Scribd
Upload
65 views24 pages

Unit 2 Mobile Radio Propagation: Types of Small-Scale Fading

1) Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and results in rapid fluctuations in signal strength over small distances or time intervals. It is influenced by factors like multipath objects, mobile speed, and transmission bandwidth. 2) Mobile radio channels are characterized by parameters like delay spread, Doppler spread, coherent bandwidth, and fading distributions. Indoor channels typically have smaller delay spreads than outdoor channels. 3) There are different types of fading including flat fading, frequency selective fading, fast fading, and slow fading depending on how the channel response varies over the signal bandwidth and symbol duration.

Uploaded by

Banupriya-
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views24 pages

Unit 2 Mobile Radio Propagation: Types of Small-Scale Fading

1) Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and results in rapid fluctuations in signal strength over small distances or time intervals. It is influenced by factors like multipath objects, mobile speed, and transmission bandwidth. 2) Mobile radio channels are characterized by parameters like delay spread, Doppler spread, coherent bandwidth, and fading distributions. Indoor channels typically have smaller delay spreads than outdoor channels. 3) There are different types of fading including flat fading, frequency selective fading, fast fading, and slow fading depending on how the channel response varies over the signal bandwidth and symbol duration.

Uploaded by

Banupriya-
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Unit 2

Mobile Radio Propagation:


Types of Small-Scale Fading
2.1 Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
• The three most important effects
– Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time
interval
– Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different
multipath signals
– Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delays
• Factors influencing small-scale fading
– Multipath propagation: reflection objects and scatters
– Speed of the mobile: Doppler shifts
– Speed of surrounding objects
– Transmission bandwidth of the signal
• The received signal will be distorted if the transmission bandwidth is greater
than the bandwidth of the multipath channel.
• Coherent bandwidth: bandwidth of the multipath channel.
• Doppler Shift
– A mobile moves at a constant velocity v, along a path segment having
length d between points X and Y.
– Path length difference
l  d cos   vt cos 
– Phase change
2l 2vt
   cos 
 
– Doppler shift

1  v
fd    cos 
2 t 
2.2 Prameters of Mobile Multipath
Channels
• Power delay profiles for different types of channels are different

Outdoor Indoor
2.2.1 Time Dispersion Parameters
• Time dispersion parameters
– mean excess delay
– RMS delay spread
– excess delay spread
• Mean excess delay
 k k
a 2
 P( ) k k
  k
 k

a k
2
k  P( ) k
k

• RMS delay spread

   2  ( 2 )

where
 k k
a 2 2
 k k
P ( ) 2

2  k
 k

a k
2
k  P(
k
k )
• Depends only on the relative amplitude of the multipath components.
• Typical RMS delay spreads
– Outdoor: on the order of microseconds
– Indoor: on the order of nanoseconds
• Maximum excess delay (X dB) is defined to be the time delay during
which multipath energy falls to X dB below the maximum.
excess delay   X   0
 X : maximum delay at which a multipath component is within X dB
 0 : delay for the first arriving signal
• Example of an indoor power delay profile; rms delay spread, mean
excess delay, maximum excess delay (10dB), and the threshold level
are shown
2.2.2 Coherent Bandwidth
• Coherent bandwidth, Bc , is a statistic measure of the range of
frequencies over which the channel can be considered to be “flat”.
• Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc are affected
quite differently by the channel.
• If the coherent bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over which the
frequency correlation function is above 0.9, then the coherent
bandwidth is approximately
1
Bc 
50 
• If the frequency correlation function is above 0.5
1
Bc 
5 
2.2.3 Doppler Spread and Coherent Time
• Doppler spread and coherent time are parameters which describe the
time varying nature of the channel in a small-scale region.
• When a pure sinusoidal tone of f c is transmitted, the received signal
spectrum, called the Doppler spectrum, will have components in the
range f c  f d and f c  f d , where f d is the Doppler shift.

Channel

fc fc  fd fc fc  fd

• f d is a function of the relative velocity of the mobile, and the angle


between the direction of motion of the mobile and direction of arrival
of the scattered waves
• Coherent time TC is the time domain dual of Doppler spread.
• Coherent time is used to characterize the time varying nature of the
frequency dispersiveness of the channel in the time domain.
1
TC 
fm
f m : maximum Doppler shift given by f m  v / 
v : speed of the mobile  : speed of the light

• Two signals arriving with a time separation greater than TC are


affected differently by the channel
• A statistic measure of the time duration over which the channel
impulse response is essentially invariant.
• If the coherent time is defined as the time over which the time
corrleation function is above 0.5, then
9
TC 
16f m
2.3 Types of Small-Scale Fading
• Multipath delay spread leads to time dispersion and frequency selective
fading.
• Doppler spread leads to frequency dispersion and time selective fading.
• Multipath delay spread and Doppler spread are independent of one
another.
2.3.1 Flat Fading
• If the channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over a
bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted
signal, the received signal will undergo flat fading.
• The received signal strength changes with time due to fluctuations in
the gain of the channel caused by multipath.
• The received signal varies in gain but the spectrum of the transmission
is preserved.
• Flat fading channel is also called amplitude varying channel.
• Also called narrow band channel: bandwidth of the applied signal is
narrow as compared to the channel bandwidth.
• Time varying statistics: Rayleigh flat fading.
• A signal undergoes flat fading if
BS  BC
and
TS  
TS : reciprocal bandwidth (symbol period)
BS : bandwidth of the transmitted signal
BC : coherent bandwidth
 : rms delay spread
2.3.2 Frequency Selective Fading
• If the channel possesses a constant-gain and linear phase response over
a bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of transmitted signal,
then the channel creates frequency selective fading.
signal spectrum S ( f )

channel response

f
BC

received signal spectrum

f
• Frequency selective fading is due to time dispersion of the transmitted
symbols within the channel.
– Induces intersymbol interference
• Frequency selective fading channels are much more difficult to model
than flat fading channels.
• Statistic impulse response model
– 2-ray Rayleigh fading model
– computer generated
– measured impulse response
• For frequency selective fading
BS  BC
and
TS  
• Frequency selective fading channel characteristic
2.3.3 Fading Effects Due to Doppler
Spread
• Fast Fading: The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the
symbol duration.
– The coherent time of the channel is smaller then the symbol period of the
transmitted signal.
– Cause frequency dispersion due to Doppler spreading.
• A signal undergoes fast fading if
TS  TC
and
BS  BD
• Slow Fading: The channel impulse response changes at a rate much
slower than the transmitted baseband signal s(t).
– The Doppler spread of the channel is much less then the bandwidth of the
baseband signal.
• A signal undergoes slow fading if
TS  TC
and
BS  BD
2.4 Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions
• Rayleigh Fading Distribution
– The sum of two quadrature Gaussian noise signals
• Ricean Fading Distribution: When there is a dominant stationary (non-
fading) signal component present, such as a line-of-sight propagation
path, the small-scale fading envelope distribution is Ricean.
Scattered waves Direct wave

sr (t )  r exp  j (0t   )  A exp( j0t )


 [( x  A)  jy ] exp( j0t )
r 2  ( x  A) 2  y 2
x  A  r cos 
y  r sin 
• The parameter K is known as the Ricean factor and completely
specifies the Ricean distribution.
• As A  0 , we have K   dB. The dominant path decrease in
amplitude, the Ricean distribution degenerates to a Rayleigh
distribution.

You might also like