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Chapter 4

This document discusses two-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction. It covers coordinate systems used to model two-dimensional heat transfer, analytical and numerical solution methods like the method of separation of variables, and finite difference formulations of the heat diffusion equation. The method of separation of variables assumes the temperature can be expressed as a product of functions depending on single coordinates, allowing the partial differential equation to be separated into ordinary differential equations. Boundary conditions are then applied to determine coefficients and obtain the general solution. Finite difference formulations replace partial derivatives with expressions relating temperatures at nodes.

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104 views17 pages

Chapter 4

This document discusses two-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction. It covers coordinate systems used to model two-dimensional heat transfer, analytical and numerical solution methods like the method of separation of variables, and finite difference formulations of the heat diffusion equation. The method of separation of variables assumes the temperature can be expressed as a product of functions depending on single coordinates, allowing the partial differential equation to be separated into ordinary differential equations. Boundary conditions are then applied to determine coefficients and obtain the general solution. Finite difference formulations replace partial derivatives with expressions relating temperatures at nodes.

Uploaded by

qusay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heat Transfer

DM23815

Chapter 4. Two-Dimensional, Steady-


State Conduction

Eunseop Yeom
[email protected]

School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University


4. Introduction
§ Coordinate system
- Two dimensional system

Problems for only one coordinate direction are grossly oversimplified in many cases.
It is necessary to account for multidimensional effects.
Temperature gradients exist along a two coordinate.

x-y coordinates r-z coordinates


T = T(x,y)
T = T(r,z)

Heat transfer for cross section of square pillar Heat transfer for cylinder
without heat transfer along z direction. with uniform temperature along θ direction.

Under steady-state, two-dimensional conditions with no heat generation

¶ æ ¶T ö ¶ æ ¶T ö ¶ æ ¶T ö ¶T
çk ÷+ çç k ÷÷ + çk ÷ + q& = ρC
¶xè ¶xø ¶yè ¶yø ¶zè ¶z ø ¶t
2
4.1 Alternative Approaches
§ Temperature Distribution
With two surfaces insulated and the other surfaces maintained at different
temperatures, T1 < T2, heat transfer by conduction occurs from surface 1 to 2.

Isotherms(등온선):
Heat flow lines(열유선):
a vector is everywhere perpendicular to isotherms

§ Analytical Methods
Analytical method: finding an exact mathematical solution Separation of Variables
Graphical method: providing only approximate results at discrete points.
Numerical method:
3
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Exact solution by the separation of variables

Governing Equation

Initial Condition

4
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables
The separation of variables technique by assuming that the desired solution can be
expressed as the product of two functions, one of which depends only on x while the
other depends only on y.

We assume the existence of a solution of the form

Setting separation constant

5 Continue
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables

General solution for each equation

6 Continue
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables

To find C1, C2, C3, C4, initial conditions are applied

7 Continue
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables

n = 0 is precluded, since it implies θ(x, y) = 0

In this form, there are an infinite number of solutions that satisfy the differential
equation and boundary conditions. Since the problem is linear, a more general solution
may be obtained from a superposition of the form

8 Continue
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables
Appling the remaining boundary condition

§ Orthogonal Functions
When a series of functions (g1(x), g2(x), … gn(x)…) space has an interval as the
domain, the may be the integral of the product of functions over the interval (a-b).

Then functions gm(x), and gn(x) are orthogonal over the interval (a-b).

9 Continue
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables
Any function f(x) may be expressed in terms of an infinite series of orthogonal functions

10 Continue
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
§ Separation of variables

11
4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate

• Two or three-dimensional conduction problems may be rapidly solved by utilizing


existing solutions to the heat diffusion equation.
• These solutions are reported in terms of a shape factor S or a steady-state
dimensionless conduction heat rate, q*ss.

12
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations
§ Finite difference formulation of differential equation
Consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer in a plane wall of thickness L without
heat generation and constant conductivity k.

The wall is subdivided into M intervals.

M+1 points:

13 Continue
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations
§ Finite difference formulation of differential equation
The second derivative at a node m becomes

The 2 dimensional system

14
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations
§ Example

What are temperatures at 6,7,10,11?


T6, T7, T10, T11?

15 Continue
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations
§ Example

Equation for T6
Equation for T7
Equation for T10
Equation for T11

16
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations

17

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