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Ramu Introduction

The document discusses system protection in electric power systems. It states that while systems are designed to be fault-free, faults cannot be completely eliminated. Protective relays use indicators like overcurrent to distinguish between tolerable and intolerable system conditions. The document then discusses the components of a protection system, including instrument transformers, protective relays, and circuit breakers. It also discusses objectives of protection like reliability, selectivity, and economics. The objectives of the study presented are to review methodologies for coordinating distance and overcurrent relays using optimization techniques to determine the best settings. The methodology involves mathematical modeling and using qualitative research to formulate the coordination problem before quantitative testing of systems.

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52 views5 pages

Ramu Introduction

The document discusses system protection in electric power systems. It states that while systems are designed to be fault-free, faults cannot be completely eliminated. Protective relays use indicators like overcurrent to distinguish between tolerable and intolerable system conditions. The document then discusses the components of a protection system, including instrument transformers, protective relays, and circuit breakers. It also discusses objectives of protection like reliability, selectivity, and economics. The objectives of the study presented are to review methodologies for coordinating distance and overcurrent relays using optimization techniques to determine the best settings. The methodology involves mathematical modeling and using qualitative research to formulate the coordination problem before quantitative testing of systems.

Uploaded by

Ramu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

General considerations
In an electric power system design, system protection is an important
consideration. Without system protection, the power system itself, which is intended
to be of benefit to the facility in question, would itself become a hazard.

Power systems are designed to be as fault-free as possible through careful


design, proper equipment installation, and periodic equipment maintenance.
However, even when these practices are followed, it is not practical to design a
power system to completely eliminate faults from occurring.

System faults usually, but not always, provide significant changes in the
system quantities, which can be used to distinguish between tolerable and intolerable
system conditions. These changing quantities include overcurrent, over or
under-voltage, power, power factor or phase angle, power or current direction,
impedance, frequency, temperature, physical movements, pressure, and
contamination of the insulating quantities. The most common fault indicator is a
sudden and generally significant increase in the current; consequently, overcurrent
protection is widely used.

A detailed model of a protection system is complex and will usually consist of


three major parts: instrument transformers, protective relays, and circuit breakers.
The instrument transformers lower the power system voltages to safe working levels.
The protective relays receive information about the operating conditions of the
high-voltage power system via the instrument transformers . The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines a protective relay as a relay
whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other power system
conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate control
circuit action.
there are five basic facets of protective relay application:

1. Reliability: assurance that the protection will perform correctly.

2. Selectivity: maximum continuity of service with minimum system disconnection.

3. Speed of operation: minimum fault duration and consequent equipment


damage and system instability.
4. Simplicity: minimum protective equipment and associated system to achieve
the protection objectives.
5. Economics: maximum .protection at minimal total cost.

If all five basic objectives could be achieved to their maximum requirement


level it would be the ideal scenario but not a real-life situation. Thus, the protection
engineer must evaluate these as restrictions for maximizing the protection of the
system.

The process of choosing settings or time delay characteristics of protective


devices, such that operation of the devices will occur in a specified order to
minimize customer service interruption and power system isolation due to a power
system disturbance is known as coordination of protection.

Overcurrent and Distance relays are mostly used for transmission and
sub-transmission protection systems.

For overcurrent relays, the coordination is performed using linear or


non-linear programming techniques but to avoid the complexity of the non-linear
programming methods, coordination problem for overcurrent relays is commonly
formulated as a linear programming. The optimization techniques using methods as
Simplex, Two-phase Simplex, and Dual Simplex present a disadvantage because
they are based on an initial basic solution and may be trapped in the local minimum
values. Intelligent optimization techniques such as genetic algorithm (GA) can
adjust the setting of the relays without the mentioned difficulties but requiring a
modification of the objective function and constraints trending heuristics techniques
to solve the problem.

The distance protection is one of the most common protection types since it
gives by measuring voltage and current at one point already a very selective
information about the fault. However, high time coherence between current and
voltage in the order of 1 s is needed for correct results. Distance relays can be used
as main or backup protection, to protect the transmission line or power transformer.
In the cases that the distance relay is considered to be the main relay and
the overcurrent one is the backup relay, it is necessary to find the critical fault
locations. These are critical fault locations at which the time margin ( t) between
main distance relay and backup overcurrent relay is at a minimum. The coordination
is made based on the constraints derived from the values ( t) for critical fault
locations. The object function is developed by adding a new term that is the
constraint related to the coordination of the distance and overcurrent relays when a
fault occurs at the critical location.

