A Seminar report on

UNDER WATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

D.KARTHEEK 15HR1A0418

Under the esteemed guidance of

Miss. S.TABASUM, M.Tech.,
Assistant Professor, ECE Department

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MOTHER THERESA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
An ISO 9001:2015 certified Institution
Melumoi (P), Palamaner, Chittoor (Dist.)-517408

(2018-2019)
 MOTHER THERESA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A., Anantapuramu)
Melumoi (P), Palamaner, Chittoor (Dist.)-517408
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Certificate

This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled

UNDER WATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Is the Bonafide work done and
Submitted by

D.KARTHEEK (15HR1A0418)

In the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mother Theresa Institute

of Engineering & Technology, Palamaner, affiliated to JNTU Anantapur, Anantapuramu in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering during 2018-2019.

Seminar Guide Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

S.TABASUM, M. Tech G.MUNIRATHNAM, M. Tech Dr.S.MURALI MOHAN, M.Tech, (Ph.D).,

Submitted on: __________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the

individual effort but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals,
elders and friends. We would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

We feel our self honoured to place our warm salutation to THE

MANAGEMENT of Mother Theresa Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Palamaner, which gave us the opportunity to obtain a strong base in B. Tech and
profound knowledge.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. M. LAKSHMIKANTHA REDDY M.Tech,

Ph.D, our beloved Principal for his encouragement and suggestions during our course of
study.

With deep sense of gratitude we acknowledge Dr. S. MURALI MOHAN M.Tech,

Ph.D., Head of the Dept., Electronics & Communication Engineering, for his valuable
support and help in completing our Seminar successfully.

We express our sincere thanks to Seminar Co-ordinator Miss.S.TABASUM,

M.Tech, Assistant professor, for his valuable suggestions and guidance in completing the
Seminar work successfully.

We whole-heartedly express our gratitude and esteemed regards to our Seminar

Guide, Mr. G. MUNIRATHNAM, M.Tech, Assistant Professor in Dept. of ECE, for
providing us invaluable gratitude and inspiration in carrying out our Seminar Work. His
/ Her constant support and encouragement enable us to complete this work successfully.

Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Faculty Members of

E.C.E Department, and Lab technicians, friends & family members one and all, who
have helped us to complete this work successfully.

With Regards,
D.KARTHEEK (15HR1AO418)
 ABSTRACT

Underwater wireless communication is a flourishing research area in the field of

wireless communications. This paper presents the overall framework of the necessity of
underwater wireless systems, characteristics of an acoustic channel, hardware and
working of acoustic modems, sensor networks and different communication
architectures involved in the sensor networks. Applications till date, like oceanographic
data collection,AUVs(autonomous underwater vehicles),underwater radio etc.., future
challenges like effective transmission of video and audio signals by real time
monitoring have been emphasized with a view to overcome the present limitations.

The signals that are used to carry digital information through an underwater
channel are not radio signals as electromagnetic waves propogate over short distances.
Instead acoustic waves are used which can propogate over long distances. Over the past
decades, cabled submersibles were used to discover the remains of titanic and
hydrothermal vents due to the burden and cost of heavy cables that must be used to
establish a high-speed communication between the remote end and the surface.
 `CONTENTS

Page No.
LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER-2: HISTORY 2
CHAPTER-3: UNDER WATER ACOUSTIC CHANNEL 3-5
3.1 Acoustic Modems 4
3.2 Data transmission in modem 5
CHAPTER-4: UNDER WATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 6
TECHNOLOGY
4.1 Necessity of under water wireless system 6
4.2 Under water wireless communication 6

CHAPTER -5: UNDER WATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR NETWORK 12-14

COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
[

5.1 2-D Architecture 12

5.2 3-D Architecture 14

CHAPTER-6: APPLICATIONS 15

CHAPTER-7: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 18

CHAPTER-8:CONCLUSION 19
CHAPTER-10:REFERENCE 20
 LIST OF FIGURES (In Table Format)

Page No.

