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Introduction To Information Technology

1. Computers can be categorized based on their physical structure and purpose of use into mainframes, supercomputers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. 2. Mainframes are large computers used by large organizations for bulk computations, while supercomputers perform scientific and engineering applications requiring large databases or computations. 3. Minicomputers support up to 100 users like mainframes but are used by businesses for accounting and finances, and microcomputers are the most common personal computers used by individuals.

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Chenta Milksahke
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55 views

Introduction To Information Technology

1. Computers can be categorized based on their physical structure and purpose of use into mainframes, supercomputers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. 2. Mainframes are large computers used by large organizations for bulk computations, while supercomputers perform scientific and engineering applications requiring large databases or computations. 3. Minicomputers support up to 100 users like mainframes but are used by businesses for accounting and finances, and microcomputers are the most common personal computers used by individuals.

Uploaded by

Chenta Milksahke
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Information

Technology
 A computer is a fast electronic device that
processes the input data according to the
instructions given by the programmer/user
and provides the desired information as an
output.
Difference between Data and Information
Data is derived from the Latin word “datum”, which is raw
fact taking the form of numbers, symbols, pictures before
being processed into a meaningful and beneficial form.

Information, in contrast, is data that have been processed


and have been given a meaning within a context to be
transformed into form that human can understand and use
Analogy of the three basic operations of an
information system in manufacturing system

Input Processing Output

Raw material Process Product


Involves capturing and Involves transferring
Involves transformation
assembling data that information to ultimate
processes that convert
enter the system to be destination
input into output
processed
Information system activities and surrounding
environment

External Environment

Organization
Customers

Input Processing Output

Regulatory Agencies
Employee working Comparing data Employee salary
hours sheet
Making calculations
Students Grades Grading sheet
Storing data for
Supermarket sales future use Report of total sales
Suppliers

receipt in supermarket

Feedback

Competitors Stockholders
Calculating Verifying
Classifying
Recording

Data Processing Sorting


Operations
Searching

Summarizing

Merging
Retrieving
Duplicating
Characteristics of useful information:
Accurate
Relevant Complete

Current
Timing

Presentation

Economical
 What is the information processing cycle?

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output
4. Storage
5. Communication
 Introduction to Computer Systems:
• Hardware
• Software

• Computer is Compatibility of H/W and S/W

• Software
• Hardware
Computers are categorized on the basis of
physical structures and the purpose of their
use. Based on capacity, speed and
reliability they can be divided into four
categories of computers:

1- Mainframe,
2- Supercomputer,
3- Minicomputer
4- Microcomputer
1- Mainframe:
These are computers used by large organizations like meteorological
surveys and statistical institutes for performing bulk mathematical
computations. They are core computers which are used for desktop
functions of over one hundred people simultaneously. A mainframe (also
known as "big iron") is a high-performance computer used for large-scale
computing purposes that require greater availability and security than a
smaller-scale machine can offer. Historically, mainframes have been
associated with centralized rather than distributed computing, although
that distinction is blurring as smaller computers become more powerful
and mainframes become more multi-purpose. The mainframe is sometimes
referred to as a "dinosaur" not only because of its size but because of
reports, going back many years, that it's becoming extinct. In the early
years of computing, the original mainframes were housed in room-sized
metal frames, which is probably where the name derives from. In the past,
a typical mainframe might have occupied 2,000 - 10,000 square feet.
Newer mainframes are about the same size as a large refrigerator.
1- Mainframe:
2- Supercomputer:
It is somewhat similar to mainframe computers and is used in economic
forecasts and engineering designs. Today life without computers is
inconceivable. Usage of different types of computers has made life both
smooth and fast paced. A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or
near the currently highest operational rate for computers. A supercomputer
is typically used for scientific and engineering applications that must
handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both)
3- Minicomputer:
Mini computers like the mainframe
computers are used by business
organization. The difference being that it
can support the simultaneous working of
up to 100 users and is usually maintained
in business organizations for the
maintenance of accounts and finances. A
minicomputer, a term no longer much
used, is a computer of a size intermediate
between a microcomputer and a
mainframe. Typically, minicomputers have
been stand-alone computers (computer
systems with attached terminals and other
devices) sold to small and mid-size
businesses for general business
applications and to large enterprises for
department-level operations
4- Microcomputer :
These are the most frequently used computers better known
by the name of “Personal computers”. Divided into Desktop
computers and Mobile/portable computer. This is the type of
computer meant for public use. Other than Desktop
Computer the choice ranges as follows:

•Personal Digital Computer


•Tablet PC
•Towers
•Work Stations
•Laptops
•Hand Held Computer
4- Microcomputer :
A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is
generally a synonym for the more common term, personal
computer or PC, a computer designed for an individual. A
microcomputer contains a microprocessor (a central processing
unit on a microchip), memory in the form of read-only memory and
random access memory, I/O ports and a bus or system of
interconnecting wires, housed in a unit that is usually called a
motherboard.

Tip: The term I/O is used to describe any program, operation or


device that transfers data to or from a computer and to or from a
peripheral device. Every transfer is an output from one device and an
input into another.
I/O Ports/Channels

• Computer Ports

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