7
as well as the altered VII , for the sake of simplicity, 'TR dominant
? w ww 7th bchords'.ww
w ww
In this lesson we will discuss the difference between the +11 and the –5, and between
the +5 and the –13. We will also meet two scale-tone 7/+11 chords.
a b bw
37.1 Example 1a shows two positions of the w bwwww bb ww
same extended G7 chord: as a con- 1 # w
w
& ww w # w
w b
b w ww
w
struction of superimposed thirds, and w
w w
in an arbitrary mixed position. ? ww b bwww
Example 1b shows the superimposed w
thirds construction of an extended
D-7, with c- enharmonized and written as b, in a close as well as a mixed ar-
bitrary position.
In the key of C major the +11 (c+) of G7/9/+11/13 (see 1a) is a colouring ex-
tension of V7, while the +11 (g) of D-7/9/+11/13 (see 1b) is in fact the root of
an extended altered G7 chord, originating from &C minor, ∑ with its∑ –5 (d-) in
*
the bass. For the sake of simplicity, both chords are identified as dominant
7th chords, extended with, among others, the +11; the first (G7) as V7 in C
?
and the latter (D-7) as the tritone relation of the first, ∑also in C, major
∑ or mi-
nor.
The +11 should not be confused with the –5. Both belong to an altered domi-
nant 7th chord on V. The –5 of V7 occurs in or over the bass and usually re-
solves descending stepwise. The +11 of V7 is mostly heard in the upper regis-
ter of the chord, resolving upwards, internally as well as externally, or keep-
ing its place. See also lesson 13.10, 14.8 and 14.11.
& ∑ ∑
As could be seen in lesson 25.11 and 25.13, the –9 is usually avoided as ex-
tension of the TR dominant 7th chord. This avoidance
? of the –9 is entirely
∑ of V7, as
justified when we consider that this –9 is precisely the unaltered fifth
∑
well as the unaltered third of VII7, the tone which is altered in the tritone sub-
stitute. With a few exceptions, the ear normally protests when an altered tone
and its unaltered counterpart are both present in the chord. See also lesson
27.21.

* As the 7/9/+11 chord consists of the 4th up to and including the 11th harmonics of the overtone series, the ear perceives the
chord more or less as consonant. If the 7/9/+11 chord is on V, the root tone of the tonic, i.e. the +11, is altered. This presents
a conflict between the laws of acoustics (the overtone series), and the laws of traditional harmony. In volume 2, in the lesson
on The overtones, the superimposed triads, and the 'Mystic chord', this problem will get more attention.
123
 37.2 Examples 2 and 3 show the a b
+11 applied as colouring ex- 2 # w w b# ww˙ ˙ ˙ww ˙
& b www www
tension in the dominant 7th
chord on V, in C and in F. In ? b # wwww www
&
w b# ww˙w ˙ ˙ww ˙
examples 2a and 2b the +11 w
is in the lead, ascending ex- ? G7/-9/+11
w w G7/-9/+11
w ˙ ˙
ternally to the 9 of the tonic & # ww ww b w # ww w
and internally to the 5. ab ww n ww b b w
w w
www
In examples 3a the +11 is re- 3 &
? # www ww b # ww
solved ascending in the mid- b w nww w b b ww ww
ww
dle voices. In example 3b ? w ww
the voice leading deviates w b ww ww
from the usual one, due to G7/-9/+11
w bb wwwC7/-9/+11
the falling lead. For a piano & # wwww # www b wb www bbwwww
voicing one shouldn't worry too much about ww that. For a vocalbb www ensemble, how-
ever, it would be a different matter: the&given
# w
w voice
# w leading w b
would
b b
w w
w not be easy
? www ww b wb ww wb ww
to sing. To solve this problem, we'd have tow w dropw the f+ one octave.
w b ww
37.3 If a dominant 7th chord on IV, from melodic
? minor, ww or on VII from b w minor-ma-
jor is extended with an +11, w
a or b or
this tone is a scale tone in-
stead of an alteration. 4 & b www ww (˙ ) ww ww (˙ )
w #w w
➤ In example 4a, F7/9/+11 is a
scale-tone subdominant in ?& ww ∑ ww ∑ ww ww
C, borrowed from C melo-
dic minor. We see a plagal ?F7/9/+11∑∑ C&/9 (6) ∑∑ B7/-13/-5/F bEm7/4
& w
(C)

progression: & www www www

# ww
IV ➞ I in C.
7 ?b ww ∑ w ∑ b www
➤
?
The secondary dominant for III (Em7/4) in
& b wexampleww4b is here
w w ˙ b# wrepresentedwww ˙by
its non-simplified chord symbol B7/-13/-5/F and not as TR substitute. The
? ww 4a,
chord is identical with F7/9/+11 in example ∑ ww ∑ the wwfunctions
however ∑
wwdiffer.
∑
&
➤ In example 5a B-7/13/+11, is a b
a scale-tone subdominant in ∑ ∑
5 & ?& ww∑ www∑ #b www ∑
C minor-major (-VII). w www ∑
➤ The same chord in example ?b w ∑ w ∑ bw w∑
5b, but with different func-
?&
& bw ∑ ∑ w ∑ ∑ bw ∑ w
tion, is now a tritone substi-
tute (simplification) for
?B-7/13/+11∑ C&/9 ∑ B-7/13/+11 A7/-9/-13
?
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
E7/–10/–5/B-, applied in a short dominant chain. A7 could function here as
secondary dominant for II in C:
?
E7/–10/–5/B- ➝ A7/–9/–13 ➝ Dm7/9.
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
We should remember that F7/+11 as well as B-7/+11 are both scale-tone
chords in C, borrowed from C melodic? &minor∑ and mm∑ respectively. ∑ ∑
The +11, in both F7 and B-7, can internally resolve descending to the 3 and
? ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
&
124 ?
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
 b ˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
& ww w
ascending to the 5. In this case +11 functions mainly as a suspension for 3 and
? w
5, which can therefore be omitted from the chord. Resolving externally,
w the
+11 can keep its place (see example 4) or can, depending on the following
chord and the lead, move in both directions.
37.5 The +5 in a dominant 7th chord (see (7) in 6
˙ #˙
& ww ˙w ˙
summary 33.6 ) should not be confused
w
G7/+5
with –13; see the d+ in example 6, and the e- ?w
in example 7. The former altered tone be- w
longs in major and preferably resolves as-
cending to the 3rd of the following chord, b˙ ˙
7 & ww ˙ ˙˙
while the latter tone originates from minor w˙
and has a descending tendency: internally
to the 5 and externally to the 9 of the next
&? G7/-13
w ∑ ∑
w
chord.
? ∑ ∑
37.6 As the descending 7 and the ascending +5 of the altered dominant 7th chord
both resolve to the 3 of the resolution chord, this 3rd willw
˙ be#doubled.
˙ w˙ Notice
˙
&
the e in example 6. Traditionally, the 3 in a major triad is not doubled.
w w There-
fore, in traditional four-part harmony the +5 in V7 in conjunction with the 7
?w
can result in voice-leading problems. In jazz the doubling
& of∑the 3rdwin a∑ ma-
jor chord is hardly of any significance.
37.7 Besides in the melody, the +5, like the +11, can also ?
occur in∑the middle∑voic-
es. In that case the +11 is a moving colouring tone in the dominant 7th chord;
an essential element of the voice leading. See also example
& 1∑in lesson 30.2.∑
37.8 The +5 in conjunction with the 13 in a dominant 7th chord is not a very suc-
cessful combination. Also the natural 5 with –13 is a?combination
∑ we rather
∑
not hear. See also lesson 27. & ∑ ∑
Exercises: ? ∑ ∑
✔ Play the examples and transpose them chromatically& to all keys.
∑ ∑
-2-
✔ Try in the longer term to memorize˙˙ them.
b # ˙˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙ ∫ ˙˙
b
& ˙ #˙˙ b ˙ ? ˙ ∑ b
b ˙˙ ˙∑
✔ Play the given Seq.12 & b ˙ ˙ b ˙
˙˙
˙˙ b ˙˙
bb ˙˙ ∫ ˙˙˙
sequences over
b ˙ b˙ ˙ b
? ˙ ˙ b˙
one octave ˙ ˙
˙ b ˙ ˙ b ˙
b ˙ b ˙˙
range. ? ˙ ˙ b˙ b˙
✔ Play sequence ∑ ∑
12 over one oc-
&
tave, but this Seq.13 & ˙˙ # œ˙ œ bb ˙˙ œ˙ b œ ˙˙ œ˙ œ
time start on ˙˙ # ˙œ œ b b ˙˙ ?œ˙ b œ ∑ b ˙˙ œ˙ ∑ œ
& ˙˙ ˙˙ b bb ˙˙ b b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙˙
Em7/9 instead ?˙ ˙
of Gm7/9.
bb ˙˙ b ˙ -2-
?˙ ˙ ˙
˙ b ˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙
b˙ ˙

˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙ 125
& b # ˙˙˙ ww ˙ ww˙ b ˙
˙˙˙ b # ˙˙˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙˙ ˙ ˙w b ˙
& ˙ w ˙ b ˙˙
 b˙ ˙
˙ ˙˙ b ˙ b b ˙˙ b˙ ˙˙
?˙ b˙ ˙

Seq.14
˙
ww˙
˙
& ˙˙ b # ˙˙˙ ˙
b ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ww˙ b ˙
? ˙˙ ˙˙ w
˙ ˙ b ˙ ˙˙
˙
˙ ˙
bw
✔ Learn the sequences by heart, and start them on different places in the se-
quence.
✔ Play the sequences, omitting the root tone of the chords in the bass.
✔ Compose your own sequences, using the ones shown above as model.

Lesson 38 The augmented triad

The augmented triad is a scale-tone chord on III in minor and on VI in minor-major.

However, the ones we often encounter are altered chords, whether enharmonically
changed or not. Therefore, we believe the augmented triad not to be out of place in
this chapter.
The augmented triad, just like the diminished 7th chord, is an apparent symmetrical
chord. Outside harmonic context, the inversions cannot be distinguished from the
root position by their sound. Like diminished 7th chords, augmented triads are
named after their bass tone.
In jazz we usually hear the augmented triad as part of a chord, mostly as upper struc-
ture of an extended chord, e.g. of a minor major 7th (m&), dominant 7th (7), or half
diminished (O) chord.
Just like the diminished 7th chord, the augmented triad produces a tone series (scale)
which can be the basis for a tone system. It also opens the possibility, by means of en-
harmonic change, to modulate to remote keys in one or two steps.
38.1 Through enharmonic change of one of its tones, the augmented triad divides
the octave in three apparent equal parts, e.g.: c-e, e-g+, a--c. One of the major
thirds in the apparent symmetrical construction of the triad in reality is a
diminished fourth g+-c, which is changed enharmonically to a--c.
The lower interval of the augmented triad is a major instead of a minor third.
Therefore, it doesn't have a fundament tone which, together with the two low-
er chord tones of the augmented triad, can form a major triad, like we have
seen with the diminished 7th chord in lesson 35.6. However, since the lower
three tones of a 7/9/+11 chord form a major triad, the root of this chord is the
only tone which can function as a genuine fundament tone for the augmented
triad, consisting of the 7, 9 and +11 of the 7/9/+11 chord (NB!). There are
other tones, however, which function comparably to a fundament tone; we
will call them semi fundament.

126
 Doubling of one of the chord tones of the augmented triad in the bass, com-
parable to the addition of a fundament tone, substantially intensifies its do-
minant function. This creates a fifth relation (dominant relation) with its suc-
ceeding chord. See examples 9a and 12.
A bass which forms a minor triad with the root and the third of the augment-
ed triad can also be comparable to a fundament tone for the augmented triad,
as the perfect fifth in the minor triad gives a more distinct impression of the
function of the chord than does the unstable +5 in the augmented triad.
38.2 The scale-tone augmented triad is found on III in harmonic and melodic mi-
nor, and on VI in minor-major. On III in minor the chord has mainly dominant
function, therefore, a tonic or tonic substitute usually follows. The augment-
ed triad on III in minor can also have tonic function, in which case the leading
tone is a suspension for the 1 or for the 6. On VI in minor-major the aug-
mented triad has subdominant function, and a dominant or tonic, or their sub-
stitutes, usually follows.
38.3 Example 1a and 1b show the two augmented scale-tone triads on III and on
VI, together with their resolutions in C minor (1a) and in C mm (1b) res-
pectively.
a. Dominant or tonic b. Subdominant
➤ E-+ on III in example 1a
has dominant function 1 & ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙
b ˙ ˙ b b ˙˙˙ b ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
in C minor and resolves
III I VI VI III I
to the tonic Cm or to the
tonic substitute A-.
#˙ ˙
➤ A-+ on VI in example 1b has subdominant
˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
& ˙˙ ˙˙ function ˙˙in C minor-major
˙ ˙ andb ˙˙re-
solves here to the tonic substitute Em or to the tonic C.
The doubling in the bass of the g or the e- in E-+, would strongly intensify its
dominant relation with Cm and A- respectively.˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
& # ˙˙
A tonic chord (Cm&) results when ˙c is added ˙ in the˙˙ bass bbelow ˙E-+. In˙˙this
tonic chord the 7 (b) is a suspension which either can resolve or can keep its
position as colouring dissonant. The same can be done with A-+: after adding
˙ Fm& (IV
f in the bass, the subdominant prime degree ˙ 7) is˙˙formed.˙
&&b ˙˙˙# # ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙˙ b b ˙˙# ˙˙˙ * b ˙
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
38.4 Example 2 shows alterations of the triads on V and IV.
➤ G+ in example 2a has
a Dominant b Secondary dominant
dominant function and
resolves to the tonic C 2 & ˙˙
# ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙
˙˙ # ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙
or to the tonic substi- & 5 ∑ ∑
V+ I III IV+5 II -VII
tute Em. Notice the
similarity between example 1a in C minor and 2a in E minor.
˙˙ ˙˙
b ˙˙˙ II (Dm)
& # ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙
➤ F+ in example 2b is secondary dominant
˙ ˙(III in D minor)
˙ for ˙ in C˙˙ and
for the lowered VII, B-, in C minor
& or C mm.∑

* Because the tonic tone c has been altered in c+, one prefers to identify F+ as a secondary dominant instead of being an al-
˙˙
& # # ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙
tered scale degree (IV+5). Yet we use, against this rule, the altered scale degree here for the sake of clarity.
˙
& ∑
127

