Republic of the Philippines

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Cabanatuan City

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

Submitted by:
Group No. 3
ABELARDO, ARCEL S.
BAUTO, CHESTER
LAGARTA, CARL BRYAN
DELA CRUZ, REINER
EUGENIO, JOSHUA ANDREW
MIRANDA HONEYLETH R.

Submitted to:

ENGR. RUSTOM RENZ NUÑEZ

Subject Professor
I. INTRODUCTION
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
- is any water that has been affected by human use.
- is used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities.

WHERE DOES IT CAME FROM?

 URBANIZATION - A population shift from rural to urban areas

SOURCES OF WATER IN URBAN AREAS

Reservoir, rivers, lakes and wells (used for industrial and domestic purposes) - 60 to 80% contributes
as a wastewater

WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity is a function not only of volumetric supply, but also of quality sufficient to meet the
demand. The drinking water demand is perhaps the largest demand for high quality water apart from
many industrial uses which also require high quality water.
Agriculture, by far the largest consumer of water, also suffers when water supplies become saline. In
Philippines, water pollution comes from the main sources such as domestic sewage, industrial effluents,
leachets from landfills, and run-off from solid waste dumps and agriculture land. Domestic sewage
(black water) and sullage (grey water) is the main source of water pollution in Philippines, especially in
and around large urban centers. The regular monitoring of the water quality in the rivers and wells in the
country revealed that the total coliform counts far exceeds the desired level in water to be fit for human
consumption

The advantages offered by the water carriage system are:

1. The carriage of wastes on head or carts is not required.
2. Bad smell which was unavoidable during open transport of sewage, is not occurring due to
transport of this polluted water in closed conduits.
3. The old system was posing the health hazards to sweepers and to the nearby residents, because of
the possibilities of flies and insects transmitting disease germs from the accessible carts to the
residents food eatables. This is avoided in water carriage system because of transport of night
soil in close conduits.
4. The human excreta is washed away as soon as it is produced in water carriage system thus
storing is not required as required in the old system of manual disposal. Thus, no bad smells are
produced in closed conduit transport.
 5. In the old system, the wastewater generated from the kitchen and bathrooms was required to be
carried through open roadside drains for disposal. This is avoided in sewerage system as the open
drains could generate bad odors when used for disposal of organic wastes.
6. The water carriage system does not occupy floor area, as the sewers are laid underground.
7. In addition, the construction of toilets one above the other is possible in water carriage system
and combining latrine and bathrooms together as water closets is possible. This is one of the
important advantages of water carriage system.
However, this water carriage system also has certain drawbacks such as:
1. A large network of pipes is required for collection of the sewage; hence, the capital cost for
water carriage system is very high
2. In addition, the operation and maintenance of sewerage system is very expensive.
3. Large wastewater volume is required to be treated before disposal.
4. Assured water supply is essential for efficient operation of the water carriage system.

II. TERMINOLOGIES
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
- It is the wastewater generated from the industrial and commercial areas.
NIGHT SOIL
- It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta.
SANITARY SEWAGE
- It is the wastewater generated from lavatory basins, urinals and water closets of residential buildings,
office building, theatre and other institutions.
SEWAGE
- It indicates the liquid waste originating from the domestic uses of water.
- Its decomposition produces large quantities of malodorous gases, and it contains numerous pathogenic or
disease producing bacteria, along with high concentration of organic matter and suspended solids.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
- Is a facility designed to receive the waste from domestic, commercial and industrial sources and to
remove materials that damage water quality and compromise public health and safety when discharged
into water receiving systems or land
- It is combination of unit operations and unit processes developed to treat the sewage to desirable
standards to suit effluent norms defined by regulating authority.
SEWER
- It is an underground conduit or drain through which sewage is carried through a point of discharge or
disposal.

THREE TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEM

SEPARATE SEWER
- In this system two sets of sewers are provided – one for carrying domestic or sanitary sewage and
industrial sewage, the other for carrying storm water.
COMBINED SEWER
- In this system only one set of sewers is provided for carrying domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial
sewage as well as storm water.
PARTIALLY SEPARATE SEWER
- In this system domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage, and storm water which is drained from
backyards and roofs of houses are carried in the same set of sewers, while the storm water drained from
house fronts as well as streets and roads is collected and conveyed in a separate set of open drains.

