CLASS IX MATH FORMULA BOOK

BLOSSOM PUBLIC SCHOOL

 CHAPTER 1-Number Systems

Quick Review:

Natural Numbers:
Set of counting numbers is called the Natural Numbers.
N = {1,2,3,4,5,...}
Whole numbers:
Set of Natural numbers plus Zero is called the Whole Numbers.
W= {0,1,2,3,4,5,....}
Note:
So all natural numbers are whole numbers but all whole numbers are not natural numbers.

Integers:
Integers is the set of all the whole numbers plus the negative of Natural numbers.
Z={..,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..}
Note:
1) So integers contain all the whole numbers and negative of all the natural numbers.
2) The natural numbers without zero are commonly referred to as positive integers.
3) The negative of a positive integer is defined as a number that produces 0 when it is added to
the corresponding positive integer.
4) Natural numbers with zero are referred to as non-negative integers.

Rational Number: A number is called rational if it can be expressed in the form p/q where p and
q are integers, q≠ 0).
Example : 1/2, 4/3 ,5/7 ,1 etc.
Important Points to Note

 Every integers, natural and whole numbers are rational numbers as they can be expressed in form
of p/q.
 There are infinite rational numbers between two rational numbers.
 They either have terminating decimal expansion or repeating non terminating decimal expansion.
So, a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating and recurring then it is
a rational number.
 A fraction will have a terminating decimal expansion if the prime factors of the denominator are
all 2s or 5s or a combination of 2s and 5s only.
 If x and y are rational numbers then
 i) x+y is a rational number
 ii)x-y is a rational number
 iii)xy is a rational number
 iv)x/y is a rational number (y≠0).Rational numbers satisfy the closure property under addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division(if the denominator is not equal to zero).
Irrational Number
A number is called irrational if it cannot be expressed in the form p/q where p and q are integers,
q≠0.
Example : √3,√2,√5,∏ etc
They have non terminating and non repeating decimal expansions. If a number has non
terminating and non repeating decimal expansion, then it is an irrational number .

Real Numbers:
All rational and all irrational numbers make the collection of real numbers. It is denoted by the
letter R.
We can represent real numbers on the number line. The square root of any positive real number
exists and can be represented on the number line.
This process of visualization of representing a decimal expansion on the number line is known as
the process of successive magnification
Every real number is represented as a point on the number line and every point on the
number line is represents a unique number.

Operations on Real numbers:

If x is a rational number and y is an irrational number then

i)x+y is an irrational number

ii)x-y is an irrational number
iii)xy is an irrational number (if x≠0)
iv)x/y is an irrational number(if x≠0)

If x and y are both irrational numbers then

i) x+y is irrational number (if x≠y),x+y is rational if x=-y,
ii) x-y is irrational number(if x≠y), x-y is rational if x=y
iii) xy is irrational number (if x≠y),x+y is rational if x=y
iv) x/y is irrational number/rational
Irrational numbers do not satisfy the closure property under addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division

Laws of exponents:
A) a > 0 be a real number, m and n be integers such that m and n have no common factors other
than 1, and n > 0. Then
m
a n  ( n a )m

B) Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be rational numbers. Then, we have
1) ap.aq=ap+q
2) ap/aq =ap-q
3) (ap)q=apq
4) ap.bp=(ab)p
For positive real numbers p and q :
(i) pq  p q
p p
(ii) 
q q
(iii) (√p + √q)(√p − √q ) =p – q
(iv) (p+ √q)(p − √q ) = p2 − q
(v) (√p + √q)2 = p + 2√pq + q

Rationalizing the denominator:

If the denominator of a fraction contains a term with root, the process of converting it to an
equivalent expression with rational denominator.
Term Rationalizing Factor

1 r
r r

1 r s
r s r s
1 r s
r s r s
1 r s
r s r s
1 r s
r s r s
 CHAPTER 2-Polynomials

A polynomial expression S(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x term as

S(x)=anxn+a(n-1)x(n-1)+a(n-2)x(n-2)+....+ a1 x+a0
Where an,an-1,..., a1 ,a0 are constants and real numbers and a n is not equal to zero.

