PROJECT REPORT

ON

Design & Analysis of Jacket

Project submitted for summer internship for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (PETROLEUM ENGINEERING)
University of Technology and Management
Shillong

By:
Sandhya Dixit

Under the Guidance of:

Mr. Rajesh Kumar

Department of Petroleum Engineering

University of Technology and Management, Shillong

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 UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
Bawri mansions, Dhankheti, Shillong (793003)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sandhya Dixit has satisfactorily carried out her
project work on the project title “Design & Analysis of Jackets”
This is in partial fulfillment of the requirement towards the award of
Bachelor’s degree in Petroleum Engineering course.

……………………………… ……………………………….
Mr. Rajesh Kumar Prof. Edward Francis Osta
RE-PROCESS PROGRAMME DIRECTOR (PE)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It has been rightly said,

“Whenever people are willing but unable to perform particular task, they
need cooperation and guidance of experienced people which is quite
imperative in achieving the desired goals.”
I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Larsen &Toubro Hydrocarbon
Engineering Limited, Mumbai for giving me a valuable opportunity to work
with them. This project report is dedicated to all the people, whom I met, took
guidance, talked and gained knowledge from them .I am indebted and whole
heartedly thankful for the assistance received from various people in making
this project a success. We have no words to express our gratitude towards those
who were constantly involved with us throughout our wonderful working with
the project on “DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF JACKET” My gratitude and
special thanks to the DGM of LTHE who in spite of being extraordinary busy
with his duties, took time out to hear, guide, and keep me on the correct path
and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed organization and
extending his contribution gratefully.
A special thank you to Mr. Rajesh Kumar (DGM LTHE),Mr. Vinod Yadav,
Mr.Debshankar Maiti, Mr. Deepak Singh, Ms Sonal Dubey & Mr. Jerry
Vaidyan and entire LTHE team for their constant support to my project and
my professors for believing in my ability to do what I aspire. I am highly
obliged to our Programme director Mr. Edward Francis Osta for his timely
advice, which has helped us in the progress of our project work. Last but not
least, informal thanks to all our well-wishers and friends who are directly or in
directly helped us on our project.

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 ABSTRACT

This report details the result obtained from static analysis, considering
operational & ultimate limit state performance characteristics of a proposed
jacket platform design at Heera-Panna Bassein block of western offshore .The
block is located about 80 km from Mumbai at a water depth of about 40-45m as
per mean sea level.
The report proposes a 4 legged jacket (All battered) platform with total axial
load of 20,000KN to be considered. Based on the axial tension/compression and
the bending stresses obtained through manual calculation, the tubular
members and tubular joints are designed and the code unity check is done
manually for offshore standard API RP 2A, on which the code provision
comparison is performed to find more reliable code standards suiting the state of
loading. The jacket is designed based on the API recommended criteria for 1
year and 100 year return period.
The maximum environmental load on structure due to applied horizontal force
which depends on an over turning moment has also been calculated for more
practical aspect of the proposed jacket design. The seismic effects are not
considered as the region considered is seismically inactive zone.
A separate pile foundations study has been done to check the pile capacity to
withstand the load. Pile response is affected by load direction, load types, load
rates, loading sequence installation technique, soil type, axial pile stiffness and
other parameters.
Mooring analysis has also been incorporated in the report. This report intends
to verify the mooring equipments(Ropes, winches)suitability to withstand the
load imposed upon it due to environmental loads on load out of jacket on barge
in loading condition(worst case).
Only the basic strength check is being performed through static analysis.

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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................... 3
ABSTRACT .......................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION .................................................. 6
TUBULAR MEMBER DESIGN.................................. 8
TUBULAR JOINT DESIGN .................................... 13
LOAD CALCULATIONS ....................................... 19
SOIL INVESTIGATION ........................................ 27
PILE FOUNDATIONS .......................................... 28
MOORING ANALYSIS ......................................... 34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................ 47
CONCLUSION .................................................... 50
FUTURE PROSPECTS .......................................... 51
MICELLANEOUS LEARNING DURING INTERNSHIP 52
REFERENCES .................................................... 53
APPENDICES ..................................................... 54

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 INTRODUCTION

Offshore structures are used for particular operational purpose such as

exploration, drilling, handling and storage of oil and gas. The environment in
which these structures operate varies from shallow to deep water with
temperatures ranging from very cold, to mild, to tropical. Furthermore, these
structures are subjected to corrosion, operational stresses and the forces of
nature that includes but are not limited to wave action, wind, tides, storms and
seismic events.
Offshore structures are generally large and complex structural systems,
fabricated using steel tubular members, plates, pipes and profiles interconnected
through welded joints. These structures include jacket platforms, jack-up rigs,
semi-submersible rigs, and floating production, storage and offloading facilities.
Today’s multiple options for producing oil and gas from deepwater reserves is
still anchored by the welded tubular steel platform jacket, deck, and surface
modules. Typical offshore structures today would include:
 Fixed platforms: Fixed platforms are the offshore production mainstay
with economic water-depth limits of about 610 m.
 Compliant towers: Floating platforms permanently anchored to the
bottom. Maybe considered for water depths of about 305 to 610 m.
 Tension-leg platforms: These structures are attached to the ocean
bottom with tendons held in tension. They are used in 305 to 1524 m
water depths.
 Spars: Buoyant structures shaped like a spar (a single, large-diameter
cylinder), with a functional deck mounted on top.
 Semi -submersible production units: They can permanently be moored
in a field usually producing from subsea facilities.
 Floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) systems: Ship
shaped vessels with storage and some treatment facilities. Serves both
floating and subset production arrays. May be used in water depths
ranging up to and beyond 3048 m.
 Pipeline systems: Steel pipelines transporting oil and gas in various
diameters and operating in various water depths.

