CHAPTER 1

THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

1. “Every multicellular organism has evolved from a single celled organism.” Comment on the
statement citing a few examples.

2. Suggest two factors, on which the shape of a body cell depends? Support your answer giving the
shape of various human cells.

3. What is the significance of division of labour in cells of multicellular organisms? Is the same
observed in unicellular organisms?
4. We put an animal cell into a sugar solution whose concentration was unknown. Can we
determine the concentration of the solution relative to the animal cell? How?

5. There is no movement of water molecules across the cell membrane when an animal cell is
placed in an isotonic solution. Is the statement correct? If not, then correct the statement by
editing just one word.

6. Explain what will happen to a raisin put for some time in

(a) fresh water.

(b) a hypotonic medium

(c) a hypertonic medium

7. A de–shelled egg, when placed in glucose solution swells up. What can you say about the tonicity
of the glucose solution relative to that of the egg?

8. Why is the inner wall of mitochondria deeply folded?

9. What makes mitochondria semi–autonomous in nature?

10. Give the name of cell organelle known as

(a) power house of the cell _______________________________________

(b) control house of the cell_______________________________________

(c) kitchen of the cell _______________________________________________

(d) suicide bags of the cell______________________________________________

 CHAPTER 2
TISSUES
1. What is a tissue? What is the need of tissue development when a single cell can perform all the
functions of life?

2. Name 2 types of plant tissues. Give their location in the plant body. What are the names given to
the actively dividing tissue and the differentiated tissue in plants?

3. Name 3 type of meristematic tissues. Differentiate between the three types on the basis of:
(i) shape of cells (ii) cell wall (iii) cytoplasm
(iv) vacuole (v) intercellular spaces (vi) occurrence
(v) functions
4. How will you prove that root tips are necessary for the growth of roots? What do you infer about
the kind of tissue present in the root tips?

5. Name the plant tissue present at–

(a) root tips _____________________________________________________

(b) internodes and nodes _________________________________________________

(c) leaf stalk, below epidermis ______________________________________________

(d) base of leaves __________________________________________________________

(e) veins of leaves __________________________________________________________

6. Name the plant tissue(s) responsible for

(a) increasing girth of the stem ___________________________________________

(b) growth of the root____________________________________________________________

(c) storage of food _____________________________________________________________

(d) providing buoyancy to aquatic plants____________________________________________

(e) flexibility in plants___________________________________________________________

(f) making plant hard and stiff_____________________________________________________

(g) protection from desiccation and dehydration_______________________________________

(h) water conduction _____________________________________________________________

(i) food translocation______________________________________________________________

(j) storage of chlorophyll_____________________________________________________________

7. Name the part of xylem and phloem which help in

(a) transportation of water and animals _______________________________________________

(b) providing support to plant_________________________________________________________

(c) sideways conduction of water______________________________________________________

8. Name the substance:

(a) present in sclerenchymatous tissue, which acts as cement and hardens it __________________

(b) in the thick waxy coating over epidermis in desert plants________________________________

(c) present in cork of tree, making it impervious to gases and water_________________________

9. Name the plant tissues in which the following structures are present.

(a) sclereids ______________________________

(b) cambium________________________________

(c) lignified walls________________________________

(d) cutin coating_____________________________________

(e) companion cells___________________________________________

10. Name the connective tissue

(i) which helps in transportation of gases in the body______________________________________

(ii) which anchors the muscles of the body______________________________________________

(iii) which lines the nose, ear, trachea and larynx_________________________________________

(iv) which stores fat________________________________________________________________

(v) which helps in repair of tissues_____________________________________________________

11. Name the type of animal tissue that constitutes the

(a) heart _________________________________

(b) nerves________________________________

(c) skin__________________________________

(d) bones ___________________________________

(e) muscles__________________________________

12. Name the type of animal tissue which

(i) provides support and strength to the body

(ii) helps in body movement

(iii) helps in conduction of nerve stimulus

(iv) lines the kidney tubules and salivary ducts

(v) connects bones to muscles

(vi) connects muscles to bones

(vii) is present in the bone narrow

(viii) provides elasticity to the body

(ix) acts as an insulation to the body organs

(x) is present in the iris of the eye

13. Name the

(i) special proteins present in muscles

(ii) substances which fill the solid matrix of cartilaginous tissue

(iii) hair like projections on the outer surface of epithelia in respiratory tract

(iv) compounds which make the bones hard

(v) fluid matrix of blood, which contains blood corpuscles

CHAPTER 3
 DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
1. Define classification. What is the need for classifying organisms?

2. What do you understand by five–kingdom classification? Who gave it? Enlist various kingdoms
on the basis of five–kingdom classification in a tabular form. What are the platforms on which this
classification is based?

