INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM RABIA

SUBMITTED BY: FATIMA ABBAS
 Introduction To Computer Technology | Fatima Abbas

Contents
DEFINITION: ............................................................................................................................................ 4
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER: .................................................................................................................... 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER: ........................................................................................................ 5
1. Hardware:........................................................................................................................................ 5
2. Software: ......................................................................................................................................... 5
GENERAL SYSTEM:................................................................................................................................... 5
• CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:............................................................................................................ 6
• INPUT UNIT:..................................................................................................................................... 6
• OUTPUT UNIT: ................................................................................................................................. 6
STORAGE UNIT: ....................................................................................................................................... 6
➢ PRIMARY STORAGE: ..................................................................................................................... 7
➢ SECONDARY STORAGE: ................................................................................................................ 7
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF HARDWARE: ................................................................................................... 7
• Input devices: .............................................................................................................................. 7
• Output devices:............................................................................................................................ 7
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES ......................................................................................................................... 8
DIFFERENT CATAGORIES OF INPUT DEVICES: ....................................................................................... 8
SUB-CATAGORIES:............................................................................................................................ 8
KEYBOARD:.......................................................................................................................................... 8
POINTING INPUT DEVICES:................................................................................................................... 9
• DIFFERENT CATAGORIES OF OUTPUT DEVICES: ............................................................................ 9
SUB-CATAGORIES:............................................................................................................................ 9
• DATA SCANNING DEVICES: ......................................................................................................... 10
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition: ...................................................................................... 10
• Optical Mark Reader: ............................................................................................................. 10
• Bar Code Reader: ................................................................................................................... 10
• Digital Scanner: ...................................................................................................................... 11
• Voice Recognition Devices:..................................................................................................... 11
• Voice Input:............................................................................................................................ 11
• Vision input devices: .............................................................................................................. 11
OUTPUT DEVICES................................................................................................................................... 12
1. SPEAKERS:.................................................................................................................................. 12

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2. MONITORS:................................................................................................................................ 12
3. PRINTERS: .................................................................................................................................. 12
• IMPACT PRINTERS: ................................................................................................................. 12
• NON-IMPACT PRINTERS: ........................................................................................................ 12
4. PLOTTERS:.................................................................................................................................. 13
• DRUM PLOTTER:..................................................................................................................... 13
• FLATBED PLOTTER:..................................................................................................................... 13
5. SCREEN IMAGE PROJECTOR: ...................................................................................................... 13
6. VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM: ......................................................................................................... 13
• VOICE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM: ............................................................................................ 13
• SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS: .......................................................................................................... 13

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DEFINITION:
ICT stands for Information and computer technology. “ICT refers to technologies
that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to
Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication
technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other
communication mediums.”
From the past few years, communication technology provides us so many facilities.
For example: We can communicate with each other by different networks like
what’s app, face book, Skype and so many others by which we can remain in
contact with our relatives or friends. Information and communication technologies
helps us in many ways.

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER:
Computer is an electronic device that can input the data, process the data and
delivered the output to the user. Computer system is a collection of hardware and
software components. Hardware components are input unit, output unit, storage
unit and central processing unit. Whereas, software components include system
software and application software.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER:

1. Hardware:
Hardware are those components are tangible parts of a computer
system that you can touch physically.
For example: Central processing unit, input unit, output unit, storage
devices etc.

2. Software:
Software are intangible parts of a computer system that you cannot
touch, you can either listen to them or watch them.
For example: Operating system, device drivers, translator soft wares
etc.

GENERAL SYSTEM:
General system is a collection of two or more than two data components that are
interlink with each other to achieve the single goal and that is the goal of whole
system.

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• CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:

Central processing unit is the brain of a computer system. It is known as
brain of a computer system because all the processing and controlling is
done by central processing unit. Whereas, Actual processing is performed by
A.L.U. Central processing unit has 3 units.

• INPUT UNIT:
Input unit is the unit of computer that is used to input the data from
user to computer.
- Input unit accepts all the input that is given by the user.
- It will convert the human understandable language input into machine
language. For example: Binary or machine language.
- It can deliver those machine codes to storage unit or central processing
unit for further processing.

• OUTPUT UNIT:
Output unit performs three basic functionalities:
- It accepts the machine coded instructions from computer.
- It transfer the machine coding instructions into human understandable
language.
- It will deliver the results to the user.

STORAGE UNIT:
Single task of storage unit is just to store the data but that can be of three
different types.
- The initial data that is entered by user.
- Intermediate results.
- Final results.
There are two types of storage unit. One is primary storage and the other
one is secondary storage.

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• PRIMARY STORAGE:
Primary storage is a temporary storage. It has smaller capacity
because we don’t need capacity it get refresh all the time. Data is
automatically saved in this storage. It is also known as volatile
memory, main or internal memory. It has all the features of
secondary storage, for example: ROM. Rom is necessary to boost
the system to turn on the computer but not mean to change it. It is
expensive and faster.

• SECONDARY STORAGE:
Secondary storage is permanent. It has larger capacity because we
are not deleting the data. It is not automatic. We have to tell by our
own self to save the data on memory card or universal serial bus
(usb). It is non-volatile memory. It has all the features of primary
storage, for example: RAM. It is also known as external storage.
Secondary storage is not expensive but slow.

• DIFFERENT TYPES OF HARDWARE:

1. Input devices
2. Output devices

• Input devices:
Input devices are used to enter data from the outside world into primary
storage.

