Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Conventional cooling systems such as those used in Air conditioning s

utilize a compressor and a working fluid to transfer heat. Thermal energy is absorbed

and released as the working Fluid undergoes expansion and compression and changes

phase from liquid to vapor and back, respectively.

Semiconductor thermoelectric coolers (also known as peltier coolers) offer

several advantages over conventional systems. They are entirely solid-state devices,

with no moving parts; this makes them rugged, reliable, and quiet. They use no ozone

depleting chlorofluorocarbons, potentially offering a more environmentally responsible

alternative to conventional refrigeration. They can be extremely compact, much more so

than compressor-based systems. Precise temperature control (< ± 0.1 °C) can be

achieved with Peltier coolers. However, their efficiency is low compared to

conventional Air conditioning s. Thus, they are used in niche applications where their

unique advantages outweigh their low efficiency. Although some large-scale

applications have been considered (on submarines and surface vessels), Peltier coolers

are generally used in applications where small size is needed and the cooling demands

are not too great, such as for cooling electronic components (Astrain and Vian, 2005).

Objective of this project is to design thermoelectric Air conditioning Utilize

Peltier effect to refrigerate and maintain a specified temperature, perform temperature

control in the range 5 °C to 25 °C. Interior cooled volume of 5 Liter and Retention for

next half hour.

DEPT OF ME Page 1
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

1.1 COMPARISON OF THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION AND

OTHER METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

1.1.1 THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:

Cooling is achieved electronically using the "Peltier effect” heat is pumped

with electrical energy.

Thermoelectric cooling provides an alternative solution to the common

compressor and absorber cooler. Thermoelectric coolers are used especially if small

cooling power is needed (up to 500 W)

1.1.2 VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:

Cooling is achieved by vaporizing a refrigerant (such as Freon) inside the Air

conditioning - heat is absorbed by the refrigerant through the principle of the "latent

heat of vaporization" and released outside the Air conditioning where the vapour is

condensed and compressed into a liquid again. Uses mechanical energy.

1.1.3 VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:

Cooling is achieved by vaporizing a refrigerant (ammonia gas) inside the Air

conditioning by "boiling" it out of a water ammonia solution with a heat source

(electric or propane). Uses the principle of "latent heat of vaporization". The vapour is

condensed and re-absorbed by the ammonia solution outside the Air conditioning . Uses

heat energy.

DEPT OF ME Page 2
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

1.2 THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION HISTORY:

Refrigeration is the process of pumping heat energy out of an insulated

chamber in order to reduce the temperature of the chamber below that of the

surrounding air. Thermoelectric refrigeration uses a principle called the "PELTIER"

effect to pump heat electronically. The Peltier effect is named after a French scientist

who discovered it in 1834.

In 1834 Jean Peltier noted that when an electrical current is applied across the

junction of two dissimilar metals, heat is removed from one of the metals and

transferred to the other. This is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration. Thermoelectric

modules are constructed from a series of tiny metal cubes of dissimilar exotic metals

which are physically bonded together and connected electrically. When electrical

current passes through the cube junctions, heat is transferred from one metal to the

other. Solid-state thermoelectric modules are capable of transferring large quantities of

heat when connected to a heat absorbing device on one side and a heat dissipating

device on the other. The Koolatron's internal thermo cole cold plate fins absorb heat

from the contents, (food and beverages), and the thermoelectric modules transfer it to

heat dissipating fins under the control panel. Here, a small fan helps to disperse the heat

into the air. The system is totally environmentally friendly and contains no hazardous

gases, nor pipes nor coils and no compressor. The only moving part is the small 12-volt

fan. Thermoelectric modules are too expensive for normal domestic and commercial

applications which run only on regular household current. They are ideally suited to

recreational applications because they are lightweight, compact, insensitive to motion or

tilting, have no moving parts, and can operate directly from 12-volt batteries. .

DEPT OF ME Page 3
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

1.3 See beck Effect

Definition: When the two junctions of a thermocouple are maintained at different

temperatures, then a current starts flowing through the loop known as thermo electric

current. The potential difference between the junctions is called thermo electric emf

which is of the order of a few micro-volts per degree temperature difference (µV/°C).

Figure: 1.1

Seebeck Series: The magnitude and direction of thermo emf in a thermocouple depends

not only on the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions but also on

the nature of metals constituting the thermocouple.

(i) Seebeck arranged different metals in the decreasing order of their electron

density. Few metals forming the series are as below.

Sb, Fe, Cd, Zn, Ag, Au, Cr, Sn, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cu, Pt, Co, Ni, Bi

DEPT OF ME Page 4
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

(ii) Thermo electric emf is directly proportional to the distance between the two

metals in series. Farther the metals in the series forming the thermocouple greater are

the thermo emf. Thus maximum thermo emf is obtained for Sb-Bi thermo couple

(iii) The current flow at the hot junction of the thermocouple is from the metal

occurring later in the series towards that occurring earlier, Thus, in the copper-iron

thermocouple the current flows from copper (Cu) to iron (Fe) at the hot junction. This

may be remembered easily by the hot coffee.