SEWERAGE
- It is a water carriage system designed and constructed for collecting and carrying of sewage through
sewers.
STORMWATER
- The rain water of the locality
SUBSOIL WATER
- A groundwater that enters into the sewers through leakage
SULLAGE
- Wastewater generated from bathrooms, kitchens, washing place and wash basins, etc.
WASTEWATER
- Includes both organic and inorganic constituents, in soluble or suspended form, and mineral content of
liquid waste carried through liquid media
SOURCES OF SEWAGE
The wastewater generated from the household activities contributes to the major parts of the sewage. The
wastewater generated from recreational activities, public utilities, commercial complexes, and institutions is also
discharged from small and medium scale industries situated within the municipal limits and discharging partially
treated or untreated wastewater in to the sewers also contributes for municipal wastewater.
SEWAGE DISCHARGE
The process loadings in the sewage treatment are based on the daily average characteristics as determined from
a 24 hours weighted composite samples. In absence of any data an average quantity of 150 LCPD may be adopted
for design. The design load varies from component to component of the treatment plant with all appurtenances,
conduits, channels etc. being designed for the maximum discharge, 2.0 to 3.5 times the average discharge.

III.
EFFECT OF UNTREATED WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

 The daily activities of human beings produce both liquid and solid wastes. The Liquid portion of
the wastewater is the supplied water by the authority to the private water sources and after it is
fouled by variety of uses. If the untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate, it will lead to
highly unhygienic conditions. The organic matter present in the wastewater will undergo
decomposition with production of large quantities of malodorous gases

 If this wastewater is discharged without treatment in the water body this will result in the
depletion of dissolved oxygen, and thus harming the survival of the aquatic life. And this can
 trigger to anaerobic conditions in which the nutrients present in the wastewater can stimulate the
growth of the aquatic plants, leading to problems like eutrophication.

 the untreated domestic wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic or disease causing
microorganisms, that dwell in the human intestinal tract or it may be present in certain industrial
wastewaters. Apart from this, the wastewater contains inorganic gritty materials. The continuous
deposition of this inorganic material may reduce the capacity of water body considerably over a
period.

OBJECTIVES OF SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

 The objective of sewage collection and disposal is to ensure that sewage discharged from
communities is properly collected, transported, treated to the required degree so as not to cause
danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment and finally disposed
off without causing any health or environmental problems. Thus, efficient sewerage scheme can
achieve the following:

 To provide a good sanitary environmental condition of city protecting public health. 6

Engineering Hydrology

 To dispose the human excreta to a safe place by a safe and protective means.

 To dispose of all liquid waste generated from community to a proper place to prevent a favorable
condition for mosquito breeding, fly developing or bacteria growing.

 To treat the sewage, as per needs, so as not to endanger the body of water or groundwater or land
to get polluted where it is finally disposed off. Thus, it protects the receiving environment from
degradation or contamination.

IV. WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The treatment and safe disposal of wastewater is necessary. This will facilitate protection of
environment and environmental conservation, because the wastewater collected from cities and towns
must ultimately be returned to receiving water body or to the land or reused to fulfill certain needs.
TYPES OF WASTEWATER
• Domestic Wastewater - (from homes, offices, hotels, institutions) comprises sewage (human
waste) and greywater from bathrooms, kitchens, laundries.
• Industrial Wastewater - is the liquid discharge from manufacturing processes
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
1. Wastewater collection
2. Odor control
3. Screening
4. Primary treatment
5. Secondary treatment
6. Tertiary treatment
7. Disinfection
IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
• Restoring the water supply
• Protecting the environment
• Protecting human health
TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
1. Sewage treatment plants - Sewage treatment refers to the process of getting rid of
contaminants from wastewater.
2. Industrial wastewater treatment plants - Industrial plants produce a lot of wastewater, and
they have to ensure they adhere to the laws and regulations of the local or national bodies
governing water treatment and environmental pollution.
3. Agricultural wastewater treatment plants - They are found in large agricultural plantations
and are used to treat the surface runoff water that may be polluted by the chemicals in pesticides,
fertilizer, animal slurry, or irrigation water from the farm.

