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UNIT-7
BUSINESS MATHEMARICS &
STATISTICS
Commercial Arithmetic
Percentage
We are so familiar with the meaning of percentage. Per cent means for every hundred.
Thus, 4 percent means 4 for every hundred or 4/100 . Percentage is also a fraction whose
denominator is 100. the numerator of the percentage is called rate percent.
Thus, 12% means 12 out of hundred or 12/100. The concept of percentage used in business
transactions, calculating interest, comparison of quantities and the like.

Percentage is always a convenient way of comparing quantities.

Example 1: A man has spends 78% of his monthly income and saves Rs. 1,100. What
is his monthly income?
Solution:

Note: Let us solve the problem by using percentage.

Let his monthly income be Rs. 100. Then his expenditure is Rs. 78. Therefore, his savings is
100 – 78 = Rs. 22

If his savings is Rs. 22, then the income is Rs. 100. If the savings is Rs. 1,100 then the
income is 100/22 x 1000 = 5000 rupees.
His monthly income is Rs. 5000

Verification: 785 of Rs. 5000 = 78/100 x 5000 = Rs. 3900. Hence his savings is 5000 – 3900 =
Rs. 1100.

Example2: An athlete won 8 events out of a number of events. If the win percentage
was 40, how many events were there in total?
Solution:
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We know, the win percentage is 40. So, 40 events are won out of 100.

Therefore 8 events are won out 40/100 x 8 = 20 events.

Hence, There were 20 events in total.

Example 3: Ravi’s income is 25% more than that of Raghu. What percent is Raghu’s
income less than that of Ravi?
Solution:

Let Raghu’s income be Rs. 100. Then, Ravi’s income is Rs. 125. Put this in the reverse way. If
Ravi’s income is Rs. 125 and Raghu’s income is Rs. 100.

If Ravi’s income is Rs. 1, Raghu’s income is 100/125. Changing the scale to 100.
If Ravi’s income is 100 then, Raghu’s income is 100/125 x100 = Rs. 80
Therefore, Raghu’s income is 100 – 80 = 20% less than that of Ravi.

Example 4: The salary of an employee is increased by 15%. If his new salary is Rs.
12650, what is his salary before enhancement?
Solution:
Let the salary before enhancement be Rs. 100. Since his increment is 15%, his salary
enhancement is Rs. 100 + Rs. 15 = Rs. 115.

Now, we reverse the role. If the new salary is Rs. 115, salary before enhancement is Rs 100.
If the new salary is Rs. 12,650, salary before enhancement is100/115 x 12650 = Rs 11000
Therefore, his salary before enhancement is Rs. 11000

1. In a school, 30% of students play chess, 60% play carrom and rest play other
games. If the total number of students in the school is 900, find the exact number
of students who play each game.
Solution:

Total number of students in the school= 900

30% of students play chess

Exact number of students who play chess

= 30/100× 900 = 270

60% of students play carrom

Exact number of students who play Carrom

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=60/100× 900 = 540

Numbers of students who play other games = 900 – [270 + 540]

= 900 – 810

= 90

2. In a school function Rs 360 remained after spending 82%of the money. How
much money was there in the beginning? Verify your answer.
Solution:

Let the money in the beginning be =100 Rs

It is given that, 82% of the money was spent.

Therefore, exact amount spent = 82/10o × 100 = 82 Rs

Money remaining = Money in the beginning – Money spent

= 100 – 82

= 18 Rs.

Therefore, the amount of money remaining is 18 if the money in the beginning is 100. It is
given that, the money remaining is Rs. 360 and then money in the beginning is,(360×100)/18 =
2000
Therefore, money in the beginning is Rs. 2000.

Verifying:

If the money in the beginning is Rs. 2000 after spending 82%, then the amount of money
spent is, = 1640.

Therefore,

Remaining money = money in the beginning – amount of money spent

= 2000 – 1640

= 360.

Thus, the remaining money is Rs. 360.

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3. Akshay’s income is 20% less than that of Ajay. What percent is Ajay’s income
more than that of Akshay?
Solution:

Ajay’s income be = 100Rs

Akshay’s income = 100 – 20 = 80 Rs

In reverse way, if Akshay’s income is 80Rs, Ajay’s income is 100 Rs

If Akshay’s income is Rs. 1 and Ajay’s income is 1×100/80 =100/80

Changing scale to Rs. 100.

If Akshay’s income is 100 Rs, then Ajay’s income =100/80 × 100 = 125
∴ Ajay’s income = Rs. 125 and Akshay’s income is Rs. 100.

Therefore, Ajay’s income is 25% more than Akshay’s income.

4. A daily wage employee spends 84% of his weekly earning. If he saves Rs. 384, find
his weekly earning.
Solution:
Let the weekly earning of the employee be = 100 Rs

Amount spent = 84% of weekly earning

Exact amount spent =84/100× 100 = 84

Money saved = earning – money spent

= 100 – 84

= 16

Rs. 16 is the weekly savings for Rs. 100. If weekly savings is Rs. 384, then, the his weekly
earning is, (384×100)/16 = 2400
Therefore, his weekly earnings be Rs. 2400.

5. factory announces a bonus of 10% to its employees. If an employee gets Rs

10,780, find his actual salary.
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Solution:
Let the salary of the employee be = 100 Rs

Bonus declared = 10%

Thus, bonus amount = 10/100× 100 = 10

Therefore, total amount employee gets which includes salary and bonus = 100+10 = 110 Rs

If the total amount is 110 Rs, actual salary = 100 Rs

If the total amount is 10,780 Rs, actual salary

=(10780×100)/110 = 9800 s.
Therefore, his actual salary is 9800.

Profit and loss:

The money paid to buy goods is called cost price and abbreviated as C.P. The price at
which goods are sold in shops is called selling price and abbreviated as S.P.
When an article is bought, some addition expenses such as freight charges, labour charges,
transportation charges, maintenance charges etc., are made before selling. These expenses
are known as overhead expenses. These expenses have to be included in the cost price.
Thus,
Real cost price = total investment

⇒ C.P. = price for + overhead

buying goods charges

 If S.P > C.P., there is a gain or profit.

 If S.P > C.P., there is a loss.
 Profit = S.P – C.P.
 Loss = C.P – S.P.
 Gain (profit) or loss on 100 is called gain percent or loss percent.
Profit or Loss is always calculated on C.P
1. Gain or profit % = Gain/P ×100
2. Loss % = Loss/P×100
3. P.= (100+Gain%)/100× C.P
4. P. = (100-Loss%)/100 x C.P
5. P.= 100/(100+gain%) × S.P
6. P = 100/(100-LOSS%)×S.P
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Example 5: The cost price of a computer is Rs. 19500. An additional Rs. 450 was
spent on installing software. If it is sold at 12% profit, find the selling price of the
computer.
Solution:
Cost price of the computer is Rs. 19500 + Rs. 450 (overhead expenses) = Rs. 19950,

The computer is sold at a profit of 12%. Therefore,

S.P.= (100+Gain%)/100× C.P

S.P. = (100+12%)/(100)
= 112/10 × 19950
= 22344

Thus, selling price is Rs. 22344

Example 6: On selling a bicycle for Rs. 4300, a dealer loses 14%. For hiw much
should he sell it to gain 14%.
Solution:
Selling price of a bicycle is Rs. 4300 and the loss is 14%.