Figure: 1.2

For small temperatures difference between two junctions of materials A and B

the open circuit voltage developed is proportional to the temperature difference

and is given by

∆V=αab∆T

DEPT OF ME Page 5
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

1.4 THERMOELECTRIC MODULE

The core piece of a thermoelectric cooler is the thermoelectric module. A

thermoelectric module is an electrical module, which produces a temperature difference

with current flow. The emergence of the temperature difference is based on the Peltier

effect designated after Jean Peltier. The thermoelectric module is a heat pump and has

the same function as a Air conditioning . It gets along however without mechanically

mobile construction units (pump, compressor) and without cooling fluids. The heat flow

can be turned by reversal of the direction of current.

1.5 DESIGN OF THERMOELECTRIC COMPONENTS

The design progressed through a series of steps. These steps were identification

of the problem, analyze problem, brainstorm ideas, decide upon a design selection, and

implement design. Redesign if necessary. The main design considerations were Heat

Transfer Methods, Geometry and Materials.

1.6 Heat Transfer Methods

There are several methods which can be employed to facilitate the transfer of

heat from the surface of the thermoelectric to the surrounding. These methods are

described in the following three sections. Natural convection, Liquid cooled, Forced

convection when the co-efficient of thermal transfer (K) was investigated, the K for

natural convection was approximately 25 W/mK. This value compared to 100W/mK for

forced convection. Clearly the size of the heat sink for a natural convection apparatus

would need to be 4 times that for a forced convection set-up.

DEPT OF ME Page 6
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

1.7 Geometry

Two main geometries were considered for the device the first was a

rectangle. The advantage of rectangle is its simplicity to build and insulate. A door can

easily be attached to one of the sides. Finally any insulation, thermoelectric modules or

heat sinks are easily fastened to the sides. The second choice for cooler geometry was a

cylinder. The advantage found with this shape is that it has the largest volume to surface

area ratio of the two designs considered. This is a good property when the objective is to

minimize heat loss. But considering the simplicity to build and insulate rectangle box is

considered.

1.8 Material

We explored three different materials for the construction of the outer casing and

frame of the device. These were aluminum, stainless steel and Hips.

High impact polystyrene is desirable as it has a low thermal conductivity.

Building the device out of would make it very light, portable while maintaining rigidity

is readily available and reasonably priced, is easy to cut and drill.The outer casing and

container would be made by first making a positive mold and applying a cloth coated

with resin

1.9 Design specification of Thermo electric Components

To design thermoelectric components we need to calculate heat load on Air

conditioning due to active, passive and air changing load, the total heat load is

calculated for following specification mentioned in Table 1 and Environmental

condition mentioned in Table 2.

DEPT OF ME Page 7
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Table: 1.1

DEPT OF ME Page 8
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Table: 1.2

DEPT OF ME Page 9
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Table: 1.2

Using Tables 1 and 2 for the input the total heat load calculated as 33 Watts

using standard conduction and convective heat transfer equations. the optimum foam

thickness considering cost vs. heat load Figure 1 represent the 20 mm is optimum range

of foam thickness.

DEPT OF ME Page 10
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

1.10 Heat Sink Design

In order to visualize the energy flow in the entire system, a thermal

circuit is constructed, which is schematically shown in Figure 2. Rc and Rh and are the

overall thermal resistances for the internal heat sink and external heat sink, respectively.

The components of the air cooler are an internal heat sink, a thermoelectric module, and

an external heat sink as shown in Figure 2 is the amount of heat transported at the

internal heat sink, which is actually the design requirement (33 Watts).

DEPT OF ME Page 11
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Considering the dimension available at the machine area and various options

keeping the weight, cost and manufacturing feasibility as the main consideration for

selection for mounting of heat sink both at hot and cold side area Fin thickness of 1mm

with profile length of 20 mm is selected Tables 3 and 4 represent the summary result for

hot side and cold side fin respectively.

DEPT OF ME Page 12
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Table: 1.3

DEPT OF ME Page 13
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Table: 1.4

After looking at various options keeping the weight, cost and Manufacturing

feasibility as the main consideration for selection Fin thickness of 1 mm with profile

length of 20 mm is selected.

1.11 Thermoelectric Cell

Using Standard correlation available in handbooks the commercial available module

with the calculated maximum performance is represented in Table 5.

DEPT OF ME Page 14
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Table: 1.5

DEPT OF ME Page 15
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Thermoelectric Cooler’s Specification Include

Data obtained at hot plate temperature Th=27°C.