Fig 1 Shallow water multipath propagation 1

Fig 3.1 Hardware Structure 4

Fig 3.2 Data transmission modems 5

Fig 4(a) Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) communications 8

Fig 4(b) Centralized network topology 10

Fig 5.1 2-D Architecture 12

Fig 5.2 3-D Architecture 14

Fig 6(a) solar power multiple AVU 15

Fig 6(b) Deep sea observatory 16

Fig 6(c) Under water solar panel 16

Fig 9 Acoustic networks, navigation and sensing for multiple 20

Autonomous underwater robotic vehicles

i
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYMS DESCRIPTION

MODEM Modulator Demodulator

DSP BOARD Digital Signal Processing Board

AFE BOARD Analog Front End Board

AVU Autonomous underwater vehicle

PSK phase-shift keying

FSK Frequency-shift keying

QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation

MAC Medium-access control

MACA Multiple-access collision avoidance

ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle

S-SINK Surface sink

OS-SINK Onshore sink

ii
 Under water Wireless Communication

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Wireless is a term used to describe the telecommunication in which the
electromagnetic waves carry the signal over part or all of the communication path.The signals
that are used to carry digital information through an underwater channel are not radio signals
as electromagnetic waves propogate over short distances. Instead acoustic waves are used
which can propogate over long distances.

Fig 1: Shallow water multipath propagation: in addition to the direct path, the signal
propagates via reflections from the surface and bottom.

Over the past decades, cabled submersibles were used to discover the remains of
titanic and hydrothermal vents due to the burden and cost of heavy cables that must be used
to establish a high-speed communication between the remote end and the surface. To
overcome such impediments, underwater wireless communication has come into existence.
The signals that are used to carry digital information through an underwater channel are not
radio signals as electromagnetic waves propogate over short distances. Instead acoustic
waves are used which can propogate over long distances. Over the past decades, cabled
submersibles were used to discover the remains of titanic and hydrothermal vents due to the
burden and cost of heavy cables that must be used to establish a high-speed communication
between the remote end and the surface.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

CHAPTER 2

HISTORY
 The sinence of under water accostics began in 1490,when Leonardo Da vinci,started.
 In 1687 Isaac Newton wrote his mathematical principles of Natural philosophy which
Included the first Mathematical treatment of sound in water.
 In 1887 Lord Rayleigh wrote the theory of sound and established modern acoustic
theory.
 In 1919,the first scientific paper on under water acoustic was published.
 The next two decades saw the development of several applications of underwater
acoustics.the depth sounder,was developed commercially during in the 1920s.
 Originally natural materials were used for the transducers,but by the 1930s sonar
system incorporating piezoelectric transducers made from synthetic materials were
begin used for passive listening systems and for active echo-ranging systems.
 After world war two,the development of sonar systems was driven largely by the cold
war,resulting in advances in theortical and practical understanding of under water
acoustics,aided by computer basedtechniques.
 Many advances in under water acoustics were made which were summarised later in
the series physics of sound in the sea,published in 2007.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

CHAPTER 3

UNDER WATER ACOUSTIC CHANNEL

3.1 ACOUSTIC MODEMS:-

The modems employ advanced modulation scheme and channel equalization to

combat multipaths for improved signal to noise ratio. A high performance error detection and
correction coding scheme is employed that reduces the bit error rate to less than 10-7

PARTS OF AN ACOUSTIC MODEM:-

 DSP BOARD(Digital Signal Processing Board):-

It serves both as signal processing module and a microcontroller.

 AFE BOARD(Analog Front End Board):-

It performs signal filtering and amplification functions.

 DC/DC CONVERTER:-

It converts a wide range of input voltage to the operating voltage of the system.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

HARDWARE STRUCTURE:-

Fig 3.1:Hardware Structure

WORKING PRINCIPLE:-

When no data is being transmitted, the modem stays in sleep mode thereby it
periodically wake Up to receive possible data being transmitted by far end modem. This
results in low power consumption.

3.2 DATA TRANSMISSION IN MODEM:-

Suppose the bottom modem tries to send data to surface modem, it receives data from
its link while it is in sleep mode and then it switches to the transmit mode and begins to
transmit. As the surface modem wakes up and detects data from bottom modem, it switches
from sleep mode to receive mode.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

ADVANCED MODEMS AVAILABLE:-

CHARACTER- UWM1000 UWM2000 UWM3000 UWM4000

-ISTICS
DEPTH(in m) 200 1000 - 6000
RANGE(in m) 300 1500 3000 4000
POWER CON- 1 4 20 -

SUMPTION(W)

Fig 3.2:Data transmission modem

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 Under water Wireless Communication

CHAPTER 4

UNDER WATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY

4.1 NECESSITY OF UNDER WATER WIRELESS SYSTEM:-

Wired underwater is not feasible in all situations as shown below.

 Temporary experiments
 Breaking of wires
 Significant cost for deployment
 Experiment over long distances

To cope up with above situations,we require under water wireless communication.

