USEFUL REFERENCES FOR LECTURES/DISCUSSIONS C.

CONVERSION FACTORS

Length
A. MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE
1 cm = 10-2 m = 0.394 in
Area 1m = 10-3 km = 3.28 ft = 39.4 in
1 km = 103 m = 0.62 mi
Rectangle: A = lw 1 in = 2.54 cm = 2.54 x 10-2 m
where l = length w = width 1 ft = 12 in = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m
Square: A = s2 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1609 m = 1.609 km
where s = side 1 Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm
Circle: A = r2
where r = radius Area
[h(a+b)]
Trapezoid: A =
2 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2 = 0.1550 in2 = 1.08 x 10-3 ft2
where h = height, a = longer parallel side, b = shorter side 1 in2 = 6.94 x 10-3 ft2 = 6.45 cm2 = 6.45 x 10-4 m2
bh
Triangle: A= 1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 10.76 ft2 = 1550 in2
2
where b = base, h = height 1 ft2 = 144 in2 = 9.29 x 10-2 m2 = 929 cm2
Surface area of a sphere: A = 4r2
where r = radius Mass

Circumference 1 g = 10-3 kg = 6.85 x 10-5 slug

1 u = 1.66 x 10-24 g = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
Circle: C = r 1 kg = 103 g = 6.85 x 10-2 slug
where r = radius 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 slug = 1.46 x 104 g = 14.6 kg
Volume
Volume
4πr3
Sphere: V =
3 1 cm3 = 10-6 m3 = 3.53 x 10-5 ft3 = 6.10 x 10-2 in3
where r = radius
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 103 L = 36.3 ft3 = 6.10 x 104 in3 = 264 gal
Circular cylinder: V = r2h 1 L = 103 cm3 = 10-3 m3 = 1.056 qt = 0.264 gal
where r = radius of the base, h = height 1 in3 = 5.79 x 10-4 ft3 = 16.4 cm3 = 1.64 x 10-5 m3
Cube: V = s3 1 ft3 = 1728 in3 = 7.48 gal = 0.0283 m3 = 28.3 L
where s = one of the edges 1 qt = 2 pt = 946.5 cm3 = 0.947 L
Rectangular prism: V = abc 1 gal = 4 qt = 231 in3 = 3.785 L
where a = length, b = width, c = depth
Ah
Pyramid: V = Time
3
where A = area of the base, h = height
πr2 ℎ 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
Cone: V =
3
1 year = 365 days = 8.76 x 103 h = 5.26 x 105 min = 3.16 x 107 s
where r = radius of the base, h = height
1 day = 24 h = 1440 min = 8.64 x 104 s