& ∑ ∑
 & ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ ˙˙
˙
By adding of a doubled chord tonebin
˙ the˙bass, as bdiscussed
˙ in 38.1, the domi-
nant function of the augmented triads in the above and the following exam-
ples becomes more intensified.
#˙ ˙˙ ˙ #˙ ˙
˙˙ in C˙˙major.˙˙ We seeb ˙˙C+ ˙
38.5Example 3 shows the augmented &triads
˙˙ on˙ I and on -II
and D-+.
a. Dominant relation b. Subdominant relation
➤ In C, C+ (I+5) in exam-
ple 3 also is III in A mi- 3 & #˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
nor, and altered V in F. ˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ b ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
In C: I+5
It therefore has a do- VI
& ˙ ˙ IV b ˙VI
IV b ˙ -II˙
˙ ˙
In F: V+5 III I F mm: VI I III
minant relation with VI In Am: III I VI
(Am), as well as with
IV (F). We have seen a similar resolution
& # # ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙of the augmented
#&˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙ triad ˙˙ in example
˙˙ # ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙˙
2a. Example 3a can be heard in C, in F, as well as in A minor.
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
➤ D-+ (-II) in example 3b is also subdominant (VI) in F mm. Consequently, D-+
has subdominant relation with IV (F), and VI (Am), in C. Notice the same
progression as in example 1b. This& time∑in F mm: ∑& # ˙˙˙
˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
-VI➝I or III in F mm, which is the same as -II➝ IV or VI in C.
➤ D+ in example 4 is double dominant in C Dominant relation
(altered V in G) and also dominant for Bm
(III in B minor), not belonging to 4
&C. There- ∑ & # # ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙
fore, the latter resolution of D+ does not
belong in our series in C. For this reason in C: [V+5] V
examples for the augmented triads on e, b
and a are omitted. These augmented triads resolve to chords, none of which
belong to C, C minor or C mm.&
∑ & ∑ ∑
38.6 The augmented triads in the examples 1-4, except for D+ ➝ Bm in example 4,
are all conceived in C major, C minor or C minor-major. The same augment-
ed triads, however, can due to the apparent symmetrical
∑ & structure∑of their in-
versions, after enharmonic change occur in the keys which are a major third
&
apart from C. By this property they form the key family of C-E-A-. Their
scale degree (position) and, consequently, their function will determine
whether they belong to major, minor or minor-major.
& ∑
38.7 The harmonic possibilities of the augmented triads as shown in the previous
examples can still be expanded, by letting the voices resolve, for example, in
contrary motion.
˙ ˙˙ ww ˙ w b˙ b b ˙˙˙∑
5 & b ˙˙ ˙ w # ˙˙
# ˙˙˙ # ww & b ˙˙ b b www
VI in C mm V7 VI$ in E mm V7 VI6 in A- mm V7

➤ Example 5 shows the progression VI➝V7➝I in the key family mentioned

above: w E mm and A- mm. The 5 is not present in V7.
& b wrespectively
w w7 w inwCb mm,
In these VI-V progressions, two voices descend and one ascends. Owing to

128 & ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
 enharmonic change we see the augmented triad in root position (A-+), in $ po-
sition (C+) and in sixth position (F-+).
38.8 By adding tones, adjusting the voicing of the chords, and by letting some of
the voices resolve crosswise, the sound of the chords can be made more in
accordance with the jazz idiom. For example, A-+ forms the upper structure
of DO/9. Similarly, C+ and F-+ form the upper structure of F+O/9 and B-O/9
respectively. These half diminished chords can function as suspending chords
(II7) for the V7 chords G7, B7 and E-7 respectively, which resolve to the
corresponding tonic chords C, E and A-, resulting in II-V-I progressions .
38.9 Example 6 shows arbitrary voicings of the three II-V-I progressions, a major
third apart, as mentioned above. In each progression the upper structure of
the first chord (O) consists of the augmented triad on a- (g+). In some places
the voices of the augmented triad resolve crosswise to the dominant 7th
chord, dropping an octave. See dotted lines.*

˙ ˙ ww˙ b˙ b ˙˙ b b ww
6 & b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ # ˙˙˙ # ## ˙˙˙˙ # ## wwww b b ˙˙˙
ww ˙˙ b ww
? ˙ ˙ # ˙˙ ˙ # ww b b ˙˙ b ˙˙ b ww
b˙
w ˙ b ˙
˙ ww ˙˙ # ˙˙ # ww b ˙˙
˙ b ˙˙ b b ww
& b ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙
ww # ˙˙ # # ˙˙ # # ww b b ˙˙ ˙˙ b ww
38.10 By having one of the voices in the augmentedb ˙triad keep b ˙˙ its ww position and let
the remaining
˙ ˙ ˙ # w b ˙ b
? ˙˙ two
˙ voices
˙ www move
# ˙ ˙w in# ˙˙contrary
˙ # # www motion,
w bbb˙w˙ three
b ˙˙ different
b ˙ b ww incomplete
diminished 7th chords are formed. These can be completed
& b w w # ˙ w by adding the
missing fourth tone in the bass of the augmented b w triad. Seeb w example 7.*
? w w #w w
˙˙ ˙˙ ww ˙w # ˙˙ b ˙w b ˙ b ww
7 & bw w #˙
#
# w ˙ ˙
w
w b w
? ˙w # ˙ w #w w b˙w b ˙ b
bw
ww
& ˙˙ ˙˙ ww ˙˙ ˙˙
˙ #˙ # ww ˙˙ ˙˙
w w
b˙ b ww are the result:
Three? ˙ ˙minor-major
II-VII%-I ˙ progressions,
˙ ww a major
˙ bthird
˙ apart,
w ˙
DO➝Do➝C&; ww F+O➝F+o➝E&; B-O➝B-o➝A-&
&
˙˙ # ˙˙
˙ ˙
˙ ˙
˙ ww ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b ww
w
The three diminishedw7th chords
˙ ˙ # ˙in theirwturn, can resolve within
# their appro-
priate?families
˙ ˙as discussed ˙in lesson
˙ 35. ww ˙ b ˙ b ˙ bww
w ˙
38.11 The augmented
& ∑ triad,∑ applied∑as dominant ∑ or secondary ∑ ∑dominant, can be
converted into a dominant 7th chord with an augmented 5 or –13, by adding
the minor
? 7th∑ over its∑root in the
∑ bass. ∑ ∑ ∑
➤ Example
& 8 shows
∑ such∑ chords on ∑ from∑ G to C& (8a), and
∑ g, b and∑ e- resolving
to chords a major third apart from C (Em7/9 in 8b and A-& in 8c). The three
dominant
? 7th chords originate from the same G+ chord (g-b-d+ or e-). Fre-
∑
∑ chord∑∑resolves∑∑to a minor
∑∑ chord ∑(example∑∑8b) in which case,
& a 7/+5
quently, ∑
*When the six bars of this progression are played in succession, after which the first two are repeated, we hear the chords of
? ∑ ∑
the last eight bars of John Coltrane's GIANT STEPS. ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
& ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 129
? ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
 ˙ ˙˙ ww ˙ #˙ bw b ww
& b w˙ w # ˙w ˙ # # www b ˙˙ b ˙˙ w
? w w #w w bw bw

a. b. c.
˙ # ˙˙ ww ˙˙˙ b ˙˙˙ b ww
8 & ˙˙ ˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ # www w
w ˙ #˙
G+ G+ b˙ G+
?˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ww ˙ b˙ b ww
w ˙

+5 is enharmonized to –13 (g in 8b). If resolving to minor, the dominant 7th

chord can also be extended by other tones derived from minor.bThe
˙ transition
ww
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ & # ∑
w ∑˙
from E major to F minor at the end of the bridge of Jerome Kern's ALL THE
& w w
THINGS YOU ARE is a remarkable illustration ? wwof this (see
# ˙ 38.12
˙
˙ below).
ww
? ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ˙
38.12 Example 9a shows the following progression: E ➝ E+ ➝ C+ ➝ Fm.

9a 9b & # # ˙w ˙ bb w
& # ww w˙ b ˙ ww
# ˙ # ˙b wœn ˙˙œ b n ˙œ˙ b www w
?&ww ∑ # ˙˙ ∑ ˙˙ ww ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ bœ #œ w
? ww & w b w˙ œ˙ œb w ww
b ww w ww
?E ∑ E+ ∑C+ Fm∑ ∑ ∑E ? w ∑C7 Fm7b w