4.2 UNDER WATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:-

While wireless communication technology today has become part of our daily life, the
idea of wireless undersea communications may still seem far-fetched. However, research has
been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission
underwater.Human knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans, which constitute the
major part of our planet, rests on our ability to collect information from remote undersea
locations. The major discoveries of the past decades, such as the remains of Titanic, or the
hydro-thermal vents at bottom of deep ocean, were made using cabled submersibles.
Although such systems remain indispensable if high-speed communication link is to exists
between the remote end and the surface, it is natural to wonder what one could accomplish
without the burden (and cost) of heavy cables. Hence the motivation, and our interest in
wireless underwater communications. Together with sensor technology and vehicular
technology, wireless communications will enable new applications ranging from
environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data, marine archaeology, and
search and rescue missions.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

The signals that are used to carry digital information through an underwater channel
are not radio signals, as electro-magnetic waves propagate only over extremely short
distances. Instead, acoustic waves are used, which can propagate over long distances.
However, an underwater acoustic channel presents a communication system designer with
many difficulties. The three distinguishing characteristics of this channel are frequency-
dependent propagation loss, severe multipath, and low speed of sound propagation. None of
these characteristics are nearly as pronounced in land-based radio channels, the fact that
makes underwater wireless communication extremely difficult, and necessitates dedicated
system design.

This receiver structure has been used on various types of acoustic channels. Current
achievements include transmission at bit rates on the order of one kbps over long ranges (10-
100 nautical miles) and several tens of kbps over short ranges (few km) as the highest rates
reported to date. On a more unusual note, successful operation was also demonstrated over a
basin scale (3000 km) at 10 bps, as well as over a short vertical channel at a bit rate in excess
of 100 kbps. The multichannel DFE forms the basis of a high-speed acoustic modem
implemented at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The modem, shown in Figure 4,
is implemented in a fixed-point DSP, with a floating-point co-processor for high-rate mode of
operation. When active, it consumes about 3 W in receiving mode, and 10-50 W to transmit.
The board measures 1.75 _ 5 in, and accommodates four input channels. The modem
has successfully been deployed in a number of trials, including autonomous underwater
vehicle (AUV) communications at 5 kbps. This receiver structure has been used on various
types of acoustic channels. Current achievements include transmission at bit rates on the
order of one kbps over long ranges (10-100 nautical miles) and several tens of kbps over
short ranges (few km) as the highest rates reported to date.

On a more unusual note, successful operation was also demonstrated over a basin
scale (3000 km) at 10 bps, as well as over a short vertical channel at a bit rate in excess of
100 kbps.The multichannel DFE forms the basis of a high-speed acoustic modem
implemented at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The modem, shown in Fig 4(a)
is implemented in a fixed-point DSP, with a floating-point co-processor for high-rate mode of
operation. When active, it consumes about 3 W in receiving.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

Fig 4(a):Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) communications

An acoustic channel over a distance d is given as A=dka(f)d, where k is the path loss
exponent whose value is usually between 1 and 2, and a(f) is the absorption factor that
depends on the frequency f.. This dependence severely limits the available bandwidth: for
example, at distances on the order of 100 km, the available bandwidth is only on the order of
1 kHz. At shorter distances, a larger bandwidth is available, but in practice it is limited by the
that of the transducer. Also in contrast to the radio systems, an acoustic signal is rarely
narrowband, i.e., its bandwidth is not negligible with respect to the center frequency.Within
this limited bandwidth, the signal is subject to multipath propagation, which is particularly
pronounced on horizontal channels. In shallow water, multipath occurs due to signal
reflection from the surface and bottom, as illustrated in Figure 1. In deep water, it occurs due
to ray bending, i.e. the tendency of acoustic waves to travel along the axis of lowest sound
speed. Figure 4(a) shows an ensemble of channel responses obtained in deep water. The
multipath spread, measured along the delay axis, is on the order of 10 ms.

example:- The channel response varies in time, and also changes if the receiver
moves. Regardless of its origin, multipath propagation creates signal echoes, resulting in
intersymbol interference in a digital communication system. While in a cellular radio system
multipath spans a few symbol intervals, in an underwater acoustic channel it can spans few
tens, or even hundreds of symbol intervals! To avoid the intersymbol interference, a guard
time, of length at least equal to the multipath spread, must be inserted between successively
transmitted symbols. However, this will reduce the overall symbol rate, which is already
limited by the system bandwidth. To maximize the symbol rate, a receiver must be designed
to counteract very long intersymbol interference.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

The speed of sound underwater varies with depth and also depends on the
environment. Its nominal value is only 1500 m/s, and this fact has a twofold implication on
the communication system design. First, it implies long signal delay, which severely reduces
the efficiency of any communication protocol that is based on receiver feedback, or hand-
shaking between the transmitter and receiver.

