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ScieTech 2013 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423 (2013) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012048

Characteristics of Leachate at Sukawinatan Landfill, Palembang,

Indonesia

Eka Sri Yusmartini1 , Dedi Setiabudidaya2, Ridwan3, Marsi4 and Faizal5

1
PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Sriwijaya University,
Indonesia
3
Nuclear Industrial Materials Technology Centre, Serpong, Indonesia
4
Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University,
Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Landfill (TPA) Sukawinatan Palembang is an open dumping system which covers
an area of 25 hectares. This system may bring an environmental damage to the surrounding
area because it does not provide leachate treatment. Leachate is the landfill waste that dissolves
many compounds that contain pollutants from both organic substances and heavy metal origin.
This paper presents the results of laboratory analysis on samples of leachate as well as shallow
groundwater from the surrounding area. The results were compared to established quality
standards to evaluate whether the leachate has influenced the quality of the shallow
groundwater in the surrounding area. The results show that there are some indications that the
quality of groundwater has been polluted by the leachate of both organic substances and heavy
metals produced by the Sukawinatan landfill.

1. Introduction

Palembang as the second largest city on the island of Sumatra is geographically located at the position
of 104037'- 104052' east longitude and 20 52 -3005 ' south latitude. The total area of Palembang city of
approximately 40,000Ha, which is divided into16 counties and 107subdistrict. Palembang is sited on
swampy lowlands-marshes with tidal height between 3.5 meters to 4.12 meters above sea level.
Currently, the solid waste of Palembang area is dumped in two landfills, namely Karya Jaya and
Sukawinatan. This study focused on the Sukawinatan landfill, located in Sukarame District. The
landfill covers an area of 25 hectares and began its operation in April 1994 with a design life of about
15 years. The operation of the landfill is managed by Department of Hygiene and Palembang City
Cemetery.
Best practice for solid waste treatment in Palembang city is presented by Eddy Santana Putra [1].
One method is to reduce the volume of the solid waste that goes to landfill is by composting technique
in household, offices, and schools. Despite this effort, the volume of waste that goes to Sukawinatan
landfill is still large. The waste that goes to this landfill during the year of 2010 to 2011 is increasing
by 111.463 pounds/day. The total volume of solid waste disposed to this landfill in 2009 was
150,900,928 pounds, increased to164,166,986 pounds in 2010 and then increased to187,703,406

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1

ScieTech 2013 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423 (2013) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012048

pounds in 2011. The increased amount of solid wastes clearly adding to the burden on the landfill
Sukawinatan if not treated properly, and thus will impact the use of the landfill it self.
The solid waste in the landfill is not only made up of solid components, but also liquid waste which
contains chemical substances, both organic and inorganic, as well as a number of pathogenic bacteria,
called leachate[2]. According to [3,4,5,6], leachate is the liquid that are likely to contain a large
amount of organic contaminants, the COD(chemicaloxygen demand), BOD(biochemical oxygen
demand), ammonia, hydrocarbons suspended solids, concentrations of heavy metals and inorganic salt.
Leachate is also rich in phenols, nitrogen and phosphorus. If the leachate is no ttreated, it can be
disposed into the environment and subsequently be apotential source of contamination to soil and
groundwater, when absorbed into the soil, hence; it can lead to pollution of the waters[6, 7,8,9,10].
Influence of leachate contamination on groundwater is a major drawback of the method of open
disposal of solid waste, although the advantage of this method is simple procedure and low operational
costs. Given the effects and dangers of leachate discharged directly to the environtment may affect the
water body, lowering the quality of surface and ground water, and also affect the ecosystem, the
characteristic leachate generated in the landfill Sukawinatan need to be evaluated.

