Leccture--4

Anten
nna parameteers: (Co
ontinueed…)
1.4.6 Diirectivity
This param
meter indicatees how well an
a antenna co
oncentrates poower into a lim
mited solid anngle.

The directivity D of an n antenna is the

t ratio of th he radiation iintensity U inn a given direection (, ) to the
radiation intensity
i averraged over alll directions U0 (see Fig. 200)

Fig. 20: Maximum

M direectivity conceept

Maximum
m directivity D0 is the direcctivity in the maximum
m raddiation directiion (0, 0)

o an isotropicc source is 1, whereas it is more than 1 for any other antenna.

Note: Thee directivity of

1.4.7 Gain

The gain or
o power gain
n of an antenn n direction (, ) is definedd as
na in a certain
where Pin is the input power
p to the antenna
a and iss related to thhe radiated poower Prad as:

ove equation,  is the efficciency of the antenna. It acccounts for thhe various lossses in the anttenna,
In the abo
such as th
he reflection lo
oss, dielectricc loss, conducction loss, andd polarizationn mismatch looss.

Taking th
he efficiency into account, the
t gain and the
t directivityy are related bby:

Fig. 21: Explaining

E thee concept of antenna
a gain

Similar to
o the maximu um directivitty, a maximu
um gain G0 ccan be defineed and whichh is related tto the
maximum m directivity D0 by:

1.4.8 An
ntenna Po
olarization
n

The polarrization of an n antenna in a given direection is defifined as the ppolarization oof the plane wave
transmitteed by the anteenna in that direction.
d The polarizationn of a wave ttransmitted (or received) by an
antenna isi the locus of
o the tip of th
he instantaneo with time at a fixed
ous electric ffield vector E traces out w
observatioon point. (see Fig. 22)

 Iff the locus is a straight linee  linear polarizzation

 Iff the locus is a circle  circular polaarization
 Iff the locus is an
a ellipse  elliptical pollarization
 (a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 22: (aa) Linear, (b) Circular and (c) Ellipticall polarization

1.4.8.1 Mathematical Form

mulation of
o Polarizaation

For a wav
ve travelling in the –ve z-direction, the electric
e field ccomponents iin the x and y-directions arre:

E x  E x 0 cos t  kz   x 

E y  E y 0 cos t  k z   y 
where Ex00 and Ey0 are amplitudes
a in x and y direcction respectivvely, and x, y are the phaase angles. Thhe
total instaantaneous vecctor field E is::

E  aˆ x E x 0 cos( t  kz   x )  aˆ y E y 0 cos( t  kz   y )

Linear Polarizatiion:

Let x = 0,
0 y = 0 and Ex0 = 3, Ey0 = 5.

Fig. 23: Linear

L polarizaation

at z = 0 and
a t = 0 we
w get:

E x  3 cos0  0  0  3 E y  5 ccos0  0  0   5
at z = 0 and
a t = π/2
2 we get:

E x  3 cos / 2  0  0  0 E y  5 ccos / 2  0  0   0
at z = 0 and
a t = π we
w get:

E x  3 cos  0  0  3 E y  5 ccos  0  0   5
So the tip of the E field
d vector movees linearly alo
ong the line.
Special Cases:
C

If Ex = 0, then we only
y have the y-co
omponent (y--polarized waave)

E  aˆ y E yo cos((t  kz   y )
If Ey = 0, then we only
y have the x-co
omponent (x--polarized waave)

E  aˆ x E xo cos((t  kz   x )
In generall, we get lineaarly polarized
d waves if:

   x   y  n , n = 0, 1, 2, 

Circula
ar Polariza
ation:

It occurs when
w Ex0 = Ey0, and  = x - y = Odd multiples of π/2

Fig. 24: Circular

C polariization

Let x = 0,
0 y = π/2 and
d Ex0 = 1, Ey0 = 1.

 
E  aˆ x E x 0 cos(( t  kz )  aˆ y E y 0 cos( t  kz  )
2
at z = 0 and t = 0 we have:

E x  cos(t  kz )  cos 0  1

 
E y  cos(t  kz  )  cos  0
2 2
So at time t = 0, we can locate the locus of the E-field vector at point 1 on the circle. (see Fig. 24)

at z = 0 and t = π/2 we have:

   
E x  cos( )  0; E y  cos(  )  cos  1
2 2 2 2
That corresponds to point 2 on the circle (Fig. 24)

at z = 0 and t = π we have:

 
E x  cos( )  1; E y  cos(  )  cos 0
2 2
That corresponds to point 3 on the circle (Fig. 24)

Elliptical Polarization:

The explanation for elliptical polarization is same as that for circular polarization except that it occurs
when Ex0  Ey0  0.
 y

Ey0

OB
OA

z Ex0 x

Major axis Minor axis

Fig. 25: Polarization ellipse at z = 0 of an elliptically polarized electromagnetic wave

Note: Circular polarization and Elliptical polarization can be either right-handed or left-handed
corresponding to the electric field vector rotating clockwise (right-handed) or anti-clockwise (left-
handed).