Part Imax Vmax Qmax DimensionAxBxHmm
Number DTmax(°C)
(amps)) (Volts)) (watts))
TEC101703 1.90 3.90 15x15x4.8
TEC1-03103 3.50 7.20 20x20x4.8
3.3 69
TEC1-07103 8.60 16.40 30x30x4.8
TEC1-12703 15.0 29.30 40x40x4.8
TEC1-01704 2.00 4.00 15x15x4.7
TEC1-03104 3.66 7.30 20x20x4.7
3.9 69
TEC1-07104 8.40 16.70 30x30x4.7
TEC1-12704 15.00 33.40 40x40x4.7
TEC1-01705 2.00 5.60 15x15x4.3
TEC1-03105 3.66 10.30 20x20x4.3
5.0 68
TEC1-07105 8.40 23.70 30x30x4.3
TEC1-12705 15.00 42.50 40x40x4.3
TEC1-01706 2.00 6.90 15x15x4.0
TEC1-03106 3.66 12.50 20x20x4.0
6.0 68
TEC1-07106 8.40 28.70 30x30x4.0
TEC1-12706 15.00 51.40 40x40x4.0
TEC1-03108 3.75 16.80 20x20x3.3
TEC1-07108 8.60 38.50 30x30x3.3
TEC1-12708 8.5 68 15 68.09 40x40x3.3
TEC1-
15 68.09 50x50x4.7
127085
TEC1-
10 68 15.80 85.0 40x40x3
12710S
TEC1-12710 10 68 15.80 85.0 50x50x4.8
TEC1-07114 8.40 65.90 44x44x4.6
14 68
TEC1-12714 15.80 118 50x50x4.6
TEC1-12718 18.5 68 15.8 156 50x50x4.1
TEC1-12726 26 65 15.8 220 50x50x3.6
TEC1-03140 39 65 3.63 80.0 55x55x5.8

DEPT OF ME Page 16
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Definitions: I – Input Amps to the TEC (in Amps) Imax – Input Amps that produce the

maximum DT [DTmax] (in Amps) Qc – Amount of heat that can be absorbed at the

cold side face of the TEC (in watts) Qmax – Maximum amount of heat that can be

absorbed at the cold side. This occurs at I = Imax and when DT = 0. (in Watts). Th –

Temperature of the hot side face of the TEC (in °C) Tc – Temperature of the cold side

face of the TEC (in °C) DT – Difference in temperature between the hot side (Th) and

the cold side (Tc). dT = Th-Tc (in °C) DTmax – Maximum difference in temperature a

TEC can achieve between the hot side (Th) and the cold side (Tc). This occurrs at I =

Imax and when Qc = 0. (in °C) Vmax – Voltage at I = Imax (in Volts) ****Never

operate a module at maximum Vmax! Always at 80% or less of Vmax.******* Most of

the above modules are special order. Please e-mail or Call. We require minimum

volumes toproduce TEC’s which are not listed below. We are able to produce small

sample quantities of TEC’s in our lab.A minimum setup charge will apply plus the cost

of the TEC’s!

DEPT OF ME Page 17
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Peltier effect

Operating Principle

Thermoelectric coolers operate by the Peltier effect (which also

goes by the more general name thermoelectric effect). The device has two sides, and

when DC current flows through the device, it brings heat from one side to the other, so

that one side gets cooler while the other gets hotter. The "hot" side is attached to a heat

sink so that it remains at ambient temperature, while the cool side goes below room

temperature. In some applications, multiple coolers can be cascaded together for lower

temperature.

In 1834, Jean Peltier discovered that when a direct current is passed

through a junction of two dissimilar metals, the junction became either hot or cold.

The same circuit can be considered as made up of material A and B into which a

battery is introduced to provide a direct current I. At the junction between the two

dissimilar metals, the heat evolved or absorbed in unit time proportional to the current

and is given by

Qp= πab I

Qp=heat evolved or absorbed in unit time, (watts)

Πab=peltier coefficient.

I=direct current in amperes.

DEPT OF ME Page 18
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Figure:2.1

Figure: 2.2

DEPT OF ME Page 19
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

In 1838,Emil Lenz clearly showed the importance of both Peltier’s and

Seebeck’s discovery by placing a drop of water on a junction of two dissimilar

metals and passing a direct current through the circuit .when the current flowed

in one direction ,the water froze. When the flow of current reversed, the ice

melted. However, Lenz, like his predecessors failed to realize the significance of

his findings of and the knowledge remained dormant for over 100 years, mainly

due to unavailability of materials which could produce wide temperature

differences

Before discussing the principles of thermo-electric refrigeration, it is

necessary to see the required properties of the materials which meet the

following conditions:

1. The thermo-electric material must be excellent conductor of electricity to

minimize resistance losses.

2. The thermo electric material must be a very poor conductor of heat because

the heat must be absorbed at one end, and rejected at the other.

3. The thermo electric material must have high thermo-electric power. This

means it must have a high rate of change in voltage with temperature that means

[dE/dT] must be high.

A good thermo-electric material should have a higher electrical conductivity,

low thermal conductivity, and a high Seebeck coefficient.

After the discovery of transistor which required semi conductors, the

development of thermo electric Air conditioning took the practical shape

because the semiconductor was the proper material for thermoelectric

refrigeration.

DEPT OF ME Page 20
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

2.2 The Peltier device:

Peltier devices are named so because, typically, they are used as a heat

pump based on the Peltier effect. In this case, a constant current, Iel, is driven

through the Peltier device, and the Peltier effect generates a temperature

Difference.

2.3 n- and p-type Peltier elements:

When a semiconductor is used as a thermoelectric material,

its majority charge carriers (electrons or holes) determine the electrical behavior.

For example, when n- and p-type semiconductors are biased in the same

direction, their charge carriers ow in opposite directions. As a result, n- and p-

type Peltier elements create opposite temperature gradients

Figure: 1.5

n-type versus p-type Peltier elements. a) An n-type

semiconductor is biased externally creating an electrical current. The negative carriers

DEPT OF ME Page 21
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

(elec-trons) carry heat from bottom to top via the Peltier effect. b) The positive carriers

(holes) within a p-type semiconductor {biased in the same direction as (a){pump heat in

the opposite direction, that is, from top to bottom.

