PEFCR PackedWater FinalPEFCR 2018-04-23 V1 PDF

Product
Environmental Footprint
Category Rules (PEFCRs)

Packed water

Version 1.0 of April 23rd, 2018
(accepted by the PEF/OEF Steering Committee on April 19th, 2018)
Time validity: December 31st, 2020

Prepared by the Technical Secretariat:

The European Federation of Bottled Waters (EFBW), The European Container Glass Federation
(FEVE), PETCORE Europe, Union Européenne des Transporteurs Routiers (UETR), Danone Waters,
Ferrarelle, Nestlé Waters, San Benedetto, Spadel and Quantis.
Table of contents
Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) ......................................................... 1
Packed water ............................................................................................................................. 1
Table of contents .................................................................................................................... 2
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ 4
Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 6
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 11
2 General information about the PEFCR ................................................................................ 12
2.1 Technical secretariat .................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Consultations and stakeholders ................................................................................... 12
2.3 Review panel and review requirements of the PEFCR .................................................. 14
2.4 Review statement ........................................................................................................ 14
2.5 Geographic validity ...................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Language ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.7 Conformance to other documents ............................................................................... 16
3 PEFCR scope ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Product classification ................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Representative product(s) ........................................................................................... 17
3.3 Functional unit and reference flow .............................................................................. 18
3.4 System boundary ......................................................................................................... 20
3.5 EF impact assessment .................................................................................................. 23
3.6 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 24
4 Most relevant impact categories, life cycle stages, processes and elementary flows ........... 25
4.1 Sub-category “other channels” .................................................................................... 25
4.2 Sub-category “at horeca” ............................................................................................. 27
4.3 Sub-category “at the office” ........................................................................................ 30
5 Life cycle inventory ............................................................................................................. 33
5.1 List of mandatory company-specific data ..................................................................... 33
5.1.1 Life cycle stage: packaging materials .......................................................................... 34
5.1.2 Life cycle stage: manufacturing .................................................................................. 49
5.1.3 Life cycle stage: distribution ....................................................................................... 53
5.1.4 Life cycle stage: use .................................................................................................... 56
5.2 List of processes expected to be run by the company .................................................. 59
5.3 Data gaps .................................................................................................................... 63
5.4 Data quality requirements ........................................................................................... 63
5.4.1 Company-specific datasets ......................................................................................... 63
5.5 Data needs matrix (DNM) ............................................................................................ 65
5.5.1 Processes in situation 1 .............................................................................................. 68
2

5.6 Which datasets to use? ................................................................................................ 70
5.7 How to calculate the average DQR of the study ........................................................... 71
5.8 Allocation rules ............................................................................................................ 71
5.8.1 Multi-processes and multi-products at water factory ................................................ 71
5.8.2 Allocation for multi-functionality in end-of-life situations ......................................... 72
5.9 Electricity modelling .................................................................................................... 72
5.10 Climate change modelling ........................................................................................ 75
5.11 Modelling of wastes and recycled content ............................................................... 77
6 Life cycle stages .................................................................................................................. 79
6.1 Packaging materials ..................................................................................................... 79
6.2 Manufacturing ............................................................................................................. 94
6.3 Distribution stage ........................................................................................................ 95
6.4 Use stage ................................................................................................................... 102
6.5 Packaging end of life .................................................................................................. 105
7 PEF results ........................................................................................................................ 107
7.1 Benchmark values ..................................................................................................... 107
7.2 PEF profile ................................................................................................................. 111
7.3 Additional technical information ............................................................................... 112
7.4 Additional environmental information ...................................................................... 112
8 Verification ....................................................................................................................... 112
9 References ....................................................................................................................... 113
10 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 116
ANNEX 1 – List of EF normalisation and weighting factors .................................................... 116
ANNEX 2 - Check-list for the PEF study ................................................................................. 118
ANNEX 3 - Check-list for the PEF study ................................................................................. 120
ANNEX 4 - Critical review report of the PEFCR ...................................................................... 121
ANNEX 5 - Other Annexes ................................................................................................... 122

3

Acronyms
AF Allocation Factor
AF Allocation Factor
AR Allocation Ratio
BoC Bill of Components
BoM Bill of Materials
BP Bonne Practique
B2B Business to Business
B2C Business to Consumer
CF Characterization Factor
CFF Circular Footprint Formula
CFF-M Circular Footprint Formula – Modular form
CPA Classification of Products by Activity
DNM Data Needs Matrix
DQR Data Quality Rating
DC Distribution Centre
EA Economic Allocation
EoL End-of-Life
EF Environmental Footprint
EI Environmental Impact
EC European Commission
FU Functional Unit
GR Geographical Representativeness
GWP Global Warming Potential
g gram
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GE Gross Energy intake
HD Helpdesk
HDPE High Density PolyEthylene
HOD Home Office Delivery
horeca hotel, restaurant and café
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ILCD International Reference Life Cycle Data System
JRC Joint Research Centre
kg kilogram
km kilometre
kWh kilowatt hour
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCDN Life Cycle Data Network
LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment
LCI Life Cycle Inventory
LT Lifetime
4