Therefore,

C.P =100/(100-loss%) x S.P

= 100/(100-14%) × 4300
= 100/(84) ×S.P
= 5000

So the cost of the bicycle is 5000. Let us find out what should be the selling price to get 14%
profit.

Expected gain = 14%

Therefore,

S.P.= (100+gain%)/(100) × 5000

= 114/(100) × 5000
= 5700

Hence, the selling price of the bicycle to gain 14% profit is 5700.
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Example 7: Two cows were sold for Rs. 12000 each, one at a gain of 20% and the
other at a loss of 20%. Find the loss or gain in the entire transaction.
Solution:
Let us first find out the cost price of each cow and then add them to find the total amount
spent. We know the total amount of money received. Comparing them we will know
whether there is a loss or profit in the whole transaction.

First cow:

Selling price Rs. 12000

Gain = 20%.

Therefore, C.P.= 100/(100+gain%) ×S.P

C.P.= 100/(100+20%) ×12000
= 100/(120) ×12000
= 10000

Second cow:

Selling price 12000

Loss 20%

Therefore,

C.P = 100/(100-loss%) × S.P

C.P = 100/(100-20%) × 12000
= 100/80 × 20000
= 15000

Total cost of the cows = 10000 + 15000 = 25000

Total selling price of both cows = 12000 + 12000 = 24000

Therefore, loss = Rs. (25000 – 24000) = Rs. 1000

Hence, loss percentage, loss/c.p x 100 =100/(250000) x 100 = 4

Therefore, there is a loss of 4% in the whole transaction.

Example 8: If the cost of 21 cell phones is equal to selling price of 18 cell phones, find the
profit percent.
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Solution:
Let the c.p of each cell phones be Re. 1 . Then the c.p. of 21 cell phones is Rs. 21.

By the given data, S.P. of 18 cell phones = c.p. of 21 cell phones = Rs 21

Therefore, S.P. of 1 cell phone is 21/(18) . This gives,

Profit = S.P. – C.P. = 21/18 – 1 = 3/18 = 1/6 =0.166
Thus, there is a profit of Rs. 1/6 on each phone. Now we can calculate profit percentage:
Profit percentage =Profit/c.p x 100 = 1.6/1 x100 =50/3 = 16 2/3
Therefore, the profit percentage is 16 2/3

Example 9: A dealer sells a radio at a profit of 8%. Had he sold it for Rs. 85 less, he would
have lost 2%. Find the cost price of the radio.
Solution:
Let the cost price of the radio at a profit of the radio be x. Let us calculate the selling price
with 8% profit and 2% loss, separately.

With 8% profit:

We have here,

S.P.= (100+Gain%)/100 × C.P

S.P.= (100+8)/100 × x
= 54/50 x
With 2% loss:

We obtain here,

S.P.= (100-Loss%)/100 C.P

S.P.= (100-8)/100 x x
= 49/50 x
Thus, the difference in the selling price with 8% profit and 2% loss is,

54/50 x – 49/50 x = 5/50 x = x/10

But, this difference is given to be equal to Rs. 85, so that x/10 = 85. This implies that, x =
850. Hence, the cost price of radio is Rs. 850.

Commercial Arithmetic – ch.1 unit 4 – Exercise 1.4.3

1. Sonu bought a bicycle for Rs 3750 and spent Rs 250 on its repairs. He sold it for
Rs4,400. Find his loss or profit percentage.
Solution:
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Amount paid to buy the bicycle = Rs 3750

Amount spent on repairs = Rs 250

Total amount spent on bicycle = 3750 + 250 = 4000

Profit = S.P – C.P

= 4400 – 4000

= 400

Profit % =(Profitx100)/c.p = (400×100)/(4000) =10%

2. Shopkeeper purchases a article for Rs 3500 and pays transport charge of Rs 100.
He incurred a loss of 12% in selling this. Find the selling price of the article.
Solution:
Amount paid to purchase the article = 3500 Rs

Amount spent on transport = 100 Rs

Total amount spent on article

= 3500 + 100

= 3600

Let the C.P be 100 Rs. It is given that, loss 12% then, the loss for Rs 100 is, Rs. 12.

{Loss = C.P – S.P = C.P – Loss}

∴ S.P = 100 – 12 = 88 Rs

If C.P is 100 Rs, S.P of article for 12% loss = 88 Rs

If C.P is 3600Rs, S.P of article for 12% loss, then,

= (3600×88)/100 =
3168
Therefore, the cost price is Rs. 3168.
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3. By selling a watch for Rs 720, Ravi loses 10%. At what price should he sell it, in
order to gain 15%?
Solution:
It is given that,

S.P of watch = 720 Rs

Loss = 10%

Therefore,

C.P = 100/(100-Loss%) x S.P.

= 100/(100-10) x 720
= 100/90 x 720
= 800

C.P of watch is Rs. 800.

It is given in the problem that, Profit expected = 15%

C.P = 100/(100+gain%) x S.P.

= 100/(100-15%) x 800
= 100/85 x 800
=920

4. Hari bought two fans for Rs. 2400 each. He sold one at a loss of 10% and the other
at a profit of 15%. Find the selling price of each fan and find also the total profit
or loss.
Solution:
Selling price of a fan Rs. 2400

Loss from 1st fan = 10%

Therefore,

S.P = (100-Loss%)/100 x C.P.

= (100-10)/100 x 2400
= 90/100 x 2400
= 2160

Profit from a fan is 15%

C.P. of fan = 2400 Rs

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S.P = (100+Gain%)/100 x C.P.

S.P = 115/100 × 2400
=2760 Rs

Total cost price of two fans = 2400 + 2400 = 4800 Rs

Total selling price of two fans = 2160 + 2760 = 4920 Rs

Total profit = Total S.P.-Total C.P.

= 4920 – 4800

= 120 Rs

5. A store keeper sells a book at 15% gain. Had he sold it for Rs 18 more, he would
have gained 18%. Find the cost price of the book.
Solution:
Let the C.P be Rs. x

Profit = 15% = 15Rs.

S.P = (100+Gain%)/100 x c.p.

S.P = (100+15)/100 x C.P.
S.P.= 115/100 x X
When the profit is 18%,

S.P.= (100+gain%)/100 x C.P.

= 118/100 X
It is given that, if he had he sold it for Rs 18 more, he would have gained 18%.

18 = 118/100 x – 115/100 x
= 3/100 x
x = (18×100)/3 = 600

The cost price of the book is Rs. 600.

6. The cost price of 12 pens is equal to selling price of 10 pens. Find the profit percentage.
Solution:
Let the C.P of one pen be 1 Rs
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∴ C.P of 12 pens = 12 Rs

Given S.P. of pens = Cost price of 12 pens

∴ S.P of 10 pens = 12 Rs

C.P of 10 pens = 10 Rs

S.P.> C.P.