The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it.

Some important points to remember

1) an,an-1,...,a,a0 are called the coefficients for x n,xn-1 ,..,x,x0.
2) n is called the degree of the polynomial.
3) when an,an-1,....,a,a0 it is called zero polynomial.
4) A constant polynomial is the polynomial with zero degree.
5) A polynomial of one term is called monomial, two terms is called binomial and three terms is
called trinomial.
6) A polynomial of one degree is called linear polynomial, two degree as quadratic polynomial
and degree three as cubic polynomial.

In general terms, the value of polynomial at x=a is S(a).

It is a solution to the polynomial equation S(x)=0 i.e. a number "a" is said to be a zero of a
polynomial if S(a) = 0.
If we draw the graph of S(x) =0, the values where the curve cuts the X-axis are called Zeros of
the polynomial
a) Linear polynomial has utmost only one root
b) A zero polynomial has all the real numbers as its roots.
c) A constant polynomial has no zeros.
d) A zero of polynomial need not to be 0.

Remainder Theorem
If p(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and p(x) is divided by the expression
(x-a),then the remainder will be p(a).
Important notes
1) for (x-a) then remainder will be P(a).
2) for (x+a) => x -(-a),then remainder will be P(-a).
3) for (ax-b) => a(x-b/a) ,the remainder will be P(b/a).
4) for (ax+b) => a(x+b/a),the remainder will be P(-b/a).
5) for (b-ax)=> -a(x-b/a),the remainder will be P(b/a) .

Factorizing a Polynomial by Factor Theorem

We know by factor theorem if (x-a) is the factor of the polynomial, then P(a)=0. We can use this
theorem to find the factors of the polynomials.
Algebraic Identities:

Identity I : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Identity II : (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
Identity III : a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
Identity IV : (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
Identity V :(a+ b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Identity VI : (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
Identity VII :(a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b)
Identity VIII : a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)
Identity IX : a3 + b3 = (a + b )(a2 + b2 - ab )
Identity X : a3 - b3 = (a - b )(a2 + b2 + ab )
Identity XI: a 4  b4  (a 2  b2 )(a  b)(a  b)
 CHAPTER 3- COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate Geometry is a branch of geometry which sets up a definite correspondence between

the position of a point in a plane and a pair of algebraic numbers called co-ordinates.

Important points
1) We require two perpendicular axes to locate a point in the plane. One of them is horizontal
and other is Vertical.
2) The plane is called Cartesian plane and axes are called the coordinates axis.
3) The horizontal axis is called x-axis and Vertical axis is called Y-axis
4) The point of intersection of axis is called origin.

5) The distance of a point from y axis is called x - coordinate or abscissa and the distance of the
point from x axis is called y - coordinate or Ordinate
6) The x-coordinate and y - coordinate of the point in the plane is written as (x, y) for a point and
is called the coordinates of the point.
7) The Origin has zero distance from both x-axis and y-axis so that its abscissa and ordinate both
are zero. So the coordinate of the origin is (0, 0).
8) A point on the x - axis has zero distance from x-axis.So coordinate of any point on the x - axis
will be (x, 0)
9) A point on the y - axis has zero distance from y-axis .So coordinate of any point on the
y - axis will be (0, y)
10) The axes divide the Cartesian plane in to four parts. These Four parts are called the
quadrants.
11) The coordinates of the points in the four quadrants will have sign according to the table
below

Quadrant X coordinate Y coordinate

I quadrant +ve +ve
II quadrant -ve +ve
III quadrant -ve -ve
IV quadrant +ve -ve
 CHAPTER 4- LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

A statement of equality which contains one or more unknown quantities or variables (literals) is
called an equation.

