Reliability-based Calibration

of Design Code for Concrete

Structures (ACI 318)

Andrzej S. Nowak
and
Anna M. Rakoczy
 ACI 318 Code

Outline
• Objectives
• New material test data
• Resistance parameters
• Reliability analysis
• Resistance factors
• Further developments

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DESIGN CODES
HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 ACI 318 Code
• The basic document for design of concrete
(R/C and P/C) buildings in USA
• ACI 318 specifies resistance factors and
design resistance
• ACI 318 specifies load factors
• ACI 318 does not specify design load,
reference is made to other codes

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 Why Calibration of ACI 318?
• Current load factors were adopted in 1950’s
• Introduction of the new code with loads and
load factors, ASCE 7 (American Society of
Civil Engineers)
• Load factors specified in ASCE 7 are already
adopted for steel design (AISC) and wood
(NDS)
• Problems with mixed structures (steel and
concrete)

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Department of Civil Engineering
 Load factors specified by
ACI 318 and ASCE 7

The design formula The design formula specified

specified by ASCE-7 Standard
by ACI 318-99 Code
1.4 D < f R
1.4 D + 1.7 L < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 L < f R
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W) < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 S < f R
0.9 D + 1.3 W < f R 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.6 S < f R
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.87 E) < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 0.5 L + 0.5 S < f R
1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.5 L + 0.2 S < f R
0.9 D – (1.6 W or 1.0 E) < f R
Objectives of Calibration of ACI 318

• Determine resistance factors, f, corresponding

to the new load factors (ASCE 7)
• Reliability of the designed structures cannot be
less the predetermined minimum level
• Maintain a competitive position of concrete
structures
• If needed, identify the need for changes of load
factors in the ASCE 7

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Code Calibration Procedure

• Selection of representative structural types

and materials
• Formulate limit state functions, identify load
and resistance parameters
• Develop statistical models for load and
resistance parameters
• Develop the reliability analysis procedure
• Select the target reliability level(s)
• Determine load and resistance factors

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Considered Structural Components

• Beams (reinforced concrete, prestressed

concrete)
• Slabs (reinforced concrete, prestressed
concrete)
• Columns (reinforced concrete, prestressed
concrete, tied and spiral, axial and eccentric)
• Plain concrete

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 Considered Load Components

• D = dead load
• L = live load
• S = snow
• W = wind
• E = earthquake
• Load combinations

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Assumed Statistical Data
• Dead load
l = 1.03-1.05, V = 0.08-0.10
• Live load
l = 1.00, V = 0.20
• Wind
l = 0.80, V = 0.35
• Snow
l = 0.80, V = 0.25
• Earthquake
l = 0.65, V = 0.55

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 Load Factor

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 Considered Materials

• Concrete (cast-in-place and precast)

– Ordinary concrete
– Light weight concrete
– High strength concrete (f’c ≥ 45 MPa)
• Reinforcing steel bars
• Prestressing steel strands

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 Considered Cases

• Old
– Statistical data for materials from 1970’s
– Design according to ACI 318-99
• New
– Statistical data for materials from 2001-05
– Design according to proposed ACI 318

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 Objectives
• Update the materials strength models using
new statistical data
• Update the resistance models for reliability
analysis
• Calculate reliability indices for components
designed using ACI 318-12
• Provide a basis for selection of resistance
factors

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 Parameters of Resistance
• Material : uncertainty in the strength of material,
modulus of elasticity, cracking stresses, and
chemical composition.

• Fabrication : uncertainty in the overall dimensions of

the component which can affect the cross-section
area, moment of inertia, and section modulus.

• Analysis : uncertainty resulting from approximate

methods of analysis and idealized stress/strain
distribution models.