L Litre
LDPE Low Density PolyEthylene
MJ Mega Joules
m metre
mL milliLitre
NACE Nomenclature Générale des Activités Economiques dans les Communautés Européennes
NDA Non Disclosure Agreement
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NMVOC Non-methane volatile compounds
o-PP oriented PolyPropylene
PC PolyCarbonate
PE PolyEthylene
PET PolyEthylene Terephthalate
P Precision
PCR Product Category Rules
PEF Product Environmental Footprint
PEFCR Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules
RF Reference Flow
RP Representative Product
SMGP Single Market for Green Products
SC Steering Committee
SS Supporting study
SMRS Sustainability Measurement & Reporting System
SB System Boundary
TAB Technical Advisory Board
TS Technical Secretariat
TeR Technological Representativeness
TiR Time Representativeness
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UUID Universally Unique Identifier
5

Definitions

Activity data This term refers to information which is associated with processes
while modelling Life Cycle Inventories (LCI). In the PEF Guide it is also
called “non-elementary flows”. The aggregated LCI results of the
process chains that represent the activities of a process are each
multiplied by the corresponding activity data and then combined to
derive the environmental footprint associated with that process (See
Figure 1). Examples of activity data include quantity of kilowatt-hours
of electricity used, quantity of fuel used, output of a process (e.g.
waste), number of hours equipment is operated, distance travelled,
floor area of a building, etc. In the context of PEF the amounts of
ingredients from the bill of material (BOM) shall always be considered
as activity data.

Benchmark A standard or point of reference against which any comparison can be
made. In the context of PEF, the term ‘benchmark’ refers to the
average environmental performance of the representative product
sold in the EU market. A benchmark may eventually be used, if
appropriate, in the context of communicating environmental
performance of a product belonging to the same category.

Bottled drinking Bottled drinking water, also known as table water, may originate from
water various sources, including groundwater, surface water and municipal
supply. It must comply with national and EU drinking water
regulations, which are different to the rules governing natural mineral
water and spring waters. It is commonly treated and disinfected for
taste. Purification by chemical and physical treatment, such as
chlorination and reverse osmosis, is common practice. Minerals may
be restored to this water.

Company-specific It refers to directly measured or collected data from one or multiple
data facilities (site-specific data) that are representative for the activities of
the company. It is synonymous to “primary data”. To determine the
level of representativeness a sampling procedure can be applied.

Cradle to grave An assessment, including raw material extraction, processing,
distribution, storage, use, and disposal or recycling stages. All relevant
inputs and outputs are considered for all of the stages of the life cycle.

Downstream Occurring along a product supply chain after the point of referral.
6

Electricity tracking Electricity tracking1 is the process of assigning electricity generation
attributes to electricity consumption.

Input Product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process. Products
and materials include raw materials, intermediate products and co-
products. (International Organisation for Standardization (ISO)
14040:2006)

Life cycle Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw
material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final
disposal. (ISO 14040:2006)

Life cycle approach Takes into consideration the spectrum of resource flows and
environmental interventions associated with a product or organisation
from a supply chain perspective, including all stages from raw material
acquisition through processing, distribution, use, and end-of-life
processes, and all relevant related environmental impacts (instead of
focusing on a single issue).

Life cycle assessment Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential
environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.
(ISO 14040:2006)

1
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/en/projects/e-track-ii
7

Natural mineral water Natural mineral water originates from protected underground water
sources and must be safe to drink at source, in its natural state,
without disinfection or chemical treatment. Natural mineral water can
only come from specific designated groundwater sources, such as
natural exists or boreholes. It has a distinctive mineral composition,
which always remains stable and which may give properties
favourable to health to the water; the constituents must remain
unaltered from the point of origin at source right to the final
consumer, and must be stated on the label. According to Directive
2009/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June
2009 on the exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters
(European Union 2009), there are 3 categories of effervescent natural
mineral waters: (i) naturally carbonated natural mineral waters, (ii)
natural mineral water fortified with gas from the spring and (iii)
carbonated natural mineral water (the added carbon dioxide has an
origin other than the water table or deposit from which the water
comes).

Output Product, material or energy flow that leaves a unit process. Products
and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-
products and releases. (ISO 14040:2006)

Primary data This term refers to data from specific processes within the supply-
chain of the company applying the PEFCR. Such data may take the
form of activity data, or foreground elementary flows (life cycle
inventory). Primary data are site-specific, company-specific (if multiple
sites for the same product) or supply-chain-specific. Primary data may
be obtained through meter readings, purchase records, utility bills,
engineering models, direct monitoring, material/product balances,
stoichiometry, or other methods for obtaining data from specific
processes in the value chain of the company applying the PEFCR. In
this Guidance, primary data is synonym of "company-specific data" or
"supply-chain specific data".