Linear Equation in two variables: Equation of the form ax+by+c=0 .Here a, b and c are real
numbers , where a and b are not both equal to zero. Eg : 2x+3y-9=0 is a linear equation of two
variables because 2,3 & -9 are all real numbers and also both a,b ≠0.
Solution of a linear equation:
Any pair of values of x and y which satisfies the equation ax+by+c=0 , is called its solution .This
solution can be written as an ordered pair (x,y), first writing value of x and then the value of y.
Linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.
The graph of every linear equation in two variables is a straight line.
The equation of y-axis is x=0 and that of x- axis is y=0.
 CHAPTER 5 EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

 Euclid was a teacher of Mathematics at Alexandria , in Egypt. He collected all works and
compiled it into a treatise called elements..He divided elements into 13 chapters , each
called a book.
 Point, plane and line are undefined terms. Although , Euclid defined them but the
definitions are not acceptable to Mathematicians.

 Euclid defined around 23 items. 7 of them are mentioned below:

1) A point is that which has no part.
2) A line is breadth less and has length only.
3) The ends of a line are points.
4) A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.
5) A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
6) The edges of a surface are lines.

7) A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight line on itself.

Euclid assumed certain properties which were not proved. These were universal truths . They are
of two types: Axioms and postulates.

Assumptions which are taken for granted without proof and which are specific to geometry are
called postulates.

Assumptions used throughout mathematics and not specifically linked to geometry are called
axioms.

Euclid’s axioms:
1) Things which are equal to the same things are equal to one another
If x=z, y=z then x=y.
2) If equals are added to equals, then the wholes are equal.
x=y => x+z=y+z.
3) If equals are subtracted from equals, then the remainders are equal.
x=y => x-z=y-z.
4) Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
5) The whole is greater than the part.
6) Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.
7) Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.
Euclid’s Postulates:
1) A straight line may be drawn from one point to another point.
2) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
3) A circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.
4) All right angles are equal to one another.
5) If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it
taken together is less than two right angles, then the straight lines if produced indefinitely meet
on that side on which the angles are less than the two right angles

Play fair’s axiom:

For every line l and for every point P not lying on the line l, there exists a unique line m passing
through P and parallel to l.o
A system of axioms is said to be consistent , if it is impossible to deduce from these axioms a
statement that contradicts any axiom or previously proved statement.

A statement which can be proved using postulates and axioms by applying deductive reasoning
is called a proposition or a theorem.

CHAPTER 6 –LINES AND ANGLES

Different types of Angles:

i) Acute Angle: (0◦ to 90◦)

ii) Right angle: (90◦)
iii) Obtuse angle: (90◦ ‹x‹180◦)
iv) Straight angle: (180◦)
v) Reflex angle: (180◦ to 360◦)
vi) Complete angle: (360◦)

Complementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 90 ◦

Supplementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 180 ◦.

Adjacent Angles
Two angles are called adjacent angles if they share the same vertex, they have a common arm.
The second arm of the one angle is one side and second arm of other angle is on the other side.
Linear Pair Axioms
If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the adjacent angles so formed is 180 0.
And if the sum of the adjacent angles is 1800, then the non common arms of the angles form a
line.

180◦
Theorems Based on Linear Pair Axiom:
The sum of all the angles around a point is 360 0.

Vertically Opposite Angles:

If two lines intersect with each other, then vertically opposite angles are equal.

Transversal across the parallel Lines:

If the transversal intersect two parallel lines as shown in below figure

Important conclusions from the figure:

1) We can see following angles as depicted in the figure above ∠1,∠2,∠3,∠4 on the first parallel
line and ∠5,∠6,∠7,∠8 on the second parallel line.
2) The angles 1,2,6,7 are called exterior angles while the angles 4,3,5,8 are called interior
angles.
3) Corresponding Angles: The angles on the same side of the Transversal are known as
Corresponding angles and Corresponding Angles axiom states that
4) Each pair of alternate interior angles are equal.

5) Each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary.

Converse of Transversal across the parallel Lines

If a transversal intersect two lines such that either
a) any one pair of corresponding angles are equal
b) any one pair of alternate interior angles are equal
c) any one pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary
Then the two lines are parallel.