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 Parameters of Resistance

R = Rn M F P

where :
Rn = nominal value of resistance
M = material factor
F = fabrication factor
P = professional factor

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Parameters of Resistance
• The mean value of R is

 R  R n  M  F P
• Coefficient of variation

VR  VM  2
  VF    VP 
2 2

• Bias factor

l R  l M l Fl P
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Resistance Factor

Department of Civil Engineering

 Material Factor

• Available data-base from 1970’s (MacGregor)

• Concrete industry provided test results (2000-

2001 and 2003), gathered for this calibration

• Code Calibration of ACI 318 (2005) is based

on these recent test results

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 Concrete Strength

• Compressive strength - cylinders 6 x 12 in

(150 x 300 mm)

• Mostly 28 day strength, for precast concrete

also 56 day strength

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 Results of Material Tests
• Cumulative distribution functions (CDF)
• For an easier interpretation of the results,
CDF’s are plotted on the normal probability
paper
• CDF of a normal random variable is
represented by a straight line
• Any straight line on the normal probability
paper represents a normal CDF

Department of Civil Engineering

 Strength of Ordinary Concrete

Ready mix concrete Plant-cast concrete

3,000 psi (21 MPa) 5,000 psi (35 MPa)

3,500 psi (24 MPa) 5,500 psi (38 MPa)
4,000 psi (28 MPa) 6,000 psi (42 MPa)
4,500 psi (31 MPa) 6,500 psi (45 MPa)
5,000 psi (35 MPa)
6,000 psi (42 MPa)
 Strength of Concrete

Light-weight High strength

concrete concrete

3,000 psi (21 MPa) 7,000 psi (49 MPa)

3,500 psi (24 MPa) 8,000 psi (56 MPa)
4,000 psi (28 MPa) 9,000 psi (62 MPa)
5,000 psi (35 MPa) 10,000 psi (70 MPa)
12,000 psi (84 MPa)
 More Materials Data

• Compressive Strength of Ordinary Concrete,

Ready mixed, fc’: 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
5,000 and 6,000psi (21-42 MPa)
• Yield Stress of Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
Bar Sizes: #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8, #9,
#10, #11 and #14 (9.5mm – 44 mm)
• Breaking Stress of Prestressing Steel (7-wire
strands), Grade 270 (1865 MPa), Nominal
Diameters: 0.5 in and 0.6 in (12.5-15 mm)

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Ordinary Concrete – Number of Samples
Lightweight Concrete – Number of Samples
 Presentation of Test Data

• Cumulative distribution functions (CDF) are

plotted on the normal probability paper
• Vertical axis is the number of standard
deviations from the mean value
• If CDF is close to a straight line, then the
distribution is normal
•The mean and standard deviation can be
read directly from the graph

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 Probability Paper
Data is plotted on
the normal
probability paper.
A normal
distribution
function is
represented by a
straight line.

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 Probability Paper

Department of Civil Engineering

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 3,000 psi, 21 MPa
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

Source 1 (samples: 334) Source 12 (samples:1046) Source 13 (samples: 350)

Source 14 (samples: 203) Source 15 (samples: 424) Source 16 (samples: 562)
Source 17 (samples: 116) Source 18 (samples: 173) Source 19 (samples: 180)
Source 23 (samples: 276)
Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 3,000 psi, 21 MPa
l = 1.33
Inverse Normal Distribution

V = 0.145
1

-1
 = 4000
-2 s = 580
-3

-4
0

10000
1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000
Strength [psi]

All sources (samples: 4016) Approximation

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 3,500 psi, 25 MPa
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

Source 16 (samples: 339) Source 19 (samples: 99)

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 3,500 psi, 25 MPa
l = 1.24
Inverse Normal Distribution

V = 0.115
1

-1
 = 4330
-2 s = 500
-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

All sources (samples: 527) Approximation

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 4,000 psi, 28 MPa
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

Source 1 (samples: 316) Source 2 (samples: 156) Source 13 (samples: 274)

Source 14 (samples: 269) Source 15 (samples: 220) Source 16 (samples: 584)
Source 18 (samples: 99) Source 19 (samples: 533)
Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 4,000 psi, 28 MPa
l = 1.21
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.155
0

-1
 = 4850
-2
s = 750
-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

All sources (samples: 2784) Approximation

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 4,500 psi
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

Source 12 (samples: 839) Source 13 (samples: 298)