Jacket structures- are mainly utilized in oil platform. Difficulties that made to
be addressed in the design of jacket structures include engineering against
operational and extreme environmental loads (waves, winds, currents).
Jacket structures are commonly assembled on land and taken to the offshore site
on a barge, before being launched into the sea. While it will initially float
horizontally, by gradually ballasting specific leg members, it can be brought
into an upright position, before additional ballasting is used to fix into the

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seabed. Hence they have to be also designed to sustain temporary loads that,
although of different nature, are equally adverse to permanent or accidental
loads. Various modules are kept on top of the jacket to accommodate workers
and equipment on a single platform, including a deck (Cellar deck, Main deck,
Mezzanine deck, Upper deck helideck) a substructure, foundation piles,
piping etc. Tubular pilings are driven through the main legs to fix the jacket
structure to the sea bottom, provide support for the deck, and resist the lateral
loads due to wind, waves and currents. Various other structural designs exist to
cater for deeper water. The design lives of these structures are typically 20 – 30
years.
Analysis, design and construction of offshore structures compatible with
the extreme offshore environmental conditions is a most challenging and
creative task. This report intends to give an idea about the manual
calculations and procedures in the designing of jackets.

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 TUBULAR MEMBER DESIGN

The designing process of jacket will be carried out by assuming some

preliminary picture of the jacket based on the basis of Mumbai high field
scenario i.e. based on the past records of platforms which has been installed on
Mumbai high platform, the project has been carried out with initially assuming
the jacket to be 4 legged with all legs battered. Next is dividing each leg into 3
segments of lengths 18.361, 16.75 and 17.776m.Similarly the lengths of
horizontal and diagonal braces and number of braces and angle among them are
derived by performing sin rules, cosine rules and also by incorporating all the
bending and environmental load which is acting on each tubular. Once this
rough design is ready, the unity check has been done to check whether the
assumed design is capable to withstand load. This unity check has been done as
per the member design formulae recommended by API RP 2A (WSD).
API RP 2A RECOMMENDED FORMULAE FOR TUBULAR MEMBER
DESIGN

Axial stress, fa= P/A

Bending stress, fbx= Mx*Y/Ixx
fby =My*Y/Iyy
Shear stress, fs=V/0.5A
𝜋
Sectional area, A= *(D2 – (D-2t) 2)
4
𝜋
Moment of inertia about x &y direction, Ixx=Iyy= *(D4 – (D-2t) 4)
64

Radius of gyration, R= √Iy/As

Slenderness ratio for bending, =Kl/R

12∗π2∗E
Euler buckling stress, Fe=
23∗(K∗L/R)2

Allowable bending stress, Fb = 0.75 Fy, D/t < 10340/Fy

((0.84-1.74Fy*D)/ (E*t))*Fy, if 10340/Fy< D/t < 20680/Fy
((0.72-0.58Fy*D)/ (E*t))*Fy, if 20680/Fy< D/t < 300

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Elastic local bending stress, Fxe = 2CE t/D
Inelastic local bending stress, Fxc = Fy*[1.64 - 0.23(D ⁄ t) 1/4] , if D/t> 60
Fy, if D/t<60

Limiting Slenderness Ratio, Cc= √2π2 ∗ E/min⁡(Fy, Fxc)

Allowable axial stress in compression=

Allowable axial stress in tension, Fa = 0.6 Fy
If fa/Fa < 0.15

Unity check, UC=

If fa/Fa > 0.15

UC1=

UC2=

UC= max (UC1, UC2)

After performing several iterations, a table has been prepared for combined
stresses for cylindrical members design.
Below excel sheet shows the diameter and thickness of the proposed jacket legs
and braces with their corresponding stresses calculations. All UC values are less
than or equal to 0.8, so all proposed tubulars are eligible to withstand the loads.

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10
11
Hence, the above iteration is the best suited tubular member design as
per the field scenario and capabilities to withstand all loads
(environmental loads, buoyancy loads, dead loads).The main motive
during the member designing is to check for unity (which should be
less than 0.8 as per API), avoid over designing of the members and to
go with such a member design which is both economical, easily
available in market, and should be perfectly efficient to withstand all
loads.