Profit = S.P. – C.P.

= 12 – 10

= 2 Rs

Profit % = (profitx100)/c.p =(2×100)/10 = 20%

Therefore, percentage of profit is 20%.

Discount:
A reduction on the market price of articles is called discount. The following completely
describe facts related to the discount:

 Discount is always given on the marked price of the article.

 Discount =Marked price – Selling price.
 Marked price is called list price.
 Discount = Rate of discount × Marked price
 Net price [S.p] = Marked price – discount.

Example 10: A computer marked at Rs. 18000 was sold at Rs. 15840. Find the percentage
of discount.
Solution:
Marked price is Rs. 18000 and selling was sold at Rs. 15,480. Therefore, discount = Rs.
18000 – Rs. 15840 = Rs. 2160

Thus, for a marked price of Rs. 18000, discount is Rs. 2160.

For a marked price of Rs. 100, discount =2160/18000 x100 = 12%

Therefore, the percentage of discount is 12.
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Example 11: A tape recorder is sold at Rs. 5225 after being given a discount of 5%. What is
its marked price?
Solution:
We are given that the discount is 5%. This means that for Rs. 100, the discount is Rs. 5%.

Therefore, selling price = Rs. 100 – Rs. 5 = Rs. 95

Thus on a selling price of Rs. 95, the marked price = 100/95x 5225 = 5500
Therefore, marked price of the tape recorder is Rs. 5500.

Example 13: A shop keeper buys an article for Rs. 500. He marks it at 20% above the cost
price. If he sells it at 12% discount, find the selling price.
Solution:
Cost price = Rs. 500

Profit = 20% of Rs. 500 = 20/100 x 500 = Rs. 100

Marked price = cost price + profit = 500 +100 = Rs. 600

Now the discount given is 12%.

For, Rs. 600, the discount = 12/100 x600 = 72 rupees

Therefore, selling price = cost price – discount

= 600 – 72

= Rs. 528

Hence, the selling price of the article is Rs. 528.

Commerical arithmetic – Chapter 1 – Exercise 1.4.4

1. An article marked Rs 800 and sold for Rs. 704. Find the discount and discount percent.
Solution:
M.P of article = 800 Rs

S.P of article = 704 Rs

Discount = M.P. – S.P.

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= 800 – 704

=96 Rs

Discount % = Discount/M.P ×100

Discount % =96/800 ×100 = 12%

2. A dress is sold at Rs 550 after allowing a discount of 12%. Find its marked price.
Solution:

Let the marked price be 100 Rs

Discount = 12% = 12 Rs

∴ S.P = M.P – Discount = 100 -12 = 88 Rs

If the S.P is 88 Rs, the M.P = 100 Rs

If the S.P is 550 Rs,

Therefore, the marked price = (550×100)/88 = 625

Therefore, the marked price is Rs. 625.

3. A shopkeeper buys a suit piece for Rs 1400 and marks it 60% above the cost
price. He allows a discount of 15% on it, find the marked price of the suit piece
and also the discount given.
Solution:
Amount paid by the shopkeeper to buy the suit piece = 1400 Rs

Profit = 60%

then, Profit for 1400 is , = Profit%/100 ×C.P

= 60%/100 ×1400
= x (14)

=840 Rs

15% discount on raised M.P = 15/100 × 2240 = 336 Rs

[ ∵ Discount = rate of discount × M.P ]
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Discount = M.P – S.P

⇒ S.P = M.P. –Discount

= 2240-336

= 1904 Rs

4. A dealer marks his goods 40% above the cost price and allows a discount of 10%
find the profit percent.
Solution:
Let the C.P. be 100 Rs

The marked price = 100 + 40 = 140 Rs

[∴ Discount = 10% = 10]

If M.P. is 100 Rs, then S.P. = 90 Rs

∴ If M.P is 140 Rs, then S.P = (140+90)/100

=126

C.P = 100 Rs, S.P = 126 Rs,

S.P > C.P.

Therefore there is a profit.

Profit = S.P – C.P

= 126 – 100

= 26 Rs

Profit % = (profitx100)/c.p = (26×100)/100 = 26%

5. A dealer is selling an article at a discount of 15% find:

a) The selling price if the marked price is Rs 500
b) The cost price if he makes 25% profit
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Solution:

1. a) P. = 500 Rs
Discount = 15 %

15% of 500 =15/100 x 500 = 75 Rs

Discount = M.P – S.P

S.P = M.P – Discount

=500-75

=425 Rs

b) S.P = 425 Rs

Profit = 25%

C.P = 100/(100+profit%) × S.P

= (100)/(100+25%) × 425
=100/125 x 425 = 340 Rs

Commercial Arithmetic – Chapter 1 – Commission

The mediator who helps buying and selling of houses, sites, vehicles etc. is called
commission agent or broker.

The money that the broker or agent receives in the deal is called brokerage or commission.

Commission is calculated on the transaction amount in percentage.

Commission per hundred rupees is called commission rate.

Commission = Commission rate ×S.P

Selling price = 100/commission rate × .

Example 14: A real estate agent receives a commission of 1.5% in selling a land for
Rs. 1,60,000. What is the commission amount?
Solution:
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Selling price of a land is Rs. 1,60,000 and the commission rate is 1.5%

If the selling price is Rs. 100, commission = Rs. 1.5

If the selling price is Rs. 1,60,000 , commission =1.5/100 x 160000 = 2400

Therefore the commission amount is Rs. 2400.

Example 15: The price of a long book is Rs. 18. A shop keeper sells 410 note books in
a month and receives Rs. 1,033.20 as commission. Find the rate of commission.
Solution:

Price of one long note book is Rs. 18

Price of 410 long note books = 410 x 18 = 7380 Rs.

Now the commission received for this amount is Rs. 1033.20. Hence for Rs. 100, the
commission is

1033.20/7380
x 100 = 14
Therefore, the rate of commission is 14%.

Example 16: Abdul sold his house through a broker by paying Rs. 6125 as
brokerage. If the rate of brokerage is 2.5%, find the selling price of the house.
Solution:

Brokerage given is Rs. 6125. The brokerage rate is 2.5%

If the brokerage is Rs. 2.5, selling price would be Rs. 100.

If the commission is Rs. 6125, selling price is,

100/2.5x 6125 = 245000

Thus, the selling price of the house is Rs. 2,45,000.

Commercial arithmetic – Exercise

1. Sindhu sells her scooty for Rs 28,000 through a broker. The rate of brokerage is
%. Find the commission agent gets and the net amount Sindhu gets.
Solution:
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Commission = commission rate × S.P

= 2.5/100 x 28000
= 700 Rs

The amount commission agent gets is Rs. 700

Net amount Sindhu gets = 28000 – 700

= 27300 Rs

[∴ Net amount = S.P – Commission]

2. A share agent sells 2000 shares at Rs 45 each and gets the commission at the rate
of 1.5%. Find the amount the agent gets.
Solution:

S.P of 1 share = 45 Rs

S.P of 2000 shares = 2000×45 = 90000 Rs

Commission rate = 1.5% =15%/10

Commission = Commission rate ×S.P

= 15/(10×100) × 90000
= 1350 Rs

3. A person insures Rs 26000 through an insurance agent. If the agent gets Rs 650 as
the commission, find the rate of commission.
Solution:
Commission for Rs 100 is called

Commission rate for Rs 26,000

Commission = 650 Rs

∴ Commission for 100 =(100×650)/6000 =5/2 = 2.5

∴ Commission rate = 2.5%
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4. A selling agent gets Rs 10,200 in a month. This include his monthly salary of Rs
6,000 and 6% commission for the sales find the value of goods he sold.
Solution:
Salary + Commission = 10,200

6,000 + Commission = 10,200

Commission = 10,200 – 6,000

Commission = 4,200 Rs

If the commission is 6 Rs, the value of goods sold = 100 Rs.