The resulting latency is similar to that of a space communication system, although

there it is a consequence of long distances traveled. Secondly, low speed of sound results in
severe Doppler distortion in a mobile acoustic system. Namely, if the relative velocity
between the transmitter and receiver is ±v, then a signal of frequency fc will be observed at
the receiver as having frequency fc(1±v/c). At the same time, a waveform of duration T will
be observed at the receiver as having duration T(1±v/c). Hence, Doppler shifting and
spreading occur. For the velocity v on the order of few m/s, the factor v/c, which determines
the severity of the Doppler distortion, can be several orders of magnitude greater than the one
observed in a land-mobile radio system! To avoid this distortion, a noncoherent
modulation/detection must be employed. Coherent modulation/detection offers a far better
utilization of bandwidth, but the receiver must be designed to deal with extreme Doppler
distortion.

The resulting latency is similar to that of a space communication system, although

there it is a consequence of long distances traveled. Secondly, low speed of sound results in
severe Doppler distortion in a mobile acoustic system. Namely, if the relative velocity
between the transmitter and receiver is ±v, then a signal of frequency fc will be observed at
the receiver as having frequency fc(1±v/c). At the same time, a waveform of duration T will
be observed at the receiver as having duration T(1±v/c). Hence, Doppler shifting and
spreading occur. For the velocity v on the order of few m/s, the factor v/c, which determines
the severity of the Doppler distortion, can be several orders of magnitude greater than the one
observed in a land-mobile radio system! To avoid this distortion, a noncoherent
modulation/detection must be employed. Coherent modulation/detection offers a far better
utilization of bandwidth, but the receiver must be designed to deal with extreme Doppler
distortion.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

Acoustic modem technology today offers two types of modulation/detection:

frequency shift keying (FSK) with noncoherent detection and phase-shift keying (PSK) with
coherent detection. FSK has traditionally been used for robust acoustic communications at
low bit rates (typically on the order of 100 bps). To achieve bandwidth efficiency, i.e. to
transmit at a bit rate greater than the available bandwidth, the information must be encoded
into the phase or the amplitude of the signal, as it is done in PSK or quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM). For example, in a 4-PSK system, the information bits (0 and 1) are
mapped into one of four possible symbols, ±1±j. The symbol stream modulates the carrier,
and the so-obtained signal is transmitted over the channel.

Fig 4(b): Centralized network topology.

Contention-based channel sharing does not rely on an a-priori division of channel

resources; instead, all the nodes contend for the use of channel, i.e., they are allowed to
transmit randomly at will, in the same frequency band and at the same time, but in doing so
they must follow a protocol for medium-access control (MAC) to ensure that their
information packets do not collide. All types of multiple-access are being considered for the
underwater acoustic systems. Experimental systems today favor either polling, TDMA, or
multiple-access collision avoidance (MACA) based on a hand-shaking contention procedure
that requires an exchange of requests and clearances to send (RTS/CTS). Intelligent collision
avoidance appears to be necessary in an underwater channel, where the simple principle of
carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA) is severely compromised due to the long propagation
delay.the fact that the channel is sensed as idle at some location does not guarantee that a data
packet is not already in transmission at a remote location.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

One of the major aspects of the evolving underwater networks is the requirement for
scalability. A method for channel sharing is scalable if it is equally applicable to any number
of nodes in a network of given density. For example, a pure TDMA scheme is not scalable, as
it rapidly looses efficiency on an underwater channel due to the increase in maximal
propagation delay with the area of coverage. In order to make this otherwise appealing
scheme scalable, it can be used locally, and combined with another technique for spatial reuse
of channel resources.

Research today is active on all topics in underwater communication networks: from

fundamental capacity analyses to the design of practical network protocols on all layers of the
network architecture (including medium access and data link control, routing, transport
control and application layers) as well as cross-layer network optimization.In addition to
serving as stand-alone systems, underwater acoustic networks will find application in more
complex, heterogeneous systems for ocean observation. Figure4(b) shows the concept of a
deep-sea observatory. At the core of this system is an underwater cable that hosts a multitude
of sensors and instruments, and provides high-speed connection to the surface. A wireless
network, integrated into the overall structure, will provide a mobile extension, thus extending
the reach of observation.

While we have focused on acoustic wireless communications, it has to be noted that

this will not be the only way of establishing wireless communication in the future underwater
networks. Optical waves, and in particular those in the blue-green region, offer much higher
throughput (Mbps) albeit over short distances (up to about 100 m). As such, they offer a
wireless transmission capability that complements acoustic communication.