3. To which kingdom the following organisms belong:

(a) Euglena
(b) Gymnosperms
(c) Diatoms
(d) Lichens
(e) Mushrooms
(f) Mycoplasma
(g) Mammals
(h) Yeast
(i) Algae
(j) Protozoan
4. To which kingdom the following belong:
(a) Unicellular prokaryotes
(b) Eukaryotic heterotrophs without cell wall
(c) Saprophytes
(d) Locomotory organs – cilia or flagella
(e) Chitinous cell wall
(f) Prokaryotes with cell wall
5. Name the following:
(a) The enclosures of seeds in flowering plants.
(b) The structures that bear sex organs in Gymnosperms.
(c) The cells that surround the sex organs in Pteridophytes.
(d) The root- like structures present in bryophytes
6. To which division of kingdom Plantae the following belongs:
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Pines
(c) Shrubs
(d) Funaria
(e) Chara
(f) Ulothrix
(g) Ferns
(h) Liverworts
(i) Cladophora
(j) Azolla
7. Name the phylum of animals with jointed feet. ___________________________________
8. Who gave the concept of ‘Binomial Nomenclature’? What rules are observed while writing
scientific names according to binomial nomenclature? Give the scientific name of man, tiger and
mango
9. Name the following:
(a) Group of animals that bear notchord only in early stages of life.
(b) Group of animals that have endoskeleton of cartilage or bone.
(c) Class of animals having 2 pairs of pentadactyl limbs.
(d) Phylum of animals having malphigian tubules for excretion.
(e) Class of animals that can respire by gills, lungs or skin at different stages of life.

CHAPTER 4
WHY DO WE FALL ILL?

1. A community cannot be termed ‘healthy’ unless each of its individual is ‘healthy’. Comment on
the statement.

2. “Healthy, wealthy and wise” are three words interrelated to each other. Give your opinion on
the statement.

3. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic factors which cause disease.

Name four intrinsic and four extrinsic disease-causing factors.
4. Give a name for:
(a) The diseases caused by micro–organisms.
(b) The diseases which last for very short period of time.
(c) The diseases which can spread from one person to another.
(d) The diseases which are caused by internal causes.
(e) The state of hypersensitivity of body toward certain substances.
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word(s).
(a) Most of the skin diseases are caused due to __________.
(b) Protozons are mostly spread by the __________.
(c) Toxins are the poisonous substances secreted by __________.
(d) Natural immunity of human body is reduced in the disease __________.
(e) Full form of TMV is __________.
6. Give a name for the following along with a reason:
(a) Pathogens which are not acted upon by antibiotics
(b) Pathogens which are not attacked by penicillin
(c) Vector for malaria – causing protozoan.
7. It was diagnosed that the body of a patient has lost its power of fighting any infection. Name the
disease he has been suffering from. What type of microbe is responsible for this disease and how
does it spread from one person to another?

8. ‘The mode of entry of pathogen into our body determines the organ where it resides and the
disease it causes’. Elaborate this statement giving three examples.
9. “Prevention of disease is better than its cure” comment on the statement giving reasons to
support you comments.

10.Complete the following table on the basis of your knowledge:

Disease Cause Mode of spread Preventive measures
Influenza
Rabies
Malaria
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Brain fever
11. Name the following:
(a) the disease which has been 100% eradicated from the world.
(b) a disease which has no vaccine
(c) the common vaccine for ‘Diphtheria –pertussis – tetanus’.
(d) the anti–malarial drugs
(e) the anti-tetanus injection
(f) the anti-tuberculosis vaccine
12. A person is suffering from frequent and watery stools, dehydration and vomiting. Name the
disease he is suffering from. What unhygienic conditions can you observe around his living place?
13. Give reasons for:
(a) We are given bland and nourishing food while we recover from a disease.
(b) Most children below five in India become immune to Hepatitis–A even without immunization.
(c) A person addicted to chewing tobacco or drinking liquor habitually is not considered healthy.
(d) Immediate cure of a disease should be undertaken.
(e) Public health programmes are established in every district time-to-time.
14. Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s).
(i) Acute respiratory syndrome means a disease in ___________.
(ii) The other name for brain fever is ___________.
(iii) ___________ cannot cause AIDS.
(iv) Mosquitoes feed on many ___________ blooded animals.
(v) ___________ is the target organ in jaundice.
(vi) Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium named ___________.
15. In a cluster of hutments, many people are suffering from malaria. Mention the unhygienic
conditions that must be prevailing in that locality. How does a doctor confirm malaria? Mention
two preventive measures of this disease.

CHAPTER 5
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
1. What are the essential nutrients required by our body?

2. Name:
(a) some cereals rich in carbohydrates
(b) some pulses rich in proteins
(c) some oil seeds rich in fats
(d) some sources of vitamins and minerals
3. Classify the following into kharif or Rabi crops: cotton, paddy, wheat, pigeon pea, mustard,
linseed.

4. Compare and contrast manures from fertilizers in their composition and their use in maintaining
soil fertility.

5. Name 2 indigenous and 2 foreign breeds of cow.