∴ If the commission is 4200 Rs, the values of goods sold = (4200×100)/6 = 70,000 Rs

Simple Interest
People borrow money from banks or financial institutions or money lenders for various
purposes. While returning the borrowed money after a period of time, they need to pay
some extra amount. This extra amount paid on the borrowed money after a period of time
is called interest.
Principal : The money borrowed is called principal or sum.

Interest : The extra money paid on the principal after a period of time is called interest.

Amount : The total money paid is called amount. Amount = Principal + Interest.
Rate : Interest for every Rs 100 for one year is known as rate percent per annum.

Time : Time is the duration for which the borrowed money is utilised. Time is expressed in
years or months or days.

Simple interest : The interest paid on the principal alone. In the world of finance (Bankers
rule), time is often expressed in days also.

Formula to find the simple interest

Let P = principal,

R = rate of interest per annum,

T = time in years,

I = simple interest. These are related by the formula.

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I = (PxTxR)/100
When the time is given in days or months, it is be expressed in years.

For calculating interest, the day on which money deposited is not counted, while the day on
which money is withdrawn is counted.

Example 17: Calculate the interest on Rs. 800 at 61/2% per annum, for 31/2 years.
Solution:

Given: P= Rs. 800; T=31/2 years , R = 61/2% = 13/2%

We use the formula for I,

I = PxTxR/100 = (800x 7 x13)/(2x2x100) = 2x7x13 =182

Thus, the interest is Rs. 182.

Example: Rs. 800 amounts to Rs. 920 in 3years at a certain rate of interest. If the rate
of interest is increased by 3%, what would the amount will become?
Solution:
Recall, interest = Amount – Principal

Hence,

I = Rs. 920 – Rs. 800 = Rs. 120

This interest is accrued in T = 3years, for the principal Rs. 800. Using ,

I = PxTxR/100, we get,
R = (100xI)/PxT
R = (100×120)/(800×3) = 5
Thus, the original rate of interest is 5%. After the increase of interest by 3%, the new rate of
interest, which we again denote by R = 5% + 3% = 8%.

The principal P = Rs. 800 and the period T = 3 years remain the same.

Therefore,

I = PxTxR/100 = (800x3x8)/100 = 192

Therefore, the new amount = Rs. 800 + Rs 192 = Rs. 992
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Commercial Arithmetic – Exercise 1.4.6

1. Find the simple interest on Rs 2500 for 4 years at 6 % per annum.
Solution:
P = 2500 Rs

T = 4 years

R = 61/4 % = 6.25% = 25%/4

I = PxTxR/100 = 2500x4x25/100 = 625 Rs.

2. Find the simple interest on Rs 3,500 at the rate of 21/2 % per annum for 165 days.
Solution:
P = 3500 Rs

T = 165 days = 165/365 year [∴ 1 year = 365 days]

R = 21/2 % = 2.5%
I = PxTxR/100 = (3500×2.5×165)/(100×365) = 1443750/36500 = 39.55 Rs.

3. In what period will Rs 5,200 amount to Rs 7,384 at 12% per annum simple
interest?
Solution:
P = 5,200 Rs

A = 7,384 Rs

R = 12%

T=?

S.I = A-P = 7,384 – 5,200 = 2,184 Rs

2184= (5200xTx12)/100
T = I = (2184×100)/(5200×12)
= 3.5 years.
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3. Ramya borrowed a loan from a bank for buying a computer. After 4 years she
paid Rs 26,640 and settled the accounts. If the rate of interest is 12% per annum,
what was the sum borrowed?
Solution:

Let the sum borrowed be = x → P

T = 4 years 18000

A = 26,640 37 666000

R = 12% 37↓

S.I = A-P 296

S.I = 26,640-x 269

S.I = PxTxR/100
(26,640 – x) = (xX4X12)/100
25(26,640-x) = 12x

25 ×26,640 – 25x = 12x

6,66,000 = 12x + 25x

6,66,000 = 37x

x = 66600/37
x = 18,000

Therefore, the sum borrowed = 18,000 Rs

[Principal]

5. A sum of money triples itself in 18 years, find the rate of interest.

Solution:

Let the principal amount be = x

Therefore, the amount = 3x

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[∴ sum of money triples]

T = 8 years

R=?

S.I = A – P

S.I = 3x – x

S.I = 2x

S.I = PxTxR/100
2x = (xx8xR)/100
2x = (2xxR)/25
R = (2xx25)/2x = 2x

Commercial arithmetic –Tax

The Government requires money for its functioning. Money required for a Government is
collected from the public in the form of taxes. One such method of collecting money is sales
tax.

Sales tax is the tax we pay when we buy goods/articles from a shop. Sales tax is charged by
the Government on the sale of every good/article. Sales tax is called indirect tax as it is
collected from the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer (shop keeper) who in turn
collects it from the customer.

Value added tax (VAT): VAT is revised version of sales tax.

Example 21: Abdul purchases a pair of clothes with a marked price Rs. 1350. If the
rate of sales tax is 4%, calculate the amount to be paid by him:
Solution:
Marked price of the item is Rs. 1350

Sales tax is 4%

Hence the total sales tax on the item is 4/100 x 1350 = Rs. 54
Amount to be paid = marked price + tax

= 1350 + 54
 24

= 1404 Rs.

Hence, the amount to be paid by him is Rs. 1404.

Commercial Arithmetic – Exercise

1. A person purchases the following items from a mall for which the sales tax is
mentioned a mall for which the sales tax is mentioned against.
a) Stationary materials for Rs 250 and sales tax of 4% there on.

b) Electronic goods worth Rs 2,580 and sales tax of 10% there on.

c) Groceries worth Rs 1,200 on which sales tax of 3% is levied.

d) Medicines worth Rs 200 with sales tax of 6%.

Find the bill amount for each item.