Statement of the problem


The overcurrent protection has an extended implementation in the electrical
power system compare to directional overcurrent and distance protection, a simpler
operational principle leads to low-cost applications. In situations where a distributed
generator is present, a radial scheme is no longer valid because power flow
eventually will change, accordingly, modern transmission, sub-transmission, and
distribution protection system have many similarities. Since overcurrent protection
protects from faults in one direction, it cannot be implemented in these
circumstances. In such, a situation directional overcurrent or distance protection
would be the ideal protection. Directional overcurrent detects a fault in forward and
reverse directions and distance protection uses zones to protect the feeder.

Many different techniques have been proposed and applied since then. But in
this case, the coordination problem requires reformulating the objective function to
combine overcurrent and distance settings. For overcurrent relays finding the time
dial setting is based on the mathematical statement of the sensitivity, speed, security
and selectivity conditions associated with the traditional relay coordination problem.
Perez and Urdaneta proposes a procedure to include backup definite-time relays in
the process of computing the time dial setting (TDS) of directional overcurrent relays
(DOCR) with inverse time curves. This is useful in transmission and sub-transmission
systems which have a mixed scheme with directional overcurrent and distance
relays. For the particular case of the coordination of directional overcurrent relays of
distance relays, it was proposed to change constraints with the results of
improvement of selectivity.

In linear programming techniques, it is not possible to select overcurrent


relays characteristic besides relays’ time dial setting (TDS) to have the optimal
coordination. In some cases of overcurrent/distance relays coordination, it is
necessary to find the critical fault location.
Objectives
The main objective is to present a study of different methodologies for the
coordination of distance and/or overcurrent relays in electric power systems, using a
mathematical optimization technique and a computational tool to determine the best
settings for the relays been selective.

In order to reach the main objective, the above specific objectives are defined:

• Review of specialized methodologies used in the optimal coordination of distance


and overcurrent relays, both as individual and/or combined configuration.

• Formulate the problem of relay coordination like a mathematical optimization


problem.

• Establish a procedure for the transformation of non-linear mathematical models


into linear models applied to the relay study case.

• Develop a metaheuristic algorithm to solve the coordination problem.

• Implement a tool able to improve results, according to the comparison with


preceded investigations.

• Analyze a tuning process for the heuristic applied in order to increase the
performance of the algorithm and maximize the protection facets.

• Compare and evaluate the results applying the proposed methodology to the
literature reviewed.

Methodology
This dissertation is based on the analysis of results obtained through an
applied mathematical modeling procedure to solve a combine relays coordination
theory. In this case of study distance and overcurrent relays as individual and as a
combine protection system are evaluated in order to obtain potential configuration
schemes into coordination problem.

In order to achieve a successful implementation, qualitative research is


required to gain an understanding and generate a new approach to combine relay
coordination for later quantitative research, based on measuring of the testing
systems fault response.
Qualitative research involves investigating the subjects relate to power system
protection and the mathematical techniques applied to relays coordination, with an
emphasis on the formulation of an objective function and his constraints.this work
focuses on an ant colony optimization (ACO) presenting a significant contribution to
this study. Computational modeling to run tests on actual power systems, changing
the topology to compare evaluation results with literature review as quantitative
research.

In essence, the step of mathematical modeling deals with an extension of


what is on the literature review, being dedicated to the analysis, characterization,
reproduction, and comparison of existing models and how they may be improved. At
this point, it is possible to learn and implement different solutions to problems related
to relay coordination, linked to the latest advances, which allow the characterization
and comparison of such solutions with new solution techniques. In this way, it offers
an in-depth understanding of the solutions of problems present in the literature,
highlighting its advantages, deficiencies and specific details of the procedure,
opening the way for possible improvements.

It is also worth mentioning that the comparing of results is done through


simulations made from routines built for/on Matlab, which constitutes a high-level
language, facilitating and accelerating this stage because it offers practicality in the
construction of functions and routines. In addition, in the comparative phase,
different solutions of problems of the same kind are analyzed and compared in a fair
way among each other, being evaluated their performance and complexity.

The main contribution of this work is made through the augmentations to the
mathematical model introducing distance relay seeking for coordination improvement
considering an extra-level protection with existing devices, whether own protection
zone or corresponding backup zones. Another major contribution in the optimization
area is the algorithm parameters optimization describing a specific technique to find
optimal parameters to get better output from the implemented algorithm. Also
relevant would be exhaustive search process to validate metaheuristic results.

Results obtained, overcome some precedents values validating the new


algorithm as novel coordination problem solution, besides introducing a new base to
combine distance and overcurrent relay coordination, with a feasible model to future
works and/or implementation.

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