Angle sum property of Triangles

a) The sum of the angles of the triangle is 1800

b) if the side of the triangle is produced; the exterior angle formed is equal to the sum of the
opposite interior angle.

CHAPTER 7 – TRIANGLES

Definition: A plane figure bounded by three lines in a plane is called a triangle.

Types of Triangles:

Scalene: A triangle, no two of whose sides are equal is called a scalene triangle.

Isosceles: A triangle, two of whose sides are equal is called an Isosceles triangle.

Equilateral: A triangle, all of whose sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.

Based on the type of angles:

Acute triangle: A triangle all of whose angles are equal is called an acute triangle.
Right triangle: A triangle with one of the angle as a right angle is called right triangle.

Obtuse Angle: A triangle with one angle an obtuse angle is known as obtuse angled triangle.

Congruence of triangles: Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of them can be made to
superimpose on the other so as to cover it exactly.
Theorem 1: Angles opposite to two equal sides of a triangle are equal.

Theorem 2: If two angles of a triangle are equal, then the sides opposite to them are also equal.

Theorem 3: If the altitude from

om one vertex of a triangle bisects the opposite sides, then the
triangle is isosceles.

Theorem 4: In an isosceles triangle altitude from the vertex bisects the base.

Theorem 5: If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base of the triangle
tr , then
the triangle is isosceles.

Theorem 6: If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the longer side has greater angle opposite to it.
it

Theorem 7: In a triangle, the greater angle has the longer side opposite to it.

CHAPTER 8 - QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral
drilateral is the union of four line
line-segments
segments determined by four distinct coplanar points of
which no three are collinear and the line
line-segments intersect only at end points.
For ABCD to be quadrilateral, following condition are required
required:
a) The four points A, B, C and D must be distinct and co co-planar.
b) No three of points A, B, C and D are co co-linear.
c) Line segments i.e. AB, BC, CD, DA intersect at their end points only.

1)AB, BC, CD and DA are the four sides.

2)Points A, B, C and D are the four verti
vertices.
3)∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA and ∠DAC DAC are the four angles.
4) AB and CD are the opposite sides.
5) Angle A and C are the opposite angles.
6) AB and BC are the adjacent sides.
7) Angle A and B are the adjacent angles
angles.

Angle Sum Property of Quadrilateral

Quadrilateral:

he interior angles is 3600

1) Sum of all the
2) Sum of all the exterior angles is 360 0
Types of quadrilaterals: A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon with four angles. There are
many kinds of quadrilaterals. The five most common types are the parallelogram, the rectangle,
the square, the trapezoid, and the rhombus.

Parallelogram

 A quadrilateral which has both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal is called a
parallelogram.
Its properties are:
(a) The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
(b) The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
(c) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
(d) The diagonals of a parallelogram divide it into two congruent triangles.
Points to remember to prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram:
 If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is parallelogram.
 If in a quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles are equal , then it is a parallelogram.
 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram.
 A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if a pair of opposite sides is parallel and equal.

Rhombus

Rhombus is a parallelogram in which any pair of adjacent sides is equal.

Properties of a rhombus:
(a)All sides of a rhombus are equal .
(b)The opposite angles of a rhombus are equal .
(c)The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

Rectangle

A parallelogram in which one of its angles a right angle is called a rectangle.

Properties of a rectangle are:
(a)The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal
(b) Each angle of a rectangle is a right-angle.
(c) The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
(d) The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.

Square:

A parallelogram with one of its angles as 90◦ is called square.

(a)All sides are equal .
(b) All angles are equal to right-angle.
(c) The diagonals of a square are equal.
(d) The diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles.
(e)Diagonals of a square bisect the angles at vertex.
Mid-point Theorem for Triangles
Theorem-I
The line segment joining the mid points of the two sides of the triangle is parallel to the third
side. A

M N

B C

MN || BC , MN= BC.
Theorem-II
A line drawn through mid point of one side of a triangle and
parallel to another side bisects the third side of the triangle.
 CHAPTER 99- AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAM

Area of a figure
ure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by that
figure.