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 TUBULAR JOINT DESIGN
Joints can be classified into geometric shape of brace chord connection as
below:
1. Single brace connecting to the chord with angle less than or equal to 90deg is
called Y or T joint respectively.
2. Two braces joined to the chord either concentrically or with a gap and the
angle of braces less than 90 deg is called K joint.
3. Two braces joint to the chord opposite to each other with angle between less
than or equal to 90 deg is called X joint.
The tubular members of an offshore structure are interconnected by welded
joints. The welded joint consist of a chord (element of largest diameter)
connected by one or more braces. These joints give discontinuity to the
structure which leads to stress concentration which in turn depends on joint
configuration and loading type. Also it acts at a distance of almost half the
diameter of the tubular member in both directions of the joints.
Joint Can Parameters
Diameter ratio (β) – ratio of brace diameter to chord diameter (d/D). This
parameter varies from 0 to 1.0 and gives an indication of the compactness of the
joint.
Wall thickness ratio (Ʈ) – ratio of brace wall thickness to chord wall thickness
(t/T). This parameter is used to determine the possibility of the brace fracturing
before the chord wall fails.

DESIGN
(As per recommended by API RP 2A)
Basic capacity of tubular joint
Equation (1) and (2) is the basic capacity of simple tubular joints without
overlap of principal braces and having no gussets, diaphragms, grout or
stiffeners:

Pa refers to the allowable capacity for brace axial load, Ma refers to the
allowable capacity for brace bending moment, Qu refers to the strength factor,

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Qf refers to the chord load factor, Fyc refers to the yield stress of the chord
member at the joint (or 0.8 of the tensile strength, if less) in MPa, T denotes the
chord wall thickness, FS refers to the factor of safety which is recommended as
1.60, d denotes the brace outside diameter and θ denotes the brace included
angle. For simple, axially loaded Y and X joints where a thickened joint can is
specified, the joint allowable axial capacity (Pa) shall not exceed the capacity
limits.

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Pa= (Qu*Qf*Fy*Tc2) / (1.6*sin θ)
Allowable in plane bending moment, MaIP= (Quip*Qf*Fy*Tc2*d) / (1.6*sin θ)
Allowable out off plane bending moment, MaOP= (Quop*Qf*Fy*Tc2*d) /
(1.6*sin θ)
Unity check ratio, UC1=

Joint description on each leg of proposed jacket

Joint 1

Brace 1 load is balanced by horizontal component of brace 2 load ---Balanced

K joint .So both braces are to be treated as 100% K joint.
Unity check for Brace 1&2

Brace 1 data ᶱ
d1=610mm, t1=38.1mm, =90deg

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Brace 2 data ᶱ
d2=762mm, t2=38.1mm, =49.02deg

Chord data D=1949mm, Tc=35mm

Yield strength, Fy=345 Mpa
Loads on brace 1, P1=533.65KN, M1IP=160.2112KNm,
M2OP=160.2112KN.m
Loads on brace 1, P1=700KN, M1IP=371.096KNm, M2OP=371.096KN.m
Chord load factor, Qf=1
Joint Geometry Parameters
Gap=50mm

β1= d/D=0.3129 β2= d/D=0.3909

γ1= D/2T=27.842 γ2 D/2T=27.842
Gap1=.0256 Gap 2=.0256
Qg1=1.1599 Qg2=1.1599

Brace 1 joint strength calculation

Qu for axial load,
Qu max1=9.39
Qu max2=8.412
Qu lim1=9.38
Qu=8.41
Axial load, Pa=2221.99KN
Quip=6.0789
Quop=2.991
Allowable in plane bending moment Maip=978.98KNm
Allowable out off plane bending moment Maop=481.96KNm

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Unity check ratio1=0.6

Brace 2 joint strength calculations

Qu for axial load,
Qu max1=12.208
Qu max2=10.8118
Qu lim1=11.729
Qu=10.811
Allowable axial load Pa=3782.88KN
Quip=7.935
Quop=3.376
Allowable in plane bending moment, Maip=2115.07KNm
Allowable out off plane bending moment, Maop=900.0991KNm
Unity check ratio2=0.628
Similarly, Joint calculations for Joint2, 3, 4 will be performed and unity check
will be verified. It has been found that all the joints in the proposed jacket are

100% K Joints.

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Brace 1 load is balanced by horizontal component of brace2load---Balanced k
joint. So both brace 1 &2 will be treated as 100 % K joint

Brace 1 load is balanced by brace 2&3 loads---Balanced K joint .So all braces
will be treated as 100% K joint.

Brace 1 load is balanced by brace 2&3 loads---Balanced K joint .So all braces
will be treated as 100% K joint

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 LOAD CALCULATIONS

All drawings, calculations should be consistent in one dimensional system.

I. Dead Load: are the weights of the platform structure and any permanent
equipment and appurtenant structures which do not change with the mode
of operation. Dead loads should include the following

 Weight of the platform structure in air, including where appropriate

the weight of piles, grout and ballast.

 Weight of equipment and appurtenant structures permanently

mounted on the platform.

 Hydrostatic forces acting on the structure below the waterline

including external pressure and buoyancy.

