COMPUTER AIDED

ENGINEERING
BAR ELEMENT
 MOTIVATION

• Metallic Ductile material

• Behave like a “spring” in the elastic region.
• Hook’s Law, s=Ee K U   F 
 k  k  U1   F1 
s  Ee  k k  U    F 
  2   2 
F L
E  1  1 U1   F1 
A L k
  U    F 
EA  1 1  2   2 
F L
L EA  1  1 U1   F1 
    
L  1 1  U 2   F2 

EA
Is the stiffness of the material
L
Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 2
 Revisit: Single element
Applying equilibrium at nodes 1e and 2e of the
‘spring’ element e (using f = k Δ) :

k e ( u1e  u e2 )  F1e
u1e u2e
ke

F1e 1e F2e
Element e
2e
k e (  u1e  u e2 )  F2e
Displacement
Matrix
expressed in matrix form [ Ke ] {ue}  {Fe}

 ke  k e   u1e   F1e 
 e      e
 k
e
k e  u 2   F2 

Force
Matrix
Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 3
The stiffness Matrix
 EXAMPLE
Example: A cantilever 0.1:with an axial force, P
beam
and an reaction, R are known

P
Aluminum alloy
E=70 GPa
Square cross section, 20
u1 k
u2 x20 mm
Length 1 m
R P
1e 2e
Element e
?
 k e  k e  u1e  -R
u1e u2e
ke

 e      

F1e 1e F2e e
   2 P 
2e e
Element e k k u

Sept 2018 Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang 4

 EXAMPLE 1:

A tapered square beam as shown in the figure

below is cantilevered at one end and is pulled
by a force of 100 N at the other end. Calculate
the total elongation of the beam.
0.2 m
0.05 m

Square cross 0.02 m

section 100 N

E = 200000 Pa

Sept 2018 5 Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang

 EX 1: SUSE 2 UNIFORM CROSS
SECTION ELEMENTS.
OLUTION

Equation for side length,

y  0.025  0.075x

100 N

For average side lengths of

y  0.025  0.075 x the elements,
at x  0.05 m, y  0.02125 m  h  0.0425 m hE1 = 0.0425m
& hE2 = 0.0275m
at x  0.15 m, y  0.01375 m  h  0.0275 m

0.05 m
E1 E2 100 N
0.15 m
Sept 2018 6 Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang
 Two Elements Stiffness Matrix
0.2 m
0.05 m

0.02 m 100 N

E = 200000 Pa

E1 E2 100 N

R1 100 N
k1 k2
Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Node 1 Node 2 SeptNode
20183 7
 STIFFNESS MATRIX

The resulted stiffness Matrix for the system is:

K=

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 8

 EX 1: SOLUTION

• Since this is a uniaxial 1-D problem, the elements

can be simplified as 2 springs in series.

R1 100 N
k1 k2
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3

with element stiffness,

ki = E * Ai / L

k1 = [(200000*0.04252)/0.1] = 3612.5 N/m

k2 = [(200000*0.02752)/0.1] = 1512.5 N/m

Sept 2018 9 Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang

 EX 1: SOLUTION

Global Stiffness Matrix**:

K= =

Sept 2018 10 **next lecture

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang
Ex 1: Solution
 Arranging the problem in matrix form (K*x = F) yield;

 A known solution, u1 = 0. Thus the problem can be

reduced to (by eliminating first column & first row):

Sept 2018 11 Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang

Ex 1: Solution
-1
Using the inverse matrix method, x = K * F ;

-1
=

 = =

0.027681661

0.093797363

Sept 2018 12 Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang

Three springs system: ‘3 element’

A=Cross-
Force sectional Area
L
δ

ele. 1 ele. 2 ele. 3

1 2 3 4
R1 – unknown
F – applied load
reaction force
k
u1 1 u2 k2 u3 k3 u4

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 13

Use stiffness equations for each element,
F = k (u i- ui-1)
to express the forces in terms of nodal
displacements and substitute into the
previous four equations

node 1: (->)  R1  k1(u2  u1 )  0

node 2: (->)  k1(u2  u1 )  k 2(u3  u2 )  0
node 3: (->)  k 2(u3  u2 )  k 3(u4  u3 )  0
node 4: (->)  k 3(u4  u3 )  F  0
Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 14
 1- D Three Elements

Write these equations in matrix form

to obtain the global stiffness equations

Ku  F
 k1  k1 0 0  u1   R1 
 k 1 k 1  k 2
  k2 0     0 
 2 
u 
  
 0  k2 k2  k3  k 3 u3   0 
   
 0 0  k3 k 3  u4   F 


Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 15

 Systematic Assembly of the Global
Stiffness Matrix

Assembly of the stiffness matrix, [K] follows a

pattern based on element-node number
connectivity shown in the table.
Element (e) Nodes 1e, 2e
1 2 3
1 1, 2
P 2 2, 3
1 k1 2 k2 3 k3 4
3 3, 4

1 2 3 4

k1 -k1 1

K   -k1 k1+ k2 -k2 2

-k2 k2+ k3 -k3 3

-k3 k3 4

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 16

 Systematic Assembly of the
Global Stiffness Matrix
Try a different element system
configuration and solve for the System
Stiffness Matrix
1
1

k1 3
4
3 P
2
k3
2 k2

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 17

 Systematic Assembly of the Global
Stiffness Matrix

Solution to different configuration and

solve for the Stiffness Matrix
1 Element(e) Nodes 1e, 2e
1
1 1, 3
k1 3
2 2, 3
4
3 P
2 3 3, 4
k3
1 2 3 4
k2
2
k1 -k1 1

K  
k2 -k2

-k1 -k2 k1+k2+ k3 -k3 3

-k3 k3 4

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 18

 PRACTICE

• Solve Example 1.1 using

1. Two elements
2. Four elements
Compare your results to the exact values.

Ir Dr Mokhtar Awang Sept 2018 19

H AVE A GR EAT D AY!!