Figure on the same base and between same parallels

Two figures are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels, if they have a
common base (side) and the vertices, (or the vertex) opposite to the common base of each figure
lies on a line parallel to the base.

In the above figure, triangle and parallelogram are on the same base and between same parallels.
parallel

Parallelogram on same base and between same parallel

Parallelograms on the same base (or equal bases) and between the same parallels are equal
in area.
Area of Parallelogram ABCD= Area of Parallelogram PBCQ

 Parallelograms on the same base and having equal areas lie between the same
parallels.
 Triangles and Parallelogram
a) If a parallelogram and a triangle are on the same base and between the same parallels,
then area of the triangle is half the area of parallelogram

Area of triangle ADB= 1/2 ( Area of parallelogram ABCD

ABCD)

b) Triangles on the samee base (or equal bases) and between the same parallels are equal in area

Area of triangle ABD=Area of triangle ACB

 Two triangles with same base ( or equal bases) and equal areas will have equal
corresponding attitudes
 Two triangles having the same base and equal areas lie between the same parallels.
 A median of a triangle divides the triangle into two equal areas.

CHAPTER 10 – CIRCLES
A CIRCLE is the set of all points in a plane that are at a fixed distance from a fixed point.
point The
fixed point is called the cecentre and the constant distance is

called the radius of the circle. The given figure consists of a circle with centre O and radius
equal to r units.
TERMS AND FACTS RELATED TO CIRCLES CIRCLES:
Radius : A line segment joining the centre and a point on the circle iiss called its radius,
generally denoted by r. The plural of radius is radii.
In the figure, OA, OB and OC are the radii of a circle.
Circumference : The perimeter of a circle is called its circumference. O

Circumference = 2πr
Position of a Point With Respect To a Circle Let us consider a circle with centre O and radius
r. A point P is said to lie.
(i) inside the circle, if OP < r. (ii) on the circle, if OP = r.
(iii) outside the circle, if OP > r. O r P

Inn the figure of a circle with centre O and radius r, Z

(i) The points A, O, B lie inside the circle; (ii) The points P, Q, R
lie on the circle;
(iii) The points X, Y, Z lie outside the circle.
The region consisting of all those points which lie inside a cicircle,
is called the interior of the circle.
The region consisting of all those points which lie outside a
circle, is called the exterior of the circle.
Theorem 1: Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the
centre.

Theorem 2 : If the angles subtended by the chords of a circle at the centre are equal, then the
chords are equal.

PERPENDICULAR
ULAR FROM THE CENTRE TO A CHORD

Theorem 3 : The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

Theorem 4 : The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to
the chord.
Theorem 5 : There is one and only one circle passing through three given non
non-collinear
collinear points.

Theorem 6 : Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or
centres).

Theorem 7 : Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.

ANGLE
NGLE SUBTENDED BY AN ARC OF A CIRCLE

Result : Congruent arcs (or equal arcs) of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.

Theorem 8 : The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at
any point on the remaining part of tthe circle.

Note : Theorem gives the relationship between the angles subtended by an are at the centre and
at a point on the circle.

ANGLE FORMED IN THE SEGMENT

Theorem 9: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

Note : Angle in a semicircle is a rright angle.

Theorem 10 : If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points
lying on the same side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle (i.e.
they are concyclic).

CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL:

A quadrilateral
ilateral ABCD is called cyclic if all the four vertices of it lie on a
circle.

Theorem 11: The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
Theorem 12: If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, the quadrilateral is
cyclic.