2. Composition and Characterization of Leachate

The quality and quantity of leachate is highly variable and is directly related to fluctuations of rainfall
amount, composition/ characteristics of the waste, age, and landfill operational patterns[11]. Landfill
leachate composition varies greatly depending on the season, leachate collection system and landfill
age. The main pollutants in the leachate is organic matter and ammonia, where in if the landfill age
increases, the concentration of organic matter (COD) in leachate decreased from 1800 mg/L in the
second year to 610 mg /L in the sixth year [12]. Increase in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen
from 98 mg to 364 mg NNH4/ l also occur as the age of the landfill increases. Fluctuations of the other
parameters (phosphorus, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, dissolved solids, heavy metals, also
depends on the season of the year (seasonal variation) and the age of the landfill. Reported data also
showed that that despite the landfill is still in the early age, some parameters such as pH value high
(average 7.84, COD concentration is low (<2000 mg COD / L), the ratio of BOD / COD is low (<0.4),
and the concentrations of heavy metals is low as well, so it can be indicated that the characterization is
influenced by the conditions in the landfill methagonic at the beginning of the monitoring period.
Characterization of leachate from the landfill is generally represented by the COD (Chemical
Oxygen Demand), total organic carbon (TOC), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), the ratio of
BOD / COD, pH, suspended solids (SS), ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N), Total Kjldahl Nitrogen
(TKN), the number of bacteria, turbidity and heavy metal values [13,14,15]. Concentration of leachate
parameters change according to the age of the leachate. The relationship of leachate concentration
with age can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Concentration of some leachate constituents at different phase (Kostova, 2006)

Lechate Transition phase Acid formation Methane Final

Constituen (0- 5 years) phase Fermentation maturation
(5-10 years) (10-20 years) phase(>20)

BOD 100-11000 1000-5700 100-3500 4-120

COD 500-22000 1500-71000 150-10000 30-900
TOC 100-3000 500-28000 50-2200 70-260
Ammonia 0-190 30-3000 6-430 6-430
NO2-N 0.1-500 0.1-20 0.1-1.5 0.5-0.6
TDS 2500-14000 4000-55000 1100-6400 1460-4640

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ScieTech 2013 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423 (2013) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012048

In general, if the landfill becomes older, the biological decomposition of waste deposited turned out
to be longer, which consists of two sub-stages and methagonic acid. Leachate from different stages
contain different elements, so people tend to be acid leachate because of volatile fatty acids. The
content of heavy metals in leachate increase in acidic condition because the low pH can cause the
metal to be easily dissolved. On the other hand, the metal content comes down on the fermentation and
maturation phases, where the pH increases to neutral.

3. Quality of landfill leachate in Sukawinatan

The Sukawinatan Landfill Waste is an open dumping system. The increasing volume of waste
obviously need better handling, especially the handling of liquid waste. The leachate is formed by
external water ingress into the landfill waste, dissolve and rinse the dissolved materials including
organic and inorganic compounds as the results of decomposition process [17].
The laboratory analysis of leachate samples were conducted at the Department of Hygiene and
Funeral Palembang. Sampling of leachate was taken on February 21, 2011(sample A) and on7
November 2011 (sample B). The results and their comparison with quality standards can be seen in
Table 2. Based on Table 2, parameters that do not meet quality standards according the South Sumatra
Governor Regulation No. 18 of 2012 on the sample A is the content of ammonia(NH3-N). Ammonia
levels that exceed the quality standards can impair respiratory tissues and cause odor in the water.
COD and BOD values in sample A is still below the value of quality standards. Similarly, the content
of heavy metals such as Chromium, Mn, Zn and Cu is acceptable. Sample B has a variety of different
values such as BOD, COD, ammonia, chloride which exceeded the quality standard. The
concentration of COD and BOD in both samples A and B match to those reported in the literature for
sanitary landfill that reach an age of 10 – 20 year. In this case, the sanitary landfill is entering methane
phase with the concentration BOD between 300 and 3500, and COD between 50 and 10000. As for
sample A, the metal contents in sample B are acceptable. The low concentrations of metals in soil is
influenced by open dumping leachate pH values, but it also plays a role in rainwater flushing on
landfill waste [18].