Product Any goods or service. (ISO 14040:2006)

Product Are product-type-specific, life-cycle-based rules that complement
environmental general methodological guidance for PEF studies by providing further
footprint category specification at the level of a specific product category. PEFCRs can
rules (PEFCRs) help to shift the focus of the PEF study towards those aspects and
parameters that matter the most, and hence contribute to increased
relevance, reproducibility and consistency.

8

Representative The “representative product” may or may not be a real product that
product one can buy on the EU market. Especially when the market is made up
of different technologies, the “representative product” can be a virtual
(non-existing) product built, for example, from the average EU sales-
weighted characteristics of all technologies around. A PEFCR may
include more than one representative product if appropriate.

Sealed container It refers to a container which is closed by a seal in order to avoid the
violation or the contamination of its content.

Secondary data It refers to data not from specific process within the supply-chain of
the company applying the PEFCR. This refers to data that is not
directly collected, measured, or estimated by the company, but
sourced from a third-party life-cycle-inventory database or other
sources. Secondary data includes industry-average data (e.g., from
published production data, government statistics, and industry
associations), literature studies, engineering studies and patents, and
can also be based on financial data, and contain proxy data, and other
generic data. Primary data that go through a horizontal aggregation
step are considered as secondary data.

Spring water Spring water comes from a named and recognised underground
source. It must be microbiologically safe and wholesome to drink and
where it must be bottled directly at source without disinfection or any
chemical treatment. The main differences between spring water and
natural mineral water are that a stable mineral balance is not a
requirement for spring waters (though this is often the case) and
mineral composition need not be stated on the label (though many
producers nevertheless choose to do so). Also, for chemical
parameters, spring water must only meet conventional drinking water
standards (as for tap water). There is no formal recognition process for
spring waters (as there is for natural mineral water) but quality
monitoring and protection of the source must be maintained.

System boundary Definition of aspects included or excluded from the study. For
example, for a “cradle-to-grave” EF analysis, the system boundary
should include all activities from the extraction of raw materials
through the processing, distribution, storage, use, and disposal or
recycling stages.

9

System boundary Graphic representation of the system boundary defined for the PEF
diagram study.

Functional unit The functional unit defines the qualitative and quantitative aspects of
the function(s) and/or service(s) provided by the product being
evaluated; the unit of analysis definition answers the questions
“what?”, “how much?”, “how well?”, and “for how long?”

Upstream Occurring along the supply chain of purchased goods/services prior to
entering the system boundary.

10

1 Introduction
The Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide provides detailed and comprehensive technical
guidance on how to conduct a PEF study. PEF studies may be used for a variety of purposes, including
in-house management and participation in voluntary or mandatory programmes.
For all requirements not specified in this PEFCR the applicant shall refer to the documents this PEFCR
is in conformance with (see chapter B.2.7).
The compliance with the present PEFCR is optional for PEF in-house applications, whilst it is
mandatory whenever the results of a PEF study or any of its content is intended to be communicated.
Terminology: shall, should and may
This PEFCR uses precise terminology to indicate the requirements, the recommendations and options
that could be chosen when a PEF study is conducted.
● The term “shall” is used to indicate what is required in order for a PEF study to be in
conformance with this PEFCR.
● The term “should” is used to indicate a recommendation rather than a requirement. Any
deviation from a “should” requirement has to be justified when developing the PEF study and
made transparent.
● The term “may” is used to indicate an option that is permissible. Whenever options are
available, the PEF study shall include adequate argumentation to justify the chosen option.

11

2 General information about the PEFCR
2.1 Technical secretariat

Table 1 Technical secretariat
Name of the organization Type of organization Name of the members (not

mandatory)
European Federation of Bottled Industry Patricia Fosselard, Ermis

Waters (EFBW) (Coordinator) Panagiotopoulos
European Container Glass Industry Fabrice Rivet, Romeo Pavanello

Federation (FEVE)
PETCORE Europe Industry Patrick Peuch, replaced by Christian

Crepet the 31/03/2017, Casper Van
Den Dungen (Plastic Recyclers
Europe), Antonio Furfari
Union Européenne des Industry Lode Verkinderen

Transporteurs Routiers (UETR)
Danone Waters* Industry Philippe Diercxsens
Ferrarelle* Industry Giuseppe Dadà
Nestlé Waters* Industry Bernard Pruvost
San Benedetto Industry Davide Manzato, Tullio Versace

(since July 2015) with the support of
the Italian Environment Ministry
(Pieter Ravaglia) and the University
of Padova (Alessandro Manzardo,
Andrea Loss)
Spadel Industry An de Schryver (left on June 2015),

Patrick Jobé (since June 2015)
Quantis Consultant Violaine Magaud, Sebastien

Humbert, Simone Pedrazzini
where * indicates that the organization is a company that performed a supporting study.
2.2 Consultations and stakeholders