• Output devices:
Output devices supply results of processing from primary storage to user.

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INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
I/O devices provides mean of communication between a computer and outside
world. It is also known as peripheral devices because they surround the central
processing unit and memory of a computer system. I/O devices dealing with
outside world. Both devices have no direct linking.

DIFFERENT CATAGORIES OF INPUT DEVICES:

Keyboard
Pointing input devices

SUB-CATAGORIES:

1. Mouse
2. Track ball
3. Track point
4. Joy stick
5. Touch pad
6. Touch sensitive screens
7. Pen based system
8. Light pen
9. Digitalizing table

KEYBOARD:
Key board is an input device that is used for manual and textual data all
the time.
For example: spelling mistakes, time consuming etc. It is secure
operating system. We need expert in this system. It is used with an
operating system i.e., command base operating system, For example:
DOS, LINUX-UNIX (old versions). Chance of errors are here.

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POINTING INPUT DEVICES:

Pointing input devices are used with Graphical User Interphase (GUI).
For example: windows operating system, androids, IOS. I t is full of
buttons, icons, graphics. User is not supposed to input the data. User can
perform all the things by single click. No chances of errors are here. We
don’t need any expert in this system. It is an unsecure operating system.

• DIFFERENT CATAGORIES OF OUTPUT DEVICES:

1. Monitors
2. Speakers
3. Voice response system
4. Printers
5. Plotters
6. Screen image projector

SUB-CATAGORIES:

1. MONITORS:
▪ CRTs
▪ FPDs: LCDs, LEDs.

2. PRINTERS:
▪ IMPACT PRINTERS:
Dot matrix
Chain/Band
Letter quality
Daisy wheel
Drum

▪ NON-IMPACT PRINTERS
Inject
Laser
Thermal

3. PLOTTERS:

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▪ Drum plotter
▪ Flatbed plotter

• DATA SCANNING DEVICES:

No typing, no errors. These are devices used for scanning.
1. Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
2. Bar code reader (BCR)
3. Optical mark reader (OMR)
4. Digital scanners

• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition:

- MICR is developed in 1960 by banking industry.

- It takes a lot of time to enter the data.
- Chances of errors are there.
- Conscious and unconscious.
- Spelling and typing mistakes.
- Time saving.
- After the invention of scanner, no chances of error.

• Optical Mark Reader:

- It is used in educational institutes.

- Evaluate objective type questions.
- Match with key.
- Theoretical not included.
- Used by examiners.
- Lots of labor.

• Bar Code Reader:

- Multiple vertical lines.

- Encoding information encoded by brands.
- Encoded data. E.g., Price.

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• Digital Scanner:

- Used for general users.

- For hand written.
- Each and every field of life scanners are used.

• Voice Recognition Devices:

- It is the type of input device.

- Blind people who cannot see keyboard and monitor.
- Voice input to get the audio input.
- Reproduction to get the audio output.

• Voice Input:

- Allows person to input data to a computer system by speaking to it.

- It accepts limited words, few languages and accent.
- It works on limited domain.
- For the purpose of security, enters through our voice.
- Sometimes it gives same or different results.
- It is used for physical disabled people.

• TYPES:
- Continuous speech recognition system.
- Single word recognition system.
- Spoken sentences, also called as speaker dependent system.

• Vision input devices:

- Allow computer to input data by just seeing an object.

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- Used in industries.
For example. Digital camera, robots, secured information.

OUTPUT DEVICES

1. SPEAKERS:
Speakers are the most common output devices used with computer
systems. It used for audio output. Computer speaker is a hardware device
that connects to a computer to generate sound.

2. MONITORS:
Monitors are part of computer hardware that displays the videos and
graphics information generated by the computer through the video card.

3. PRINTERS:
A printer is an output hardware device that takes the electronic data stored
on a computer or other device and generates a hardcopy. There are two
types of printers.
One is impact printer and the other is non-impact printer.

• IMPACT PRINTERS:
Impact printers are slow and inexpensive. Carbon copy generation is
here. It is primitive type of printers. Before the invention of impact
printers we use typewriters. All the drawbacks of type writer are in
impact printers. It is noisy. It can print text and only black and white
picture. Concept of hammering is used in this.

• NON-IMPACT PRINTERS:
Non-impact printers are speedy and expensive. Carbon copy is not
possible. It uses new technology ad are modern printers. It overcome
all drawbacks of impact printers. It is not noisy. You can print text
and color picture. No concept of hammering.

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4. PLOTTERS:
Some scientist says that it is the advances category of non-impact printers
but some says that it is the separate output device. It is most expensive. It
is used for commercial usage. There are two types of plotters.

• DRUM PLOTTER:
It moves in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction.

• FLATBED PLOTTER:
Spread and fixed over a rectangular shape table.

5. SCREEN IMAGE PROJECTOR:

It is an output device that can be directly plugged into a computer system
for projecting information from a computer onto a large screen. I t is useful
for making presentations to a group of people with a direct use of a
computer. It is fully fledged multimedia presentation with audio, video,
image and animation can be prepared and made using this facility.

6. VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM:

Voice response system enable a computer to talk to a user. It has an audio
response device that produce audio output. There are two types of voice
recognition system.

• VOICE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM:

It produce audio output by selecting an appropriate audio output
from a set of prerecorded audio responses.

• SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS:
It converts text information into spoken sentences. It is used for
applications: For blinds and who cannot speak to communicate
effectively.

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