Source 15 (samples: 164) Source 23 (samples: 346)
Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 4,500 psi
l = 1.19
Inverse Normal Distribution

V = 0.16
1

 = 5350
-1

-2
s = 850
-3

-4
1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
0

Strength [psi]

All sources (samples: 1919) Approximation

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 5,000 psi, 35 MPa
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

Source 1 (samples: 138) Source 10 (samples: 206) Source 11 (samples: 294)

Source 14 (samples: 263) Source 16 (samples: 100) Source 18 (samples: 133)
Source 19 (samples: 422)
Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 5,000 psi, 35 MPa
l = 1.22
Inverse Normal Distribution

V = 0.125
1

-1  = 6100
-2
s = 760
-3

-4
0

10000
1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000
Strength [psi]

All sources (samples: 1722) Approximation

Ordinary Concrete – CDF of Strength
4

3
fc’ = 6,000 psi, 42 MPa
l = 1.22
Inverse Normal Distribution

V = 0.075
1

 = 7340
-1

-2
s = 550
-3

-4
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Strength [psi]

All sources (samples: 130) Approximation

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.430
V = 0.155

 = 4290
s = 665

fc’= 3000 psi, 21 MPa

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.296
V = 0.122

 = 4535
s = 555

fc’= 3500 psi, 25 MPa

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.338
V = 0.123

 = 5350
s = 660

fc’= 4000 psi, 28 MPa

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.328
V = 0.117

 = 5975
s = 700

fc’= 4500 psi , 32 MPa

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.110
V = 0.076

 = 5550
s = 420

fc’= 5000 psi , 35 MPa

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.187
V = 0.121

 = 8070
s = 975

fc’= 6800 psi , 48 MPa

Lightweight Concrete – CDF of Strength

l = 1.126
V = 0.100

 = 8000
s =805

fc’= 7100 psi, 49 MPa

 Summary of the Statistical Parameters for Concrete

1.6
l 0.20
V
Lightweigh Concrete Lightweigh Concrete
1.5
λ Ordinary, Ready Mix V
0.18 Ordinary, Ready Mix
Ordinary, Plant Cast Ordinary, Plant Cast
1.4 High Strength 0.16 High Strength
Recommended λ for NWC Recommended V for NWC
1.3 Recommended λ for LWC 0.14 Recommended V for LWC
1.2 0.12

1.1 0.10

1.0 0.08

0.9 0.06

0.8 0.04

0.7 0.02
fc’ [psi] fc’ [psi]
0.6 0.00
2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

11000
10000

12000

13000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000
fc’ [psi] fc’ [psi]
 Bias Factor and Coefficient of Variation for
Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of Concrete

Concrete Grade Compressive strength Shear Strength

fc' (psi)
l V l V
3000, 21 MPa 1.31 0.17 1.31 0.205
3500 1.27 0.16 1.27 0.19
4000, 28 MPa 1.24 0.15 1.24 0.18
4500 1.21 0.14 1.21 0.17
5000 1.19 0.135 1.19 0.16
5500 1.17 0.13 1.17 0.155
6000, 42 MPa 1.15 0.125 1.15 0.15
6500 1.14 0.12 1.14 0.145
7000 1.13 0.115 1.13 0.14
8000 1.11 0.11 1.11 0.135
9000 1.10 0.11 1.10 0.135
10,000 1.09 0.11 1.09 0.135
12,000, 84 MPa 1.08 0.11 1.08 0.135
Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60 (420 MPa)
– Number of Samples
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4
Bars #3
3
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3
Yield Stress
[ksi]
-4
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 2 (samples: 741) Source 4 (samples: 123)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #3
l = 1.18
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.04

 = 71.0
-1

-2
s = 3.0

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
All sources (samples: 864) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress

3
Bars #4
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 2369)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 106)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #4
l = 1.13
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.03
0

 = 67.5
-1

s = 1.9
-2

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
All sources (samples: 2685) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #5
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 3333)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 179)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #5
l = 1.12
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.02
0