A first public consultation was performed from September 24th, 2014 to October 22nd, 2014. A first
physical consultation has been held in Brussels on October 08th, 2014 where the definition of PEF
12

product category, the scope of PEFCR and the definition of the representative product were
presented and commented. A first draft PEFCR has been carried out and provided as the deliverable
required after the completion of the PEF Screening step (including the critical review of the PEF
screening report and model by the European Commission and a third-party review panel). The first
draft PEFCR has been submitted to virtual consultation in June 2015 and the comments have been
implemented. On October 1st, 2015, the Environmental Footprint Steering Committee approved
the draft, thus resulting in launching the PEF supporting studies. Three supporting studies have been
finalized in May 2016 and the key learnings have been considered in this new draft PEFCR version.
The development of this PEFCR can be followed on the dedicated page for the PEFCR for packed
water through this main page: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/
After each consultation, comments were analysed and answers were provided on the EF wiki space.
When relevant, the PEFCR was adapted accordingly.

Table 2 Consultations and stakeholders
1st consultation 2nd consultation 3rd consultation
Type Online and physical Online Online
Start 24.09.2014 26.06.2015 29.07.2016
End 22.10.2014 26.07.2015 08.09.2016
Duration 4 weeks 4 weeks 6 weeks
Number of
3 8
participating 9

stakeholders (online)
ALTRAN ITALIA,
ASSOVETRO –
Associazione
Nazionale Degli
industriali del Vetro,
British Glass, BV
Nestlé Vevey, Glass, DG ENV -
CEWEP, The European
The International International EPD commission, ENEA,
EPD System (EPD System, Gerolsteiner on behalf of MATTM
Name of organisations International AB), Brunnen GmbH & Co. (Ministero
Brewers of Europe, KG, Royal Canin, dell'Ambiente e della
ACE Belgium Federal, Tutela del Territorio e
thinkstep AG, San del Mare), FEVE - The
Benedetto SpA European Container
Glass Federation,
FCSIV - Fédération
des chambres
syndicales des
industries du verre,
Polish Glass
13

Manufacurers
Federation
Number of
10
participating Not applicable Not applicable

stakeholders (physical)

Number of comments 27 102 47

2.3 Review panel and review requirements of the PEFCR

Table 3 Review panel
Name of the member Affiliation Role
Frederic Croison Deloitte (France) Chair
Benedikt Kauertz IFEU (Germany)
Stéphane Arditi European Environmental Bureau

(EEB)

The reviewers have verified that the following requirements have been fulfilled:
● The PEFCR has been developed in accordance with the requirement provided in the PEFCR
Guidance Version 6.3, and where appropriate in accordance with the requirements provided
in the most recent approved version of the PEF Guide, and supports creation of credible and
consistent PEF profiles,
● The functional unit, allocation and calculation rules are adequate for the product category
under consideration,
● Company-specific and secondary datasets used to develop this PEFCR are relevant,
representative, and reliable,
● The selected LCIA indicators and additional environmental information are appropriate for
the product category under consideration and the selection is done in accordance with the
guidelines stated in the PEFCR Guidance Version 6.3 and the most recent approved version
of the PEF Guide,
● The benchmark(s) is(are) correctly defined, and
● Both LCA-based data and the additional environmental information prescribed by the PEFCR
give a description of the significant environmental aspects associated with the product.

The detailed review report is provided in Annex 4 of this PEFCR.

2.4 Review statement

This PEFCR has been developed in compliance with Version 6.3 of the PEFCR Guidance, and with the
PEF Guide adopted by the Commission on 9 April 2013.
14

The representative product(s) correctly describe the average product(s) sold in Europe for the
product group in scope of this PEFCR2.

PEF studies carried out in compliance with this PEFCR would reasonably lead to reproducible results
and the information included therein may be used to make comparisons and comparative assertions
under the prescribed conditions (see chapter on limitations).
The review panel would like to emphasize the positive and constructive attitude of the TS during
the review process. No major issues remain untreated at the end of the review process.
Regarding the global review process, the panel notes that the evolutive and “instable” context in
which the review was performed (interruption of the review process several months during the
remodelling exercise, successive modifications of the reference document (PEFCR Guidance), etc.)
may have generated additional effort from the panel members to fulfil the review. However this
specific context was completely understandable according to the experimental nature of the Pilot
phase.
In addition to these elements, the panel concludes that the review helped enhance the quality of
the PEFCR for packed water. Following this process, the reviewers certify that:
• The PEFCR is consistent with the guidelines of the PEF guide and the Guidance previously mentioned;
• Methodological rules (functional unit, allocation, calculation rules, etc.) are adequate for the product
category;
• The environmental indicators and additional environmental information are appropriate for the
product category and in accordance with the guidelines of the PEF guide and the Guidance;
• The benchmark are correctly defined (definition of performance classes are excluded from the scope
of the PEFCR during the Pilot phase);
• Both LCA-based data and the additional environmental information prescribed by the PEFCR give a
description of the significant environmental aspects associated with the product.
In view of the update of the PEFCR and future use of the document by EF practitioners, the
reviewers propose that in case of any major changes in the PEF guide or in the PEFCR Guidance or
in case of major methodological breakthrough which may concern the product category, the PEFCR
should be revised before December 31st 2020.
2.5 Geographic validity

This PEFCR is valid for products in scope sold/consumed in the European Union + EFTA.
Each PEF study shall identify its geographical validity listing all the countries where the product
object of the PEF study is consumed/sold with the relative market share. In case the information on
the market for the specific product object of the study is not available, Europe +EFTA shall be
considered as the default market, with an equal market share for each country.
2.6 Language
The PEFCR is written in English. The original in English supersedes translated versions in case of
conflicts.