This
& is###a˙˙wreduction
change, E+ #as˙ well
˙ nbb w˙˙ asbofnC+
˙˙thearebprogression
ww in &
winversions of A-+,
example
˙˙ # ˙˙ 9b. After
which is dominant
enharmonic
n ˙˙ # ˙˙œ (III) œœ inww F
w b w # œ # œ # œ b
minor,
? following
w in
˙ the ˙third bar. In one step?a˙modulation
b w & œœ from œ œœ E major
œ b œœ wwto
the distant key of F minor (8 signs
˙
w difference!) has beenbachieved. b ˙
œœ # œœ b ˙œœ Inb œœexample ww
9b, on the first beat of the second bar, the enharmonically & # ww changed˙w E+ is wex- ww
? œ œ b ˙
tended with the 7 (b-) and –10 (e-) of C7, while at the same w time #the ˙ 3 (g+)
˙ of ww
& ˙
E+ in the
˙ lead ˙ ˙
# ˙ is enharmonized ˙ & ˙ ˙
to –13 (a-), e- as˙well ˙as a- w being ˙ ˙
n˙ #˙ ? ˙ b ˙derived ˙ ˙ from
F minor,
? ˙ the˙ key which already appears on the ? first beatb œof bar œœ 2.œœ b œ œ b œ ˙
b˙ ˙ ˙ b&˙ œ
œ ˙ b œ # ˙b œ # œœ b œœ œ ˙
38.13 As already mentioned in lesson 33.1, an alteration doesn't invariably have toœ b ˙
result in an altered chord with an independent harmonic &? ##œœ#function.
˙˙wb œœ# ˙˙ œnbbChromatic
w˙ n b˙œ b wwb ˙
˙b œ b ˙ b œ w
passing tones can also create a sonority, with the appearance of
ww ˙˙ ˙˙ b w a functional
&˙ ˙
chord,˙which in
˙ ˙
fact is the result of voice
& ˙˙˙ as?˙˙ illustrated
leading, in ˙following
bw
˙ ˙ b˙ # ˙ n ˙ ˙ ˙
examples.
? ˙ b˙ ? b œ n œ b w˙
˙ #˙ ˙ & œ
˙ # œœœ #b œœœ˙✽n bœœœ n˙bn œœœ b œœœ bn œœœœ nbb ˙˙˙
➤ B+ in example 10a (✽), inversion of G+, is
V+5 (g–b–d+) in C major. After enharmon- 10a & ˙˙ œœ b œ˙ œ b œ ˙ œ ˙b œ ˙
ization of d+ to e- and of b to c-, it also be-
? #œ˙ œ b œn ˙ b œ# ˙ ˙
& ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ b œ ˙
comes˙˙ VI #(c-–e-–g)
˙˙ n ˙˙ in E- ˙˙ minor-major, re- & # w ? ˙ w
solving as subdominant to Gm, III in E-. w w˙ b˙ ˙
?˙ ✽
Example 10b˙ shows ˙ these ˙ triads from ex- ?10b˙w &# ˙˙ ww ˙
ample 10a with a different bass, which fits & ˙˙ # ˙˙ b˙˙˙ #˙˙˙
˙ ˙
better our actual harmonic perception. It
shows G+ (✽) resolving to an altered III in
? ˙˙ ˙œ œ ˙˙ b ˙
& #w w ? ˙ b˙ ˙ # ˙˙
C (EO),w which continues w as subdominant
(Gm or EO)
? ˙ # ˙ wminor. The latter progression is more in accordance with the
in D
harmonic w implication w of the C major region we perceive, than the tonally
& ˙˙˙b w b ww˙˙ b www ˙˙w ww˙˙ # www b w b ww b www w
ww #w˙ n #˙ww # w˙ ww w # w # ww
? ˙w w w ˙ w w w w
w w˙ w w w˙ w w w w w # w # w
130
-2-

& #w w
 & ˙˙ # ˙˙ n ˙˙ # ˙˙
? ˙ ˙ b˙ b˙
& # ww w˙ ˙ ww
? ww # ˙˙ ˙ ww
˙
&˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
rather remote progression of VI in E-mm (C-+) resolving & ˙# wwto III ˙ in E-;
˙˙ ourb ˙ ears ww
tell us that C-+ has no distinctive tonal relation with
w
˙#w wb ˙Gm #orb˙˙wwith
?either EO.
#˙ w
The augmented triad in example 10a turns out to be?the#wresult
& # ˙ # ˙˙ ofn˙btwo
˙ ˙˙ wb www
˙˙ b˙nchro-
matic passing tones between C and Gm/B-.
? ww ✽ b w˙ ˙ b w
➤ A+ in example 11 (✽), is an inversion of F+ 11 & ˙
which is III (dominant) in D minor. It fol-
˙˙ # ˙˙˙ n ˙˙˙ ˙˙˙ w
&# w b w w
lows Dm and resolves to Dm7, only the bass ? ˙## ˙˙ # ˙˙ n b˙˙˙ b n ˙˙ b ww
of which illustrates the actual harmonic im- & ˙˙ ww #˙˙˙ b nw˙˙˙ #˙˙˙ b w
?
plication of the chromatic passing tone c+; w
D-+, subdominant (VI in F mm) resolving to F in the ? upper stave,
˙ ˙ b˙ ˙ would be in
this case a tonally too remote pivot chord. & #w w
& ˙˙w # ˙˙ wn ˙˙ ˙
38.14 It is often difficult, due to its symmetrical construction, to establish the#posi- ˙
?
tion of an augmented triad, when it functions as a passing
w
? ˙˙wpivot˙ chord.
& ˙ ˙
# ˙ wb˙˙ The
˙
b
˙
˙ en-
harmonic change of tones usually alters its function and frequently also its˙po-
˙
sition.
? ˙ b˙ ˙ #˙
✽
➤ E-+ in example 12 (✽) is VI (subdominant) 12
in G minor-major resolving (plagal) to G.
&˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ b ˙˙
After enharmonization e-↔d+, it also is an & ˙˙ b# ˙˙ n ˙˙ ˙
?
inversion of G+ (g–b–d+) with +5 d+ (e-) in
˙ # ˙˙
the bass. It follows Em in which it is III (do- ?˙ ˙
minant). Both function and position of the
˙ ˙
augmented triad has changed. & ˙˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙
# ˙ n ˙˙ ˙˙
➤ G+ (g–b–d+), extended with the major 7th
13 ? & ˙# w w
(f+) in example 13 (✽), is altered tonic in w ˙ ✽ w˙ ˙
root position in G and also dominant (III), ? ˙ #˙ w
in root position as well, in E minor, to which w w
it resolves (Em/G). In this case the position
and function of the augmented triad stays
& #w w
w 6 w
the same. This progression can also simply be seen ? as I➞VI in G in which
the passing leading tone d+ is inserted.
w
w˙ # ˙ w
38.15 In order to analyse the function of an augmented triad in a progression, the
following questions have to be answered:
Which is the function and the position of the augmented triad in the key and
mode of the preceding chord?
In major the augmented triad invariably is an altered chord. In minor it is III
and has dominant and sometimes tonic function. In minor-major it is lowered
VI and has subdominant function. As an altered chord, the augmented triad
very seldom occurs in minor.
On which degree occurs the augmented triad in the key and mode of the suc-
ceeding chord?
Since the chord frequently is not in the same position in both keys (or modes),
its position in the key of the chord to which it resolves has to be found. To do

131
 this, usually one or more tones have to be enharmonically changed.
Which is the function of the augmented triad in the key and mode of the suc-
ceeding chord?
The function of the scale-tone triads can be found in examples 1a and 1b, of
the altered triads in examples 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b and 4.*
If these questions can not adequately be answered, we may assume that the
augmented triad is the result of voice-leading activity. See also 38.13.
38.16 By placing a major second between the tones of the augmented triad, a tone
series, called whole-tone scale, is created. Since one of the intervals between
two adjacent tones of the scale is a diminished third – sounding like a whole ˙ ˙˙ ww ˙ # ˙˙˙
& b ˙˙
tone – the division of the octave in six whole tones is, within the diatonic tone ˙ w # ˙˙
system, only an apparent division in equal parts.
Five ascending tones of the scale, from e- to b (example 14), are scale tones
of, for example, C melodic minor. The di-
minished third occurs between the leading 14
tone (b) and the lowered second tone (d-)
& bw w w w w bw
of the C minor scale. The tonic (c) is not
present. This gives an indication of the dominant character of the whole-tone
scale in C minor and, as a consequence of its symmetrical appearance, also in
D minor, E minor, F+ or G- minor, G+ or A- minor and A+ or B- minor. & ∑ ∑ ∑
38.17 Example 15 shows the augmented triads
composed of tone material of the scale E-+(or D++) and inversions