B. NUMERICAL CONSTANTS
Speed

Speed of light: 2.9979 x 108 m/s

1 m/s = 3.60km/h = 3.28ft/s = 2.24mi/h
Charge of electron: 1.602 x 10-19 C
1 mi/h = 1.467 ft/s = 1.609 km/h = 0.447 m/s
Gravitational constant: 6.673 x 10-11 N⋅m2/kg2
1 ft/s = 0.682 mi/h = 0.305 = 1.10 km/h
Acceleration due to gravity (sea level, equator): 9.78049 m/s2
60 mi/h = 88 ft/s
Absolute zero temperature: 0 K = -273 °C
Acceleration due to gravity (sea level): 9.806 m/s2
Force
Charge of an electron: -1.602 x 10-19 C
Gravitational constant, G: 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
1 N = 105 dynes = 0.225 lb
Mass of electron: 9.109 x 10-31 kg
Equivalent weight of 1 kg mass = 2.2 lb = 9.8 N
Mass of proton: 1.67265 x 10-27 kg
1 dyne = 10-5 N = 2.25 x 10-6 lb
Mass of neutron: 1.67495 x 10-27 kg
1 lb = 4.45 x 105 dynes = 4.45 N
The speed of light in a vacuum, C: 2.99792 x 108 m/s
Radius of earth (equator): 6.38 x 106 m
Pressure
Mass of earth: 5.98 x 1024 kg
Radius of moon: 1.74 x 106 m
1 Pa (N/m2) = 1.45 x 10-4 lb/in2 = 7.5 x 10-3 torr (mm Hg) = 10
Mass of moon: 7.36 x 1022 kg
dynes/cm2
Molar volume of ideal gas at STP: 22.4 L
1 torr (mm Hg) = 133 Pa (N/m2) = 0.02 lb/in2 = 1333 dynes/cm2
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in2 = 1.013 x 105 N/m2 = 1.013 x 106 dynes/cm2 =
30 in.Hg = 76 cm Hg
1 bar = 106 dynes/cm2 = 105 Pa
1 millibar = 103 dynes/cm2 = 102 Pa 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7.481 US gallon (gal)
1 liter (L) = 1.057 quarts (qt)
Energy 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 28.32 liters (L)
1 cubic meter (m3) = 1000 liters (L)
1 J = 107 ergs = 0.738 ft-lb = 0.239 cal = 9.48 x 10-4 Btu = 6.24 x 1 US gallon (gal) = 3.785 liters (L)
1018 eV 1 cubic meter (m3) = 35.31 cubic feet (ft3)
1 kcal = 4186 x 1010 ergs = 3.968 Btu 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml)
1 Btu = 1055 J = 1.055 x 1010 ergs = 788 ft-lb = 0.252 kcal
1 cal = 4.186 J = 3.97 x 10-3 Btu = 3.09 ft-lb D. MASS
1 ft-lb = 1.36 J = 1.36 x 107 ergs = 1.29 x 10-3 Btu
1 Ev = 1.6 x 10-19 J = 1.60x 10-12 ergs 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J 1 slug = 14.59 kilogram (kg)
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
Power
E. DENSITY
1 W = 0.738 ft-lb/s = 1.34 x 10-3 hp = 3.41 Btu/h
1 ft-lb/s = 1.36 W = 1.82 x 10-3 hp 1 g/cm3 = 103 kg/m3
1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s = 745.7 W = 2545 Btu/h
F. MASS AND FORCE
Angle
1 newton (N) = 100000 dynes
1 rad = 57.3° 1 metric ton = 2205 pounds (lb)
1° = 0.0175 rad 1 kg (weight) = 9.8 newtons (N)
𝜋
15° = rad 1 short ton (US ton) = 2000 pounds (lb)
12
𝜋
30° = rad 1 kg (weight) = 2.2 pounds (lb)
6 1 long ton (British ton) = 2240 pounds (lb)
𝜋
45° = rad
4
𝜋
60° = rad G. SPEED
3
𝜋
90° = rad
2
1km/h = 0.28 m/s
180° = rad
1 mi/h = 1.467 ft/s
360° = 2rad
1 km/h = 0.91 ft/s
1 rev/min = /.30 rad/s = 0.1047 rad/a
1 mi/h = 1.61 km/h
Temperature
H. ENERGY
9 5
TF = TC + 32 TC = (TF – 32) TK = TC + 273.16 1 joule (J) = 1 newton- meter (N⋅m)
5 9
1 electron volt (eV) = 1.602 x 10-19 joules (J)
1 joule (J) = 107 ergs
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR LABORATORY 1 million electron volt (MeV) = 1 x 106 electron volt (eV)
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 joules (J)
1 kilowatt-hour (kW⋅h) = 3.60 x 106 joules (J)
A. LENGTH 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal)
1 kilowatt-hour (kW⋅h) = 860 kilocalories (kcal)
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) 1 foot-pound (ft⋅lb) = 1.356 joules (J)
1 inch (in) = 2.54 centimeters (cm)
1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) I. POWER
1 foot (ft) = 30.48 centimeters (cm)
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm) 1 joule/second (J/s) = 1 watt (W)
1 mile (mi) = 1.61 kilometers (km) 1 horsepower (hp) = 550 ft⋅lb/s
1 millimicron (mμ) = 10-9 meter (m) 1 watt = 107 ergs
1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches (in) 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts (W)
1 angstrom (Å) = 10-10 meter (m) 1 watt (W) = 0.24 cal/s
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1.34 horsepower (hp)
B. AREA 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts (W)

1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet (ft2) J. PRESSURE

1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres
1 square foot (ft2) = 929 square centimeters (cm2) 1 N/m2 = 1 pascal (Pa)
1 acre = 43560 square feet (ft2) 1 atmosphere (atm) = 14.7 lb/in2
1 hectare (ha) = 10000 square meters (m2) 1 N/m2 = 9.87 x 10-6 atm
1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 x 105 N/m2
C. VOLUME 1 lb/in2 = 6895 N/m2
1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg or torr
1 millimeter (mm) = 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) 1 atmosphere (atm) = 76 cm Hg