2.4 Commercial Pelletier devices:

A single Pelletier element can be used to produce electrical power (via the Seebeck

effect) or to pump heat (via the Peltier effect). In either application, the power output of

a single Peltier element is generally not suffcient for realistic situations. To increase

their power, commercial Peltier devices are composed of many n-type and p-type

semiconductor Peltier elements. The individual elements are connected in series using

metallic junctions. As a result of this, the junctions between the semiconductors do not

form a barrier potential, as they would do in a p-n diode, and charge carriers ow freely

in both directions. In a Peltier device, the individual elements are arranged so that the n-

and p-type heat ow in the same direction.

Complete Peltier device architecture. It consists of two electrically insulating ceramic

plates sandwiching a series of p-n pairs joined by copper. This design provides a large

surface area improving heat pumping for cooling and heating applications. Waste heat

absorption and electrical power production (via the Seebeck effect) also benefit from the

increased surface area.

2.5 Electrical power production:

Though primarily used as heat pumps, Peltier devices nonetheless

generate a thermo voltage, Vth, when subjected to a temperature gradient, ΔT. An

electrical current, I will ow if the Peltier device is connected to a load resis-tor, Rload.

In this case, the Peltier device converts heat energy to electrical energy quantified by the

DEPT OF ME Page 22
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

dissipated power, P = IVload, where Vload is the voltage drop across the load resistor.

In the laboratory, P can be determined by measuring I and Vload. The

Peltier device is not an ideal voltage source; therefore, its internal resistance, RI, must

be included in the analyses of power data. Furthermore, RI is typically on the order of a

few tens of Ohms. Therefore, the resistance of the ammeter, Ra, cannot be ignored.

Figure: 1.6

A series of alternating n- and p-type semiconductor elements, which pump heat from

bottom to top when a voltage is applied.

Figure: 1.7

DEPT OF ME Page 23
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

The design of a commercial Peltier device. Sandwiched between two

ceramic insulators, alternating n- and p-type semiconductors elements are arranged

across a plain and are connected in series electrically with copper junctions. When

current is supplied to the Peltier device, heat is pumped from one surface to the other.

2.6 Thermal conductance:

When current, I, ows through the Peltier device, heat ow Pel = ΔI generates a

temperature deference, ΔT. In response, heat conducts from the hot to the cold side of

the Peltier device given by Pth = 􀀀ΔT. The electrical power dissipated in the Peltier

device (that is, the Joule heat) is PJ = RI2, where R is the resistance of the Peltier

device. Pj flows into both sides of the Peltier device. Finally, heat Pair flows from the

hot side to the surrounding environment.

Figure: 1.8

Heat ows in the Peltier device. Current, I, owing through the Peltier device

pumps heat Pel = ΔI and generates the temperature gradient, . In

the opposite direction as Pel, heat ux Pth conducts through the Peltier device from hot to

cold. Joule heat, PJ, ows into both sides of the Peltier device. Heat Pair conducts from

DEPT OF ME Page 24
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

the heat block to the surrounding air at temperature Tair. A number of simplifcations

and approximations can be made to reduce the complexity of these heat flows during

measurements. The first simplifcation is to perform the experiments in the open-circuit

regime where I = 0. Therefore Pel = PJ = 0. The approximations are to assume that

and that . These assumptions are filled when is small and

when the heat block is thermally insulated. In this situation, only Pth affects the heat

content of the hot block because Tcold is constant. The heat stored in the heat block is

Qhot = mcThot, where m = 0:22 kg is the mass of the heat block, and c = 897 J= (kg K)

is the heat

Capacity of aluminum. The rate equation for the heat ow is

Pth = ΔQhot = mc ΔThot = 􀀀ΔThot

Starting from a temperature Thot (t = t0) = T0, the hot block cools according to

2.7 Laboratory procedure:

2.7.1 Measurements with the thermocouples

Three metallic conductors are supplied in the lab: 1) phosphor-bronze, 2)

copper, and 3) constantan. Each conductor is contained inside a stainless steel tube with

BNC connections at both ends. The Seebeck coefficients for these materials are not very

large. Therefore, a liquid nitrogen (LN2) dewar is supplied to provide a large

temperature difference between LN2 at TLN ' 77K and room temperature (TRT ' 297

K). The supplied thermometer can be used to monitor the room temperature ends of the

DEPT OF ME Page 25
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

tubes, but TLN does not need to be measured. See Fig. 7 for a schematic of the

measurement. Thermocouple measurement procedure:

1. Measure and record the room temperature resistance of each conductor individually.

2. Combine the conductors together in pairs and measure the three thermovoltages using

the LN2 dewar.

3. Determine the three effective Seebeck coefficients:

(a) SC-Cu for constantan and copper.

(b) SPB-Cu for phosphor-bronze and copper.

(c) SC-PB for constantan and phosphor-bronze.

Figure: 1.9

DEPT OF ME Page 26
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

The two conductors, A and B, are enclosed inside two stainless steel tubes. They are

connected together at one end and submerged in LN2 dewar to cool them to TLN ' 77

K. The other ends remain at room temper- ature (TRT ' 297 K), and the voltage

di_erence between the conductors is measured with a voltmeter.

