MME-Electrical-Session-2 Network Theorems PDF

MME Electrical-by Darley
MME-ELECTRICAL-SESSION-02
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS-
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND

NETWORK THEOREMS
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DC NETWORK THEOREMS
Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

There are certain theorems, which when applied to the solutions of
electric networks, will simplify the network itself or render their analytical
solution very easy. These theorems can also be applied to an a.c.
system, with the only difference that impedances replace the ohmic
resistance of d.c. system. Different electric circuits (according to their
properties) are defined below:
I. Circuit. A circuit is a closed conducting path through which an electric

current either flows or is intended flow.
2. Parameters. The various elements of an electric circuit are called its
parameters like resistance, inductance and capacitance. These
parameters may be lumped or distributed.
3. Liner Circuit. A linear circuit is one whose parameters are constant
i.e. they do not change with voltage or current.
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4. Non-linear Circuit. It is that circuit whose parameters change with
voltage or current.
5. Bilateral Circuit. A bilateral circuit is one whose properties or
characteristics are the same in either direction. The usual transmission
line is bilateral, because it can be made to perform its function equally
well in either direction.
6. Unilateral Circuit. It is that circuit whose properties or characteristics
change with the direction of its operation. A diode rectifier is a unilateral
circuit, because it cannot perform rectification in both directions.
7. Electric Network. A combination of various electric elements,
connected in any manner whatsoever, is called an electric network.
8. Passive Network is one which contains no source of e.m.f. in it.
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9. Active Network is one which contains one or more than one source
of e.m.f.
10. Node is a junction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements are
connected together.
11. Branch is that part of a network which lies between two junctions.
12 Loop. It is a close path in a circuit in which no element or node is
encountered more than once.
13. Mesh. It is a loop that contains no other loop within it..
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For example, the circuit of Fig. (a) below has seven branches, six
nodes, three loops and two meshes whereas the circuit of Fig.
(b) has four branches, two nodes, six loops and three meshes
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There are two general approaches to network analysis :

(i) Direct Method
Here, the network is left in its original form while determining its different
voltages and currents. Such methods are usually restricted to fairly simple
circuits and include Kirchhoff slaws,
Loop analysis,
Nodal analysis,
superposition theorem,
Compensation theorem and
Reciprocity theorem etc.
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(ii) Network Reduction Method
Here, the original network is converted into a much simpler equivalent

circuit for rapid calculation of different quantities. This method can be
applied to simple as well as complicated networks.
Examples of this method are:
Delta/Star and Star/Delta conversions.
Thevenins theorem and
Norton's Theorem etc.
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Kirchhoff's Laws
These laws are more comprehensive than Ohm's law and are used for
solving electrical networks which may not be readily solved by the latter.
Kirchhoff's laws, two in number, are particularly useful
(a) in determining the equivalent resistance of a complicated network of

conductors and
(b) for calculating the currents flowing in the various conductors.
The two-laws are

1. Kirchhoff's Point Law or Current Law (KCL)
2. Kirchhoff's Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL)
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Kirchhoff's Point Law or Current Law (KCL)

It states as follows:
in any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a
point (or junction) is zero.
Put in another way, it simply means that the total current leaving a
junction is equal to the total current entering that junction. It is obviously
true because there is no accumulation of charge at the junction of the
network.
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Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at

a point A as in Fig. (a). Some conductors have
currents leading to point A, whereas some have
currents leading away from point A. Assuming
the incoming currents to be positive and the
outgoing currents negative, we have
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Similarly, in Fig. (b) for node A
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Kirchhoff's Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL)

It states as follows :
the algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in each of the
conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the algebraic sum
of the e.m.f in that path is zero.
In other words, ΣIR + Σ e.m.f. = 0 ...round a mesh
It should be noted that algebraic sum is the sum which takes into account the
polarities of the voltage drops.
The basis of this law is this : If we start from a particular junction and go
round the mesh till we come back to the starting point, then we must be
at the same potential with which we started. Hence, it means that all the
sources of e.m.f. met on the way must necessarily be equal to the
voltage drops in the resistances, every voltage being given its proper
sign, plus or minus
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Sign of Battery E.M.F.