Solution:

a) M.P = 250 Rs

Sales tax = 4%

Tax amount = 4/100 × 250 = 10 Rs

Bill amount = M.P + tax amount

= 250 + 10

= 260 Rs

b) M.P =2,580

Sales tax = 10%

Tax amount = 10/100 × 2580 = 258 Rs

Bill amount = M.P + tax amount

= 2,580 +258

= 2,838 Rs
 25

c) M.P = 1,200

Sales tax = 3%

Tax amount = 3/100 × 1200 = 36 Rs

Bill amount = M.P + tax amount

= 1,200 +36

= 1,236 Rs

d) M.P = 200

Sales tax = 6%

Tax amount = 6/100 × 200 = 12 Rs

Bill amount = M.P + tax amount

= 200 +12

=212

2. A person buys electronic goods worth Rs 10,000 for which the sales tax is 4% and
another material worth Rs 15,000 for which the sales tax is 6%. He manufactures
a gadget using all these and sells it a 15% profit. What is his selling price?
Solution:

M.P of electronic goods = 10,000 Rs

Sales tax = 4%

Tax amount = 4/100 × 10000 = 400 Rs

Bill amount = 10,000 + 400 = 10,400 Rs

[ Bill amount = M.P + tax ]

M.P of other material = 15,000 Rs

Sales tax = 6%

Tax amount = 6/100 × 15000 = 900 Rs

 26

Bill amount = M.P + tax = 15,000 + 900

= 15,900 Rs

Total C.P of gadget = 10,400 + 15,900

Profit = 15% = 26,300 Rs

S.I. = (profit%+100)/100 × C.P.

= (100+15)/100 × 26300 = 26,300 Rs
= 115/100 × 26300
= 30,245 Rs

3. A trader purchases 70 kg of tea at the rate of Rs 200/kg and another 30 kg at the

rate of Rs 250/kg. He pays a sales tax of 4% on the transaction. He mixes both of
them and sells the product at the rate of Rs 240/kg. what is the percentage gain
or loss (Find approximate value)?
Solution:

C.P of 70 kgs of tea = 200 ×70

Tea-powder at 200/kg = 14,000 Rs

C.P of 30 kgs of tea = 250×30

Powder at 250/kgs = 7,500 Rs

C.P of 100kgs of tea powder = 14,000+7,500 = 21,500 Rs

Sales tax = 4%

Tax amount = 4/100 ×21500 = 860 Rs

Bill amount = C.P + Tax = 21,500 + 860 – 22,360 Rs

Total C.P of 100 kgs of tea-powder = 22,360 Rs

S.P of 100 kgs of tea-powder at Rs 240/kg = 240 ×100 = 24,000 Rs

S.P > C.P

Therefore, profit is,

 27

Profit = S.P-C.P

= 24,000-22,360

= 1,640 Rs

Profit % = (profit%x100)/c.p. = I = (1640×100)/2360 = 7.3%

Squares, Square roots, Cubes and Cube roots

Introduction
Look at the numbers of the form 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 and so on. We can recognise it as 4 = 2 x 2, 9
= 3 x 3 and 16 = 4 x 4. We see that each number is product of two equal numbers. Similarly,
we see that, 8 = 2 x 2 x 2, 64 = 4 x 4 x 4, each number is product of three equal numbers.

Perfect squares:
Observe that, 1 = 1, 4 = 2 x 2, 9 = 3 x 3, 100 = 10 x 10.

If a is an integer and b = a x a, we say b is a perfect square.

Hence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 are all perfect squares. Since 0 = 0 x 0, we see that 0 is a perfect square.
If a is an integer, we denote a x a = a2. We read it as square of a or simply a square. Thus 36
= 62 and 81 = 92. Thus a perfect square is of the m2, where m is an integer.
For example, 4 = 2 x 2 and 4 = (-2) x (-2); in the second representation, we again have equal
integers, but negative this time.

Thus a perfect square is either equal to 0 or must be a positive integer. It can be a

negative integer.
Look at the following table

a 1 2 3 8 -7 -12 20 -15

a2 1 4 9 64 49 144 400 225

We see that squares of 2, 8, -12, 20 are even numbers and the squares of 1, 3, -7, -15 are
odd numbers.

Statement 1: The Square of an even integer is even and the square of an odd integer
is odd.
Consider first 10 perfect squares,

12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 102
 28

1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

If we observe that the units place in these squares are 1, 4, 9, 6, 5, 6, 9, 4, 1 and 0 in that
order. Thus only the digits which can occupy digit’s place in perfect squares are 1, 4, 5, 6
and 9.
Statement 2: A perfect square always ends in one of the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9. If the
last digit of a number is 2, 3, 7 or 8, it cannot be a perfect square.

Exercise 1.2.2
1. Express the following statements mathematically:

i) square of 4 is 16

Solution:
42 = 16

ii) square of 8 is 64

Solution:
82 = 64

iii) square of 15 is 225

Solution:
152 = 225

2. Identify the perfect squares among the following numbers:

1, 2, 3, 8, 36, 49, 65, 67, 71, 81, 169, 625, 125, 900, 100, 1000, 100000

Solution:
Perfect squares among the above are:
1, 36, 49, 81, 169, 625, 125, 900, 100

3. Make a list of all perfect squares from 1 to 500

Solution:
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484

4. Write the 3 digit numbers ending with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 , 9 one for each digit but one of them
is a perfect square.
Solution:
 29

We can take 200, 201, 204, 205, 206 and 209. None of these is perfect square lies between
142 = 196 and 152 = 225.
We can also take 300, 301, 304, 305, 306 and 309. None of these is a perfect square lies
between 172 = 289 and 182 = 324.

5. Find the numbers from 100 to 400 that end with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9, which are
perfect squares.
Solution:
102 = 100, 112 = 121, 122 = 144, 132 = 169, 142 = 196, 152 = 225, 162 = 256, 172 = 289, 182=
324, 192 = 361, 202 = 400

1.2.3 Some facts related to perfect squares

There are some nice properties about perfect squares. Let us study them here:
1. Look at following table:

a 4 10 20 25 100 300 1000

a2 16 100 400 625 10000 90000 1000000

The number of
zeros at the end
of a2 0 2 2 0 4 4 6

We observe that, the number of zeros at end of a square is always an even number.

STATEMENT 3: /if a number has k zeros at the end, then its square ends in 2k zeros
Thus, if a number has odd number of zeros, it cannot be perfect square.

1. Look at the adjoining table:

The remainder of The remainder of

a a2 a2 when divided by 3 a2 when divided by 4

1 1 1 1

2 4 1 0

3 9 0 1

5 25 1 1

8 64 1 0

11 121 1 1
 30

-6 36 0 0

We can see that, the remainder of a perfect square is either 1 or 0. we can also note that
remainder of a perfect square when divided by 4 are either 0 or 1.

Since, when a number is divided by 3, the reminder used to be 0, 1 or 2. Similarly, when a

number is divided by 4 the remainder used to be 0, 1, 2 or 3.

STATEMENT 4: The reminder of a perfect square when divided by 3 is either 0 or 1,

but never be 2. The reminder of a perfect square when divided by 4 is either 0 or 1,
but never be 2 and 3.
STATEMENT 5: When the product of 4 consecutive integers is added to 1, the
resulting number is perfect square.
Ex:

(1 x 2 x 3 x 4) + 1 = 24 + 1 = 25 = 52
(5 x 6 x 7 x 8) + 1 = 1680 + 1 = 412

STATEMENT 6: The sum of the first n odd natural numbers is equal to n2, for every
natural number n.
Ex:

1 = 1 = 12
1 + 3 = 4 = 22
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 32
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52

STATEMENT 7: consider the number N = 1000….01, where zeros appear k times. (For
example, for k = 6, you get N = 10000001; there are 6 zeros in the middle.) Then N2 =
1000…02000…01, where the number of zeros on both the sides of 2 is k.
Ex:

112 = 121
1012 = 10201
10012 = 1002001
100012 = 100020001 and so on.
STATEMENT 8: The sum of nth and (n+1)th triangular number is (n+1)2.
Ex:
 31

The dots are now arranged in shapes. Now count the number of dots in each triangle.
(Single dot is considered as the generate triangle.) They are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36 and so
on. These are called triangular numbers.