2.7.2 Measurements with the Peltier device:

The Peltier setup in the lab consists of a commercial Peltier device

placed between two thermo cole heat reservoirs as shown in Fig. 8. The \hot" reservoir

is an thermo cole block covered with thermal insulation. The \cold" reservoir is an

thermo cole block machined with cooling _ns. A fan can be placed on the cold reservoir

to improve its cooling power. This is recommended because it helps stabilize the

temperature gradient.

Figure: 1.10

A schematic of the Peltier laboratory setup. The Peltier device is mounted

between two thermo cole masses. The bottom heat block can be heated with the flim

heater by applying a current to the heater inputs. The cooling plate on top can be cooled

with the fan (not shown). The dual channel thermometer probes (thermocouples) are

inserted into two holes for measuring the temperature deference

DEPT OF ME Page 27
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

. The electrical connections of the Peltier device are used to apply and measure voltage

and current.

2.7.3 Warm-up procedure:

Before you start, get everything ready to record time-dependent data.

Ideally you will record Tcold, Thot, and Vth simultaneously. This is done best by

heating slowly so that values do not change rapidly. You will measure with the

two thermocouples embedded in the Al masses. Digital multimeters are available to

measure electrical properties. The thermometer and the multimeters have a \hold"

feature for pausing the measurements. This can help when recording time-dependent

data.

1. Connect the thermometer probes and a voltmeter to the electrical con- nections of the

Peltier device.

2. Place the fan on the cold block and turn it on.

3. Apply 12V to the heater film. About 1A of current will flow.

4. Measure Tcold, Thot, and Vth as the system heats up.

5. It can take 30 min before the temperatures stabilize.

2.7.4 Constant temperature measurements:

1. While waiting for the temperatures to stabilize, measure all the resistor values, Rload,

in the circuit box and measure, Ra, the resistance of the ammeter.

2. Make sure the volt- meter spans both the load resistor and the ammeter.

3. Once the temperatures have stabilized, record ΔT.

4. Measure V and I as a function of all Rload values.

5. Measure V and I when Rload = 0, that is, only use Ra.

DEPT OF ME Page 28
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

6. Measure V = Vth at I = 0, that is, V when Rload = 1.

7. Measure ΔT again to see if there was a temperature drift.

Figure: 1.11

The circuit diagram for a Peltier device when connected to an electrical

load. In addition to the internal resistance of the Peltier device, RI, the setup includes a

variable load resistance, Rload, and the resistance of the ammeter Ra. The temperature

gradient generates the internal thermo- voltage, Vth. Voltages VI, Va, and Vload are

created across resistances, RI, Ra, and Rload, respectively. An ammeter is used to

measure the current, I. A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage drop, V , across the

total elective load resistance, Ra + Rload.

2.8 Cool-down procedure:

While the system cools down, you will measure the thermal conductance.

1. Return the system to the open-circuit condition used during the warm- up procedure.

That is, disconnect the ammeter and use only the volt- meter.

2. Get ready to measure time-dependent data.

3. Disconnect the _lm heater and start recording Tcold, Thot, and Vth as the system

cools down. This can take more than 30 min.

DEPT OF ME Page 29
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

2.9 Data analysis:

In your lab report you should discuss your results as well as observations that

you deem relevant. Your data should be presented in an appropriate manner{that is,

analyze your raw data and present it in an informative way. State and justify your

assumptions. In addition, address following points (which will help you to analyze your

data).

2.9.1 Peltier device data analysis:

Figure: 1.12

1. Heat absorption and heat rejection occur only at the junctions.

2. Thermal conductivity and electrical resistance are constant over the range of
temperature under consideration.

3. Thomson coefficient is negligible.

Net refrigerating effect at the junction is given by

Q1=αabTc-1/2 I2R-U(Th-Tc)

DEPT OF ME Page 30
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Where Q1=Net refrigeration effect at the cold junction.

αab=Relative seebeck coefficient for material A and B

Heat source at Tc

I= current in amps

R=Total electric resistance of the circuit in ohms.

=La/Aaσa + Lb/Abσb

U=Total thermal conductance of branches in parallel.

=AaKa /La + Ab Kb /Lb

Tc and Th=temperature of hot and cold junctions respectively in Kelvin.

σ =Electrical conductivity and

K=Thermal conductivity

Aa and Ab=constant cross-section areas of two branches

La and Lb= Lengths of two branches.

Φ=Refrigerating effect/Power- input

DEPT OF ME Page 31
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

2.10 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF A PELTIER

COOLER

2.10.1 POWER SUPPLY

1. VOLTAGE

Basically the cooling capacity depends on the current. The cooling units are

usually built for using at constant dc voltage e.g. 12V, 24V. We advice you to reduce

the maximum ripple to 10%, preferably to 5% for an optimal operation.

If the voltage rises over the nominal value, the increase of the cooling

performance is small or even declines and the efficiency drops intense.

If the voltage is reduced, the maximum temperature difference cannot be

achieved any more. The cooling power reduces in equal measure, but the COP rises The

use of adjustable DC supplies makes a rough adjustment for the temperature possible. If

an exact temperature is required, a controller must be used

Please note that the fans have always to be operated with rated voltage.