 = 67.0
-1

-2
s = 1.5

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 3722) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #6
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 1141)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 104)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #6
l = 1.12
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.02

 = 67.0
-1

-2
s = 1.5

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 1455) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #7
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 1318)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 79)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #7
l = 1.14
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.03

 = 68.5
-1

-2
s = 1.9

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 1607) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #8
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 1146)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 90)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #8
l = 1.13
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.025

 = 68.0
-1

-2
s = 1.6

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 1446) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress

3
Bars #9
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 1290)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 73)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #9
l = 1.14
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.02

 = 68.5
-1

-2
s = 1.5

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 1573) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #10
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 825)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 70)
Source 5 (samples: 74)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #10
l = 1.13
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.02

 = 68.0
-1

-2
s = 1.4

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 1089) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #11
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Yield Stress
-4
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
Source 1 (samples: 60) Source 2 (samples: 1019)
Source 3 (samples: 60) Source 4 (samples: 87)
Source 5 (samples: 90)
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #11
l = 1.13
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.02

 = 68.0
-1

-2
s = 1.5

-3

-4
Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources (samples: 1316) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4

3
Bars #14
l = 1.14
Inverse Normal Distribution

1
V = 0.02

 = 68.5
-1

-2
s = 1.5

-3

-4
Yield [ksi]
0

100

110
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
All sources - Source 3 (samples: 12) Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
– CDF of Yield Stress
4
for simulation:
3 l = 1.13
2
V = 0.03
1

0
-1

-2

-3

-4 Yield Stress
[ksi]
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110
#3 #4 #5 #6
#7 #8 #9 #10
#11 #14 All Size Approximation
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60
(420 MPa) – Statistical Parameters
Bar Size l V
#3 1.18 0.04
#4 1.13 0.03
#5 1.12 0.02
#6 1.12 0.02
#7 1.14 0.03
#8 1.13 0.025
#9 1.14 0.02
#10 1.13 0.02
#11 1.13 0.02
#14 1.14 0.02
 Prestressing Strands Grade 270
(1800 MPa) – Number of Samples

Total Number of Samples 47,421

Prestressing Steel (7-wire strands), Grade 270
CDF of Breaking Stress
4

3
Strands 0.5 in (12 mm)
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3 Breaking
Stress [ksi]
-4
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400
Source 1 (samples: 3908) Source 2 (samples: 1158)
Source 3 (samples: 268) Source 4 (samples: 9795)
Source 5 (samples: 18258)
Prestressing Steel (7-wire strands), Grade 270
CDF of Breaking Stress
4
Strands 0.5 in (12 mm)
3
l = 1.04
Inverse Normal Distribution

2
V = 0.015
1

0
 = 280
s=4
-1

-2

-3
Breaking
-4 Stress [ksi]
0

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400
20

40

60

80

All sources (samples: 33387) Approximation

Prestressing Steel (7-wire strands), Grade 270
CDF of Breaking Stress
4

3
Strands 0.6 in
Inverse Normal Distribution

-1

-2

-3

Breaking
-4
Stress [ksi]
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400
Source 1 (samples: 700) Source 2 (samples: 785)
Source 3 (samples: 212) Source 4 (samples: 3442)
Source 5 (samples: 8889)
Prestressing Steel (7-wire strands), Grade 270
CDF of Breaking Stress
4

3
Strands 0.6 in (12 mm)
l = 1.02
Inverse Normal Distribution

V = 0.015
1

 = 275
-1

-2
s=4
-3

-4
Breaking
Stress [ksi]
120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400
0

20

40

60

80

100

All sources (samples: 14028) Approximation

Prestressing Steel – Statistical Parameters

Number Bias
Grade Size V
of samples Factor

1/4 (6.25 mm) 22 1.07 0.01

250 ksi 3/8 (9.5 mm) 83 1.11 0.025
(1750 MPa) 7/16(11 mm) 114 1.11 0.01
1/2 (12.5 mm) 66 1.12 0.02