II. Live Load: Live loads are the loads imposed on the platform during its
use and which may change either during a mode of operation or from one
mode of operation to another .Live loads include the following:

 The weight of drilling and production equipment which can be

added or removed from the platform.
 The weight of living quarters, heliport and other life support
equipment, life saving equipment, diving equipment and utilities
equipment which can be added or removed from the platform.
 The weights of consumable supplies and liquids storage in tanks.
 The forces exerted on the structure from operations such as
drilling, material handling, vessel mooring and helicopter loadings.
 The forces exerted on the structure from deck crane usage. These
forces are derived from consideration of the suspended load and its
movement as well as dead load.
III. Environmental Load: Environmental loads are loads imposed on the
platform by natural phenomena including wind, current, wave,
earthquake, snow and ice and earth movement. Environmental loads also
include the variation in hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy on members
caused by changes in the water level due to waves and tides. In this report
we have considered only the loads generated by wave, wind, current and
tides .In Mumbai high we generally don’t consider seismic prone zone.

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 Wave and Current Load

Wave and current loads act on the structure directly for fixed offshore
platform.
Wave and current loading can be calculated by Morison equation

F=FD+FI

In order to find out the exact wave and current load. We have to follow
following steps:
I. Establish wave height, Period and current distribution along the depth. So
as per the required selected field of Mumbai high by considering 1 year
operating storm and 100 year extreme storm the corresponding data are:

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 Wave Height, H=2m
Period, T=12sec
Current speed, Vcs =2 m/s
II. Establish wave theory applicable for H, T, d (depth).
For the given scenario, the parameter for wave theory:
H/gT2 =5.1/10*(12)2
=.0035
d/gT =45/10*(12)2
2

=0.031
On the basis of above calculations Airy Theory is applicable here
(Refer to appendices point 3).
III. Establish Cd and Cm
 For smooth cylinder
Cd =0.65, Cm=1.6
 For rough cylinders
Cd =1.05, Cm=1.2
The values shall be used only if UT/d>30
So in this case Cd=0.6, Cm=2(Based on API Chart)
IV. Establish Marine growth
Tmg=100 mm
V. Establish wave kinematics factor:

𝐻ω⁡COSH⁡(kh+kz)⁡𝐶𝑂𝑆(𝑘𝑥−ωt)
Water Particle Velocity, V=
2⁡𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐻⁡(𝑘ℎ)

𝐻ω2⁡COSH⁡(kh+kz)⁡𝐶𝑂𝑆(𝑘𝑥−ωt)
Water Particle Acceleration, a=
2⁡𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐻⁡(𝑘ℎ)

VI. Conductor Shielding(if applicable)

VII. Morison equation used to estimate the forces.

Maximum base shear method

This method is used to determine the maximum horizontal shear during the
propagation of the wave across the structure .Since the water particle kinematics
such as velocity and acceleration varies with space and time the total force also
varies with time.
 Divide the wave into several time steps

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 Let‘s take t=2.5sec.
 Divide the submerged portion of the structure into sub segments of
10 m each.
 Apply Morison equation determine the wave load on each segment.
 Carry out a numerical integration of calculated force on all
segments to obtain for this time step
 Repeat the above for each time step
 Maximum of the entire above time step is the absolute maximum
force.

Now based on the above data and formulae wave force on member structure at
a water depth of 45m subjected to regular wave of amplitude 1m with wave
period of 12 s will be calculated. The wind driven current at the surface is
2m/sec & the thickness of the Marine growth is 100mm.The wave force needs
to be computed at 2.5 s from start of the wave.
DATA:
Wave Height, H=5.1m (Worst condition)
Water depth, d=45
Wave Period, T=12s
Thickness of marine growth, Tmg=100mm
Hydrodynamic coefficients, Cd=0.6&Cm=2
Density of water, w=1030kg/m3
Wind driven current velocity at surface Vcs=2m/s
AIRY THEORY IS APPLICABLE HERE

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Wave Length, L0= gT2/ 2π=224.5995
Wave number, K= 2π/L=0.0279
Wave frequency, ω= 2π/T=0.523599
Position of cylinder with respect to origin x=0
Time at which force calculation is required, t=2.5s
Diameter of structure, Dc=1.949m (Based on Tubular member design)
D=Dc+2*Tmg =2.149m

So total wave +current load on single leg = 6.65KN

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WIND LOAD

Wind forces are exerted upon that portion of the structure that is above the
water, as well as on any equipment, deck houses, and derricks that are located
on the platform. The wind speed may be classified as: (a) gusts that average less
than one minute in duration, and (b) sustained wind speeds that average one
minute or longer in duration. Wind data should be adjusted to a standard
elevation, such as 33 feet (10 meters) above mean water level, with a specified
averaging time, such as one hour. Wind data may be adjusted to any specified
averaging time or elevation using standard profiles and gust factors
The spectrum of wind speed fluctuations about the average should be specified
in some instances. For example, compliant structures like guyed towers and
tension leg platforms in deep water may have natural sway periods in the range
of one minute, in which there is significant energy in the wind speed
fluctuations. The following should be considered in determining appropriate
design wind speeds:
For normal conditions:
1. The frequency of occurrence of specified sustained wind speeds from various
directions for each month or season.
2. The persistence of sustained wind speeds above specified thresholds for each
month or season.
3. The probable speed of gusts associated with sustained wind speeds.
For extreme conditions:
Projected extreme wind speeds of specified directions and averaging times as a
function of their recurrence interval should be developed. Data should be given
concerning the following:
1. The measurement site, date of occurrence, magnitude of measured gusts and
sustained wind speeds, and wind directions for the recorded wind data used
during the development of the projected extreme winds.
2. The projected number of occasions during the specified life of the structure
when sustained wind speeds from specified directions should exceed a specific
lower bound wind speed.
As per the geotechnical data of Bombay high, the typical design wind speed
(1hour average) in Bombay high field reaches as must as 192Km/h(53.3m/s)
for storm conditions(100 years return period) and 118Km/h(32.7m/s) for
operating cases (1 year return period).
The design of jacket should be such that it can withstand the worst
environmental conditions. This report details both operating wind load and
extreme wind load on the jacket structure.
Wind load on jacket structure can be given by the formula
FW = 1/2 * ρair*Vwind2*AL