For nth triangular number, we form a triangle of dots with n- rows and each row contains as
many points as index of that row. If you want find the 8th triangular number, the number of
points in the 8th triangle is
1 + 2 + 3 + 4+ 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 36

The first few triangular numbers are:

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91.

Take any two consecutive triangular number and find their sum. For example : 10 + 15 = 25
= 52; 21 + 28 = 49 = 72. Which holds the statement 8.

Exercise 1.2.3
1. Find the sum 1 + 3 + 5 + ……. +51 (the sum of all odd numbers from 1 to 51) without
actually adding them.
Solution:
[We have 5 odd numbers from 1 to 10, therefore there are 5×5 = 25 odd numbers are there
from 1 to 50, we know 51 is also an odd number…. So, there are 25+1 = 26 ]

There are 26 odd numbers are there from 1 to 51.

Thus, 1 + 3 + 5 + …….. + 51 = 262 = 676.

2. Express 144 as a sum of 12 odd numbers.

Solution:
 32

We know that, the sum of the first n odd natural numbers is equal to n2, for every natural
number n.
Therefore, the sum of first 12 odd natural numbers is equal to 122 = 144.
Thus,

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 22 = 122 = 144.

3. Find the 14th and 15th triangular numbers, and find their sum. Verify the statement 8 for
this sum.
Solution:
We know, statement 8: The sum of nth and (n+1)th triangular number is (n+1)2.
Sum of 14th triangular number is,
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 = 105

Sum of 15th triangular number is,

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 = 120

Now, let us verify, statement 8: The sum of nth and (n+1)th triangular number is (n+1)2.
i.e., Sum of 14th triangular number(n) + sum of 15th triangular number(n+1) = 105 + 120
= 225 = 152 = (n+1)2, which holds the statement8.
4. What are the remainders of a perfect square when divided by 5?
Solution:

The remainders of a2when

a a2 divided by 5

1 1 1

2 4 4

5 25 0

6 36 1

-7 49 4

11 121 1

The remainders of perfect squares when divided by 5 are 0, 1 and 4.

1.2.4 Methods of squaring a number

Many times it is easy to find the square of a number without actually multiplying the
number to itself.
 33

Consider 42 = 40 + 2

Thus,

422 = (40+2)2
= 402 + 2(40)(2) + 22
Now it is easy to recognise 402 = 1600; 2x40x2 = 160; 22 = 4.
Therefore, 422 = 1600 + 160 + 4 = 1764.

Example: Find 892

Solution: 892 = (80 + 9)2
= 802 + 2 x 80 x 9 + 92
= 6400 + 1440 + 81

= 7921

Exercise 1.2.4
1. Find the squares of:
i) 31

Solution:
31 = 30 + 1

312 = (30 + 1)2

= 302 + 2 x 30 x 1 +1
= 900 + 60 + 1

= 961

ii) 72

Solution:
72 = 70 + 2

722 = (70 + 2)2

= 702 + 2 x 70 x 2 + 22
= 4900 + 280 + 4

= 5184
 34

iii) 37

Solution:
37 = 30 + 7

372 = (30 + 7)2

= 302 + 2 x 30 x 7 + 72
= 900 + 420 + 49

= 1369

iii) 166

Solution:
166 = 160 + 6

1662 = (160 + 6)2

= 1602 + 2 x 160 x 6 + 62
= 25600 + 1920 + 36

= 27556

2. Find the squares of:

i) 85

Solution:
852 = (80 + 5)2
= 802 + 2 x 80 x 5 + 52
= 1600 + 800 + 25

=2425

ii) 115

Solution:
1152 = (100 + 15)2
= 1002 + 2 x 100 x 15 + 152
= 10000 + 3000 + 225

= 13225

iii) 165

1652 = (160 + 5)2

 35

= 1602 + 2 x 160 x 5 + 52
= 25600 + 1600 + 25

= 27225

3. Find the squares of 1468 by writing this as 1465+3

14682 = (1465 + 3)2
= (1465)2 + 2 x 1465 x 3 + 32
= 2146225 + 8790 + 9

= 2155024

1.2.5 Square roots

Consider the following perfect squares:
1 = 12, 4 = 22, 9 = 32, 16 = 42, 49 = 72, 196 = 142.
In each case the number is obtained by the product of two equal numbers. Here we say 1 is
the square root of 1; 2 is the square root of 4; 3 is the square root of 9 and so on.

Suppose N is a natural number such that N= M2. The number M is called a square root
of N.

We have seen earlier m2 = m x m = (-m) x (-m). Thus m2 has 2 roots m and –m. For example,
16 = 42 = (-4)2, thus both 4 and -4 are the roots of 16. Mathematically both 4 and -4 are
accepted as the square root of 16. Thus,

Whenever the word square root is used, it is always meant to be the positive square root.
The square root on n is denoted by √N.

Square root of a perfect square by factorization:

Example 1: Find the square root of 5929.

Solution:

Thus, 7 x 7 x 11 x 11 = 5929

Therefore, [group it]

 36

(7 x 11) x (7 x 11) = 77 x 77 = 772 = 5929.

Example 2: Find the square root of 6724.

Solution:

Thus, 6724 = 2 x 2 x 41 x 41

6724 = (2 x 41) x (2 x 41)

= 82 x 82

Example 3: Find the smallest positive integer with which one has to divide 336 to get a
perfect square.

Solution:
We observe that 336 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 7. Here both 3 and 7 occur only once. Hence we
have to remove them to get a perfect square.

