Problem Sets
Midterm
A certain gas weighs 16𝑁⁄ 3 at a certain temperature and pressure. What
𝑚
are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to
air weighing 12 𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
a.) For Density
𝛾16𝑁⁄ 3
𝜌= = 𝑚𝑚
𝑔 9.81 ⁄ 2
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜌=1.63
𝑚3
b.) For Specific Volume
1 1
V= = 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 1.64 ⁄ 3
𝑚
3
V=0.61 𝑚 ⁄𝑘𝑔
c.) For Specific Gravity
𝑁
𝛾𝑠 16 ⁄𝑚3
S= = 𝑁
𝛾𝑤 12 ⁄ 3
𝑚
S=1.33
The density of alcohol is 790𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 . Calculate its specific weight, specific
gravity and specific volume.
a.) For Specific Weight
𝑘𝑔
𝛾=𝜌. 𝑔=790 ⁄ 3 (9.81 𝑚⁄ 2 )
𝑚 𝑠
7749.9𝑁⁄ 3
𝛾= 𝑚
=7.75𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
1000 𝑚
b.) For Specific Gravity
𝛾 7.75𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
S= = 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 =0.79
𝛾𝑤 9.81 ⁄ 3
𝑚
c.) For Specific Volume
1 1
V= = 𝑘𝑔 =1.27x10-3m3/kg
𝜌 790 ⁄ 3
𝑚
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26Mpa. Assume the
specific weight at the surface to be 10.10kN/m3 and that the average bulk
modulus is 2344MPa for that pressure range, a.) what will be the change in
specific volume bet. that at the surface and at the depth? b.) what will be the
specific volume at that depth? c.) what will be specific weight at the depth?
𝑘𝑁
𝛾 10.10 ⁄𝑚3 (1000)
a.) 𝜌1 = = 𝜌2 =𝛾. ℎ=10.10𝑘𝑁⁄ 3 (1000)(8000)
𝑔 9.81𝑚⁄ 2 𝑚
𝑠
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌1 =1029.6 𝜌2 =80.80MPa
𝑚3
∆𝑉=3.3x10-5m3/kg
1 1
b.) V= = 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 1043 ⁄ 3
𝑚
V=9.5x10-4m3/kg
𝜌 82.26(106)
c.) 𝛾= = =1039.9N/m3
ℎ 8000
If the dynamic viscosity of water at 20℃ is 1x10-3𝑁. 𝑠⁄ 2 , what is the
𝑚
kinematic viscosity in the English unit.
𝑘𝑔.𝑚.𝑠⁄
1𝑥10−3
𝑚2 𝑠 2
V= 𝑘𝑔
1000 ⁄ 3
𝑚
𝑚 2 3.28𝑓𝑡 2
V=1x10-6 x( )
𝑠 1𝑚
V=1.08x10-5 ft2/s
The kinematic viscosity of 1ft2/s is equivalent to how many strokes?
(1 strokes= 1cm2/s).
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1𝑓𝑡 2 (12𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ)2 (2.54𝑐𝑚)2
x x =929.03 strokes
𝑠 1𝑓𝑡 2 1𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2
A volume of 450 liters of a certain fluids weighs 3.50kN. Compute the mass
density. (1m3=1000L).
1𝑚3
450 L x =0.45 m3
1000𝐿
𝛾 3.5(1000)
𝜌= =
𝑔𝑣 9.81(0.45)
𝜌=729.84 kg/m3
Oil of specific gravity = 0.80 is being pumped. A pressure gage located
downstream of the pump reads 280kPa. What is the pressure head in meter
of oil?
𝑃 280𝑘𝑃𝑎
h= =
𝛾𝑤 .𝑆 (9.81 𝑘𝑔 )(0.80)
𝑚3
h=35.68 m
The pressure of the air inside a tank containing air and water is 20kPa
absolute. Determine the gage pressure at a point 1.5m below the water
surface. Assume STD. ATM. Pressure.
Pabs=20+1.5(9.81)
Pabs=34.72 kPa
Pabs=Patm ± Pgage
34.72=101.325 ± Pgage
Pgage=66.61 kPa
A vertical circular gate 1m in ∅ is subjected to pressure of liquid of specific
gravity 1.40 on one side. The pipe surface of the liquid is 2.60m above the
upper most part of the gate. Calculate the total force on the gate and the
location of the center of pressure.