By reversal of the polarity one heats instead of cools. So the cooling unit can be

used as air conditioner. Please note that the polarity of the fans may not be inverted (=>

separate supply).

2. CURRENT

The initial current is larger than the current in continuous operation. Consider this

for the dimension of the power supply. With increasing temperature difference at the

cooling unit the current decreases.

DEPT OF ME Page 32
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

2.11 Relation between temperature difference and cooling power

Data such as 300W cooling unit, maximal cooling power 250W, operating

cooling power 180W say little about the efficiency of a cooling unit. The cooling

performance depends on the temperature difference. Please see in the following diagram

Figure: 1.14

DEPT OF ME Page 33
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 3

3. COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONING

1. Peltier Cells

2. Designing of Outer Thermo Cole Box

3. Blowers

4. Thermometer

5. Foaming Chemicals

6. Heat Sink

DEPT OF ME Page 34
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.1. Peltier Cells:

The project (Thermoelectric Refrigeration) is entirely depends on peltier

effect. So, The refrigeration process we attain more efficient to arrange 3 peltier in our

project. The First Peltier required 238 Watts and 15 Amps, Second peltire requires 138

Watts and 9 Amps and the Third peltier requires 92 Watts and 6Amps.The peltier

exhibit semiconductor properties as follows for clear identification.

If a piece of solid is heated at one end, the charge carried (electron in metals)

will leave this region and move to the cooler part The density of the electrons at the

cooler end increases and an equilibrium condition is reached as the negatively charged

region opposes a further flow of electrons from the hot end. Thus, a potential is

developed across the two ends of the material. The magnitude of this thermo e.m.f.

(seebeck) is dependent on the number of charge carriers. The smaller the number of

carriers, the large is seebeck voltage. In semi-conductors, the number of charge carriers

is very much smaller (about 104 to 10 18

/cm3) compared to that in metal (about

1022/cm3). The seebeck coefficient of a semi-conductor is about 200µ-volts/°c while that

of metal is only of the order of a few micro volts. The current is considered as the flow

of negatively charged particles (electrons). The conventional direction of current flow is

usually taken opposite to the flow of electrons.

DEPT OF ME Page 35
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Figure: 3.1

Semi-conductor materials generally exhibit very large thermo-

electric e.m.f. As compared to the metals, Both N-type and P-type semi-conductors can

be used. N type semi-conductor is one where current carriers are mostly electrons. If

such a semi-conductor is sandwiched between two metal strip and connected to D.C.

voltage source as shown in fig(a) the junction where the current enters becomes hotter

and other junction gets cooler.

Figure: 3.2

DEPT OF ME Page 36
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Current conduction can also take place due to the flow of positive charges

(holes) as in P-type semi-conductor as shown in fig.In this case, the effect is opposite to

that observed in N-type semi-conductor.

Coupling N-type and P-type semi-conductors as shown in fig. will produce

maximum cooling effect. The temperature the cold end can be lowered below the room

temperature if the heat liberated at hot end be dissipated continuously.

Figure: 3.3

DEPT OF ME Page 37
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.2. DESIGN OF OUTER BOX:

Thermo cole is formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of

the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of

shapes. Countless everyday objects are constructed with thermo cole. Thicknesses can

vary significantly; extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces

thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate.

There are many different metals that can be made into thermo cole, such

as aluminum, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, important

thermo coles include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum thermo cole is also utilized as

a catalyst.)

The present we wre using and prepared with the Outer box is made up of JSW Zen

Sheet material. With a dimensions maintained (15H X18W X 15L) inches. The sheet

material is very comfortable to use bending, punching and cutting etc so this is the cause

to our project we can select the sheet material for refrigeration box.

Figure: 3.4

DEPT OF ME Page 38
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.3. INNER BOX (THERMO COLE BOX):

Thermo cloe is also a popular metal used in thermo cole due to its flexibility,

wide range of options, cost effectiveness, and other properties. The four most

common thermo cole grades available as thermo cole are 1100-H14, 3003-H14, 5052-

H32, and 6061-T6

Grade 1100-H14 is commercially pure thermo cole, highly chemical and

weather resistant. It is ductile enough for deep drawing and weldable, but has low

strength. It is commonly used in chemical processing equipment, light reflectors,

and jewelry.

Grade 3003-H14 is stronger than 1100, while maintaining the same

formability and low cost. It is corrosion resistant and weldable. It is often used

in stampings, spun and drawn parts, mail boxes[disambiguation needed]

, cabinets, tanks,

and fan blades.

Grade 5052-H32 is much stronger than 3003 while still maintaining good

formability. It maintains high corrosion resistance and weldability. Common

applications include electronic chassis, tanks, and pressure vessels.

Grade 6061-T6 is a common heat-treated structural thermo cole alloy. It is

weldable, corrosion resistant, and stronger than 5052, but not as formable. It loses some

of its strength when welded. It is used in modern aircraft structures.

The Inner box is made and prepared with a dimensions of (13HX14.50W

X13.50L).The inner box surroundings are fill up and seal with foaming chemical and

thermo coal sheet.

