Cells energy production through

 Basic building blocks of life metabolism. Contains its own DNA,

 Smallest living unit of an organism and is believed to have originated as a
 A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may captured bacterium.
be one of billions of cells that make up the organism Chloroplasts (plastids)
(multicellular). Surrounded by a double membrane,
 Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their containing stacked thylakoid
environment membranes. Responsible for
 Many cannot be seen with the naked eye photosynthesis, the trapping of light
o a typical cell size is 10µm; a typical cell mass is energy for the synthesis of sugars.
1 nanogram.) Contains DNA, and like mitochondria
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic is believed to have originated as a
 Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) include captured bacterium.
various bacteria Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The
o lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called transport network for molecules
organelles Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
 Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) include (SER) A site for synthesis and
most other cells (plants, fungi, & animals) metabolism of lipids.
o have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles A network of interconnected
membranes forming channels within
the cell. A site for synthesis and
metabolism of lipids. Also contains
enzymes for detoxifying chemicals
including drugs and pesticides.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
A network of interconnected
membranes forming channels within
the cell. Covered with ribosomes
(causing the "rough" appearance)
which are in the process of
synthesizing proteins for secretion or
Prokaryotic Cell Structure Eukaryotic Cell Structure
• Cell Membrane
localization in membranes.
•Cell membrane & cell wall
•Nucleoid region contains the • Nucleus Ribosomes
DNA • Cytoplasm with organelles Protein and RNA complex responsible
• Contain ribosomes (no for protein synthesis
membrane) Golgi apparatus -process and
package the macromolecules.
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells A series of stacked membranes.
Vesicles carry materials from the RER
to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move
between the stacks while the proteins
are "processed" to a mature form.
Vesicles then carry newly formed
membrane and secreted proteins to
their final destinations including
secretion or membrane localization.
Lysosomes-contain digestive enzyme
A membrane bound organelle that is
Plant Cell responsible for degrading proteins
Animal Cell and membranes in the cell, and also
helps degrade materials ingested by
Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles the cell.
Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining Cytoplasm
boundary enclosed by the plasma membrane,
A lipid/protein/carbohydrate liquid portion called cytosol and it
complex, providing a barrier and houses the membranous organelles.
containing transport and signaling Vacuoles
systems. Membrane surrounded "bags" that
Providing a barrier and containing contain water and storage materials in
transport and signaling systems. plants.
Nucleus – Cell’s information center Peroxisomes or Microbodies
Double membrane surrounding the Produce and degrade hydrogen
chromosomes and the nucleolus. peroxide, a toxic compound that can
Pores allow specific communication be produced during metabolism.
with the cytoplasm. The place where
almost all DNA replication and RNA Cell wall
synthesis occur. The nucleolus is a site Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition
for synthesis of RNA making up the to their cell membranes
ribosome Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria- the power generators Arrays of protein filaments in the
Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; cytosol. Gives the cell its shape and
chondros-granule): Surrounded by a provides basis for movement.
double membrane with a series of E.g. microtubules and microfilaments.
folds called cristae. Functions in