shown in example 14. We notice three po- 15 w w b ww

sitions of E-+ (or D++) and three of D-+
& w w w w
b ww b ww b ww b w b w w ∑ ∑ ∑
(or C++). If these augmented triads and w &
their (enharmonized) inversions are re- D-+(or C++) and inversions
garded as dominants, for instance as al-
tered V (e.g.: g–b–d+ and f–a–c+) or as scale-tone III (e.g.: e-–g–b and d-–f–a),
we notice, due to their apparent congruence, the key families of C–E–A- and
of B-–D–F+, in major and parallel minor. See also 38.16.
38.18 The upper structure of a 7/9/+11 chord, as discussed in 38.1, forms an aug-
mented triad in root position and, consequently, the root tone of the 7/9/+11
chord can function as the (only) genuine fundament tone for an augmented
triad. Any of the chords shown in example 15 can be the upper structure of
this 7/9/+11 chord. We notice in this example the upper structure of, for in-
stance, G7/9/+11(–5), i.e. f–a–c+ or f–a–d-, and its inversions below the f, the a
and the d- (c+) of the scale. This implies that, together with the result of 38.17,
any augmented triad in example 15 can function as dominant in C major as
well as in C minor, and, as a consequence of the symmetrical appearance of
the scale and of the enharmonic congruence of the chords, also as dominant
in all six keys of the two families mentioned 38.17; in major as well as in mi-
nor. It means that any tone of the whole-tone scale in example 14 can be an

* The appendix in volume 2 gives a summary of the augmented triads belonging to the key family of C, i.e. C, E and A-. See
also examples 10-16.

132
 œ bœ œ b˙
? œœ b œœ œ bœ bœ b˙
bœ

b˙
& œœ #b œœœ n bœœœ bn œœœ b œœœ bnnœœœœ nbb ˙˙˙
bœ
added bass tone, either fundament
# œ orn semi œ fundament, œ for each of the aug-
mented triads from example
œ
œ b
? 15. œ œ œ œ b œ œ b œ ˙
˙
bœ bœ bœ ˙
By placing successively all tones of the whole-tone scale from example 14 be-
low anyone of the augmented triads in example 15, six different dominant 7th
chords without perfect fifth can be formed. Three are 7/+5(–13) chords of
which the seventh is absent, ˙˙ are˙˙ 7/9/–5(+11)
& ˙˙˙and #three ˙˙ chords of which the
b ˙ #
third is absent. When these missing tones are added to the augmented triads,
˙ ˙
preferably positioned over?the ˙ bass,œ these
œ ˙ two types of dominant 7th chords
˙
can function as V7; each one of them can resolve to its corresponding tonic of
the key families mentioned above, major as well as minor.
➤ In example 16 we
see the two domi- 16 & b w b w w b ww w ww # www b w b ww b www w ww # www
w
ww w # ww # w b wœ wwœ w œ # ww # ww
nant 7th chord w w &w w b œ œ# w # œœ w www w
types, 7/+5(–13)
? w w w
and 7/9/–5(+11),
w w w w w w b ww# ww # ww w w ww w
placed above two
G7/-13(+5) G7/9/+11(-5) ? w A7/9/-5(+11)
-2-
b ww
A7/-13(+5)

arbitrary successive bass tones (g and a) from the whole-tone

b wœ b œœ œœ scale in wexam-
ple 14. The upper structure consists of the two augmented & w # œ triads, # œE-+ and
www C++
œ œ
# œœ b b and w
w
œœ sevenths
(D-+) and their inversions from example 15. The&missing #b œœœw œœ thirds œ wwww
have been added, to complete the 7th chords. ? b œw
w œ
b œ b œ bww
œ # œœ œœ œœ w
38.19
?
Chromatically descending augmented triads have a mutual relation which w can
be compared with that of chromatically descending diminished œœ b b7th
œœ chords. ww
# œ
➤ Just like the fundament tones added to
# œ œ
& b œœœ œ œœ œ ww # œ
the diminished 7th chords, the bass 17a & b œœ #b œœ b œœœœ bb#œœœœ wwœœœ b œœ ˙˙
tones placed below the augmented ? œ b œœ œœ b w œ b˙
(œ b œ ) etc.
triads in example 17a move in descen- ? œ œ œ bœ bœ b˙
ding fifths or ascending fourths. We bœ
hear a dominant chain (see also lesson b œœ b œœ œ b œ œ b œ ˙
&
25.14). The dominant character of the chords increases œ œ when b œœœ # œœthe bnmissing
œœ bœœ ˙b ˙˙
b œ œ
thirds and sevenths are added. In the first two & chords
?
œœ # œœbofœbœœexample
b œ n œ bn œœ b œœœ 17a
œ
b
n œœœthese
œ nbb ˙˙˙
# œ
tones are placed within parenthesis. They descendœ chromatically
n œ
œ œ b œ b œ withb œthe b b˙
œ b œ œ b œ ˙
chain; the 3 moving to 7 and the 7 to the 3, etc. ? œ œ b œ b œ b œ ˙˙
➤ Example 17b shows a chain of domi-
nant 7th chords, in which the aug- 17b & œœ #b œœ n œœ b œœ
b œœ b nœœ nbb ˙˙˙
mented triads in the upper structure # œ œ bœ n n œœ b œœ n œœœ b ˙
resolve ascending. In this example the ? ˙˙˙œœ b œœ# ˙˙˙ œœ b œb ˙˙˙ b œœ# ˙˙b œ ˙˙
&
thirds are absent in C7/9/+11 and in
bœ ˙b œ ˙
? œ œ
B-7/9/+11. This is the result of the ˙ ˙ ˙
voice leading. Also the doubling of the 7 results from voice leading.
The 13 of the A-7/9/+11/13 chord and the –9 of&the ˙˙˙ G7/–9/–13
˙˙ ˙˙ chord
˙˙ at the
#
end are the only tones not derived from the whole-tone scale w (NB!).w˙ # ww
˙ b ˙ #
? b˙ww b wwwœ b wwœ #˙ww # ww w b ww b www b www
&
# www
w w ˙ w
? w w w w w w #w #w #w w
w w w w w w w w w w
& b w b ww b www # ww # www # www b w b ww -2-b www
ww w w w w ww w133 # www
w #w w
? w w w
w w w w w w # ww # ww w w
 38.20 In lesson 31.11 on approach chords (q.v.) we have discussed the secondary
dominant for VI resolving deceptively to IV (VI of VI): B- ➝D7/–9/–13➝E-.
The progression in that example has been identified as a variation of the de-
ceptive cadence, V7➞VI.
Since we have become familiar with the properties of the augmented triad,
and considering the melody at that place of the song in question (SOME DAY
MY PRINCE WILL COME, see example 18a), the progression D7/–9/–13 ➝
E- can also be interpreted as D+ ➝ E-; D+ (inversion of I+5, i.e. B-+) sup-
plemented by its 7 (c), and functioning as altered (+5) dominant for IV (E-).
The extension of D7 with –9 (e-), shown in example 11 of lesson 31.11, points
in the direction of b
G minor, and thus 18a & b ˙ . ˙ #œ ˙ œ ˙.
of the deceptive-
1. B- D7/-9/-13 E- etc.
cadence approach. 2. B- D+ E- etc.
However, the D7 3. B- E7/9/+11 E- etc.
4. B- B-7/+5 E- etc.
chord, extended b bb ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
with a major 9 (e), rather unusual
& in G minor, J is notJ out of place
J in this con-œ
text. This points in the direction of the B- whole-tone scale (NB!), and conse-
quently in the direction of the harmonization
b of that part of the melody with
& b ˙by
D7/9/+5(–13), which is confirmed . the ˙alternative
# œ possibility
˙ œ to substitute
˙.
D7/9/+5 by E7/9/+11(–5), having& the same ∑ augmented triad∑as upper structure ∑
(see example 16); also the latter chord precisely suits the melody and can re-
solve to E-.
b œ œ œ œ œ œ
The same progres- 18b & b b ‰ œ œ œ J J œ
sion, with the same J
1.& E-/G ∑ G7/9/-∑13 A- ∑
possible harmonic 2. E-/G G+ A-
alternatives, which 3. E- A7/9/+11 A-
4. B-m7 E-7 A-
are also reasonably
∑
& (d is somewhat
in concordance with the melody
∑
problematic), can be heard in
∑
the third bar of 'Fats' Waller's
&AIN'T MISBEHAVING.
∑ ∑ See example ∑18b.
See also INDIAN SUMMER in lesson 30.2, in which D7/+5, C7/9+11,
A-7/+5/+11 and F+7/+5 can alternate the G chord; all dominant 7th chords be-
& scale∑ starting on d (or
ing derived from the whole-tone ∑ on c, a- or f+,∑etc.).
The two above examples give us a better ∑ understanding ∑ of the harmonic ∑ im-
&
plications of dominant 7th chords with a major-third relation; e.g. B-7 ↔ D7
and E-7 ↔ G7. Furthermore, they show how the augmented triad and the cor-
responding whole-tone scale can sometimes ∑7 help us ∑finding alternative ∑ ways
of applying a dominant 7th chord as V .
&
& ∑ ∑ ∑
From here on, we will leave it to the resourceful reader to discover the many possi-
bilities which the augmented triad offers. To conclude, a last warning remains: the
augmented triad should be handled cautiously.
∑ One runs the∑risk that its characteris-
∑
tic sound becomes too dominant and, more or less comparable with the use of octo-
&
tonics, gets easily tiring. Applying&these tone
∑ systems, as usually,
∑ requires∑ good
taste.*
* One can hear interesting illustrations of the application of augmented triads and the whole tone scale in Bix Beiderbecke's
piano solo IN A MIST (1928) and in Claude Debussy's prelude VOILES (book 1 nr.2).
& ∑ ∑ ∑
134
Exercises:

