© Ahmad El-Banna

Integrated Technical Education Cluster

At AlAmeeria‎

J-601-1448
Electronic Principals

Lecture #4

November 2014
BJT AC Analysis
Instructor:
Dr. Ahmad El-Banna
 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Agenda

BJT transistor Modeling

The re Transistor Model (small signal analysis)

Effect of RL and Rs & determining the Current Gain

Two-Port Systems Approach

Cascaded Systems

The Hybrid Equivalent Model (Approximate & Complete )

2
Troubleshooting and Practical Applications
BJT TRANSISTOR MODELING
3

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
BJT Transistor Modeling
• A model is a combination of circuit elements, properly chosen, that best
approximates the actual behavior of a semiconductor device under specific
operating conditions.

Ac analysis

• Defining the important parameters of any system.

4
 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
BJT Transistor Modeling
• the ac equivalent of a transistor network is obtained by:
1. Setting all dc sources to zero and replacing them by a
short-circuit equivalent
2. Replacing all capacitors by a short-circuit equivalent
3. Removing all elements bypassed by the short-circuit
equivalents introduced by steps 1 and 2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and
logical form

5
 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
• Common Emitter Configuration
• Common Base Configuration
• Common Collector Configuration
• re Model in Different Bias Circuits

THE re TRANSISTOR MODEL 6

 The re Transistor Model (CE)

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 The re Transistor Model (CB)

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
The re Transistor Model (CC)
• For the common-collector configuration, the model defined for
the common-emitter configuration of is normally applied rather
than defining a model for the common-collector configuration.

npn versus pnp

• The dc analysis of npn and pnp configurations is quite different in the

sense that the currents will have opposite directions and the voltages
opposite polarities.
• However, for an ac analysis where the signal will progress between
positive and negative values, the ac equivalent circuit will be the same.
9
 C.E. Fixed Bias Configuration

10

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Voltage-Divider Bias

11

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

EFFECT OF RL AND RS
(SYSTEM APPROACH)
12

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Effect of RL and Rs

• The loaded voltage gain of an amplifier is always less than the no-load gain.
• The gain obtained with a source resistance in place will always be less than that obtained under
loaded or unloaded conditions due to the drop in applied voltage across the source resistance.
• For the same configuration AvNL>AvL> Avs.
• For a particular design, the larger the level of R L , the greater is the level of ac gain. 13
• For a particular amplifier, the smaller the internal resistance of the signal source, the greater is
the overall gain.
• For any network that have coupling capacitors, the source and load resistance do not affect the dc
biasing levels.
 Voltage-divider ct.
Effect of RL and Rs ..

14

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

DETERMINING THE CURRENT GAIN
15

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Determining the Current gain

• For each transistor configuration, the current gain can be determined directly from the
voltage gain, the defined load, and the input impedance.

16
SUMMARY TABLE
17

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

18

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

19

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

20

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

TWO PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
21

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 2-Port System

22

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 2-Port System..

23

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

CASCADED SYSTEMS
24

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Cascaded Systems

• Examples: RC Coupled ct & Cascode ct

• Check Examples: 5.15 & 5.16

25
THE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
26

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
The Hybrid Equivalent Model
• The re model has the advantage that the parameters are defined by the actual
operating conditions,
• the parameters of the hybrid equivalent circuit are defined in general terms for
any operating conditions.

 short-circuit input-impedance
parameter

 open-circuit reverse transfer

voltage ratio parameter

short-circuit forward transfer 27


current ratio parameter
short-circuit forward transfer
 current ratio parameter
 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Transistor Hybrid Equivalent ct

• For Transistor:

28
 Hybrid vs. re model

29

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

APPROXIMATE & COMPLETE H-MODEL
30

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Approximate h-model

• Fixed Bias ct

31

• Check other configurations !!

 Complete h-model

32

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

HYBRID Π MODEL
33

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Hybrid π Model

34

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 VARIATIONS OF TRANSISTOR PARAMETERS

35

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

APPLICATIONS
TROUBLESHOOTING & PRACTICAL
36

J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna

 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
Troubleshooting
In general, therefore, if a system is not working properly, first disconnect
the ac source and check the dc biasing levels.

37
 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
• Audio Mixer

• Preamplifier

38
 J-601-1448 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
• For more details, refer to:
• Chapter 5, Electronic Devices and Circuits, Boylestad.
• The lecture is available online at:
• https://speakerdeck.com/ahmad_elbanna
• For inquires, send to:
• [email protected]

39