3/8 (9.5 mm) 54 1.04 0.02

270 ksi 7/16 (11 mm) 16 1.07 0.02
(1900 MPa) 1/2 (12.5 mm) 33570 1.04 0.015
0.6 (15 mm) 14028 1.02 0.015
 Structural elements
and limit states
• Reinforced concrete beams - flexure
• Reinforced concrete beams - shear (w/o stirrups)
• Reinforced concrete beams - shear (with stirrups)
• Axially loaded columns, tied
• Axially loaded columns, spiral
• One way slabs - flexure
• One way slabs - shear
• Two way slabs – shear
• Bearing strength
Bending Moment Resistance

R  As  f y  d  
 a
 2
As. f y
a '
0.85 f c .b
for beams r = 0.6 and 1.6%,
for slabs r = 0.30%.

Department of Civil Engineering

Shear Resistance of Flexural
Members
R  Vn  Vc  Vs
VC  2 f c bw .d '

Av . f y .d
Vs 
s
Department of Civil Engineering
 Shear Resistance of Slabs in Two-
Way Shear

 2  sd  

R  min  1    2 f c' b0 d ,   1  2 f c' b0 d , 4  '
f b0 d 
  c
c
  2b0  

f '
c simulations  0.95 f '
c nominal

Department of Civil Engineering

 Eccentrically Loaded Columns

1. Basic Assumptions
 Columns
Pn [K] Interaction Diagram
Axial Load
1500
Compression Control
1250

1000 Limit State

750
Safe Behavior Balanced Failure
500

250 Tension Control

Pure Bending

100 200 300 400 500 600 M n [K ft]

Department of Civil Engineering

 Analysis of Possible Cases of Cross
Section Behavior
(a)
(b)

Interaction Diagram for Eccentrically Compressed Columns;

(a) Cross Sections Type I, (b) Cross Sections Type II.
Simulated Interaction
Diagrams

• concrete strength of 8 ksi (55

MPa)
• tied columns
• cast-in-place

red dots = nominal values

Interaction Diagrams
For Concrete 3 ksi (21 MPa)
(tied columns, cast-in-place)
Interaction Diagrams
For Concrete 5 ksi (35 MPa)
(tied columns, cast-in-place)
Interaction Diagrams
For Concrete 8 ksi (55 MPa)
(tied columns, cast-in-place)
Interaction Diagrams

• concrete 12 ksi (85 MPa)

• tied columns,
• cast-in-place
 Bearing Resistance of Concrete

A2
R  0.85 f c A1
'

A1

2
1
A1
A2

Department of Civil Engineering

 Bias Factor of Resistance for Beams,
Flexure
Bias factor for resistance - R/C beam, flexure
1.20

1.19

Reinforcement ratio:
1.18
r = 0.006

1.17 r = 0.016

1.16
Bias Factor

1.15

1.14

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]

Coefficient of Variation of Resistance for
Beams, Flexure
Coefficient of variation for resistance - R/C beam, flexure
0.10

0.09

0.08

0.07
Coefficient of variation

0.06

0.05

0.04
Reinforcement ratio:

0.03
r = 0.006

0.02 r = 0.016

0.01

0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]

Bias Factor of Resistance for Beams,
Shear
Bias factor for resistance - R/C beam
shear with and without shear reinforcement
1.34
no shear reinforcement
1.32 s = 6 in, Av min
s = 8 in, Av min
1.30 s = 12 in, Av min
s = 6 in, Av min real (2 #3)
1.28 s = 8 in, Av min real (2 #3)
s = 12 in, Av min real (2 #3)
1.26 s = 6 in, Av ave
s = 8 in, Av ave
s = 12 in, Av ave
Bias Factor