We divide 336 by 3 and 7

42.
The required least number is 21.

Exercise 1.2.5
1. Find the square roots of the following numbers by factorization:
i) 196

Solution:
196 = 2 x 2 x 7 x 7

= (2 x 7) x (2 x 7)

= 14 x 14
 37

196 = 142

ii) 256

Solution:
256 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2

= (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) x (2 x 2 x 2 x 2)

= 16 x 16

= 162

iii) 10404

Solution:
10404 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 17 x 17

= (2 x 3 x 17) x (2 x 3 x 17)

= (102) x (102)

= 1022

iv) 1156

Solution:
1156 = 2 x 2 x 17 x 17

= (2 x 17) x (2 x 17)

= 34 x 34

= 342

v) 13225

Solution:
13225 = 5 x 5 x 23 x 23

= (5 x 23) x (5 x 23)
 38

= 115 x 115

= 1152

2. Simplify:

i) √100 + √36

Solution:
√100 + √36 = 10 + 6

= 16

ii) √(1360 + 9)

Solution:
√(1360 + 9) = √1369 = √(37 x 37) = 37

iii) √2704 + √144 + √289

Solution:
√2704 + √144 + √289 = √(52 x 52) + √(12 x 12) + √(17 x 17)

= 52 + 12 + 17

= 81

iv) √225 – √25

Solution:
√225 – √25 = √(15 x 15) – √(5 x 5)

= 15 – 5

= 10.

v) √1764 – √1444

Solution:
√1764 – √1444 = √(42 x 42) – √(38 x 38)
 39

= 42 – 38

=4

vi) √169 x √361

√169 x √361 = √(13 x 13) x √(19 x 19)

= 13 x 19

= 247

3. A square yard has area 1764m2. From a corner of this yard, other square part of area
784m2 is taken out for public utility. The remaining portion is divided in to 5 equal
parts. What is the perimeter of each of these equal parts?
Solution:
Area of square = a2
Area of given square yard = 1764 m2
Area used for public utility = 784 m2
∴ Area of remaining portion = 1764 – 784 = 980 m2
If the area is divided into 5 parts

Then, the area of each Square = 980/5 = 196 m2

Length of each side = √ 196, a = 14m

Perimeter of square = 4a = 4 x 14 = 56m

4. Find the smallest positive integer with which one has to multiply each of the following
numbers to get a perfect square:

i) 847

Solution:
847 = 11 x 11 x 7

Here 7 occur only once. Hence we have to multiply by 7 them to get a perfect square.

ii) 450

Solution:
450 = 5 x 5 x 3 x 3 x 2
 40

Here 2 occur only once. So we have multiply by 2 to get a perfect square.

iii) 1445

Solution:
1445 = 17 x 17 x 5

Here 5 occur only once. So we have multiply by 5 to get a perfect square.

iv) 1352

Solution:
1352 = 2 x 2 x 13 x 13 x 2

Here 2 occur only three times. So we have multiply by 2 to get a perfect square.

5. Find the largest perfect square factor of each of the following numbers:

i) 48

Solution:
48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = (2 x 2) x (2 x 2) x 3

= 4 x 4 x 3 = 16 x 3 = 42 + 3
Therefore, 16 is the largest perfect square factor of 48.

ii) 11280

Solution:
11280 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 47

Therefore, 16 is the largest perfect square factor of 11280

iii) 729

Solution:
729 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3

= (27) x (27)

= 272
Therefore, 729 is the largest perfect square factor of 729
 41

iv) 1352

Solution:
1352 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 13 x 13

= (2 x 13) x (2 x 13) x 2

= 26 x 26 x 2

Therefore, 676 is the largest perfect square of 1352.

6. Find a proper positive factor of 48 and a proper positive multiple of 48 which add up to
a perfect square. Can you prove that there are infinitely many such pairs?
Solution:
The factor of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48. Multiples of 48 are = 48, 96 , 144, 192 ,
240, 280 ….

1) 48 + 1 = 49 = 72
2 ) 192 + 4 = 196 = 142
3)288 + 1 = 289 = 172
4 ) 96 + 4 = 100 = 102
5)96 + 48 = 144 = 122
6) 48 + 16 = 64 = 82
7)240 + 16 = 256 = 162
Yes, we can prove that there are infinitely many such fairs.

1.2.6 Perfect squares near to a given number

Example 5: If the area of a square is 90 cm2, what is its side-length rounded to the nearest
integer?
Solution:
Since, area A = a2, we have a2 = 90.
But 81 < 90 < 100 and 81 is the nearer to 90 than 100. Hence, the nearest integer to √90 is
√81 = 9.

Example 6: A square piece of land has area 112m2. What is the closest integer which
approximates the perimeter of the land?
Solution:
If a is the side length of a square, its perimeter is 4a. We know that a2 = 112 m2.
Hence, (4a)2 = 16a2 = 16 x 112 = 1792
But 422 = 1764 < 1792 < 1849 = 432 .
!764 is nearer to 1792 than 1849. Therefore, the integer approximation for √1792 is 42.
The approximate value of perimeter is 42cm.

Exercise 1.2.6
1. Find the nearest integer to the square root of the following numbers:
i) 232
 42

Solution:
We have, 152 = 225 and 162 = 256.
We know, 225 < 232 < 256

152 < 232 < 162

∴ Square root of 232 is nearest to 15

ii) 600

Solution:
We have, 242 = 576 and 252 = 625.
We know, 576 < 600 < 625

242 < 600 < 252

∴ Square root of 600 s nearest to 24.

iii) 728

Solution:
We have, 262 = 676 and 272 = 729
676 < 728 < 729

262 < 728 < 272

∴ Square root of 728 is nearest to 27.

iv) 824

Solution:
We have, 282 = 784 and 292 = 841
784 < 824 < 841

282 < 824 < 292

∴Square root of 824 is nearest to 29

v) 1729

Solution:
We have, 412 = 1681 and 422 = 1764
1681 < 1729 < 1764

412 < 1729 < 422

∴Square root of 1729 is nearest to 42
 43

2. A piece of land is in the shape of a square and its area is 1000m2 . This has to be fenced
using barbed wire. The barbed wire is available only in integral lengths. What is the
minimum length of the barbed wire that has to be bought for this purpose.
Solution:
Area of the land = 1000m2
Area = a2 = 1000m2
Perimeter = 4a

Squaring , (Perimeter)2 = ( 4a)2 = 16a2 = 16 x 1000

(perimeter)2 = 16,000
We have, square of the perimeter i.e., 16000. now we have to find the square root of 16000.
As 16000 does not have a perfect square root, let us find the square root nearest to square
root of 16000.

We know, 1262 = 15876 and 1272 = 16129.

Then, 15876 < 16000 < 16129

1262 < 16000< 1272

∴ Nearest number is 126 But this is not enough to cover the hard.

∴Length of barbed wire required = 127 m.

3. A student was asked to find √961. He read it wrongly and found √691 to the nearest
integer. How much small was his number forms the correct answer?
Solution:
We know, √ 961 = 31

It is given that student read it wrongly and found the result for √691. So, we have to ind
out the difference between √961 and √691.

√676 < √691 < √729

262 < √691 < 272

26 is nearest number to √ 691

∴ difference = 31 – 26 = 5

1.2.7 Perfect cubes

Let,

1 = 1 x 1 x 1;

8 = 2 x 2 x 2;

27 = 3 x 3 x 3;
 44

125 = 5 x 5 x 5;

We observe that, each number is written as a product of 3 equal integers.

We say that an integer N is a perfect cube if N can be written as a product of three

equal integers. If N = m x m x m. we say N is the cube of m and write N = m3 (read as
cube of m or simply m-cube)

Consider a few more examples:

(-4) x (-4) x (-4) = -64 = (-4)3

(-5) x (-5) x (-5) = -125 = (-5)3
We see that the negative numbers are also perfect cubes.

Example 7: Find the cube of 6.

Solution:
63 = 6 x 6 x 6 = 216
Example 8: What is the cube of 20?

Solution:
203 = 20 x 20 x 20 = 400 x 20 = 8000.