A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a fall in voltage a -ve sign.
Keeping this in mind, it is clear that as we go from the -ve terminal of a
battery to its +ve terminal, there is a rise in potential, hence this voltage
should be given a + ve sign. If, on the other hand, we go from
+ve tensional to -ve tensional, then there is a fall in potential, hence this
voltage should be preceded
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Sign of IR Drop
It is clear that the sign of voltage drop across a resistor depends on the
direction of current through that resistor but is independent of the polarity of
any other source of e.m.f in the circuit under consideration.
Consider the closed path ABCDA in Fig. As we travel around the mesh in
the clockwise direction, different voltage drops will have the following signs
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Twelve wires of same length and same cross-section are connected in the form of a cube as shown
in figure below. If the resistance of each wire is R, then the effective resistance between P and Q will
be
(A)R
(B) 5 / 6 R
(C) 3 / 4 R
(D) 4 / 3 R.
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Twelve wires of same length and same cross-section are connected in the
form of a cube as shown in figure below. If the resistance of each wire is
R, then the effective resistance between P and Q will be
 (A)R
 (B) (5/6) R
 (C) (3/4) R
 (D)(4 /3) R.
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Solving Simultaneous Equations

Electric circuit analysis with the help of Kirchhoff's laws usually involves
solution of two or three simultaneous equations. These equations can be
solved by a systematic elimination of the variables but the procedure is
often lengthy and laborious and hence more liable to error. Determinants
and Cramer's rule provide a simple and straight method for solving
network equations through manipulation of their coefficients. Of course,
if the number of simultaneous equations happens to be very large, use
of a digital computer can make the task easy.
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Determinants
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2.1 Determine the currents in the unbalanced

bridge circuit of Fig. 2.JJ below. Also. determine the
p.d. across BD and the resistance from B to D.
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Solution By Determinants
The matrix from the three simultaneous equations (1), (2) and (3) is
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2.2 Determine the current supplied by the battery in the circuit shown in Fig.
below
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Let the current distribution be as shown in the figure.

Considering the close circuit ABCA and applying Kirchhoff's
Second Law, we have
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2.3 Use nodal analysis to determine the voltage across 5 resistance and the
current in the I2 V source.
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Transform the 12-volt and 4-ohm resistor

into current-source and parallel resistor.
Mark the nodes O. A. B and C on the
diagram. Self-and mutual conductance
terms are to be written down next.
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Source Conversion
A given voltage source with a series resistance can be converted
into (or replaced by) and equivalent current source with a parallel
resistance. Conversely, a current source with a parallel
resistance can be converted into a voltage source with a series
resistance. Suppose, we want to convert the voltage source of Fig.
(a) into an equivalent current source. First, we will find the
value of current supplied by the source when a 'short' is put across
in terminals A and B as shown in Fig. (b). This current is I = VIR.
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Thevenins Theorem
It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as
viewed from two output terminals, by a single voltage source with a series
resistance. It makes the solution of complicated networks (particularly,
electronic networks) quite quick and easy. The application of this extremely
useful theorem will be explained with the help of the following simple
example
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Suppose, it is required to find current flowing through load resistance RL as

shown in Fig. (a). We will proceed as under:
1. Remove RL from the circuit terminals A and B and redraw the circuit as
shown in Fig. (b). Obviously, the terminals have become open-circuited. ·
2. Calculate the open-circuit voltage Voc which appears across terminals A
and B when they are open i.e. when RL is removed.
As seen, Voc=drop across R2=lR2whereI is the circuit current when A and B
are open.
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Now, imagine the battery to be removed from the circuit, leaving its internal
resistance r behind and redraw the circuit, as shown in Fig. (c). When viewed
inwards from terminals A and B, the circuit consists of two parallel paths: one
containing R2 and the other containing (R1 + r). The equivalent resistance of-the
network, as viewed from these terminals is given as
This resistance is also called, Thevenins

resistance RSh (though, it is also sometimes
written as Rj or Ro). Consequently, as viewed
from terminals A and B, the whole network
(excluding Rt) can be reduced to a single
source (called Thevenins source) whose
e.m.f. equals Vo<(or Vsh) and whose internal
resistance equals RSh( or Rj) as shown in Fig.
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RL is now connected back across terminals A and B Source from

where it was temporarily removed earlier. Current flowing through
RL is given by
After this replacement of the network by a single

voltage source with a series resistance has been
accomplished, it is easy to find current in any load
resistance joined across terminals A and B. This
theorem is valid even for those linear networks which
have a nonlinear load.
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2.5 Convert the circuit shown in Fig. (a), to a

single voltage source in series with a single
resistor.
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With terminals A and B open, the two voltage sources are connected in
subtractive series because they oppose each other. Net voltage around the
circuit is (15 - 10) =5 V and total resistance is (8 + 4) = 12 Ω. Hence
circuit current is =5/12 A. Drop across 4 Ω. resistor =4 x 5/12=5/3V with the
polarity as shown in Fig. (a).
As shown in Fig. (b), the single voltage

source has a voltage of 35/3 V.
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2.6 Determine Thevenins equivalent circuit which may

be used to represent the given network at A,D the
terminals AB.
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Delta/Star (Δ/γ) Transformation

In solving networks (having considerable number of branches) by the
application of Kirchhoff s Laws, one sometimes experiences great difficulty
due to a large number of simultaneous equations that have to be solved.
However, such complicated network can be simplified by successively
replacing delta meshes by equivalent star system and vice versa.
In Electronics, star and delta circuits are generally referred to as T and Л

circuits respectively.
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Suppose we are given three resistance RI2,R23 and R31connected in delta

fashion between terminals 1,2 and 3 as in Fig. (a). So far as the respective
terminals are concerned, these three given resistances can be replaced by
the three resistances R1 R2 and R3 connected in star as shown in
Fig. (b). These two arrangements will be electrically equivalent if the
resistance as measured between any pair of terminals is the same in both
the arrangements. Let us find this condition
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Star/Delta (γ /Δ) Transformation .