DEPT OF ME Page 39
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.4. Switch mode power supply (SMPS)

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS,

or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator

to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers

power from a source, like power, to a load, such as a person computer, while

Converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass

transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation,

full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions,

which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no

power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast,

a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in

the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage

of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be

substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size

and weight.

Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher

efficiency, smaller size or lighter weights are required. They are, however, more complicated;

their switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and

simple designs may have a poor power factor.

DEPT OF ME Page 40
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.5. RADIATORS:

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to

another for the purpose of Cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to

function in automobiles, buildings, and electronics. The radiator is always a source of heat to its

environment, although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment, or for

cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for engine.

Figure: 3.6

DEPT OF ME Page 41
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.6. BLOWERS:

This blowers are using in this project is two types they are

1. Heat Rejection

2. Cool Distribution

In heat rejection process the blowers are arranging and fixed with the

radiators in outer side the phenomenon of peltier effect of one side heat is rejected into

the atmosphere this rejection occurred in out side of refrigeration.

In cool distribution process the blowers are also arranged and fixed with

radiators in the inner side the peltier cooling of one side of cooling is distributed inner

side in this process.

Figure: 3.7

DEPT OF ME Page 42
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.7. THERMOMETER:
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature

gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important

elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in

which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting

this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a

mercury-in-glass thermometer).

Figure: 3.8

DEPT OF ME Page 43
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.8. PUF Chemicals:

Puff chemical is used for thermal insulation. Thermal insulation is the

reduction of heat transfer (the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing

temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.

Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as

well as with suitable object shapes and materials.

Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of

differing temperature. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in

which thermal conduction is reduced or thermal radiation is reflected rather than

absorbed by the lower-temperature body.

The insulating capability of a material is measured with thermal

conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability

(R-value). In thermal engineering, other important properties of insulating materials are

product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c).

DEPT OF ME Page 44
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

3.9. Heat Sink:

Thermal grease (also called thermal gel, thermal compound, thermal

paste, heat paste, heat sink paste, thermal interface material, or heat sink compound) is

a viscous fluid substance, originally with properties akin to grease, which increases

the thermal conductivity of a thermal interface by filling microscopic air-gaps present

due to the imperfectly flat and smooth surfaces of the components; the compound has

far greater thermal conductivity than air (but far less than metal). In electronics, it is

often used to aid a component's thermal dissipation via a heat sink.

Figure: 3.9

DEPT OF ME Page 45
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 4

4.1. Efficiency:
Thermoelectric cooling is not very efficient. It is often only about 10 percent

efficient, compared to normal refrigeration, which is in the 40 to 60 percent range.

Normal refrigeration isn't practical for a cooler, since it is heavy, bulky and

overpowered. But the thermoelectric cooler doesn't have to do that much. The Air

conditioning is insulated, so not much heat leaks in. It is also quite small, so it takes

much less energy to cool than a Air conditioning

The efficiency of a thermoelectric cooling unit is indicated as the COP

(Coefficient of Performance).It is defined as follows

The COP depends on the temperature difference. The higher the temperature

difference the smaller is the COP.

4.1.1. Operating temperature range

The operating temperature range of a cooling unit is determined by the

thermoelectric modules and the fans.

There are thermoelectric modules for operating temperatures up to 200°C. At low

temperatures the cooling power decreases strongly due to the material.

Ingress protection (IPx)

DEPT OF ME Page 46
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

The reachable ingress protection depends on the fans. They are exposed to the

environment. Fans are available with ingress protection IP67. The thermoelectric

modules can be sealed. The cooling units can be developed in such a way that no water

or humidity enter the cooling unit. Standard cooling units meet IP54.

4.1.2. Reliability

Thermoelectric cooling units are considered, construction based, as very

reliable. With inappropriate treatment the following errors can occur:

• Overheating of the thermoelectric module because of insufficient heat dissipation (heat

sink, fan) on the hot side or too high voltage.

• Quick or large changes of temperature on the hot and/or cold side. One may not

exceed the maximum operating temperature, defined in the specifications, in every case.

An excess of the maximum temperature leads to a decrease of cooling power or even to

a loss. The temperature range can be extended by the choice of suitable thermoelectric

modules. If a cooling unit is used in the cycling mode, (heating / cooling), special

thermoelectric modules should be used. They withstand temperature depending

mechanical stress in the cycling mode. Compared to standard thermoelectric modules

they withstand more cycles under same conditions. The MTBF (Mean Time Between

Failure) for thermoelectric modules of Kryotherm is 200'000 hours at ambient

temperature. The life cycle of the fans is shorter and thus crucial.

Thermoelectric cooling is not very efficient. It is often only about 10

percent efficient, compared to normal refrigeration, which is in the 40 to 60 percent

range. Normal refrigeration isn't practical for a cooler, since it is heavy, bulky and

overpowered. But the thermoelectric cooler doesn't have to do that much. The Air

DEPT OF ME Page 47
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

conditioning is insulated, so not much heat leaks in. It is also quite small, so it takes

much less energy to cool than a Air conditioning .

Graph: 4.1

DEPT OF ME Page 48
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

Graph: 4.2

Graph: 4.3

DEPT OF ME Page 49
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 5

Applications:

 In a typical small domestic Air conditioning , a cooling power of about 50 watts

is required. In principle, this can be provided by a single thermocouple.