CHAPTER -12 HERON’S FORMULA

Perimeter

 The perimeter of plane figure is defined as the length of the boundary

 It units is same as that of length i.e. m ,cm, km
1 Meter 10 Decimeter 100 centimeter
1 Decimeter 10 centimeter 100 millimeter
1 Km 10 Hectometer 100 Decameter
1 Decameter 10 meter 1000 centimeter

Area

 The area of the plane figure is the surface enclosed by its boundary
 It unit is square of length unit. i.e. m2 , km2
1 square Meter 100 square Decimeter 10000 square centimeter
1 square Decimeter 100 square centimeter 10000 square millimeter
1 Hectare 100 square Decameter 10000 square meter

Perimeter and Area of Different Figures

N Shape Perimeter/height Area

Right angle triangle
P=b+h+d
1 Base =b, Height =h A=(1/2)bh
Height =h
Hypotenuse=d
Isosceles right angled triangle
2 Height=a A=(1/2)a2
Equal side =a
A=√(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))
s=(a+b+c)/2
3 Any triangle of sides a,b ,c P=a+b+c This is called Heron's formula (sometimes
called Hero's formula) is named after Hero of
Alexandria
4 Square 4a A=a2
 Side =a
Rectangle of Length and
5 P=2l+2b A=l X b
breadth l and b respectively
A= Base X height
Parallelograms
When the diagonal is also given ,say d ,Then
6 Two sides are given as a and P=2a+2b
A=√([s(s-a)(s-b)(s-d)])
b
s=(a+b+d)/2
p=2√ (d12+d22)
Rhombus Each side=(1/2)
7 A=(1/2)d1d2
Diagonal d1 and d2 are given √ (d12+d22)

Quadrilateral a)
a) All the sides are given a,b,c A=√([s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)])
,d. s=(a+b+c+d)/2
b) Both the diagonals are b)A=(1/2)d1d2
8 a) P=a+b+c+d
perpendicular to each other. where d1 and d2 are the diagonal
c) When a diagonal and c)A=(1/2)d(h1+h2)
perpendicular to diagonal are where d is diagonal and h1 and h2 are
given. perpendicular to that base.

Steps to solve Area and Perimeter problems:

1) The formulae for all the common figures need to be remembered as given in the table above.
2) The given values in the problem need to be noted.
3)All the given quantities are converted into the same unit.
4) If the perimeter is given and a side is unknown, you can calculate the unknown side using the
Perimeter value.
5) If it is a complex figure , it should be broken down into common known figures like
square,rectangle,triangle.
6) If hypotenuse needs to be found out in a right triangle, we can use the Pythagoras theorem .
7) If it is a common figure, apply the formula given above and calculate the area.
8) If it is a complex figure, calculate the area for each common figure in it and sum up all the
areas at the end to calculate the total area of the figure
SUMMARY

Area of triangle with base and height given (1/2)bh

√([s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)])
Area of triangle if 3 sides are given
s=(a+b+c)/2
Area of isosceles right triangle with equal side a A=(1/2)a2
Area of equilateral triangle with equal side a A=√3/4 a2
If it is right angle triangle with Base B and Height H Area =(1/2)bh

CHAPTER 13- SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

SOLIDS : The bodies occupying space (i.e. have 3-dimension) are called solids such as a
cuboid, a cube, a cylinder, a cone, a sphere etc.

VOLUME (CAPACITY) OF A SOLID: The measure of space occupied by a solid-body is

called its volume. The units of volume are cubic centimeters (written as cm3) or cubic meters
(written as m3).

CUBOID: A solid bounded by six rectangular faces is called a

cuboid.

In the given figure, ABCDEFGH is a cuboid whose

(i) 6 faces are :

ABCD, EFGH, ABFE, CDHQ ADHE, and BCGF Out of these,
the four faces namely ABFE, DCGH, ADHE and BCGF are called lateral faces of the cuboid.

(ii) 12 edges are :

AB, BC, CD, DA, EF, FG GH, HE, CG BF, AE and DH

(iii) 8 vertices are :

A, B, C, D, E, F, and H.

Remark : A rectangular room is in the form of a cuboid and its 4 walls are its lateral surfaces.

Cube : A cuboid whose length, breadth and height are all equal, is called a cube.