SYSTEM OF SANITATION
1. Sewage should not pollute the drinking water source, either surface or groundwater, or water
bodies that are used for bathing or recreational purposes.
2. The untreated sewage during conveyance should not be exposed so as to have access to human
being or animals and should not give unsightly appearances or odour nuisance, and should not
become a place for breeding flies.
3. It should not cause harm to public health and adversely affect the receiving environment
V. TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM
The sewerage system can be of following three types:
1. Combined System
2. Separate System
3. Partially Separate System

COMBINED SYSTEM
In this system the sewage and storm water are carried combine in only one set of sewers to the
waste water treatment. Plant (WWTP) before disposal.

Advantages
 In an area where rainfall is spread throughout a year, there is no need of flushing of sewers,
as self cleansing velocity will be developed due to more quantity because of addition of
storm water.
 Only one set of pipe will be required for house plumbing.
 In congested areas it is easy to lay only one pipe rather than two pipes as required in other
systems.
Disadvantages
 Due to sewage the toxicity of storm water will increase.
 When pumping is required this system is uneconomical.
 Not suitable for the area with small period of rainfall in a year, because dry weather flow will
be small due to which self cleansing velocity may not develop in sewers, resulting in silting.

SEPARATE SYSTEM
In this system the sanitary sewage and storm water are carried separately in two sets of sewers.
The sewage is conveyed to waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and the storm water is discharges into
rivers without treatment.
Advantages
 The load on treatment plant is less as only sewage is carried to the plant.
 The size of sewer is small, thus economical
 When pumping is required, the system proves to be economical.
 Natural/storm water is not unnecessarily polluted by sewage.

Disadvantages
 Cleaning of sewer is difficult due to their small size.
 The self cleansing velocity is not easily obtained.
  Maintenance cost is high
 Sewage sewers are provided below storm sewer which causes greater depth and pumping at
waste water treatment plant (WWTP).

PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM

This system is the compromise between separate and combine system taking the advantages of
both systems. In this system the sewage and storm water of buildings are carried by one set of sewers
while the storm water from roads, streets, pavements etc are carried by other system of sewers usually
open drains.

Advantages
 It combines the good features of both systems.
 The silting is avoided due to entry of storm water.
 The storm water from houses is easily disposed off.
 The sewers are of reasonable size.
Disadvantages
 The storm water is unnecessary put load on to the treatment plants to extend.
 The toxicity of sewage water will increase.

Consideration for the Type of System

 The separate system requires laying of two sets of conduits whereas in combined system only
one bigger size conduit is required.
 Laying of two separate conduits may be difficult in the congested streets.
 In combined system sewers are liable for silting during nonmonsoon season, hence they are
required to be laid at steeper gradients. Steeper gradients for the sewers may require more
number of pumping stations, particularly for flat terrain, which may make the system costly.
 In separate system, only sewage is treated before it is discharged into natural water body or used
for irrigation. No treatment is generally given to the rainwater collected before it is discharge in
to natural water body. In case of separate system pumping is only required for sewage.
 Pumping can be avoided for storm water lines, as they are not very deep and normally laid along
the natural slopes. In combined system large capacity pumping station is required to safely
handle the flow that is likely to be generated during highest design storm considered.
 Based on site conditions the economy of the system needs to be evaluated and selection is made
accordingly.