2
Note: see “Additional information related to representative products used in PEFCR development” in ANNEX B.4 -
Other Annexes.
15

2.7 Conformance to other documents
This PEFCR has been prepared in conformance with the following documents (in prevailing order):
PEFCR Guidance 6.3
Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide; Annex II to the Recommendation 2013/179/EU, 9 April
2013. Published in the official journal of the European Union Volume 56, 4 May 2013
3 PEFCR scope
The product category for this PEFCR includes packed water not sweetened nor flavoured.
According to EFBW’s website (EFBW 2014), water includes 3 varieties: i) natural mineral water, ii)
spring water and iii) bottled drinking water, and can be still or carbonated3 (also known as
effervescent or sparkling water).4 All these varieties are in the scope of this document.
The entire life cycle (cradle to grave) of packed water shall be assessed.
For information, there is a limitation on the application of comparison or comparative assertion
between different types of packaging materials of packed waters. Since the multi-functionality of
packaging is not fully captured, this PEFCR is not meant to support specific comparison or
comparative assertion between packaging materials (see section 3.6.).

3
It contains carbon dioxide gas which may be naturally occurring or may be added.
4
Natural mineral water originates from protected underground water sources and must be safe to drink at source, in
its natural state, without disinfection or chemical treatment. Natural mineral water can only come from specific
designated groundwater sources, such as natural exists or boreholes. It has a distinctive mineral composition, which
always remains stable and which may give properties favourable to health to the water; the constituents must remain
unaltered from the point of origin at source right to the final consumer, and must be stated on the label. According to
Directive 2009/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on the exploitation and
marketing of natural mineral waters (European Union 2009), there are 3 categories of effervescent natural mineral
waters: (i) naturally carbonated natural mineral waters, (ii) natural mineral water fortified with gas from the spring
and (iii) carbonated natural mineral water (the added carbon dioxide has an origin other than the water table or
deposit from which the water comes).
Spring water comes from a named and recognised underground source. It must be microbiologically safe and
wholesome to drink, and must be bottled directly at source without disinfection or any chemical treatment. The main
differences between spring water and natural mineral water are that a stable mineral balance is not a requirement for
spring waters (though this is often the case) and mineral composition need not be stated on the label (though many
producers nevertheless choose to do so). Also, for chemical parameters, spring water must only meet conventional
drinking water standards (as for tap water). There is no formal recognition process for spring waters (as there is for
natural mineral water) but quality monitoring and protection of the source must be maintained.
Bottled drinking water, also known as table water, may originate from various sources, including groundwater,
surface water, municipal supply, but also desalinated water. It must comply with national and EU drinking water
regulations, which are different to the rules governing natural mineral water and spring waters. It is commonly
treated and disinfected for taste. Purification by chemical and physical treatment, such as chlorination and reverse
osmosis, is common practice. Minerals may be restored to this water.
According to Canadean (2013), natural mineral water represents 83% of the European packed water market, spring
water represents 14% and bottled drinking water represents 3%. In the Europe, 51.6 billion litres of bottled water
were consumed in 2012.

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3.1 Product classification
The CPA code for the products included in this PEFCR is: C 11.07.11, under the classification:
“Manufactured products” à “Beverage” à “Soft drinks, mineral waters and other bottled waters”
à “Mineral waters and soft drinks”; (soft drinks are excluded from the scope).
3.2 Representative product(s)

The main function of the product is to provide water from sealed containers ready to be drunk at
the mouth contributing to hydration. Some alternative applications are present on the market
which correspond to the main three sub-categories listed here:
• “other channels” applications which include the “on the go” application (characterized by an easily
transportable and useable products) and the “at home” application (characterized by products
mainly used within a domestic context);
• “at horeca” application considers products mainly used at a hotel, restaurant or café; and
• “at the office” application considers products mainly used within a professional context.
Three different representative products are considered in this PEFCR, one for each of the
following product sub-categories: “other channels”, “at horeca” and “at the office”. The key
information for each representative product is presented in Table 4 and illustrated in Figure 1.
Table 4 The three representative products considered in this PEFCR
Sub-categories: unit “other channels” “at horeca” “at the office”
Primary packaging (main body)
Material n/a PET Glass PC
Volume L 1.5 1.0 18.9
System n/a one-way refillable refillable (HOD)
Name of the representative product
PET one-way Glass refillable HOD PC refillable
5
1.5L 1.0L 5 gallons

Note: 5 gallons = 18.9 liters
Note: the PET considered in these representative products does not include recycled PET; nevertheless 0%
of recycled PET content (see also Annex C of Guidance 6.3) does not fit to the real situation in the member
states (according to feedback from review panel). This assumption related to representative product
overestimates the impact.