24
Here, the structure has been assumed to be symmetrical from all directions, so
the wind load in both transverse and longitudinal directions will be same.
Here, FW=wind load
ρair= Density of air
Vwind=wind speed in Bombay high
AL=Area exposed
Height of the structure above mean sea level=7.8m
Diameter of the tubular=1949mm
Thickness of tubular=50mm
Exposed area=1.949*7.8
AL =15.2022m2
ρair=1.23Kg/m3

So after putting the values into the formula the total

After putting the values into the wind load formula, the maximum wind load on
the proposed jacket structure=26.56KN.It has been found after performing
certain iterations this can be the maximum load in any worst condition the wind
load can apply on the structure. So no need to calculate maximum force in
oblique environment .As that value of wind load would be lesser or equal to the
value of wind load obtained here.

25
TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD ON THE JACKET
STRUCTURE

The total environmental load on the structure will be the summation of the
wave, current & wind load at extreme conditions
Wind load=26.56KN
Wave and current load=6.65KN
Total load on structure=33.31KN (Extreme conditions)
Total load on structure=16.64KN (Operating conditions)
As per the practical point of view our main concern is to calculate the maximum
overturning moment generated by environment on structure, which can be
calculated by applying the formula:

Max overturning bending moment=F1*Y1+F2*Y2

= 26.56*48.915+22.6075
= 1449.519KNm

26
 SOIL INVESTIGATION
Knowledge of the soil conditions existing at the site of construction on any
sizable structure is necessary to permit a safe and economical design. On-site
soil investigations should be performed to define the various soil strata and their
corresponding physical and engineering properties. The required scope of the
soil sampling, in-situ testing, and laboratory testing programs is a function of
the platform design requirements and the need to characterize active geologic
processes that may affect the facility. The geotechnical program should be
tailored to provide the data necessary for pertinent soil-structure interaction and
pile capacity analyses.
As per the geotechnical data of the site, there are basically three types of soil
layers available till depth of 45m.
Layer 1-Silty clay (15m)
Layer2-Medium dense sand (15m)
Layer 3-Hard clay (10m)

27
 PILE FOUNDATIONS

Piles are the most common form of offshore foundations, transferring both
tensile and compressive loads from the foundations into the seabed. According
to Randolph et Al the majority of piles used offshore are steel pipes, driven
open ended into the seafloor. Pile sizes range from a standard conductor, 0.76m
diameter up to over 2.5m.
Design of pile is very important in the design of the jacket structure itself and
the cost of pile foundations and installations could be as much as 40% of the
total cost of the platform structure.
Type of pile and method of construction depends mainly on ground conditions.
Driven steel piles are used when ground comprises thick soil deposits. Drilled,
cast in situ piles are used when piles are constructed in rock. Pile response is
affected by load direction, load types, load rates, loading sequence installation
technique, soil type, axial pile stiffness and other parameters.
Pile foundations should be designed to resist the static and cyclic axial loads.
Types of piles
1) Main Piles: The load from the jacket is transferred to the pile through grout
steel interface (for grouted piles) or through the shim connection at the top.
2) Skirt piles: The load from jacket is transferred through the shear plate
connection to the skirt sleeve and to the pile .In both cases, the soil below the
seabed is subjected to complex loads a resulting in bending moment and shear.

28
Axial capacity of driven steel pipe piles
The estimation overall axial capacity involves the following:
a) Estimation of skin friction resistance between steel pipe and soil (sand
and clay)
b) Estimation of bearing resistance (sand and clay).
c) Determination of plug formation (plugged or unplugged).
d) Estimation of the axial capacity using the pile dimensions and
penetration.
e) Application of factor of safety.

The depth of penetration of pile driven as per the site location will be decided
based on the axial chart prescribed by API RP 2A (refer to Appendices point4).