1.24
s = 6 in, Av max
1.22 s = 8 in, Av max
s = 12 in, Av max
1.20

1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12

1.10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000
Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]
Coefficient of Variation of Resistance for
Beams, Shear
Coefficient of variation for resistance - R/C beam
shear with and without shear reinforcement
0.32
no shear reinforcement
0.30
s = 6 in, Av min
s = 8 in, Av min
s = 12 in, Av min
0.28 s = 6 in, Av min real (2 #3)
s = 8 in, Av min real (2 #3)
0.26 s = 12 in, Av min real (2 #3)
Coefficient of variation

s = 6 in, Av ave
0.24 s = 8 in, Av ave
s = 12 in, Av ave
s = 6 in, Av max
0.22
s = 8 in, Av max
s = 12 in, Av max
0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000
Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]
Bias Factor of Resistance for One way
Slab, Flexure
Bias factor for resistance - R/C slab, 1-way flexure
1.10

d = 4 in

d = 6 in
1.08

d = 8 in
Bias Factor

1.06

1.04

1.02

1.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]

Coefficient of Variation of Resistance
for One way slab, Flexure
Coefficient of varaition for resistance - R/C slab, 1-way flexure
0.20

d = 4 in

d = 6 in
0.18

d = 8 in
Coefficient of variation

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]

 Bias Factor and Coefficient of Variation of
Resistance for Concrete Bearing Strength

Bias factor for resistance - concrete bearing Coefficient of variation for resistance - concrete bearing
1.40 0.20

1.35

0.18
1.30

Coefficient of variation
1.25
Bias Factor

0.16

1.20

1.15 0.14

1.10

0.12
1.05

1.00
0.10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Specified concrete compressive strength [psi] Specified concrete compressive strength [psi]
 Statistical Parameters of Fabrication Factor
(Ellingwood, Galambos, MacGregor, Cornell)
l V
width of beam, b 1.01 0.04
effective depth of beam, d 0.99 0.04
effective depth of one-way slab, d 0.92 0.12
effective depth of two-way slab, d
d = 4 in 1.03 0.09
d = 6 in 1.02 0.06
d = 8 in 1.015 0.04
depth and width of column, b1, b2 1.005 0.04
area of reinforcement, As, Av 1.00 0.015
spacing of shear reinforcement, s 1.00 0.04
 Statistical Parameters of Professional Factor
(Ellingwood, Galambos, MacGregor, Cornell)
l V
R/C beams - flexure 1.02 0.06
R/C beams - shear without stirrups 1.16 0.11
R/C beams - shear with stirrups 1.075 0.10
Axially loaded columns, tied 1.00 0.08
Axially loaded columns, spiral 1.05 0.06
One way slabs - flexure 1.02 0.06
One way slabs - shear 1.16 0.11
Two way slabs - shear 1.16 0.11
Bearing strength 1.02 0.06
Monte Carlo Simulation Results - Examples
Resistance parameters for concrete fc’ = 4000 psi (28 MPa)
l V
R/C beams - flexure 1.14 0.08
R/C beams - shear without stirrups 1.27 0.23
R/C beams - shear with stirrups 1.235 0.15
Axially loaded columns, tied 1.22 0.145
Axially loaded columns, spiral 1.29 0.14
One way slabs - flexure 1.055 0.14
One way slabs - shear 1.165 0.255
Two way slabs - shear 1.305 0.24
Bearing strength 1.275 0.17
 Basic questions:
• How can we measure safety of a structure?

• How safe is safe enough? What is the target

reliability?

• How to implement the optimum safety level?

Department of Civil Engineering

 Reliability Index, 

Department of Civil Engineering

 Reliability Index, 
For a linear limit state function, g = R – Q = 0, and
R and Q both being normal random variables


 R  Q 
s s
2
R
2
Q
R = mean resistance
Q = mean load
sR = standard deviation of resistance
sQ = standard deviation of load
Reliability index and probability of
failure
PF 
10-1 1.28
10-2 2.33
10-3 3.09
10-4 3.71
10-5 4.26
10-6 4.75
10-7 5.19
10-8 5.62
10-9 5.99
 Reliability Analysis Procedures
• Closed-form equations – accurate results only for
special cases
• First Order Reliability Methods (FORM), reliability
index is calculated by iterations
• Second Order Reliability Methods (SORM), and
other advanced procedures
• Monte Carlo method - values of random variables
are simulated (generated by computer), accuracy
depends on the number of computer simulations