5
This most dominant representative product is especially relevant for restaurants, cafés and hotels. Regarding fast-
food and snack entities (i.e., "small restaurants"), PET-based packed water products could be a significant part of this
sub-category. Please see "PEFCR_PackedWater_DrafPEFCR_2014-11-17_Quantis.pdf" available on the dedicated
webpage (https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/) for a more detailed discussion on this point."
17

Figure 1 Illustration of the sub-categories (blue) and the representative products (green)

A representative bill of material (mainly focused on packaging) for each representative product
was determined based on inputs of the Technical Secretariat (TS), public studies or category
guidance already existing. All representative products are based on real products and regarding
the primary packaging assumptions, the data refer mainly to still water.
According to Canadean (2013), in 2013 the still water represents about 60% of the European
market. The following fractions of carbonated water are considered for each representative
product: 40% for the “PET one-way 1.5L” and “Glass refillable 1.0L”, and 0% (i.e., still water) for
“HOD PC refillable 5 gallons”.
Additional information is detailed in “Additional information related to representative products
used in PEFCR development” in ANNEX B.4 - Other Annexes.
The screening study is available upon request to the TS coordinator that has the responsibility of
distributing it with an adequate disclaimer about its limitations.

3.3 Functional unit and reference flow

The FU is to provide 100 ml of water from sealed containers ready to be drunk at the mouth
contributing to hydration. Table 5 defines the key aspects used to define the FU.

18

Table 5 Key aspects of the FU
What? To provide water from sealed containers ready to be drunk at the mouth
contributing to hydration
How 100 ml
much?
How To satisfy the quality requirements set at National and / or at EU level for the
well?* following varieties: i) natural mineral water, ii) spring water and iii) bottled
drinking water, and can be still or carbonated (also known as effervescent or
sparkling water)
The differences in quality requirements could not be incorporated so far. This
limitation is recognized and requires further developments in order to improve
fair comparisons.
How For the functional unit, the duration is “at one take”, due to the low quantity
long?* (100 ml)
The duration is related to the product conservation (i.e. up to the best before
date), which depends on multiple parameters such as type of product (still or
carbonated water), type of packaging and specific storage conditions, but is
usually 2 years for still waters (independently of the packaging material), and
for carbonated waters 9 to 12 months for PET containers and 24 months for
glass containers. However, water can always be drunk even long time after the
end of the “Best before date”.
* The description of the functional unit does not capture adequately the function(s) of packaging:
in particular 1) the duration (“how long”) and 2) the level of quality (“how well”) are not specific to
the function provided by the packaging.
As a result, there is a limitation on the application of comparison or comparative assertion between
different packaging materials of packed waters. Since the multi-functionality of packaging is not
fully captured, this PEFCR is not meant to support specific comparison or comparative assertion
between packaging materials.

The reference flow is the amount of product needed to fulfil the defined function and shall be
measured as the ratio between the functional unit and the capacity of the product (volume/quantity
of water per product, i.e. contained in primary packaging). All quantitative input and output data
collected in the study shall be calculated in relation to this reference flow.

Water can always be drunk even long time after the end of the “Best before date”. The “Best before
date” is specific to each company. For still waters, the “Best before date” is rather homogenous for
all brands: the majority define it as 2 years independently of the packaging material used. For
carbonated waters, the “Best before date” must be appropriate to the permeability of the
packaging materials (bottle and cap). The majority of PET containers has a “Best before date” of 9
19

to 12 months, while glass containers have a “Best before date” of 24 months. The choice of the
“Best before date” by a company may imply changes of packaging type and specific storage
conditions.
Since the stay of containers of packed water in the warehouse is in average limited to few weeks or
less, this value for storage time is much smaller than the value of the "Best before date", therefore
in this PEFCR, the “Best before date” is not taken into account in the functional unit and its value
has therefore no direct consequence to the PEF results.
3.4 System boundary

The following life cycle stages and processes shall be included in the system boundary:
Table 6 Life cycle stages
Life cycle stage Short description of the processes included
Packaging The life cycle stage “Packaging materials” includes the packaging raw
materials6 materials production, the forming processes of packaging, and the
transport of materials to water factory. Transportation of used empty
refillable containers back to water factory is included in the stage
“Packaging materials7”.
Manufacturing The life cycle stage “Manufacturing” includes the steps of water
extraction, containers filling and grouping, gas production for
carbonated water and washing and sterilization of refillable containers.
The life cycle stage “Manufacturing” includes the energy and water
consumption of the entire water factory, i.e. it includes the energy and
water consumption of the different facilities and activities on water
factory site (e.g. air conditioning, heating, washing of the lines, loss
rates). Those additional consumptions can be added in the sub-stage
“Water extraction, filling and grouping”.
Distribution The life cycle stage “Distribution” includes the different transport steps
for distribution, as well as storage in warehouses and retailer (only for
“Other channels” subcategory).
Use The life cycle stage “Use” includes the chilling operations at final user,
the gas emissions of carbonated water, but also glass and plastic cup (if
any) production and end-of-life and dishwashing.
Packaging end-of- The life cycle stage “Packaging end-of-life” includes the transport and
life treatment of the different packaging waste (primary, secondary and