However a very large current (1000amps) is required at a very low D.C. voltage

(0.1 V). In order to limit this current to a reasonable value, it is necessary to

increase the number of couples. This will also step up the applied D.C. voltage

to a few volts which can be easily obtained. A typical form of construction of a

practical thermoelectric Air conditioning is shown below. In spite of certain

practical difficulties, such as availability of high current, low voltage D.C.

current source, peltier Air conditioning s are gaining prominence and are now

widely used in several western countries. These Air conditioning s in very

compact form on a moving trolley are used in some international airlines to

provide cold drinks and hot snacks as it can be used for heating and cooling also

just by changing the terminal knob of the Air conditioning s.

 Peltier cooling can also be made use of in air-conditioning of rooms where large

cooling capacities are required but the temperature differences need not be so

large. The cooling unit can form part of one of the walls and heat appearing at

the outside face of the unit can be radiated to the surrounding air by means of

suitable fins. The great advantage of this system is that it can be used for heating

the room in winter merely by reversing the direction of current. Such a heating is

more effective than would be the case if the current is passed through ordinary

resistance heater wires because in this case , the system acts as a heat pump.

DEPT OF ME Page 50
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

 Apart from these domestic applications, thermoelectric cooling can be

effectively used in a number of scientific and applications. To name a few, the

applications include constant low temperature bath and chambers, cooled baffles

for oil diffusion pump in vacuum systems, dew point hygrometer for

determining absolute humidity, photomultiplier cooler, cooling the biological

tissues for facilitation of slicing thin sections, serum coolers for preservation of

blood plasma and serums and many others.

Figure: 5.1

DEPT OF ME Page 51
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 6

6.1. ADVANTAGES:

1. Simple and less number of parts is required.

2. Thermo-electric units are much more flexible than conventional units.

3. It can take overload simply by increasing power input.

4. These units being static are more reliable than rotating or reciprocating equipments.

5. These units are noiseless and there are no moving parts.

6. Control is easy as it is done merely by adjusting the current supply.

7. Very compact in size and suitable for low capacity.

8. It can operate in any position.

9. Infinite life is expected.

10. The weight per unit refrigeration is considerably lower than conventional

refrigeration systems.

11. No leakage problem.

12. Just by reversing the polarity results in an inter change of heating and cooling

process.

13. An important advantage of thermo electric refrigeration is the independence of

C.O.P on the size of thermo electric Air conditioning and this makes it particularly

attractive to use Peltier cooling when cooling capacity is required is high.

DEPT OF ME Page 52
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

14. Peltier cooling can also be used in air conditioning rooms where large cooling is

required but the temperature difference is small. The large cooling unit can form a part

of the inside walls and the outside face of the unit can be exposed to the surrounding air

by means of suitable films.

 A great advantage of such thermo electric conditioning system is that, it can be

used for heating the room in winter merely by reversing the direction of current.

Such as heating is more effective than would be the case if current is passed

through ordinary resistance heater wires because in this case ,the system acts as

a heat pump.

 Solid state design

o No moving parts

o Integrated chip design

o No hazardous gases

o Silent operation

 Compact and lightweight

o Low profile

o Sizes to match your component footprint

o No bulky compressor units

o Perfect for bench top applications

 High reliability

o 100,000 hours + MTBF

 Precise temperature stability

o Tolerances of better than +/- 0.1°C

o Accurate and reproducible ramp and dwell times

DEPT OF ME Page 53
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

 Cooling/heating mode options

o Fully reversible with switch in polarity

o Supports rapid temperature cycling

 Localized Cooling

o Spot cooling for components or medical applications

o Perfect for temperature calibration in precision detection systems

 Rapid response times

o Instantaneous temperature change

o Reduced power consumption

 Low DC voltage designs

 Dehumidification

o Efficient condensation of atmospheric water vapor

DEPT OF ME Page 54
 Design and Fabrication of Air conditioning by using pettier effect

CHAPTER 7

7.1. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The objective project is to achieve the long term cooling in case of power

failure for Air conditioning .

A TER Cooling system is has been designed and developed to provide active

cooling with help of single stage 12 V TE module is used to provide adequate cooling.

First the cooling load calculations for this TER compartment considered under study

were presented. Simulation tests in laboratory have validated the theoretical design

parameters and established the feasibility of providing cooling with single stage

thermoelectric cooler was tested in the environmental chamber. As TER not available in

open market which we can retain cooling at case of power outage due to high current

carrying capacity. The retention time achieved was 52 min with the designed module in

this project. In order to achieve the higher retention time, another alternative was

incorporate. This consists the additional heater on heat sink. The highest retention time

achieved was 57 mins.

7.1.1. Future Scope

With recent development taking place in field of thermoelectric and nanoscience

different thermoelectric material with figure of merit ZT more than 1 with high

temperature difference to be explored this will further help to reduce the temperature,

current below and can also perform better at higher ambient conditions. To improve the

power retention in this thermoelectric cooler sandwich heater needs to be explored with

quick switching mechanism from thermoelectric cell off state of heater to on state, so

that temperature drop in thermoelectric cell can be reduced.

DEPT OF ME Page 55