Chapter 11 Learning Guide – Industry

Key Issue 1 – Where is Industry Distributed?

Pgs. 344 - 349

1. Define maquiladora:
A manufacturing plant located in Mexico. Materials are shipped in from the US,
manufactured in Mexico, then the finished product is exported back to the US.
-more than 1 million Mexicans are employed in over 3,000 maquiladoras

Origin of Industry

2. Regarding the Industrial Revolution: What? Where? When?

WHAT – a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the
process of manufacturing goods
WHERE & WHEN – Began in United Kingdom (1826); spread into West and NW
Europe (by 1846)

3. Define cottage industry:

Home-based manufacturing

4. How did the iron industry benefit from the steam engine?
The steam engine provided a way to keep the ovens constantly heated instead of
having to heat and reheat them

5. Define coke:
Purified carbon, made from coal. Is more combustible so it heats easier and gives
off the gases needed to smelt iron ore.

6. How is the distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal?

Coal is a bulky and heavy product to move so early transportation limitations
forced steel and iron factories to be located near coal deposits.

7. Why was development in transportation necessary?

1. To transfer resources (coal) to factory.
2. To transport finish product (iron & steel) to market.

8. What two forms of transportation grew rapidly?

Canals and railroads.

9. How did the Industrial Revolution change textiles?

Putters-out: individuals who would drop cotton off at homes where women and
children would sort, clean, and then spin the cotton into thread. Putters-out
would then pick up the cotton and pay per piece (piece rate).

10. How did the Industrial Revolution and factory system contribute to the need for
food processing?
The factory workers no longer lived on farms; were not growing their own food.
11. Using the map on page 346, shade where the first rail lines opened in the United
Kingdom.

12. Using the map on page 326, shade and label the hearth region of industrialization.
And, which European regions were the last to receive the benefits of
industrialization?
Industrial Regions

13. As you read the section, make notes on the resources, advantages, conditions, and
issues in each of the sub regions of industrial development discussed. Shade and label each of
the regions on the maps. (Use maps on pages 347, 348 & 349 as guides)

Europe

United Kingdom – first country to enter Rhine-Ruhr – Northwestern Europe

Industrial Revolution; now have (Holland); industry dispersed through
attracted high-tech industries mostly this area; iron and steel due to proximity
from Japan and serves the European to large coal deposits; this stimulated
market heavy machinery manufacturing
(railroads, machinery); Rotterdam is
world’s largest port
Mid-Rhine – French area of Alsace and Po Basin – In Italy, southern Europe’s
Lorraine-contains Europe’s largest iron oldest and most important industrial
ore field; German portion lacked these area; assets included endless
natural resources; Mercedes-Benz, Audi, hydroelectricity from the Alps and a
and chemical industries located here large and cheap labor supply from
which produce synthetic fibers, dyes, and southern Italy; textiles.
pharmaceuticals. Germany is Europe’s
largest automobile manufacturer.
Northeastern Spain – fastest growing Moscow – Russia’s oldest industrial area
industrial area in Western Europe; and centered upon largest market of
Catelonia region centered on Barcelona Moscow; specializes in fabrics and
produces textiles and automobiles (2nd to products which require skilled labor
Germany)
St. Petersburg – East Europe’s 2nd largest Volga – Russia’s largest petroleum and
city; specializes in shipbuilding and other natural gas fields; motor vehicles, oil
naval industries refining, chemicals, metallurgy, leather
and fur
Urals – contains over 1000 different Kuznetsk – Russia’s most important
minerals (most varied in the world); manufacturing area east of the Urals;
iron, steel, chemicals, machinery, and coal and iron ore deposits spurred iron
metal fabrication. and steel manufacturing.
Donetsk – Eastern Ukraine; manganese, Silesia – Southern Poland and northern
coal, iron ore, and natural gas deposits Czech Republic; Eastern Europe’s largest
make this Eastern Europe’s largest iron industrial area outside of Russia, coal
and steel producer. deposits and important steel producing
area.
North America

New England – oldest industrial area in Middle Atlantic – largest US market;

northeast US; industrialized in early industries attracted which require large
1800s; specialized in cotton textiles; numbers of consumers; numerous large
cotton imported from southern US; ports; financial, communications, and
textiles shipped to European market entertainment industries centered on
New York City
Mohawk Valley – northern New York State Pittsburgh-Lake Erie – leading steel
along Hudson River to Erie Canal; steel producing area of 19th century; close
and food manufacturing industries; proximity to Appalachian coal and iron
inexpensive and abundant electricity ore; transformed to large steel producing
from Niagara Falls; aluminum, paper, and area due to demand from urban areas of
electrochemical industries the east
Western Great Lakes – Centered on Southern California – leading industrial
Chicago; now center of steel production; area outside of the northeast; aircraft
this is an area of convergence for industry up to 1940s; now leader in
national transportation networks so textiles and furniture; also food
industries with a national market producing area; much low-cost labor due
attracted here; machine tools, to Latin American and Asian immigrants
transportation equipment, clothing,
furniture, agricultural machinery, and
food products to interior
Southeastern Ontario – Canada’s most
important industrial area; most
Canadian steel production; motor-
vehicles, aluminum, paper making, flour
mills, textiles, and sugar refining area.
East Asia