𝐼𝑔 (0.5)2
P=𝛾𝑤 .ħ.A e= = =0.02m
𝐴ȳ 4(3.1)
P=9.81(1.4)(3.1)𝜋(0.5)2
P=33.44 kN
A horizon tunnel having a diameter of 3m is closed by a vertical gate. When
1 3
the tunnel is a.) Full, b.) full of water, determine the magnitude and
2 4
location of the total force.
1 𝜋(1.5)2
a.) Full P=𝛾𝑤 .ħ.A=9.81[ ] (0.64)=22.19 kN
2 2
4𝑟 4(1.5)
ħ= =
3𝜋 3𝜋
ħ=0.64m
1.5+0.64 3𝜋(1.5)2
b.) ħ= =1.08m P=𝛾𝑤 .ħ.A=9.81[ ] (1.08)=56.17 kN
2 4
𝐼𝑔 0.1098(1.5)4
e= = hp=ħ+e=0.64+0.25=0.89m
𝐴ȳ 3.53(0.64)
e=0.25m
In fig. C is a parabolic segment submerged vertically in water, determine the
magnitude and location of the total force on one face of the area.
8(3)(3)2
𝐼𝑔 175
P=𝛾𝑤 .ħ.A e= = 2(3)(3) =0.34m
𝐴ȳ (1.8)
3
P=9.81(1.8)(2/3)(3)(3) hp=ħ+e=1.8+0.34=2.14m
P=105.95 kN ∴ Location of P at 2.14m fr. the ws.
A sliding gate 3m wide by 1.60m high is in a vertical position. The coefficient
of friction between the gate and guides is 0.20. If the gate weighs 18kN and
its upper edge is 10m below the water surface, what vertical force is required
to lift it? Neglect the thickness of the gate.
P=𝛾𝑤 .ħ.A Pf=𝜇𝑁
P=9.81(1.6)(10.8) Pf=0.2(508.55)
P=508.55kN Pf=101.71kN
ƩFv=0
Pv=𝛾𝑤 +Pf
Pv=18.0+101.71
Pv=119.71kN
The upper edge of a vertical trapezoidal gate is 1.60m long and plush w/the
water surface. The two edges are vertical and measure 2m & 3m,
respectively. Calculate the force and location of the center of pressure on
one side of the gate.
How far below the water surface is it necessary to immerse a vertical plane
surface, 1m square, two edges of w/c are horizontal so that the center of
pressure will be located 2.50m below the center of gravity?
ℎ2
e= 12
ħ
12
0.025= − 0.5
12ħ
ħ=2.83m
The width of the Fig. G normal to the paper is 3m. What vertical force must
be applied at “a” to prevent collapse when h=6m?
Neglect weight of the gate, what is stress in strut bc?
The gate of Fig. H is hinged at A and rest on a smooth surface face at B. The
gate is circular having a ∅ of 3m. Determine the value of the vertical force P
that will open the gate at B.
What depth of water will cause the rectangular gate Fig. I to fall? Neglect
weight of the gate.
ℎ
0.5ℎ 𝐼𝑔 ℎ2 sin 60
ħ= →eq. 1 e= = = 0.5ℎ → eq. 3
sin 60 𝐴ȳ 12ȳ 12(sin 60)
P=𝛾𝑤 .ħ.A
ℎ 0.5ℎ
P=9.81( ) (2.6) ( ) → eq. 2
sin 60 sin 60
ƩMA=0
ℎ 0.5ℎ 0.19ℎ
P( − + )=22.5(0.5)
sin 60 sin 60 sin 60
5.95h3=112.5
h=2.66m
End AB of Fig. N has a section in the shape of a quadrant if the tank has a
length of 3m. Determine the total force acting on the end AB.
The hemisphere dome of Fig. P surmounts a close tank containing a liquid of
S.G.=0.75 the gate indicates 60kPa. Determine the tension holding the bolts
in place.
P=𝛾𝑤 .S.h T=𝛾.V.S=9.81(39.23)(0.75)=288.63kN
60kPa=9.81kN/m3(0.75)(h)
h=8.15
4𝜋𝑟 3
V=𝜋𝑟 2 .h-
6
4𝜋(1.5)3
V=𝜋(1.5)2 (8.15) −
6
V=39.23m3
An open cylindrical wood stave tank contains three liquids with specific
gravities 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The depth of the bottom liquid is 2m, while
the other two has a depth of 1m each. If the diameter of the container is 2m
determine the tension in the top and bottom hoops which are holding the
container in place.