6
This life cycle stage corresponds to raw material acquisition and processing
7
In the current version of this PEFCR, transportation of used empty refillable containers back to water factory is
included in the stage “Packaging materials” rather than in “Manufacturing” or “Distribution”. This might be adapted in
a next revision of the document.
20

tertiary packaging)8.

The Figure 2 presents the system boundary diagram that shall be applied.

Figure 2 System boundaries and details on each life cycle stage considered. Processes forming the foreground system are
underlined.
* Production steps in “01. Packaging materials” shall include: i) production of raw materials and ii)
processing (e.g., PET injection in order to make preforms, blow moulding of the PET preforms,
heating and moulding for the glass making, PC extrusion into a hollow tube, PC blow moulding of
the desired container).
Note: The life cycle stage “Manufacturing” includes the energy and water consumption of the
entire water factory, i.e. it includes the energy and water consumption of the different facilities
and activities on water factory site (e.g. air conditioning, heating, washing of the lines, loss rates).
Those additional consumptions can be added in the sub-stage “Water extraction, filling and
grouping”.

8
The packaging end-of-life is the only waste considered in the life cycle stage “end-of-life” for water. For example, the
end-of-life of a glass that could be used in the use stage is included within the use stage, and not in the “end-of-life”
stage.
21

Note: Gas production for carbonated water includes all the operations necessary to carbonation
of water, i.e. gas production or gas extraction, gas transportation, gas storage and gas injection.
Note: Losses of material during packaging forming processes shall be taken into account at least
for primary packaging elements They should be taken into account for secondary and tertiary
packaging, whenever possible. The applicant shall justify why packaging losses were not
considered for secondary and tertiary packaging, if applicable.
-
Within each of these stages, all identifiable “upstream” inputs are included to provide a
comprehensive view of the product system. Those upstream inputs are included in the
background datasets. When relevant, infrastructure is also included. In this way, the production
chains of all inputs are traced back to the original extraction of raw materials.
The Figure 3 presents the diagram of the processes for which company-specific data are required
(indicated in black boxes on the diagram).
01. Packaging materials
Primary packaging : production
Secondary packaging : production
Tertiary packaging : production
Packaging transport to factory Used packaging transport to factory
02. Manufacturing
Water extraction, container filling Gas production for carbonated water Container washing operations
and grouping
03. Distribution
Transport to the distribution centre Transport to point of sale
Transport to final user
Warehouse (storage) Retail (storage)
Glass and plastic cup production and 04. Use

end-of-life*
Gas emissions of carbonated water Chilling operations (at final user)*
Glass washing
05. Packaging end-of-life

House-hold waste: primary and secondary packaging transport and treatment (incineration, incineration with energy recovery,
landfilling and recycling) if collection at consumer
Industrial waste: secondary and tertiary packaging transport and treatment (incineration, incineration with energy recovery,
landfilling and recycling) if collection at retailer

* Corresponds to processes for which company-specific data are required only for HOD systems
Figure 3 Processes for which company-specific data are required (indicated in black).

22

According to this PEFCR, the following processes may be excluded based on the cut-off rule:
• Water factory infrastructures, including building and machinery.
Each PEF study done in accordance with this PEFCR shall provide in the PEF study a diagram
indicating the organizational boundary, to highlight those activities under the control of the
organization and those falling into Situation 1, 2 or 3 of the data need matrix.
3.5 EF impact assessment

Each PEF study carried out in compliance with this PEFCR shall calculate the PEF-profile including
all PEF impact categories listed in the Table below.