29
With help of the above data calculating the factor of safety for a jacket
foundations of diameter 1845mm,t=50mm driven into seabed for a penetration
of 50m in a 3 layered soil(Assumption taken as per Mumbai high offshore soil
mechanics).The maximum pile load in compression & tension for operating and
extreme storm conditions are5 MN and 5.0381MN respectively. Assume
effective internal friction as 80% of external friction.
AP PER API RP 2A guide lines
PILE DATA
Pile diameter and wall thickness, D=1845mm
Thickness, Tp=50mm
𝜋
Annular end bearing area, A= *(D2 – (D-2Tp) 2)
4

=0.2818m2
𝜋
Total end bearing area, At= *(D2)
4

Pile penetration, Lp=50m

Weight density of water, ˠw =10.25KN/m 3

Max. Pile loads, Pc1=5MN (operating) Pc1=5.038MN (Extreme)

PT1 =5MN (operating) PT1 =5.038MN (Extreme)

Layer 1 silty clay

Undrained shear strength, Cu1=40KPa

Bulk density, ˠ1=16KN/m 3

Layer Depth, h1=20m

Effective overburden pressure, Po1=0.5h1( ˠ1-ˠw) =57.5KPa

ψ=Cu1/Po1=0.556

30
 -0.5
Adhesion factor, ᾳ1=|min (0.5 ψ , 1) if ψ<=1

ᾳ1=0.67

Unit skin friction for layer1, f1= ᾳ1Cu1=26.82KPa

External skin friction in layer 1, Qfe1=πDh1fi=3099.346KN
Internal skin friction in layer 1, Qfi1=0.8[π (D-2Tp) h1f1] =2351.277KN

Layer 2 medium dense sand

Angle of internal friction, ᶲ2=30ᶱ

ˠ
Bulk density, 2=20KN/m3

Layer= 15m
Coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K0=0.8

ᶲ
Soil pile friction angle, δ2=2/3* 2=20ᶱ

Limiting skin friction, flim2=81KPa

Effective overburden pressure, Po2=h1 ( ˠ1-ˠw) +0.5h2(ˠ2-ˠw)

=188.125KPa

f2=min (K0P02tan δ2, flim2)

=54.77KPa
External skin friction in layer 2, Qfe2= πDh2f2
Internal skin friction in layer 2, Qfi2=0.8[π (D-2Tp) h2f2]
=3601.245KN

31
Layer 3 hard clay:

Undrained shear strength, Cu3=100KPa

Bulk density, ˠ1=18KN/m 3

Layer Depth, h1=15m

End bearing factor for clay, Nc=9

Effective overburden pressure, Po3=h1 (ˠ1-ˠw) +

h2 (ˠ2-ˠw) +0.5h3(ˠ3-ˠw) +=319.375KPa

ψ=Cu3/Po3=0.313
-0.5
Adhesion factor, ᾳ3=|min (0.5 ψ , 1) if ψ<=1

ᾳ1=0.89
Unit skin friction for layer3, f3= ᾳ3Cu3=89KPa
External skin friction in layer 3, Qfe3=πDh3f3=3542.155KN
Internal skin friction in layer 3, Qfi3=0.8[π (D-2Tp) h3f3] =5851.89KN
Annular end bearing in layer 3, Qqt3=Atq3=2404.8KN
Pile capacity in compression (unplugged)
Quu= Qfe1+Qfi1+ Qfe2+Qfi2 +Qfe3+Qfi3Qqa3
=23459.018KN
Ultimate capacity in compression (plugged)
Qup= Qfe1+ Qfe2+Qfe3+Qqt3
=13745.786KN

32
Weight of soil plug inside the pile, Wsp = At [h1 ( ˠ1-ˠw) + h2 (ˠ2-ˠw)
+h3(ˠ3-ˠw)=1543.08KPa
Total internal friction, Qfi =Qfi1+Qfi2+Qfi3
=11804.412KN
Ultimate capacity in tension, Qut =23205.398KN

Pile FOS calculation (Compression loads)

Operating calculation, FOSc1=min (Quu, Qup)/Pc1=2.749
Extreme calculation, FOSc100=2.728
Pile FOS calculation (Tension loads)
Operating calculation, FOSt1=Qut/Pt1=2.749
Extreme calculation, FOSt100= Qut/Pt100=2.728
AS per API RP 2A the factor of safety in operating condition should be 2 or
more then 2 and for extreme conditions the factor of safety should be 1.5 and
above. In the above proposed pile foundation it is passing the criteria of factor
of safety, which is more than 2 in both extreme and operating conditions. So the
design is suitable for foundation and can withstand the entire axial load.

33
 MOORING ANALYSIS

This report intends to verify the mooring equipments(Ropes, winches)suitability

to withstand the load imposed upon it due to environmental loads on load out
of jacket on barge in loading condition(worst case).
The calculation was carried out considering the worst condition (on the barge)
which imposes the maximum wind force taking into account of length, width
and height of modules on any single barge.
This report covers the mooring calculation analysis & the system for the
securing the barge during barge stern on quay during load out. The Purpose is to
define an efficient mooring system for the safety of the barge. The minimum
criteria for mooring calculation to analyze & secure the barge from various
forces acting as worst cases combination. Initially 4 mooring lines has been
taken into consideration and then accordingly tensions has been calculated on
both stbd and [port side separately.
The wind, wave and current forces are calculated in both transverse and
longitudinal direction and then the maximum oblique environmental load will
be calculated at every angle to find the maximum force acting at which angle.
After that the tensions on both port side and stbd side will be calculated to
decide the type of ropes and wires needed to withstand the load during loadout
of jacket on barge safely.
The environmental data and vessel data has been given separately in tabulated
form below in each section of calculation for ease to understand. In this report
only the calculations high tides calculation has been performed and accordingly
the strength and types of wires and ropes will be decided in load out of jacket on
barge.