A cube has 6 faces, each face is square, 12 edges, all edges are of equal lengths and 8 vertices.
SURFACE AREA OF A CUBOID:

Let us consider a cuboid of length = 1 units

Breadth = b units and height = h units

Then we have:
(i) Total surface area of the cuboid
=2(l * b + b * h + h * l) sq. units

(ii) Lateral surface area of the cuboid

= [2 (1 + b)* h] sq. units

(iii) Area of four walls of a room = [2 (1 + b)* h] sq. units.

= (Perimeter of the base * height) sq. units

(iv) Surface area of four walls and ceiling of a room

= lateral surface area of the room + surface area of ceiling
=2(1+b)*h+l*b

(v) Diagonal of the cuboid = √l2 + b2 + h2

Cylinder: Solids like circular pillars, circular pipes, circular pencils, road rollers and gas
cylinders etc. are said to be in cylindrical shapes.
Curved surface area of the cylinder
= Area of the rectangular sheet
= length * breadth
= Perimeter of the base of the cylinder * height
= 2πr * h
Therefore, curved surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh

Total surface area of the cylinder =2πrh + 2πr2

So total area of the cylinder=2πr(r + h)

Remark : Value of π is approximately equal to 22 / 7 or 3.14.

APPLICATION:
If a cylinder is a hollow cylinder whose inner radius is r1 and outer radius r2 and height h then
Total surface area of the cylinder
= 2πr1h + 2πr2h + 2π(r22 – r21)
= 2π(r1 + r2)h + 2π (r2 + r1) (r2 – r1)
= 2π(r1 + r2) [h + r2 – r1]

SURFACE AREA OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
A figure generated by rotating a right triangle about a perpendicular side is called the right
circular cone.
SURFACE AREA OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE:
curved surface area of a cone = 1 / 2 * l * 2πr = πrl

where r is base radius and l its slant height

Total surface area of the right circular cone

= curved surface area + Area of the base

= πrl + πr2 = πr(l + r)

Note : l2 = r2 + h2

SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE

Sphere: A sphere is a three dimensional figure (solid figure) which is made up of all points in
the space which lie at a constant distance called the radius, from a fixed point called the centre of
the sphere.

Note : A sphere is like the surface of a ball. The word solid sphere is used for the solid whose
surface is a sphere.
Surface area of a sphere: The surface area of a sphere of radius r = 4 x area of a circle of radius r
= 4 * πr2
= 4πr2

Surface area of a hemisphere = 2πr2

Total surface area of a hemisphere = 2πr 2 + πr2

= 3πr2

Total surface area of a hollow hemisphere with inner and outer radius r 1 and r2 respectively
= 2πr21 + 2πr22 + π(r22 — r21)
= 2π(r21 + r22) + π(r22 —r21)

VOLUME OF A CUBOID :

Volume : Solid objects occupy space.The measure of this occupied space is called volume of the
object.

Capacity of a container : The capacity of an object is the volume of the substance its interior
can accommodate.

The unit of measurement of either of the two is cubic unit.

Volume of a cuboid : Volume of a cuboid =Area of the base * height V=l * b * h

So, volume of a cuboid = base area * height = length * breadth * height

Volume of a cube : Volume of a cube = edge * edge * edge = a3

where a = edge of the cube

VOLUME OF A CYLINDER

Volume of a cylinder = πr2h

Volume of the hollow cylinder: πr22h — πr21h
= π(r22 – r21)h

VOLUME OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

volume of a cone = 1 / 3 πr2h, where r is the base radius

and h is the height of the cone.

VOLUME OF A SPHERE

volume of a sphere = 4 / 3 πr3, where r is the radius of the sphere.