Japan – originally produced high quantity, China – world’s largest supply of low-cost
low cost products during 1950s and labor and world’s largest market for
1960s; became leading producer of many consumer products; largest
automobiles, ships, cameras, stereos, and manufacturer of textiles and apparel,
televisions due to low labor costs; steel, and many household products;
transformed workforce into high-skilled 1990s: China loosened restrictions and
laborers to create high quality products opened their market to transnationals;
and stay ahead of other Asian nations this encouraged more consumer buying
using lower-costing labor power;
3 clusters of Chinese manufacturing:
1. Guangdong and Hong Kong in South
2. Yangtze River Valley in East central
3. Tianjin, Beijing, and Shenyang in
northeast
 Chapter 11 Learning Guide – Industry

Key Issue 2 – Why Are Situation Factors Important?

Pgs. 350 – 355

1. Define situation factor:

Cost factor which involves transporting materials to and from a factory; goal is
to minimize transportation costs of both inputs and finished goods

Proximity to Inputs

2. What is a “bulk-reducing industry”?

An industry in which inputs weigh more than the finished products

3. Make a brief flow chart to illustrate how copper is an example of a bulk-reducing

industry.

Mining Concentration Smelting Refining

4. How does energy play a role in the situation of copper mills?

The text describes the changing location of steel mills in the U.S. Explain when and why
each location was preferred.

5. Pittsburgh, southwestern Pennsylvania

6. Locations around southern shore of Lake Erie

7. Southern Lake Michigan (Gary, Indiana & Chicago)

8. East and West Coasts (Trenton, NJ & Los Angeles, CA)

9. Why are the newest steel mills (minimills) beginning to move closer to markets and
away from inputs?

10. What is a “bulk-gaining industry”?

11. Give two examples of these industries, and explain how they are bulk-gaining.

12. Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold primarily to

_____________________________________________________.

13. Where is their optimum location?

14. Describe one example of this phenomenon.

15. List examples of “perishable products” that must be located near their markets.

16. How is a newspaper highly perishable?

 Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?

17. Give reasons for why each of the following modes of transportation might be
selected by a manufacturer to deliver their products to market.

SHIP

RAIL

TRUCK

AIR

18. What is a “break-of-bulk point”?

19. Give two examples of important break-of-bulk points.

 Chapter 11 Learning Guide – Industry

Key Issue 3 – Why Are Site Factors Important?

Pgs. 356 – 361

9. Define site factor:

10. What are the three production cost factors associated with the site of an industry?
(Memorize Them!)

Labor

11. Define labor intensive industry:

12. What type of worker is required for the textile industry?

13. What country accounts for most of the world’s spinning and weaving?

14. Why do MDCs play a larger role in textile assembly than LDCs?

Land

15. What are several (6 to be exact) factors about a given piece of land that make it
attractive to industry and manufacturing?

Capital

16. Describe the relationship between capital and the computer industry in California.
 Chapter 11 Learning Guide – Industry

Key Issue 4 – Why Are Location Factors Changing?

Pgs. 361 – 368

Attraction of New Industrial Regions

19. How are manufacturing jobs shifting in the U.S.?

20. Define right-to-work laws:

21. Why are southern right to work states attractive to companies?

22. Why has textile production moved from the northeast to the southeast?

23. What are the convergence regions?

24. What are the competitive and employment regions?

25. What makes central Europe attractive to manufacturers?

26. Where has industry shifted internationally? And, name each regions leading
industrial country(s).

27. Sketch two pie graphs showing global steel for production for 1980 and 2008
shading MDCs and LDCs. (Use Fig. 11-25 as your guide)
28. Use the map on page 364 to determine the following: Which groups accounted for
more than 90% of global steel production in 1980? Who had the most rapid
increase from 1980 to 2008?

29. Why do transnational corporations transfer work to LDCs?

30. What is the transfer of jobs known as?

31. Define outsourcing:

32. Provide an example of an industry that outsources, and what do they outsource?

Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions

33. What factors influence industry to remain in northeast U.S. or northwest Europe?

34. Define Fordist:

35. Define Post-Fordist:

36. What benefits do the manufacturers receive from just-in-time delivery?

37. How can labor unrest disrupt reliance on just-in-time delivery?