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    Raj Jain Professor of CIS The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210

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    Jesus Rosales
    X.25 was the first packet switching interface used universally for interfacing user equipment to packet switched networks. It specifies a protocol for establishing virtual circuits over which data can be transmitted using packet switching. Key aspects of X.25 include the use of virtual calls and permanent virtual circuits, packet formats with headers containing virtual circuit numbers, and flow and error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgment packets.

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    Raj Jain Professor of CIS The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210

    Uploaded by

    Jesus Rosales
    43 views15 pages
    X.25 was the first packet switching interface used universally for interfacing user equipment to packet switched networks. It specifies a protocol for establishing virtual circuits over which data can be transmitted using packet switching. Key aspects of X.25 include the use of virtual calls and permanent virtual circuits, packet formats with headers containing virtual circuit numbers, and flow and error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgment packets.

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    Module 4 X.25

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    X.25 was the first packet switching interface used universally for interfacing user equipment to packet switched networks. It specifies a protocol for establishing virtual circuits over which data can be transmitted using packet switching. Key aspects of X.25 include the use of virtual calls and permanent virtual circuits, packet formats with headers containing virtual circuit numbers, and flow and error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgment packets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views15 pages

    Raj Jain Professor of CIS The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210

    Uploaded by

    Jesus Rosales
    X.25 was the first packet switching interface used universally for interfacing user equipment to packet switched networks. It specifies a protocol for establishing virtual circuits over which data can be transmitted using packet switching. Key aspects of X.25 include the use of virtual calls and permanent virtual circuits, packet formats with headers containing virtual circuit numbers, and flow and error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgment packets.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    X.

    25

    Raj Jain
    Professor of CIS
    The Ohio State University
    Columbus, OH 43210
    [email protected]
    http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    1
    Overview

    q Protocol layers
    q Packet types and format
    q Virtual call
    q Multiplexing
    q Flow, error control, segmentation, and reassembly

    The Ohio State University Raj Jain


    2
    X.25
    q First packet switching interface.
    q Issued in 1976 and revised in 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992.
    q Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) to Data Communication
    Equipment (DCE) interface ⇒ User to network interface
    (UNI)
    q Used universally for interfacing to packet switched
    networks

    DTE DCE

    Your Computer

    The Ohio State University Raj Jain


    3
    X.25 Protocol Layers
    User Process
    Packet Packet
    LAP-B
    Link Access Link Access
    X.21
    Physical Physical

    DTE DCE

    q X.21 often replaced by EIA-232 (RS-232C)


    q LAP-B = Link access procedure - Balanced
    q Packet layer = Connection-oriented transport over virtual
    circuits
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    4
    Virtual circuit service
    q Virtual call = Switched virtual circuit (SVC)
    q Permanent virtual circuit (PVC)
    q X.25 Packets
    q Data is broken into blocks
    q 3- or 4-byte header

    Data

    X.25 Level 3 Header

    LAP-B Header LAP-B Trailer


    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    5
    Events
    Call Request Incoming Call

    Call Accepted
    Call Connected

    Data Data

    Data
    Data

    Clear Request Clear Indication

    Clear Confirmation Clear Confirmation


    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    6
    Multiplexing
    q Allows up to 4095 simultaneous VCs over one physical
    DTE-DCE link
    q All VCs are full-duplex (bi-directional)
    q Each packet contains a 12-bit VC number
    = 4-bit group + 8-bit channel

    The Ohio State University Raj Jain


    7
    VC Number Assignment
    Virtual
    Virtual
    circuit number0
    circuitnumber
    1
    Permanent virtual circuit
    LIC
    One way coming virutal calls Assignment
    HIC by DCE

    LTC Two-way virtual calls

    HTC Assignment
    One-way outgoing virtual calls by DTE
    LOC
    4095
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    8
    Packet Format

    Q D0 1 Group # Q D1 0 Group #
    Channel # Channel #
    P(R) M P(S) 0 P(S) 0
    P(R) M
    User Data
    User Data
    Data packet w 3-bit seq
    Data packet w 7-bit seq

    q Q bit not defined. Allows users to have two classes of packets.


    q M and D bits used for segmentation and acknowledgment

    The Ohio State University Raj Jain


    9
    Packet Format (Contd)
    0 0 0 1 Group # 0 0 1 0 Group #
    Channel # Channel #
    Packet Type 1 Packet Type 1
    Additional Additional
    Information Information
    Control packet w 3-bit seq Control packet w 7-bit seq

    0 00 1 Group # 0 01 0 Group #
    Channel # Channel #
    P(R) Packet Type 1 Packet Type 1
    P(R) 0

    RR, RNR, and REJ packet RR, RNR, and REJ packet
    with 3-bit sequence numbers with 7-bit sequence numbers
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    10
    Flow and Error Control
    q Link Access Protocol - Balanced (LAPB)
    q Balanced ⇒ Both stations combined
    q 3- or 7-bit sequence numbers
    q 3-4th bits of X.25 header =
    01 ⇒ 3-bit sequence number
    10 ⇒ 7-bit sequence number
    q Each VC has separate sequence number
    q D=0 packets are acked by local DCE
    q D=1 packets are acked by remote DTE (end-to-end ack)

    The Ohio State University Raj Jain


    11
    Segmentation and Acknowledgment
    q X.25 allows segmenting large packets into smaller packets
    inside the network
    q A Packet: First and intermediate blocks
    q B Packet: Last block
    q M = 1 ⇒ Additional segments to follow
    q D = 1 ⇒ end-to-end acknowledgment required from
    receiving DTE to sending DTE
    q M = 1 and D = 0 ⇒ A packet
    q All others ⇒ B packet
    q Segments can be further segmented or combined inside the
    network
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    12
    X.25 Packet Sequences
    EXAMPLE PACKET SEQUENCES
    Original seq. Combined seq.
    Pkt Pkt
    type M D type M D
    A 1 0
    A 1 0 A 1 0
    A 1 0
    A 1 0 A 1 0
    A 1 0
    B 0 1 B 0 1
    Segmented seq
    B 0 0 A 1 0
    B 0 0
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    13
    X.25 Packet Sequences (Contd)
    EXAMPLE PACKET SEQUENCES
    WITH INTERMEDIATE E-E ACK
    Pkt type M D
    A 1 0
    A 1 0 *
    A 1 0
    B 1 1
    A 1 0
    A 1 0 *
    B 1 1
    A 1 0
    A 1 0 *
    A 1 0
    B 0 1
    end of sequence
    * Groups of packets that can be combined
    The Ohio State University Raj Jain
    14
    Summary

    q X.21, LAPB
    q PVC and virtual call
    q VC numbers
    q A and B packets
    q M and D bits

    The Ohio State University Raj Jain


    15

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