✔ Play all the examples.

✔ Recite by heart on which degree and in which key and mode the scale-tone
augmented triads occur.
✔ Determine on which degree and in which key and mode a given scale-tone
augmented triad occurs.
✔ Play the augmented triads on the whole-tone scale, starting on c and on c+.
✔ Place an f under the augmented triad on b and play this chord on the whole-
tone scale starting on f.
✔ Place a g under the first chord of the exercise above, and play the chord on
the whole-tone scale starting on g.
✔ Place an f+ under the augmented triad on c, and play this chord on the whole-
tone scale starting on f+. Give the chord a fundament tone.
✔ Place a d under the first chord of the exercise above (yes, the fundament
tone!), and play the chord on the whole-tone scale starting on d.
✔ Play a 7/9 chord with the 5 omitted on every tone of the whole-tone scale, e.g.
on c–d–e–f+–g+–a+. The tones of this scale are the roots of the dominant 7/9th
chords. Subsequently, play the appropriate 7/9 chords on the tones of the scale
starting on c+.
✔ Do the same with a 7/9/+11 chord of which the 5 is omitted.
✔ Find as many resolutions as possible, by inverting and changing tones enhar-
monically, of one or more given augmented triads. Determine in which keys
and modes they belong and establish their harmonic function in those keys
and modes.

135
136
 REFERENCE INDEX volume 1*

Accented, see Strong in a modulation 38.12

Added sixth 5.6, 8.2, 14.4 key families of the 38.6-8,
Added tone (addition) 27.13, page 87 scale-tone~ 38.2-3
Adjacent (secondary) tonic 18intr., 18.1, 20.1, symmetrical form of the 38.6–
24.2 as pivot chord 38.14
Aeolic Authentic cadence (progression) 8.1–, 9.1-6, page 50
~'major', also minor-major 19.9 Beat
~minor 7.1–, 19.1-2, 19.6 accented~ (strong~) 24.3, 27.2-3, 28intr.<
scale degrees on 7.5 29.1
Alteration(s) Chp.6 unaccented~ (weak~) 24.3
and scales page 98 Black keys 1.4, 6
in general 33 application of the 6.2
reasons for 33.1 «Borrowed from minor» 19.4, 21.1, 33,3
of the tonic 33.5 C-major scale exc.1
of II 34 in thirds (and in triads) exc.2.2
of IV 36 C-minor scale 4.1
of V 24.5, 37.1-2 in thirds (and in triads) 4.1
of VII 25.7–, 34.4 Cadence, see also Fifth relation page 50
of dominant 7ths 24.6-7, 37 IV-I progression 8.2, 9.7–
summary of 33.6 V-I progression 8, 9.1-6
'Alt' 13.10, 14.6, 33.3 authentic and plagal 8.1–, 9.1–
Altered chords 13.10, Chp.6 deceptive~ 31.8
ambiguity of 33.4 Cadential progression, see Fifth relation
summary of 33.6 Cancelled alteration 36.6-7
Alternating chord 30, 32.2 in a dominant chain 36.7
II (O) as 30.4 Chord extensions 9.1, 10.4, 27.15, page
Ambiguity of harmonic function 33.4, 36.6 87
'Amen close' = V7-IV$-I 27.8 & (maj 7th) 9
Anticipation 13.9, 27.9, 27.18 in dominant chain 25.13, 26.1–
Apparent chords 29.4, 29.7 in minor 20
Applied dominants, in the bass 9.1
see Secondary dominants in TR-dominant 25.9-13
Approach chords 31, 32.2 of dim chord 22.6–, 35.8-10
Arpeggio Exc.3, Exc.5 of m7 13.11, 16.7(ftn.)
Augmented resolution of 35.2
~fourth, see tritone substitution of 35.11-12
~fifth (+5) 4.2, 20.6, 25.8, voice leading of 10, 20.8, 22.6–
33.6(7), 37.5-8 with 11 13.9, 20.8
vs.–13 37.6 Chromatic page 88
~second 22.2 ~half step 6.2
~sixth 25.9, 36.5 ~succession 6.2
11 (+11) 14.8–, 20.7-8, 21.9, ~passing tones 12, 14.5
24.6, 27.16-17, 33.5, Chromaticism 6.1–
33.6(6), 37.1– Chord symbols
Augmented triad 4.2, 20.6, 38 of C harmonic minor 4.2
harmonical analysis of 38.15 under thickened line 23.10
and the whole-tone scale 38.16-17 of passing sonorities 28.3, 29.4
as passing chord 38.13-14 Chord tone page 87
as upper structure 38.8-11, 38.18 Chord voicing page 110
as voice-leading activity 38.13-14 Circle of fifths 6.5
chromatically ascending~ 38.18 Close position 5.1, 5.3
chromatically descending~ 38.18 Colouring page 88
doubling of tones in 38.1– Conditional dissonant, see: Dissonant
fundament tone of 38.18 Conjunction of tones 27.21
ALL THE THINGS YOU ARE 38.11-12 Deceptive cadence(-progression) 31.8, 31.11, 38.20
~ in deceptive progression 38.19 Decorations, see: Embellishing chords

* Bold-face print refers to lessons and chapters. '–' after an

entry means 'and after'.

