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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) : Orthogonality Vectors

CDMA uses spread spectrum technology and coding to allow all users to access the full bandwidth at the same time. It assigns each transmitter a unique code, and identifies users by their signature waveforms. CDMA exploits the orthogonality of vectors, where signals with a dot product of zero are orthogonal. It was first used militarily during WWII to prevent enemy identification of signals. CDMA saw commercial applications in digital cellular networks and provides services like web browsing, messaging, entertainment and enterprise solutions. Advantages include flexible network planning, better spectrum use, immunity to jamming and increased capacity, while disadvantages include difficulties with synchronization, self-jamming and the near-far problem.

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محمد أحمد عبدالوهاب محمد
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112 views3 pages

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) : Orthogonality Vectors

CDMA uses spread spectrum technology and coding to allow all users to access the full bandwidth at the same time. It assigns each transmitter a unique code, and identifies users by their signature waveforms. CDMA exploits the orthogonality of vectors, where signals with a dot product of zero are orthogonal. It was first used militarily during WWII to prevent enemy identification of signals. CDMA saw commercial applications in digital cellular networks and provides services like web browsing, messaging, entertainment and enterprise solutions. Advantages include flexible network planning, better spectrum use, immunity to jamming and increased capacity, while disadvantages include difficulties with synchronization, self-jamming and the near-far problem.

Uploaded by

محمد أحمد عبدالوهاب محمد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CDMA (code division multiple access)

Introduction
 Employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each
transmitter is assigned a code).
 Users are allocated with all bandwidth at any time
 User identifications by unique signature waveform

Classification
 Single carrier CDMA
Transmit signal over a single frequency band

 Multi carrier CDMA


Transmit signal over multiple frequency bands
Narrowband, independent fading

Methodology
CDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors . If the dot
product is zero, the two vectors are said to be orthogonal to each other.

Message Signal

Pseudo Random Noise Sequence

Encoded Output

Example
Encoding

Decoding
Applications
 Digital cellular applications based on CDMA were developed with the
collaboration of several carrier and equipment manufacturers, such as Motorola,
P.C.S., and NOKIA.
 Among the services available to CDMA users are:
web browsing, m-commerce (paying bills, purchasing), MMS (multimedia messaging
services), entertainment (streaming video, games) and enterprise solutions (email, file
download, video conferencing).
 CDMA was first used in the military, during World War 2.
Since the transmission is over a wide bandwidth of frequencies, the enemy can’t
identify the signal easily.
 Global Positioning System (GPS).

Advantages
 Flexible network planning (planning is no longer needed)
 Better spectrum utilization as Guard band is not required.
 Immune to jamming.
 Capacity can be increased by compromising a bit on quality.
 cost(larger profit for providers due to increased capacity, less infrastructure)
 Customer satisfaction (privacy, better call quality, prevent cross talks)
 resistant to multipath fading.

Disadvantages
 Synchronization
Difficult to satisfy synchronization requirements.

 Self jamming
Self jamming is a steep deterioration of performance as a result of poor
synchronization. Poor synchronization causes partial-correlation with the codes of
other users and the result will be a vast increase of the interference.

 Near-far problem
Power control is necessary for mitigating the Near-far problem.
 Throughput
Low throughput efficiency for large number of users.

References
 Communication Systems-Simon Haykin
 Signals and systems- B.P. Lathi

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