Table 2. The results of laboratory analysis on samples of leachate

Parameter Sample A Sample Max. Test Methode

B Limit
pH 7.45 6.88 6-9 SNI 06-6989.11-2004
Temperature 29.3 28.0 40 -
TSS 44 45 400 SNI 06-6989.3-2004
COD 291.1 354.8 300 SNI 06-6989.3-2004
BOD5 145.7 218.1 150 SNI 06-2503-1991
NH3-N 65.00 11.324 5 Salisilat Treatment
Nitrit 0.012 0.117 3 SNI 06-6989.9-2004
Nitrate 93.6 3.7 30 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Sulfide 199 0.085 0.1 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Cyanide 0.011 0.017 0.5 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Chromium(Cr6+) 0,056 0.049 0.5 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Chlorida 162.5 174.6 2 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Fe 1.6 1.8 10 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Cu 0.05 0.04 3 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Zn 0.05 0.06 3 SPECTOFOTOMETRI
Mn <0.2 0.4 5 SPECTOFOTOMETRI

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ScieTech 2013 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423 (2013) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012048

4. Quality of shallow groundwater in the surrounding area

Residential areas surrounding the landfill Sukawinatan is highly populated with about 645 families
living in a number of households. Well water is widely used by people around the settlement for their
daily needs. Proximity of residential and landfill sites, besides causing ill-equipped landscape
aesthetics also cause bad odor. In addition,the possibility of contamination of well water is also quite
high. The results of laboratory analysis of water monitoring wells and water wells conducted by the
Sanitation Department Palembang are presented in Table 3.
Based on Health Minister Regulation No.907 of 2002, the maximum water concentration of
chromium in monitoring wells or household well is 0.012 mg/L and 0.017 mg/L. The levels of
chromium in the leachate was detected in sample A is 0.056 mg/L and the B sample 0.049 mg/L. Even
though the concentration of chromium in the leachate still meets the standard by Governor Regulation
No. 8 of 2012, the level chromium in well water does not meet quality standards based Health
Minister Regulation No.907. Complex Chromium(CrVI) as dichromate ions are adsorbed by soil can
seep into the ground and then headed into the groundwater[18]. Permeation is dependent on soil pH.
In neutral or alkaline solution of Cr(VI) is stable and easy to be absorbed[17]. In addition, the spread
of chromium in groundwater depends on the sorption characteristics of the soil, including clay
content, iron oxide and the amount of organic matter[18].

Table 3. The results of the analysis of well water

Parameter Unit Monitoring Household Maximum

Well Well Limit
Chromium(Cr6+) mg/L 0.012 0.017 0.005
Cu mg/L 1.14 0.02 2
Cyanide mg/L 0.012 0.005 0.007
Nitrate mg/L 5.6 7.1 50
Nitrit mg/L 0.025 0.007 3

Levels of Cu in the water monitoring wells reaching 1.14 mg / L and while the level in the
household wells only 0.02 mg / L. This level is of Cu still acceptable according to Health Minister
Regulation. Equally, the content of Cu in the leachate samples are still acceptable. Levels of nitrate
and nitrite in both water monitoring wells and the household wells are still below the threshold of
quality standards, as well as the leachate samples. The value of cyanide in leachate samples A and B
respectively are 0.011 mg / L and 0.017 mg / L. In well water, the concentrations of cynida are 0.012
mg / L and 0.005 mg / L.
The concentration of cyanide in both leachate samples and monitoring wells and the household
well are still below the limit stated in the quality standards. However, careful treatment is needed
because high concentration of cyanide is harmful to human which may affect respiratory tissues,
resulting in asphyxia, chronictoxicity and irritation will cause malaise. The concentration of nitrate in
drinking water is also not expected because it is dangerous to human. It can cause methemoglobinemia
or blue baby, which is a disease that affects children due to the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
in the interference by nitrate.

5. Conclusions and Suggestion

The quality of leachate from two samples being analyzed in this study differs in terms of COD and
BOD concentrations which may be related to the amount of rainfall. In this case, sample A was taken
during dry season while sample B during rainy season. High ammonia concentrations can lead to
disruption of water bodies such as wells or shallow groundwater. Although the metal content and
effluent from the landfill still meets the applicable quality standards, leachate from the landfill is still
a major source of environmental pollution on heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals and also the

4
ScieTech 2013 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423 (2013) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012048

content of nitrate and nitrite ions in water or shallow ground water monitoring wells and the household
wells need to be examined though concentration is still below the threshold standard.
To prevent and reduce effluent of leachate in landfill waste (landfill) Sukawinatan Palembang,
leachate management systems need to be made prior to discharge into the environment. Management
system must consider the characteristics of the leachate management system. The system should be
selected that the process can eliminate or reduce the flow of contaminants to water bodies around the
landfill. An understanding of the characteristics of the leachate is expected to be used to select
appropriate management and economical.

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