Ind.1
 Diatonic page 88 ~key 18.10
~succession 6.2 ~preparation 15.5, 20.7, page 50
Diminished ~relation, see Fifth relation
~fifth 8.4, 9.1, 13.5, 24.5 Dominant chain 24.8, 25, 25.9
~triad 3.2, 4.2 9, –10 and 13 in a 25.4-6
Dim(inished seventh) chord 22, 29, 35 of augm. triads 38.19
as alternating chord 30.7 of dim chords 25.14
as approach chord 31.2-4 of triads 25.1
as passing chord 29 parallel –9 in a 25.13
as secondary dominant 18.4, 22 tritone in a 25.3
as suspension 27.8-9 with silent bass 26.7
as upper structure of 7/–9 22.1, 35.12 Dominant 7th chord 5.2, 8.3
best-sounding voicing of 22.7 +5 37.5-8
chord symbol of 22.3, 22.8-10 –5 24.5
colouring of 22.5–, 27.16 (–)9 12
dominant chain of 25.14 +11 14.8, 24.6, 33.5, 37.1-
dominant family of 35.6 4, 38.1
extensions of 22.8– (–)13 12, 37.5, 37.8
family (tonic-dom.) of 35-6– alteration(s) of 13.10 ex.8, 14.11,
fundament tone of 25.14, 35.6-9 24.6, 37
harmonic function of 35 as approach chord 31.2
in root position 35.2, 35.13 as subdominant 37.3-4
in sixth diminished scale 23 with silent bass 26.7
in thickened line 23 upper structure 25.4, 25.6
inversions of 22.2, 35.1-2 super imposed thirds of 37.1
leading tones in 22.4 tritone related~, see Tritone related
of +II 29 Dominant function
of +IV 29, 36.3 of III 16.1, page 50
of +VI 19.12-14 of VII 17, page 50
of VII 20.6, 21.1-2, 21.4-5, Double dominant 18.10-11, 26.4, page
22, 88
position of 35.13 raised IV (+IV) as 36.6, 36.9
resolution of 35.2 with silent bass 36.6
resolution of the 7th 22.6-7 Doubling 11.7
structure (form) of 22.1 of tones in dim chord 22,5
substitution for 32intr., 35.11, 32.9, of the 3 9.9, 13.6, 14.5, 14.7,
32.15 16.7,20.6, 28.2, 31.7,
suspensions in the dim 22.8-10 34.1, 37.6
symmetrical appearance of 22.2-3, 35.2– of the 7 13.6, 14.8, 28.2, 31.3
transposition of 35.10 of the octave 14.5, 14.8,
voicing of 22.7 avoidance of 20.6, 28.2, 31.3
with subdominant function 29, 35.11– Drop-two position 5.3, 9.5-6, 11.6, 14.3,
Dissonance page 38
of the conjunction of tones 27.21, 37.8 Drop-three position page 38
Dissonant 27 Duple meter 27.2
colouring~ 27.12, 27.20 Dynamic chords 3.2, 5.2
conditional~ 27.1, 27.12 Dynamic tonic 15, 16, page 50
4 27.12 Embellishing chord(s) Chp.6
6 14.4, 21.6, 27.13 (Decorations)
–6 27.12, 27.19 Embellishing tone(s) 14.5 19.6, Chp.6intr.
–9 27.14, 27.20, 37.1 (Decorations)
–10 27.20 Enharmonic change 6.5, 25.7, 29.4, 38.1
11 13.4, 13.10, 20.8 Extended dominant 7th chord 37.1
+11 14.8–, 27.12-13, 37.1– see also: Dominant 7th chord
in II7 21.6 Extension, page 87
Division of tones 13.7 see also: Chord extension
Dominant 6.3, 8, 9, page 50 Fifth Exc.1
as alternating chord 30.1-4 as non-essential tone 13.6
double~ 26.4 fall of the 13.3, 25.1
figurative~ 18 intr. ~relation 8.1–, 10.2-4, 13.3,
for the dominant 26.4 16.2, 18intr., 26intr

Ind.2
Figurative dominant 18intr. as substitute chords 32.9
Finalis 7.1, as 'supprise chord' 32.10-11
altered~ 33.5 Leading tone 8.2, 13.1, 18intr.
Fingering of scales 6.6-7, 7.3 page 50, 19.8, 27.17,
Fixed number of parts 31.6 32.1
Flat 5 (–5) 24.5 descending~ 8.2, 21.2, 27.12, 32.1
difference with +11 37.1 for 5 36.1
Flat 6 (–6) 27.12, 27.19 in subdominant 8.2, 19.8
see also: minor-major Letter names of the keys 1.2
Flat 9 (–9) 27.14, 27.20 Lowered 6th tone 19.8, 21.1–, 27.12,
as passing tone 12.2 27.19
in O chord 20.2 see also: minor-major
in parallel motion 25.13 Major
in TV dominant 25.11-13, 37.1 Secondary degrees in Chp.3
Flat 10 (–10) 27.20 Secondary dominants in 18
as suspension for –9 27.20 Major third 1.1
Flat 13 (–13) Major triad 2.2
difference with +5 37.6 Major 7th 5.1
Flat II7 on -II 34.3
as subst. for TV dominant 34.3 Melodic minor 19.4
as suspension for I 34.3 Melodic
Flats 1.4, 6.5 ~7th 14.8
Fourth Exc.1 ~3rd 14.5
as conditional dissonant 27.1, 27.12 Meter 27.2
Function of passing chords 28.14 Minor 7th
Fundament tone 27.19 as passing tone 21.3
of dim chords 35.6-9, 35.12 Minor 7th chord 5, 18
of augm. triad 38.1 as I 19.6 ftn.
Half steps, two kinds of 6.2 as suspending chord 13–
Half diminished chord 5.4, 13.5 extensions of 13.11
difference with m(i)6 chord 21.6 substitution of 3, by 4 16.3
extension with –9 20.2 with 9 13.8
Harmonic with –9 20.2
~third (3) 14.5 with 11 13.9-11
~seventh (7) 14.8, 16.5 Minor
~minor 4.1, 7, 19.5 Aeolic~ (Natural~) 7.1, 7.5, 19.1-2, 19-6
~major scale 19.9 borrowed from 19.4, 21.1, 33.3
Harmonic functions 6.3, overview p.18, ~scale(s) 4.1, 7, 19.1-2
concept of page 50 Harmonic~ 4.1, 7.1, 7.5, 19.1-2,
I GOT RHYTHM 15.4-5 19.5
in minor 19.7 Melodic~ 7.1, 19.1-4
Internal resolution 9.4, 10.4 ~mode 19.4
Interval 1.3, page II ~ninth (–9) 27.14-15
Inversion see also: Flat 9
of augm. triad 38.6-7, 38.17 Parallel~ 7.1
of triads 3, Exc.3, overview Relative~ 7.2
on p.18 ~sixth diminished scale 23.2
of dim chord 22.2 scale degrees in 19
of extended chords 28.2 ~triads 2.2, 4
of the 7th chords in C(min) page 38 Minor-major 19.8-9, 21
'James Bond Fifth' 19.7 degrees in 21.1
Key, see Superimposed triads ~enclave 21.4
Key signature 6.5, 7.2 lowered 6th tone in 21.2
Keyboard Chp.1 subdominants in 19.8
keys of the 1.1, 1.4 +IV in 26.6, 36.6–
range of the 1.1 VII in 19.8, 21.2, 21.4-5
Leading chord(s) 32 Mixed position
conflicting tones in 32.13 (see Drop two) 5.3, 9.5
correspondence of tones in 32.7-8 Mixture, see also minor-major 21.1
in JUST FRIENDS 32.15 Mode 24.2
resolution of 32.3– Names of the keyboard keys 1