Department of Civil Engineering

 Reliability Indices for R/C Beams,
Flexure, (D+L)
Ordinary concrete Lightweight concrete
R/C Beam in flexure, ρ=0.6% R/C Beam in flexure, ρ=0.6%
6.0 6.0
β β

5.0 OLD 5.0

4.0 4.0

3.0 3.0

f=0.85 ϕ = 0.85
2.0 2.0
f=0.90 ϕ = 0.90

1.0 f=0.95 1.0 ϕ = 0.95

Old data, f=0.90 D/(D+L)
NWC, ϕ = 0.95 D/(D+L)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
 Reliability Indices for R/C Beams,
Shear, (D+L)
Ordinary concrete Lightweight concrete
R/C Beam shear, no shear reinforcement, R/C Beam shear, no shear reinforcement,
f'c = 4000psi f'c = 27.5 MPa (4000 psi)
5.0 5.0
β β

4.0 4.0

3.0 3.0

2.0 2.0
ϕ = 0.70
f=0.80
f=0.85 ϕ = 0.75
1.0 1.0
f=0.90 ϕ = 0.80
Old data, f=0.85 D/(D+L) NWC, ϕ = 0.75 D/(D+L)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
 Reliability Indices for R/C Slab,
flexure, (D+L)

Ordinary concrete Lightweight concrete

R/C Slab, one-way flexure R/C Slab, one-way flexure
5.0
5.0
β ϕ = 0.85
β
ϕ = 0.90
4.0
4.0
ϕ = 0.95
NWC, ϕ = 0.90
3.0 3.0

2.0 2.0
f=0.85
f=0.90
1.0 1.0
f=0.95
Old data, f=0.90 D/(D+L) D/(D+L)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
 Reliability Indices for R/C Slab,
one-way shear, (D+L)
Ordinary concrete Lightweight concrete
R/C Slab, one-way shear,
R/C Slab, one-way shear, f'c=4000psi
f'c = 27.5 MPa (4000psi)
5.0 5.0
β f=0.75 β ϕ = 0.70

4.0
f=0.80 4.0 ϕ = 0.75
f=0.85 ϕ = 0.80

3.0 Old data, f=0.85 3.0 NWC, ϕ = 0.75

2.0 2.0

1.0 1.0

D/(D+L) D/(D+L)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
 Reliability Indices for R/C Slab,
two-way shear, (D+L)
Ordinary concrete Lightweight concrete
R/C Slab, two-way shear,
R/C Slab, two-way shear, f'c=4000psi
f'c = 27.5 MPa (4000psi)
5.0 5.0
β f=0.75 β ϕ = 0.70

4.0 f=0.80 ϕ = 0.75

4.0
f=0.85 ϕ = 0.80
NWC, ϕ = 0.75
3.0 Old data, f=0.85 3.0

2.0 2.0

1.0 1.0

D/(D+L) D/(D+L)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Reliability Indices for Concrete bearing,
(D+L)
Ordinary concrete Lightweight concrete
Concrete bearing, f'c=4000psi Concrete bearing, f'c = 27.5 MPa (4000psi)
5.0
5.0
β β

4.0
4.0

3.0 3.0

2.0 2.0
f=0.65 ϕ = 0.60
f=0.70 ϕ = 0.65
1.0 1.0
f=0.75 ϕ = 0.70
Old data, f=0.65 D/(D+L) NWC, ϕ = 0.65 D/(D+L)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
 What is Optimum Reliability?

• If reliability index is too small – there are

problems, even structural failures

• If reliability index is too large – the

structures are too expensive

Department of Civil Engineering

 Target Reliability

• Consequences of failure
• Economic analysis
• Past practice
• Human perception
• Social/political decisions

Department of Civil Engineering

 Selected Range of Reliability Indices for
Beams, designed according to “old” ACI 318
Range of Target Reliability Index for Beams

5.0
4.5
4.0
Reliability Index

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Selected Range of Reliability Indices for
Slabs, designed according to “old” ACI 318
Range of Target Reliability Index for Slabs

