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    HNO3 Production PDF

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    Waseem Razzaq
    Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process: 1. Heat from the exothermic reactions is recovered and used to maintain the high temperature needed in the converter reactor, avoiding the need for external heating. 2. Nitrogen monoxide is cooled before reacting with air to form nitrogen dioxide. Cooling the gas avoids running this second reaction at a higher than optimal temperature, improving selectivity and yield.

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    HNO3 Production PDF

    Uploaded by

    Waseem Razzaq
    131 views25 pages
    Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process: 1. Heat from the exothermic reactions is recovered and used to maintain the high temperature needed in the converter reactor, avoiding the need for external heating. 2. Nitrogen monoxide is cooled before reacting with air to form nitrogen dioxide. Cooling the gas avoids running this second reaction at a higher than optimal temperature, improving selectivity and yield.

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    Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process: 1. Heat from the exothermic reactions is recovered and used to maintain the high temperature needed in the converter reactor, avoiding the need for external heating. 2. Nitrogen monoxide is cooled before reacting with air to form nitrogen dioxide. Cooling the gas avoids running this second reaction at a higher than optimal temperature, improving selectivity and yield.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    131 views25 pages

    HNO3 Production PDF

    Uploaded by

    Waseem Razzaq
    Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process: 1. Heat from the exothermic reactions is recovered and used to maintain the high temperature needed in the converter reactor, avoiding the need for external heating. 2. Nitrogen monoxide is cooled before reacting with air to form nitrogen dioxide. Cooling the gas avoids running this second reaction at a higher than optimal temperature, improving selectivity and yield.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
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    Nitric acid is produced from ammonia through the Ostwald process. This process involves catalytic oxidation of ammonia to produce nitrogen oxides, which are then dissolved in water to form nitric acid. Different types of nitric acid mentioned are fuming, concentrated and strong nitric acid with varying densities and HNO3 concentrations.

    Ammonia is catalytically oxidized to nitrogen monoxide at high temperatures. The nitrogen monoxide is then reacted with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen dioxide produced is dissolved in water to form nitric acid.

    Fuming nitric acid is a red liquid made by bubbling NO2 gas through concentrated HNO3. Concentrated nitric acid has a density of 1.5 and contains 98% HNO3. Strong nitric acid has a density of 1.4 and contains 65% HNO3.

    From Chile saltpeter

    NaNO3 and H2SO4 react to produce


    NaHSO4 and HNO3

    Electric oxidation of air


    N2 and O2 react (in the presence of
    electricity) to form NO and more O2
    Produces NO2 and then this is mixed
    with water to produce HNO3
     By catalytic oxidation of ammonia
    (Ostwald’s Process)
    Fuming Nitric Acid
    A red liquid made by bubbling NO2 gas
    through concentrated HNO3

    Concentrated Nitric Acid


    It is of the density of 1.5, containing 98% HNO3

    Strong Nitric Acid


    It is of the density of 1.4, containing 65% HNO3
     Ammonia
     Water
     Air
     Catalyst (Platinum-rhodium gauze)
     Oxidation of ammonia

     Oxidation of nitric oxide

     Absorption of NO2
     Mixture of air & ammonia heated to
    220˚C
     passed through a metal gauze made of
    platinum (90%) & Rhodium (10%).
     3X10-4sec
     Reaction produces a lot of heat energy.
     Energy is used to keep reaction vessel
    temp at 975-1225 K, typically 1200K
    Side reaction: favored by high pressure and
    over heated catalyst
    Colourless nitrogen monoxide gas
    produced from 1st stage is then reacted
    with oxygen from the air to form brown
    nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2).
    The nitrogen dioxide is then dissolved
    in water to produce nitric acid

    NO2+H20 HNO3+HNO2
    HNO2 + NO2 HNO3 + NO

    Thus overall reaction

    2NO2+H20 2HNO3+ NO
    Prepare a flow chart to show the
    sequence of processes used to convert
    ammonia to concentrated nitric acid.
    Write equations for significant chemical
    reactions beside the appropriate
    section of the flow chart.
    During the Ostwald process, nitrogen
    monoxide is made from ammonia at
    about 900°C and then cooled to 30°C
    before being reacted with air to make
    nitrogen dioxide. Both these reactions
    are exothermic. Why are the
    temperatures used for these reactions
    so different?
    As the gas passes through the catalyst bed in
    the converter during nitric acid manufacture,
    its temperature increases. The gas must be
    cooled before it is mixed with air.

     Why does the temperature of the gas rise?


     Why is it necessary to cool the gas?
     What side benefit is obtained from the need
    to cool gases?
    Describe two ways that expenses are
    minimized in the Ostwald process.

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