Ind.3
 Natural minor, in major 36.6
see Aeolic minor in minor-major 36.9
Neapolitan 6th chord 33.6, 34.1-2, 33.6(1) Raised 5 (+5) 37.5-8, 38
as pivot chord 34.2 Relative minor 7.2
double third in 34.1 Resolution 10
Neighbouring chords, internal~, external~ 9.4-6, 10, 27.20
see: Alternating chords inward~, outward~ 9.1
Neighbouring tone 14.2-3, 14.10, 30intr. of suspensions 10.5, 27.12-14
Oblique motion 29.11 of a dissonant 27.12
of passing chords 28.11-12 of the dim chord 22
of leading chords 32.6-7 of the 3 10.3
Octave of the +5 37.5
~names 1.3 of the 7 8.3, 10.1-2, 16.3, 16.5
~doubling 28.2 of the 9 9.3, 10.4, 12.3, 20.4
Octotonic(s) 35 of the –9 20.2
~scale 35.3– of the +11 37.4
~extensions 35.8-10 of the 13 10.4, 11.4, 12.3-4
and tonality 35.8 of the tritone 8.4
Odd measure 27.5, 29.1 Roman symbol notation page II-III
Open (wide) position 5.3 Root
Ornament harmony, silent~ 14.2, 16 intr.
see: Apparent chords Root position 17.2
Parallel minor 7.1 of the triad 2.1, 3.1
Parallel motion 18.7, 28.11 finding of the 17.1
of passing chords 28.11 VII7➞ III7 in 17.9
of tenths 28.14 VII7➞ I in 17.10
undesired~ 28.1 Scale page 50
Passing chords 28 of altered chords page 98
as apparent chord 29.4, 29.7 of C in superimposed thirds Exc. lesson 2
diminished 7th chords 29 of C min. in superimp. thirds 4.1
function of 28.14-15 fingering of the Exc. lesson 6, 6.7
motion of 28.11 minor~ 7
7th chords 28.2 octotonic~ 35.3
on accented (strong) beats 29.1 Scale degrees 5.5
Passing sonority 28.3, 28.10 of C major 5.5
Passing tone 8.3, 12, 19.6, 21.9 of C minor 7.5, 19,
24.3, 27.7, 28, 28.2 of C minor-major 19.18
Pedal of the piano 2.3 Scale-tone passing chords 28.5
Perfect fifth 13.6 motion of 28.11-13, 28.16
Picardian third 20.5 Second degree (II)
Pitch 1.3 –9 in the 20.2
Pivot chord 34.2 dissonant in the 14.4, 21.6
Plagal cadence (-progression) 8.1–, 13intr., 21.7, in major 13, page 50
page 50 in minor 13.5
in jazz 9.7-9 as leading chord 32.14
in minor 19.3– as suspending chord 13.4, 27.3-6
Plus 5 (+5) as unaccented alternating chord 30.4
difference with –13 37.6 as unaccented approach chord 31.10
Prime tones 1.2 Secondary (applied) dominants 18, 24, page 88
Primary degrees 6.3, Overview page dim as 22
18, 8, page 50 in major and minor 24.1-2
V-I and IV-I progressions 8 Secondary (adjacent) degrees
in jazz 9 in major 5.5, page 18, page
Position 38, Chp.3,
close~ 5.3 II 13.2–
mixed~ (drop 2, drop 3) 5.3 VI 15
open~ (wide) 5.3 III 16
Quadruple meter 27.2 VII 17
Raised IV (+IV) 26.6, 36 in minor 7.5, page 18, 19.14–
as double dominant 36.6 Secondary II-V progression 18.2, 20.1
as pivot chord 36.8 Sekundengang

Ind.4
 see: Stepwise movement of I(III)-VI-II-V 26.9
Seventh chords 5 Superimposed thirds 13.9, 27.15
dominant 7th chord 5.2, 5.5, Superimposed triads
half diminished 7th chord 5.4, 5.5 in major exc.2.1, 6.3, over-
inversions of page 38 view p.18, page 50
major 7th chord 5, 5.5 in minor 4.1, 6.4, 7.1, 19
minor 7th chord Exc.5 'Surprise chord' 32.10-11
on the white keys 5.1– Sus(4) 11, 27.1–
on the C major scale 5.5, Overview p.18 Suspending
on C harmonic minor 7.5 ~II7 27.5-6
as passing chords 28.2 ~chords 27
Seventh (7th) ~m7 chord 13.4, 27.3
in roman-type notation 7.5, page II-III ~tone (suspension) 9.1, 11, 27
in the bass 28.5 ~4th, see sus4
doubling of the 14.8, 13.6, 28.2, 31,3 ~9th 9.2
deviating resolution of the 16.5 ~13th 11.2, 11.4
Seventh degree (VII) ~$ (six-four) chord 11.2, 27.1, 27.8
in major 17, page 50 ~half diminished chord 13.5
in minor 19.6 Suspension 9.1
in minor-major 19.8 resolution of a 9.1–, 10.5
Sharp 11, see Augmented 11 of a dominant 7th chord 11, 13.4
Sharps 1.4, 6.5 in dim chords 22.8-10
Signs 7.2 prepared~ 27.7
Silent root (bass) 14.2, 17.2-5, 26.7, of the tonic 27.8-9
36.6 for the root tone 27.20
Similar motion Symmetrical chords 22.2-3, 23.4, 35.1-2,
of passing chords 28.11-12 38
Sixth degree (VI) 15, page 50 Tenth in parallel motion 18.9, 28.13
as tonic substitute in minor 19.7 Thickened line 23
in harmonic minor 20.7 bass in 23.3
in melodic minor 19.7, 20.4 Third degree (III) 16, page 50
'James Bond fifth' 19.7 in minor 20.1, 20.6
Sixth diminished scale 23 Third (3-5) relation 15.1, 16intr.
drop-two position of 23.1 Tonal centre 6.3, page 50
in minor 23.2 Tonal excursion 18.2
Splitting of voices 13.7 Tone material of a key
Sonority page 88 major 6.3
coincidental~ 28.3, 28.10, 29.4-5, minor 6.4
29.7 Tonic 6.3, page 18, 8, page
Static chords 5.6-7 50
Stepwise organisation 6.3 m7 applied as I 19.6ftn.
Stepwise movement (Sekundengang) adjacent~ (subsidiary~) 18.1, 24.1
in the bass 28.5 dynamic~ 15.2, 16intr.
Strong (accented) ~function of VI 15
~(accented) beat 27.2-3, 28.6, 29.1 ~function of III 16
~(accented) measure (bar) 27.2, 27.5, 29.1 Triad(s) 2
~progression (Cadential) 13.3, 26intr. as approach chord 31.2
Subdominant 6.3, 8, page 50 augmented~ 4.2, 38
as alternating chord 30.5-6 diminished~ 3.2, 5.2
as dominant preparation 11.3, 13 in close position 2.1
~diminished 7th chords 29 in root position 2,
dominant 7th chord as 37.3-4 in minor 4
~function of II 13.2 C harmonic minor 4.2
~function of VI in major 15.3 major~ 2.2, Exc.2
~function of VI in minor 20.7 minor~ 2.2, Exc.2
~ ➝ tonic in jazz 9.7– inversion of the 3, Exc.4
Subsidiary tonic see: Adjacent tonic on the scale 4.2
Substitute of the tonic Triple meter 27.2
VI 15 Tritone 8.4, 24.7, 25.2
III 16 Tritone related dominant(s) 8.4, 14.11, 24.7-8,
Substitutions 25.2-3, 25.8-14, 35.5,

Ind.5
 37.1, 37.3-4
alteration of V7 as 24.6–
alteration of VII as 25.7–
extensions of 25.10-12, 37.1
Tritone rel. sec. dominant 25.9, 26
as alternating chord 30.4
as approach chords 31.2, 31.5-6
Two-five progression (II7-V7) 13
as dim substitute 35.11
Unaccented (unstressed)
~beats 24.3, 28.6, 31.1,
31,10
Upper structure 11.7, 25.4
augm. triad as 38.1, 38.9, 38.18
'Vamp' 29.13
Voice leading
conditional importance of 13.10,
deviation from the ~rules 14.9. 16.3-4, 20.3-4,
26.2, 26.5
dominant→tonic 8, 11, 12
division of tones 13.7
in dominant chain 25.4-6
in minor 20
in minor major 21
liberties taken in 26.2, 26.5
II7➞V7 13
V7-III7 16.5, 16.9
V7-VII7 17.6, 17.8
VII7-III7 17.1–
VI-V-I in minor 20.7
VII7-I 20.5-6
IV-V7 18.7-8
of doubled voices 17.5
redundant rules of 13.10
~rules 10
shortest distance 10.6
of dim-chords 22.6–
Voicing of chords page 110
Weak beat, see: Unaccented beat.
Weak measure (bar) 27.2, 27.6
White keys 1.2
Whole-tone scale 38.16-18
Wide (open) position 5.3

Ind.6