Example 9: If a cube has side length 10cm, what is its volume?

Solution:
Volume, V = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000m3.

Exercise 1.2.7
1. Looking at the pattern, fill in the gaps in the following:

2 3 4 -5 —— 8 ——

23 = 8 33 = —- —- = 64 —- = —- 63= —– —- = —- — = -729

Solution:

2 3 4 -5 6 8 -9

23 = 8 33 = 27 43 = 64 (-5)3 = -125 63= 216 83 = 512 (-9)3 = -729

 45

2. Find the cubed of the first five odd natural numbers and the cubes of the first five even
natural numbers. What can you say about parity of the odd cubes and even cubes?
Solution:

Odd cubes Even cubes

13 = 1 23 = 8

33 = 27 43 = 64

53 = 125 63 = 216

73 = 343 83 = 512

93 = 729 103 = 1000

Parity:

Cubes of odd numbers is always odd.

Cubes of even numbers is always even.

3. How many perfect cubes you can find from 1 to 100 ? How many from – 100 to 100?
Solution:
We have 4 cubes from 1 to 100, those are,

13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64. The next cube will be 53 = 125, which is larger than 100. so we
have only 4 cubes from 1 to 100.
We have 8 cubes from -100 to 100. Those are, (-1)3 = 1, (-2)3 = 8, (-3)3 = 27, (-4)3 = 64 and
13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64.
4. How many perfect cubes are there from 1 to 500? How many are perfect square among
cubes?
Solution:
We have 7 cubes from 1 to 500, i.e., 13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64, 53 = 125, 63 = 216, 73 =
343.
5. Find the cubes of 10, 30 , 100, 1000. What can you say about the zeros at the end?
Solution:
103 = 1000
303 = 27000
1003 = 1000000
10003 = 10000000000
The number of zero of a cube are 3 times, the no. of zero of numbers
 46

6. What are the digits in the unit’s place of the cubes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 10? Is it
possible to say that a number is not a perfect cube by looking at the digit in unit’s place
of the given number, just like you did for squares?
Solution:

a a3 digit in the units place

1 1 1

2 8 8

3 27 7

4 64 4

5 125 5

6 216 6

7 343 3

8 512 2

9 729 9

10 1000 0

No, its not possible to tell a number is not a perfect cube by looking at the digit in unit’s
place of the given number.

1.2.8 Cube root

If N is number and n is another number such that N = n3, we say n is the cube root of
N and write n = .
Example 12: Find the cube root of 216 by factorization.

Solution:
216 = 2 x (108) = 2 x 2 x 54 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 27 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 9 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3

216 = (2 x 3) x (2 x 3) x (2 x 3)

216 = 6 x 6 x 6 = 63

Example 13: find the cube root of -17576 using factorization.

Solution:
 47

-17576 = 2 x (-8788) = 2 x 2 x (-4394) = 2 x 2 x 2 x (-2197) = 2 x 2 x 2 x (-13) x (-13) x (-13)

= [2 x (-13)] x [2 x (-13)] x [2 x (-13)]

= (-26) x (-26) x (-26)

= (-26)3

Example 15: Find the cube root of 103823.

Solution:
Here unit in the digits place is 3. If n3 = 103823. Then, the unit in the digits place of n must
be 7.
Let us split this as 103 and 823.

We observe that, 43 = 64 < 103 < 125 = 53.

Hence 403 = 64000 < 103823 < 125000 = 503. Hence n must lie between 40 and 50. Since
the unit in the digits place is 7, therefore n must be 47.
473 = 103823.

Exercise 1.2.8
1. Find the cube root by prime factorization.
i) 10648

Solution:
10648 = 2 x 5324

= 2 x 2 x 2662

= 2 x 2 x 2 x 1331

= 2 x 2 x 2 x 11 x 121

= 2 x 2 x 2 x 11 x 11 x 11

= (2 x 11) x (2 x 11) x (2 x 11)

= 22 x 22 x 22

= 223.
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ii) 46656

Solution:
46656 = 2 x (23328)

= 2 x 2x (11664)

= 2 x 2 x 2 x (5832)

= 2x2x2x2x(2916)

= 2x2x2x2x2x(1458)

= 2x2x2x2x2x2x(729)

= 2x2x2x2x2x2x9x(81) = 2x2x2x2x2x2x9x9x9 = (2x2x9)x(2x2x9)x(2x2x9) = 36 x 36 x36

= 363.

iii) 15625

Solution:
15625 = 5 x (3125)

= 5 x 5 x (625)

= 5 x 5 x 5 x (125)

= 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x (25)

=5x5x5x5x5x5

= (5×5)x(5×5)x(5×5)

= (25) x (25) x (25)

= 253
2. Find the cube root of the following by looking at the last digit and using estimation.
i) 91125

Solution:
 49

Here unit in the digits place is 5. If n3 = 91125. Then, the unit in the digits place of n must be
5.
Let us split this as 91 and 125.

We observe that, 43 = 64 < 91 < 125 = 53.

Hence 403 = 64000 < 91125 < 125000 = 503. Hence n must lie between 40 and 50. Since the
unit in the digits place is 5, therefore n must be 45.

ii) 166375

Solution:
Here unit in the digits place is 5. If n3 = 166375. Then, the unit in the digits place of n must
be 5.
Let us split this as 166 and 375.

We observe that, 53 = 125 < 166 < 216 = 63.

Hence 503 = 12500 < 166375 < 216000 = 603. Hence n must lie between 50 and 60. Since
the unit in the digits place is 5, therefore n must be 55.

iii) 704969

Solution:
Here unit in the digits place is 9. If n3 = 704969. Then, the unit in the digits place of n must
be 9.
Let us split this as 704 and 969.

We observe that, 83 = 512 < 704 < 729 = 93.

Hence 803 = 512000 < 704969 < 729000 = 903. Hence n must lie between 80 and 90. Since
the unit in the digits place is 9, therefore n must be 89.

3. Find the nearest integer to the cube root of each of the following.
i) 331776

Solution:
For easy simplification let us split 331776 as 331 and 776,

63 = 216 < 331 < 343 = 73

603 = 216000 < 331776 < 343000 = 703.
Now it is closer to 703 than 603.
Let us go for more accurate, 693 = 328509 < 331776 < 34300 = 703.
Therefore , 331776 is closest to 693.
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ii46656

Solution:
For easy simplification let us split 46656 as 46 and 656,

33 = 27 < 46 < 64 = 43
303 = 27000 < 46656 < 64000 = 403.
Now it is closer to 403 than 303.
The number closer to 40 than 30 are 36, 37, 38, 39. Let us go through one by one.

363 = 46656, satisfies the condition.

iii. 373248

Solution:
For easy simplification let us split 372248 as 373 and 248,

73 = 343 < 373 < 512 = 83

703 = 343000 < 373248 < 512000 = 803.
Now, it is closer to 703 than 803.
The numbers which are closer to 70 than 80 are : 71, 72, 73, 74, 75

Let us go for more accurate, 713 = 357911 < 373248 < 373248 = 723.
Therefore, 373248 is closest to 723.