Volume of a hemisphere = 2 / 3 πr3

APPLICATION : Volume of the material of a hollow sphere with inner and outer radii r 1 and
r2 respectively

= 4 / 3 πr32 – 4 / 3 πr31 = 4 / 3π(r32 – r31)

Volume of the material of a hemisphere with inner and outer radius r 1 and r2 respectively

= 2 / 3π(r32 – r31)
 CHAPTER 14 -Statistics

Statistics deals with collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation
or explanation, and presentation of data or as a branch of mathematics.. While many scientific
investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of
uncertainty and decision making in the face of uncertainty.

Data recorded can be two types

1) Measurement data( Quantitative data): Data which has some numeric values like marks in the
examination, age of the student in the class, Weight of the students in the class
2) Qualitative data: Data which can be grouped according to common properties like Gender of
students in the class, Blood group of the students.

Data can be of two types as per there source - Primary data and Secondary data.
Primary Data: The data collected by a researcher with a specific purpose in mind is called
primary data.
Secondary Data: The data gathered from a source where it already exists is called secondary data
Data variable can be many types
1) Discrete: If the data is present in certain values only like Blood group ,gender
3) Continous:If the data can be present in any values from lower point to higher points on the
measurement scale like weight of the student, height of the student.

Ungrouped Data:
The data obtained in original form is called raw data or ungrouped data.
Grouped Data:
The ungrouped data approach becomes very hard with large values of number .So we make
groups of suitable size to put the data in a more condensed form and mention the frequency of
each group. Such a table is called a grouped frequency distribution table.
The groupings used to group the values in given data are called classes or class-intervals. The
number of values that each class contains is called the class size or class width.
The lower value in a class is called the lower class limit.
The higher value in a class is called the upper class limit.

Class mark of a class is the mid value of the two limits of that class.
Class mark= upper limit +lower limit/2.

A frequency distribution in which the upper limit of one class differs from the lower limit of the
succeeding class is called an Inclusive or discontinuous Frequency Distribution.
A frequency distribution in which the upper limit of one class coincides from the lower limit of
the succeeding class is called an exclusive or continuous Frequency Distribution

A bar graph is a pictorial representation of data in which rectangular bars of uniform width are
drawn with equal spacing between them on one axis, usually the x axis. The value of the variable
is shown on the other axis that is the y axis.
A histogram is a set of adjacent rectangles whose areas are proportional to the frequencies of a
given continuous frequency distribution
 CHAPTER 15-PROBABILITY

What is Probability?

Probability is the measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. Probability is quantified as a
number between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty)

Why we need Probability and what is the use of it?

It is widely used in the study of Mathematics, Statistics, Gambling, Physical sciences, Biological
sciences, Weather forecasting, Finance etc. to draw conclusions. Insurance companies use this to
decide on financial policies

Randomness
In mathematics, When next outcome of the experiment can not be determined then we say it is a
random experiment e.g. Consider the dice. When we throw the dice, we cannot determine what
number will come .Since we cannot predict the next outcome, we may say it is a random
experiment.
Trial
A trial is an action which results in one or several outcomes, for example each toss of the coin
and each throw of the die are called trials.

Independent Trial

Successive trials of some random event for example tosses of a coin, throws of a die are said to
be independent if the outcome of any one trial does not impact the outcomes of any others.
Experiment
Experiment and trial is the same thing as such. An experiment is a situation involving chance or
probability that leads to results called outcomes. But sometimes we use experiment to refer to a
large number of trials.
Event
An event is a possible outcome of the Experiment like head coming in a toss.
Sample space
It is a set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

e.g. when we coin is tossed, the possible outcome are Head and Tail. So sample space is Head
and tail
Empirical Probability:
1) Experimental or empirical probability is an estimate that an event will happen based on
how often the event occurs after performing an experiment in a large number of trials.
2) It is a probability of event which is calculated based on experiments.
3) Empirical probability depends on experiment .

Some Important points

1) If the event A, B, C covers the entire possible outcome in the experiment. Then,
P (A) +P (B) +P(C) =1
2) The probability of an event (U) which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an
impossible event.
P (U)=0
3) The probability of an event (X) which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called
a sure event or a certain event.
P(X) =1
4) Probability of any event can be as
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1