VI. Sewer Material

Important Factors Considered for Selecting Material for Sewer.
Following factors should be considered before selecting material for manufacturing sewer pipes:
a. Resistance to corrosion. Sewer carries wastewater that releases gases such as H2S. This gas in
contact with moisture can be converted into sulfuric acid. The formation of acids can lead to the
corrosion of sewer pipe. Hence, selection of corrosion resistance material is must for long life of pipe.
b. Resistance to abrasion. Sewage contain considerable amount of suspended solids, part of which are
inorganic solids such as sand or grit. These particles moving at high velocity can cause wear and tear of
sewer pipe internally. This abrasion can reduce thickness of pipe and reduces hydraulic efficiency of the
sewer by making the interior surface rough.
c. Strength and Durability. The sewer pipe should have sufficient strength to withstand all the forces
that are likely to come on them. Sewers are subjected to considerable external loads of backfill material
and traffic load, if any. They are not subjected to internal pressure of water. To withstand external load
safely without failure, sufficient wall thickness of pipe or reinforcement is essential. In addition, the
material selected should be durable and should have sufficient resistance against natural weathering
action to provide longer life to the pipe.
d. Weight of the material. The material selected for sewer should have less specific weight, which will
make pipe light in weight. The lightweight pipes are easy for handling and transport
e. Imperviousness. To eliminate chances of sewage seepage from sewer to surrounding, the material
selected for pipe should be impervious.
f. Economy and cost. Sewer should be less costly to make the sewerage scheme economical.
g. Hydraulically efficient. The sewer shall have smooth interior surface to have less frictional
coefficient.

Materials for Sewers

1. Asbestos Cement Sewers
These are manufactured from a mixture of asbestos fibers, silica and cement. Asbestos fibers are
thoroughly mixed with cement to act as reinforcement. These pipes are available in size 10 to 100 cm
internal diameter and length up to 4.0 m. These pipes can be easily assembled without skilled labour
with the help of special coupling, called ‘Ring Tie Coupling’ or Simplex joint. The pipe and joints are
resistant to corrosion and the joints are flexible to permit 12o deflection for curved laying. These pipes
are used for vertical transport of water. For example, transport of rainwater from roofs in multistoried
buildings, for transport of sewage to grounds, and for transport of less foul sullage i.e., wastewater from
kitchen and bathroom.
Advantages

 These pipes are light in weight and hence, easy to carry and transport.
  Easy to cut and assemble without skilled labour.
 Interior is smooth (Manning’s n = 0.011) hence, can make excellent hydraulically efficient
sewer.
Disadvantages

 These pipes are structurally not very strong.

 These are susceptible to corrosion by sulphuric acid. When bacteria produce H2S, in presence of
water, H2SO4 can be formed leading to corrosion of pipe material.

2. Plain Cement Concrete or Reinforced

Cement Concrete. Plain cement concrete (1: 1.5: 3) pipes are available up to 0.45 m diameter and
reinforcement cement pipes are available up to 1.8 m diameter. These pipes can be cast in situ or precast
pipes. Precast pipes are better in quality than the cast in situ pipes. The reinforcement in these pipes can
be different such as single cage reinforced pipes, used for internal pressure less than 0.8 m; double cage
reinforced pipes used for both internal and external pressure greater than 0.8 m; elliptical cage
reinforced pipes used for larger diameter sewers subjected to external pressure; and Hume pipes with
steel shells coated with concrete from inside and outside. Nominal longitudinal reinforcement of 0.25%
is provided in these pipes. . The concrete sewers can be protected internally by vitrified clay linings.
With protection lining they are used for almost all the branch and main sewers. Only high alumina
cement concrete should be used when pipes are exposed to corrosive liquid like sewage.
Advantages

 Strong in tension as well as compression.

 Resistant to erosion and abrasion.
 They can be made of any desired strength.
 Easily molded, and can be in situ or precast pipes.
 Economical for medium and large sizes.
 These pipes are available in wide range of size and the trench can be opened and backfilled
rapidly during maintenance of sewers.
Disadvantages

