CS 491 Assignment

Bachelor of Technology
Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted By

UTTIYA RANA (13000117030)

VISHAL JAISWAL (13000117026)
UDISHA DATTA (13000118001)
SUPRIYA BERA (13000118004)
SRIJITA BANERJEE (13000117035)
SOURAV DAS (13000118005)
SOMNATH CHAKRABORTTY (13000118006)

CSE Sec – A, 4th Semester, CS 491

MARCH 2019

Techno India
EM-4/1, Sector-V, Salt Lake
Kolkata- 700091
West Bengal
India
Q1. Explain Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis of FM system.

Ans: Pre-emphasis: The noise suppression ability of FM decreases with the increase in the
frequencies. Thus, increasing the relative strength or amplitude of the high frequency components of
the message signal before modulation is termed as Pre-emphasis.

De-emphasis: In the de-emphasis circuit, by reducing the amplitude level of the received high frequency
signal by the same amount as the increase in pre-emphasis is termed as De-emphasis.

Pre-emphasis De-emphasis

 The pre-emphasis process is done at the transmitter side, while the de-emphasis
process is done at the receiver side.
 Thus, a high frequency modulating signal is emphasized or boosted in amplitude in
transmitter before modulation. To compensate for this boost, the high frequencies are
attenuated or de-emphasized in the receiver after the demodulation has been
performed. Due to pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the S/N ratio at the output of
receiver is maintained constant.
 The de-emphasis process ensures that the high frequencies are returned to their
original relative level before amplification.
 Pre-emphasis circuit is a high pass filter or differentiator which allows high frequencies
to pass, whereas de-emphasis circuit is a low pass filter or integrator which allows only
low frequencies to pass.

Q2. What is the difference between single tone & multi-tone AM signal.

Ans: If the message signal contains single frequency component and the resulting
modulating signal is called as single tone modulated signal.

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Like-wise if the message signal contains more than one frequency component then the
resulting modulated signal is called as multi tone modulated signal.

hence modulation of this type of message signals (which has more than one frequency
component) is called multi tone modulation.

Q3. Explain any suitable method for generating SSB - SC signal

Ans: In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband

suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of modulation, used to transmit information,
such as an audio signal, by radio waves. A refinement of amplitude modulation, it
uses transmitter power and bandwidth more efficiently. Amplitude modulation produces an
output signal the bandwidth of which is twice the maximum frequency of the
original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth increase, and the
power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device complexity and more difficult tuning
at the receiver.

Bandpass Filtering - The filter method can be used for generating the SSB modulated wave if
the message signal satisfies the following conditions:

 The message signal should not have any low frequency content. The audio signal
possesses this property, e.g. the telephone signal will have a frequency range extending
from 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz. The frequencies in the range 0-300 Hz are absent .

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  The highest frequency in the spectrum of the message signal i.e. W Hz should be much
smaller than carrier frequency fc.

This modulator consists of a product modulator, carrier oscillator and bandpass filter designed
to pass the desired sideband.

At the output of the product modulator, we get the DSB-SC modulated wave which contains
the two sidebands only .

The bandpass filter will pass only one of these sidebands and produce the SSB modulated
wave at its output .

The design of bandpass filter must be based on satisfying the following conditions :

 Passband of the BPF should occupy the same frequency range as that occupied by the
spectrum of the desired SSB modulated wave .
 The width of the guard band which separates the passband from stopband be twice the
lowest frequency component of the message signal . i.e. Guard band = 2f1 Hz

Q4. Determine the figure of merit for a DSB - SC system.

Ans:

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Q5. Determine SNR of SSB SC system.

Ans: It can be determined by the following -

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Q6. Explain PLL.

Ans: The phase locked loop or PLL is a particularly useful circuit block that is widely used in
radio frequency or wireless applications.

In view of its usefulness, the phase locked loop or PLL is found in many wireless, radio, and
general electronic items from mobile phones to broadcast radios, televisions to Wi-Fi routers,
walkie talkie radios to professional communications systems and vey much more.

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 Phase locked loop, PLL applications -

The phase locked loop take in a signal to which it locks and can then output this signal from its
own internal VCO. At first sight this may not appear particularly useful, but with a little
ingenuity, it is possible to develop a large number of phase locked loop applications.

Some phase lock loop applications include:

 FM demodulation: One major phase locked loop application is that of a FM

demodulator. With PLL chips now relatively cheap, this PLL applications enables high
quality audio to be demodulated from an FM signal.
 AM demodulation: Phase locked loops can be used in the synchronous demodulation
of amplitude modulated signals. Using this approach, the PLL locks onto the carrier so
that a reference within the receiver can be generated. As this corresponds exactly to
the frequency of the carrier, it can be mixer with the incoming signal to synchronous
demodulate the AM.
 Indirect frequency synthesizers: Use within a frequency synthesizer is one of the most
important phase locked loop applications. Although direct digital synthesis is also used,
indirect frequency synthesis forms one of the major phase locked loop applications.
 Signal recovery: The fact that the phase locked loop is able to lock to a signal enables it
to provide a clean signal, and remember the signal frequency if there is a short
interruption. This phase locked loop application is used in a number of areas where
signals may be interrupted for short periods of time, for example when using pulsed
transmissions.
 Timing distribution: Another phase locked loop application is in the distribution
precisely timed clock pulses in digital logic circuits and system, for example within a
microprocessor system.

Q7. Describe foster Seeley discriminator.

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Ans: The Foster Seeley circuit is probably most commonly called the Foster Seeley
discriminator. This is really a hang-over from early days of FM, and today the terms detector or
probably better demodulator would probably be used.

The Foster Seeley discriminator circuit is characterised by the transformer, choke and diodes
used within the circuit that forms the basis of its operation.

This FM demodulator circuit was invented by Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley in
1936. The Foster Seeley circuit was widely used until the 1970s when ICs using other
techniques that were more easily integrated became widely available.

Advantages of Foster-Seeley FM discriminator:

 Offers good level of performance and reasonable linearity.

 Simple to construct using discrete components.
 Provides higher output than the ratio detector
 Provides a more linear output, i.e. lower distortion than the ratio detector

Disadvantages of Foster-Seeley FM discriminator:

 Does not easily lend itself to being incorporated within an integrated circuit.
 High cost of transformer.
 Narrower bandwidth than the ratio detector

Q8. Briefly discuss A-law, u- law of companding.

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Ans: There are two types of companding:
 μ-law companding
 A-law companding
1. μ-law companding
 It is used in North America and Japan.
 It uses the fact that low amplitude of speech signal contain more information than high
amplitude.
 Hence we can use non-linear quantization.
 μ-law encoder inputs 14bit samples and outputs 8 bit codewords.
 Since encoder receives 14 bit signed input sample x, the input range is (-8192, +8191).

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