This transformation can be easily done by using equations
(i), (ii) and (iii) given above. Multiplying (i) and (ii), (ii) and
(iii), (iii) and (i) and adding them together and then
simplifying them, we get
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2.7 A network of resistances is formed as follows as in Fig.

(a) AB = 9 Ω; BC = 1 Ω; CA = 1.5 Ω forming a delta and AD
= 6 Ω ; BD = 4 Ω and CD =3 Ω forming a star. Compute the
network resistance measured between (i) A and B (ii) Band
C and (iii) C and A.
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The star of Fig. (a) may be

converted into the
equivalent delta and
combined in parallel with
the given delta ABC. Using
the rule of the three
equivalent delta resistance
of the given star become
as shown in Fig. (b)
When combined together, the final circuit is as shown in Fig. (c).
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Norton’s theorem
This theorem is an alternative to the Thevenin's theorem. In fact, it is
the dual of Thevenin's theorem. Whereas Thevenin's theorem reduces
a two-terminal active network of linear resistances and generators to an
equivalent constant-voltage source and series resistance, Norton's
theorem replaces the network by an equivalent constant-current source
and a parallel resistance.
2.8 Determine the Thevenin's and

Norton equivalent circuits between
terminals A and B for the voltage
divider circuit of Fig. (a).
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Solution. (a) Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit
Hence, Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as

shown in Fig. (b).
(b) Norton Equivalent Circuit
A short placed across terminals A and B

will short out R2 as well. Hence, Isc =EIR1.
The Norton equivalent resistance is exactly
the same as Thevenin's resistance except
that it is connected in parallel with the
current source as shown in Fig. (c)
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Millman's Theorem
This theorem can be state either in
terms of voltage sources or current
sources or both.
(a) As Applicable to Voltage
Sources
This Theorem is a combination of
Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. It
is used for finding the common
voltage across any network which
contains a number of parallel voltage
sources as shown in Fig. (a). Then This voltage represents the Thevenin's voltage Vth. The
resistance Rth can be found, as usual, by replacing
common voltage VAB which appears each voltage source by a short circuit. If there is a load
across the output terminals A and B is resistance RL across the terminals A and B, then load
affected by the voltage sources EI' E2 current IL is given by IL = Vth/(Rth + RL)
and E3' The value of the voltage is
given by
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As Applicable to Current Sources

This theorem is applicable to a mixture of parallel
voltage and current sources that are reduced to a
single final equivalent source which is either a constant
current or a constant voltage source. This theorem can
be stated as follows :
Any number of constant current sources which are
directly connected in parallel can be converted into a
single current source whose current is the algebraic
sum of the individual source currents and whose total
internal resistances equals the combined individual
source resistances in parallel.
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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
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THANK YOU
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MME Electrical-by Darley

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND

Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

I. Circuit. A circuit is a closed conducting path through which an electric

There are two general approaches to network analysis :

Compensation theorem and

Reciprocity theorem etc.

(ii) Network Reduction Method

Here, the original network is converted into a much simpler equivalent

Delta/Star and Star/Delta conversions.

Thevenins theorem and

Norton's Theorem etc.

(a) in determining the equivalent resistance of a complicated network of

(b) for calculating the currents flowing in the various conductors.

The two-laws are

2. Kirchhoff's Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff's Point Law or Current Law (KCL)

Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at

Similarly, in Fig. (b) for node A

Kirchhoff's Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL)

Sign of Battery E.M.F.

Solving Simultaneous Equations

2.1 Determine the currents in the unbalanced

Let the current distribution be as shown in the figure.

Transform the 12-volt and 4-ohm resistor

Suppose, it is required to find current flowing through load resistance RL as

This resistance is also called, Thevenins

RL is now connected back across terminals A and B Source from

After this replacement of the network by a single

2.5 Convert the circuit shown in Fig. (a), to a

As shown in Fig. (b), the single voltage

2.6 Determine Thevenins equivalent circuit which may

Delta/Star (Δ/γ) Transformation

In Electronics, star and delta circuits are generally referred to as T and Л

Suppose we are given three resistance RI2,R23 and R31connected in delta

Star/Delta (γ /Δ) Transformation .

2.7 A network of resistances is formed as follows as in Fig.

The star of Fig. (a) may be

2.8 Determine the Thevenin's and

Solution. (a) Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit

Hence, Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as

A short placed across terminals A and B

As Applicable to Current Sources

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