6.0

5.0
Reliability Index

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
Selected Range of Reliability Indices for
Columns and Plain Concrete Elements, designed
according to “old” ACI 318
Range of Target Reliability Index for Columns and Plain
Concrete Elements
7.0

6.0
Reliability Index

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
 Calibration Results
ACI 318-99 ACI 318-05 Recommended

f f f T
• R/C beams – flexure 0.90 0.90 0.90 3.5
• R/C beams - shear w/o stirrups 0.85 0.75 0.85 2.5
• R/C beams - shear with stirrups 0.85 0.75 0.85 3.5
• Axially loaded columns, tied 0.70 0.65 0.70 4.0
• Axially loaded columns, spiral 0.75 0.70 0.75 4.0
• One way slabs – flexure 0.90 0.90 0.90 2.5
• One way slabs – shear 0.85 0.75 0.85 2.5
• Two way slabs – shear 0.85 0.75 0.85 2.5
• Bearing strength 0.70 0.65 0.70 3.0
 Load factors specified by
ACI 318 and ASCE 7

The design formula specified The design formula specified

by ACI 318-99 Code by ASCE-7 Standard

1.4 D + 1.7 L < f R 1.4 D < f R

0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W) < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 L < f R
0.9 D + 1.3 W < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 S < f R
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.87 E) < f R 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.6 S < f R
1.2 D + 1.6 W + 0.5 L + 0.5 S < f R
1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.5 L + 0.2 S < f R
0.9 D – (1.6 W or 1.0 E) < f R
American Concrete Institute (ACI)

Department of Civil Engineering

Reliability Indices for Beams, designed
according to the “new” ACI 318
Reliability Indices for Beams

5
Reliability Index

4 target value
new , ordinary concrete
3 new , high strength concrete
new , light w eight concrete
2
1
0
Reliability Indices for Slabs, designed
according to the “new” ACI 318
Reliability Indices for Slabs

4
Reliability Index

3 target value
new , ordinary concrete
2 new , high strength concrete
new , light w eight concrete
1

0
 Reliability Indices for Columns and Plain
Concrete Elements, designed according to the
“new” ACI 318
Reliability Indices for Columns and Plain Concrete Elements

8
7
Reliability Index

6
5
4 target value
new , ordinary concrete
3
new , high strength concrete
2 new , light w eight concrete
1
0
 Load factors specified by
ACI 318 and Proposed Design Formula

The design formula specified Proposed design formula

by ACI 318-99 Code
1.4 (D + L) < f R
1.4 D + 1.7 L < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 L < f R
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W) < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 S < f R
0.9 D + 1.3 W < f R 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.6 S < f R
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.87 E) < f R 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 0.5 L + 0.5 S < f R
1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.5 L + 0.2 S < f R
0.9 D – (1.6 W or 1.0 E) < f R
 Examples of the Reliability Analysis

ACI 318-05 with

ACI 318-99 ACI 318-05 new load factor,
Old Statistical Data New Statistical Data 1.4(D+L)
R/C beam, flexure - ACI 318-99 (1.4D+1.7L) R/C beam, flexure - ASCE-7 R/C beam, flexure - Proposed
Old Statistical Data (1.4D or 1.2D+1.6L) New Statistical Data (1.2D+1.6L or 1.4D+1.4L) New Statistical Data
8 8 8
f0.5 f0.5
7 7 7
f0. f0.
.

.
.

6 6
6 f0. f0.5 f0.5
Reliability Index, 

Reliability Index, 
Reliability Index, 

5 5 5

4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

0 0 0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Load Ratio D/(D+L) Load Ratio D/(D+L) Load Ratio D/(D+L)
 Conclusions for
ACI 318 Calibration
• Quality of materials (concrete and reinforcing steel)
have improved in the last 20-30 years

• Reliability of structures designed according to “old”

ACI 318 is now higher than the minimum acceptable
level

• Resistance factors can be increased by 10-15%.

Therefore, for the new load factors (ASCE 7), “old”
resistance factors are acceptable

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering
 Thank you

Slide design © 2007, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. All rights reserved.