 These pipes can get corroded and pitted by the action of H2SO4.
 The carrying capacity of the pipe reduces with time because of corrosion.
 The pipes are susceptible to erosion by sewage containing silt and grit
3. Vitrified Clay or Stoneware Sewers.
These pipes are used for house connections as well as lateral sewers. The size of the pipe available is 5
cm to 30 cm internal diameter with length 0.9 to 1.2 m. These pipes are rarely manufactured for
diameter greater than 90 cm. These are joined by bell and spigot flexible compression joints
4. Brick Sewers.
This material is used for construction of large size combined sewer or particularly for storm water
drains. The pipes are plastered from outside to avoid entry of tree roots and groundwater through brick
joints. These are lined from inside with stone ware or ceramic block to make them smooth and
hydraulically efficient. Lining also makes the pipe resistant to corrosion.
5. Cast Iron Sewers.
These pipes are stronger and capable to withstand greater tensile, compressive, as well as bending
stresses. However, these are costly. Cast iron pipes are used for outfall sewers, rising mains of pumping
stations, and inverted siphons, where pipes are running under pressure. These are also suitable for
sewers under heavy traffic load, such as sewers below railways and highways. They are used for carried
over piers in case of low lying areas. They form 100% leak proof sewer line to avoid groundwater
contamination. They are less resistant to corrosion; hence, generally lined from inside with cement
concrete, coal tar paint, epoxy, etc. These are joined together by bell and spigot joint
6. Steel Pipes.
These are used under the situations such as pressure main sewers, underwater crossing, bridge crossing,
necessary connections for pumping stations, laying pipes over self supporting spans, railway crossings,
etc. They can withstand internal pressure, impact load and vibrations much better than CI pipes. They
are more ductile and can withstand water hammer pressure better. These pipes cannot withstand high
external load and these pipes may collapse when negative pressure is developed in pipes. They are
susceptible to corrosion and are not generally used for partially flowing sewers. They are protected
internally and externally against the action of corrosion.
7. Ductile Iron Pipes.
Ductile iron pipes can also be used for conveying the sewers. They demonstrate higher capacity to
withstand water hammer. The specifications for DI pipes is provided in IS:12288-1987. The
predominant wall material is ductile iron, a spheroidized graphite cast iron. Internally these pipes are
coated with cement mortar lining or any other polyethylene or poly wrap or plastic bagging/ sleeve
lining to inhibit corrosion from the wastewater being conveyed, and various types of external coating are
used to inhibit corrosion from the environment. Ductile iron has proven to be a better pipe material than
cast iron but they are costly. Ductile iron is still believed to be stronger and more fracture resistant
material. However, like most ferrous materials it is susceptible to corrosion. A typical life expectancy of
thicker walled pipe could be up to 75 years, however with the current thinner walled ductile pipe the life
could be about 20 years in highly corrosive soils without a corrosion control program like cathodic
protection.
8. Plastic sewers (PVC pipes).
Plastic is recent material used for sewer pipes. These are used for internal drainage works in house.
These are available in sizes 75 to 315 mm external diameter and used in drainage works. They offer
smooth internal surface. The additional advantages they offer are resistant to corrosion, light weight of
pipe, economical in laying, jointing and maintenance, the pipe is tough and rigid, and ease in fabrication
and transport of these pipes.
9. High Density Polythylene (HDPE)
Pipes Use of these pipes for sewers is recent development. They are not brittle like AC pipes and other
pipes and hence hard fall during loading, unloading and handling do not cause any damage to the pipes.
They can be joined by welding or can be jointed with detachable joints up to 630 mm diameter (IS:4984-
1987). These are commonly used for conveyance of industrial wastewater. They offer all the advantages
offered by PVC pipes. PVC pipes offer very little flexibility and normally considered rigid; whereas,
HDPE pipes are flexible hence best suited for laying in hilly and uneven terrain. Flexibility allows
simple handling and installation of HDPE pipes. Because of low density, these pipes are very light in
weight. Due to light in weight, they are easy for handling, this reduces transportation and installation
cost. HDPE pipes are non corrosive and offer very smooth inside surface due to which pressure losses
are minimal and also this material resist scale formation.

10. Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pipes.

This martial is widely used where corrosion resistant pipes are required. Glass fiber reinforced plastic
(GRP) can be used as a lining material for conventional pipes to protect from internal or external
corrosion. It is made from the composite matrix of glass fiber, polyester resin and fillers. These pipes
have better strength, durability, high tensile strength, low density and high corrosion resistance. These
are manufactured up to 2.4 m diameter and up to 18 m length (IS:12709-1989). Glass reinforced plastic
pipes represent the ideal solution for transport of any kind of water, chemicals, effluent and sewage,
because they combine the advantages of corrosion resistance with a mechanical strength which can be
compared with the steel pipes.
11. Lead Sewers
They are smooth, soft and can take odd shapes. This pipe has an ability to resist sulphide corrosion.
However, these pipes are very costly. These are used in house connection.