34
Calculation of forces induced during load-out - For High Tide

VESSEL INPUT

35
Exposed area of jacket in transverse direction=area of 2 legs+area of two sides

Of braces
=799.086m2

Exposed area of jacket in longitudinal direction=193.40 m2

36
Current load calculation

Current load calculation in Transverse direction: is given by the

following formula

FCT = 1/2 * CD * ρwater*Vcurrent 2*ALU (Current Force in Transverse

direction)

ρ water= Density of water

V current=speed of current
ALU=Hull longitudinal under water area exposed to current
CD=Current drag coefficient

37
Therefore, Current force in Transverse direction=6.23MT
Current load calculation in longitudinal direction

FCT = 1/2 * CD * ρwater*Vcurrent 2*ALU (Current Force in Transverse

direction)

ρ water= Density of water

V current=speed of current
ALU=Hull longitudinal under water area exposed to current

38
CD=Current drag coefficient

Therefore, Current force in longitudinal direction=1.80MT

WIND LOAD CALCULATION

WIND LOAD CALCULATION IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION

FW = 1/2 * ρair*Vwind 2*AL (Wind Force in transverse

direction
ρ air= Density of air
V wind=speed of wind
AL= Jacket + Hull area exposed to Wind in transverse direction (and factored
for Height and Shape)

Exposed area of jacket in transverse direction=area of 2 legs+area of two sides

Of braces
=799.086m2

Density of air=0.00123MT/m3
Wind speed=10.28888m/s
As per the height of the hull it comes in the category of zone1, so Ch=1
Total factored windage area (Hull) =184.1 m2

39
The height of jacket lies between 19.5 to 24.67m,so it falls in Zone 2 area
category,so Ch for jacket=1.1
Total factored windage area(Jacket) in transverse direction=878.9946 m2
Wind force in transverse direction on jacket=57.2265MT
Wind force in transverse direction on Hull=1.22MT
Total Force=57.2265+1.22=58.44MT

WIND LOAD CALCULATION IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

FW = 1/2 * ρair*Vwind 2*AL (Wind Force in longitudinal direction)

ρ air= Density of air

V wind=speed of wind
AL= Cargo + Hull area exposed to Wind in longitudinal direction (and factored
for Height and Shape)

Density of Air=0.00123MT/m3
Wind speed=10.28888m/s

40
So total factored windage area (Hull) =212.4 m2
The height of jacket lies between 19.5 to 24.67m,so it falls in Zone 2 area
category,so Ch for jacket=1.1
So total factored windage area (Jacket) = 193.4*1.1=212.74m2

Wind force in transverse direction on jacket=13.85MT

Wind force in transverse direction on Hull=1.41MT
Total Force=13.85+1.41=15.26MT

41
Wave drift force

FWD = 1/8 *ρ water*R2*L*HS

ρ water = Density of Water

R = Reflection Coefficient
L = Vessel Length
Hs = Significant Wave Height

42
Maximum force due to oblique environment
Environmental forces due to environments approaching from an oblique
direction
Fθ = Fx*((2*Cos2θ)/(1+Cos2θ))+Fy*((2*Sin2θ)/(1+Sin2θ))
θ = Direction of approaching environment (Degree of Bow)
Fx = Force on the bow due to bow environment
Fy= Force on the beam due to beam environment

43
Max Environmental force is acting on lateral direction

FT MAX = 66.89MT

MIN Environmental force is acting on lateral direction

FTMIN = 16.29MT

44
MOORING LINE TENSION CALCULATIONS

45
Similar procedure will be followed for calculation for low tides but this is not to
be calculating here as we have already calculated each load at its worst
conditions, the low tides calculation will be performed in order to avoid
overdesign of ropes, wires and winches conditions and to make the loading out
conditions economical.

46
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Model Data of Proposed Jacket

The platform considered in the study is a four legged well head platform. Water
depth at the location is 45 m. The platform is designed based on the API
recommended criteria for 100 years return period. In the study a structure made
of steel is used with fixed base for calculation. The type of steel used is A36.
A36 has a density of 7,800 kg/m3. Modulus of elasticity for A36 steel is 200
GPA. Total height of the structure is 52.734m.
The horizontal bracings starting from top of jacket are:
Brace1
Dia-0.61m, wall thickness-0.0381m
Brace2
Dia-0.82m, wall thickness-0.0381m
Brace3
Dia-0.82m, wall thickness-0.039m
Brace4
Dia-0.79m, wall thickness-0.0381m
Diagonal bracings starting from top of jacket are:
Brace1
Dia-0.762m, wall thickness-.039m
Brace2
Dia-0.762m, wall thickness-0.0381m
Brace3
Dia-0.762m, wall thickness-.039m
Brace4
Dia-0.762m, wall thickness-.0381m
Brace5
Dia-0.762m, wall thickness-0.0381m
Brace6
Dia-0.762m, wall thickness-0.037m