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CHAPTER 5

UNDER WATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR NETWORKS

COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
5.1 2-D ARCHITECTURE:-

 Sensor nodes are anchored to the bottom of the ocean with deep ocean anchors.
 By means of wireless acoustic links, underwater sensor nodes are interconnected to one or
more underwater sinks (UW-sinks).
 UW-sinks are equipped with two acoustic transceivers, horizontal and vertical
transceiver. The first is used by the UW-sinks to communicate with the sensor nodes,
while the second is used by the UW-sinks to relay data to a surface station.

Fig 5.1:2-D Architecture

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 Under water Wireless Communication

 Vertical transceivers must be long range transceivers for deep water applications. The
surface station is equipped with multiple acoustic transceivers, one for each UW-sink
deployed.
 It is also endowed with a long range RF or satellite transmitter to communicate with the
onshore sink (OS-sink) or to a surface sink (s-sink).
 Sensors can be connected to sinks by means of direct links or through multi-hop paths.
In case of multi-hop paths, as in terrestrial sensor networks [4], data produced by a sensor
is relayed by intermediate sensors until it reaches the UW-sink.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

5.2 3-D ARCHITECTURE:-

Fig 5.2:3-D Architecture

 Sensor nodes float at different depths in order to observe a given phenomenon.

 The possible solution to achieve different depths would be to attach each UW-sensor node to
a surface buoy, by means of wires.
 Multiple floating buoys may obstruct ships navigating on the surface.They may also be easily
detected and deactivated by enemies in military settings.

Due to the above reasons, each sensor is anchored to the ocean bottom and equipped
with a floating buoy that can be inflated by a pump. The buoy pushes the sensor towards the
ocean surface. The depth of the sensor can then be regulated by adjusting the length of the
wire that connects the sensor to the anchor, by means of an electronically controlled engine
that resides on the sensor.

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CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

 Acoustic sensor technology has paved way for oceanographic data collection,pollution
monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention and tactical surveillance
applications.
 Vehicular Applications:-

 ROV(Remotely Operated Vehicle)

 ROV for the inspection of underwater structure.
 Low cost AUV for coastal oceanography.
 Low cost sensor modules for environmental data collection.
 Acoustic navigation technology for multiple AUVs.
 Solar powered AUV

Fig 6(a):solar power multiple AVU

It is designed to provide better observation and monitoring of complex aquatic

system.

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 Under water Wireless Communication

 Deep Sea Observatory

Fig 6(b):Deep sea observatory

The figure above shows the concept of the deep sea observatory. At the core of the
system is an underwater cable that hosts a multitude of sensors and instruments and
provides high-speed connection to the surface.

 New Solar Underwater Robot Technolog

New solar underwater robot technology has been developed for undersea observation
and water monitoring.

Fig 6(c):Under water solar panel

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 Under water Wireless Communication

Future applications could enhance myriad industries, ranging from the offshore oil
industry to aquaculture to fishing industries, she noted. Additionally, pollution control,
climate recording, ocean monitoring (for prediction of natural disturbances) and detection of
objects on the ocean floor are other areas that could benefit from enhanced underwater
communications.

 Environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data

 Marine archaeology
 Search and rescue missions
 Defence

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES
 Can be used to provide early warning of tsunamis generated by undersea earthquakes.
 It avoids data spoofing.
 It avoids privacy leakage.
 Pollution monitoring.

DISADVANTAGES

 Battery power is limited and usually batteries cannot be recharged also because solar
energy cannot be exploited .The available bandwidth is severly limited.
 Channel characteristics including long and variable propagation delays
 Multipath and fading problems.
 High bit error rate.

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION
This paper gives the overall view of the necessity of underwater wireless
communication and its applications. Despite much development in this area of the underwater
wireless communication, there is still an immense scope so more research as major part of the
ocean bottom yet remains unexploded.

Advanced versions of the existing applications and innovative inventions have

become a must in this field. Therefore, the main objective is to imbibe knowledge about this
emerging field and thereby encourage research and implementation of advanced technology
to overcome the present limitations such as the environmental effects on the noise
performance of acoustic systems as mentioned in this paper.

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CHAPTER 9

FEATURE SCOPE

• Today: point-to-point acoustic links

• Future: autonomous networks for ocean observation
• Examples of future networks:
• Ad hoc deployable sensor networks
• Autonomous fleets of cooperating AUVs

Fig 9: Acoustic networks, navigation and sensing for multiple

autonomous underwater robotic vehicles

• Types of nodes:
• fixed, slowly moving, mobile
• sensors, relays, gateways
• Future systems:
• 4-D Architecture
• 5-D Architecture

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CHAPTER 10

REFERENCE
 www.google.com

 www.wikipedia.com

 www.studymafia.org

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