Joint Design
All joints in the proposed jacket design are K joints and have been passed by
unity check(less than 0.8) as per API RP 2A recommendations.
Environment load
Acting on single leg:
Wave and current load= 6.65KN
Wind load =26.56KN
Total environmental load=33.21KN

47
Total over turning bending moment=1449.519KNm
Hence, the proposed design is satisfying the load capacity of tubular as here the
Capacity>=Demand, so the design is passing the load bearing criteria.
.
Pile Foundations
The proposed main pile diameter and thickness for the jacket are 1.845m and
0.05m thickness respectively with penetration depth up to 50m below sea bed.
They are passing the factor of safety criteria as per recommended by API RP 2A
which should be greater than 2 for operating conditions and greater than 1.5 for
storm conditions.
Mooring Analysis
For high tides:
Maximum environmental force acting at an angle of 90/270
Wind load in transverse direction=58.44MT
Wind load in longitudinal direction=15.26MT
Wave load in transverse direction=2.22MT
Wave load in transverse direction=0.641MT
Current load in transverse direction=6.23MT
Current load in longitudinal direction=1.80MT
Total F max=66.89MT
F min=16.29MT
Tensions on mooring lines
Port side

TPA=50.552MT
TPF =50.84MT

Stbd side

TPA=50.552MT
TPF =50.84MT

So the design is safe for load out condition if the ropes and wires are able to
withstand the corresponding tensions on mooring lines.

48
A rough sketch of the proposed jacket with corresponding dimensions of the
steel tubulars (Front view) .

49
 CONCLUSION
 The 4 legged jacket designed here for heera-panna bassein block of
western offshore of India. The block is located about 80 km far from
Mumbai at a water depth of 45m.All the tubular, joints, piles are
thoroughly checked manually by unity check method as per API RP 2A
and all are passing the criteria but they are further suggested to be
reconsidered with the help of software analysis.
 Some of the members which have been found to be failing during unity
check are further suggested to be redesign as per API RP 2A.
 At every wave cycle and at any instant of time it is possible that one
member is at its maximum load which does not happen to other tubular
i.e. depending on the wave position on structure at 1 instant ,right leg has
highest moment which is not true for all other members. In this case the
global force may be right on entire structure but local force is wrong,
which is the deficiency of matters. So to avoid this situation, initial
screening has to be done. It is needed to calculate wave load on each
tubular, brace separately to avoid the above deficiency.

50
 FUTURE PROSPECTS

 Only the basic strength check is being performed through static analysis.
Hence to ensure further stability the dynamic analysis should be
performed which involves the construction, transportation, installation
and fatigue studies are not done. For this separate analysis is to be
performed further. A total stable structure can be obtained only by in
depth analysis at each phase from the point at which the project
commences. Topside facility of deck structure such as
accommodation, process module etc. are not involved, may be
incorporated in future. The load such as those resulting from future
changes in utility of the structure may be incorporated in further work.
 The manual static calculations performed in this report can be compared
with software analysis with the help of software like SACS,
STRUCAD*3D & OASYS for better and more reliable response.
 Pad eye design and analysis may be incorporated in further work.
 Jacket roll up analysis and piping may be incorporated in further work.

51
 MICELLANEOUS LEARNING DURING INTERNSHIP
 Joint entry of cellar, main, mezzanine and heli deck which
includes the weld part number helped to visualize 2D& 3D shop
drawings of every plate, beam and joint.
 Preparing nesting sheets on excel and cutting g beams with the help
of cut logic software.
 Preparing the BOM,BOQ & e-alps

52
 REFERENCES
[1] American Institute of Steel Construction [AISC], (www.zentech-usa.com)
Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[2] American Petroleum Institute [API], 1996. (RP-2A 20th edition,
Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed
Offshore Platforms—Working Stress Design dated December 1996.
[3] Bill Madock, 1992;''Verification of CSA code for fixed offshore steel
structures''
[4] Bea et al, 1995;''Verification of simplified method to evaluate the capacities
of Template Type Platforms'', 27th annual OTC, Houston, Texas, USA
[5] Chakrabarti.S.K, 2005, Hand book of offshore engineering, Elsevier.
[6] Dawson.T.H, 1983; ''Offshore Structural Engineering'', Elsevier.
[7] DNV (os-c201 &os-c101), Practice on the joint and connection design of
jacket platforms, Environmental Conditions and Environmental load.
[8] ISO 19902, 2007; Petroleum and natural gas industries - Fixed steel offshore
structures. - 1st edition.
[9] Rupam Mahanta, 2011; ''Pile Design for Fixed Platform for Hydrocarbon
Exploration in Indian Offshore'', Proceeding of Indian geotechnical conference,
Kochi.

53
 APPENDICES
1. Joint design unity check in excel sheet for all braces.

54
 Joints where UC>0.8 is redesigned.

2. Procedure for calculation of wave plus current forces for static analysis as
recommended by API RP 2A.

55
 3. Chart recommended by API RP 2A to find the related wave theory for the
proposed scenario.

56
 4. Chart to be used in deciding depth of penetration of piles.

57
58