Table 7 List of the impact categories to be used to calculate the PEF profile
Impact category Indicator Unit Recommended default LCIA
method
9
Climate change
- Climate change- Radiative forcing as Global
9
biogenic Baseline model of 100 years of the
Warming Potential kg CO2 eq
- Climate change – IPCC (based on IPCC 2013)
(GWP100)
land use and land
9
transformation
Ozone depletion Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq Steady-state ODPs 1999 as in
(ODP) WMO assessment
Human toxicity, Comparative Toxic Unit for CTUh USEtox model (Rosenbaum et al,
cancer* humans (CTUh) 2008)
Human toxicity, Comparative Toxic Unit for CTUh USEtox model (Rosenbaum et al,
non-cancer* humans (CTUh) 2008)
Particulate matter Impact on human health disease incidence UNEP recommended model
(Fantke et al 2016)
235
Ionising radiation, Human exposure efficiency kBq U eq Human health effect model as
235
human health relative to U developed by Dreicer et al. 1995
(Frischknecht et al, 2000)
Photochemical Tropospheric ozone kg NMVOC eq LOTOS-EUROS model (Van Zelm et
ozone formation, concentration increase al, 2008) as implemented in
human health ReCiPe
Acidification Accumulated Exceedance mol H+ eq Accumulated Exceedance (Seppälä
(AE) et al. 2006, Posch et al, 2008)
Eutrophication, Accumulated Exceedance mol N eq Accumulated Exceedance (Seppälä
terrestrial (AE) et al. 2006, Posch et al, 2008)
Eutrophication, Fraction of nutrients kg P eq EUTREND model (Struijs et al,
freshwater reaching freshwater end 2009b) as implemented in ReCiPe
compartment (P)
Eutrophication, Fraction of nutrients kg N eq EUTREND model (Struijs et al,
marine reaching marine end 2009b) as implemented in ReCiPe
compartment (N)
Ecotoxicity, Comparative Toxic Unit for CTUe USEtox model, (Rosenbaum et al,
freshwater* ecosystems (CTUe) 2008)

9
The sub-indicators 'Climate change - biogenic' and 'Climate change - land use and land transformation' shall not be
reported separately because their contribution to the total climate change impact, based on the benchmark results, is
less than 5% each."
23

Impact category Indicator Unit Recommended default LCIA
method
Land use •
Soil quality • Dimensionless (pt) • Soil quality index based
10 11 12
index • kg biotic production on LANCA (EC-JRC)
• Biotic production • kg soil • LANCA (Beck et al. 2010)
3
• Erosion resistance • m water • LANCA (Beck et al. 2010)
• Mechanical • LANCA (Beck et al. 2010)
3
filtration • m groundwater • LANCA (Beck et al. 2010)
• Groundwater
replenishment
3
Water use** User deprivation potential m world eq Available WAter REmaining
(deprivation-weighted (AWARE) Boulay et al., 2016
water consumption)
Resource use, Abiotic resource depletion kg Sb eq CML 2002 (Guinée et al., 2002)
minerals and metals (ADP ultimate reserves) and van Oers et al. 2002.
Resource use, fossils Abiotic resource depletion MJ CML 2002 (Guinée et al., 2002)
– fossil fuels (ADP-fossil) and van Oers et al. 2002
*Long-term emissions (occurring beyond 100 years) shall be excluded from the toxic impact categories. Toxicity
emissions to this sub-compartment have a characterisation factor set to 0 in the EF LCIA (to ensure consistency). If
included by the applicant in the LCI modelling, the sub-compartment 'unspecified (long-term)' shall be used.
** The results for water use might be overestimated and shall therefore be interpreted with caution. Some of the EF
datasets tendered during the pilot phase and used in this PEFCR/OEFSR include inconsistencies in the regionalization
and elementary flow implementations. This problem has nothing to do with the impact assessment method or the
implementability of EF methods, but occurred during the technical development of some of the datasets. The
PEFCR/OEFSR remains valid and usable. The affected EF datasets will be corrected by mid-2019. At that time it will be
possible to review this PEFCR/OEFSR accordingly, if seen necessary.

The full list of normalization factors and weighting factors are available in Annex 1 - List of EF
normalisation factors and weighting factors.
The full list of characterization factors (EC-JRC, 2017a) is available at this link
http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/developer.xhtml
3.6 Limitations
Limitation valid for any PEF results
The results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the
exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks. This disclaimer shall to be put in any PEF report.
Limitation related to the multi-functionality of the packaging
Packaging is included in the scope of the PEFCR as it is an integral part of the final packed water
products. In accordance with the PEF Pilot Guidance Version 6.3, paragraph 6.3, “Meaningful
comparisons can only be made when products are capable of fulfilling the same function (as
expressed in the functional unit)”and “an equally important objective is to enable comparisons
and comparative assertions in all cases when this is considered feasible, relevant and
appropriate”.

10
This index is the result of the aggregation, performed by JRC, of the 4 indicators provided by LANCA model as
indicators for land use
11
This refers to occupation. In case of transformation the LANCA indicators are without the year (a)
12
Forthcoming document on the update of the recommended Impact Assessment methods and factors for the EF
24

Packaging is a multi-functional product: according to a report of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle
Initiative, “the most important role of packaging is to protect and contain the product during
distribution and storage. When designed intelligently, it can ensure product safety—particularly
important for food and beverages—and minimize losses. In the food and beverage industry,
packaging also serves to preserve the product and prevent spoilage, provide information, provide
convenience and portion control, and market to the consumer”13.
However, the multi-functionality of packaging is not fully captured by the current LCA and PEF
method,14 in particular in the context of comparison or comparative assertions. In the PEFCR of
packed water, the description of the functional unit does not capture adequately the function(s)
of packaging: e.g., the duration (“how long”) and the level of quality (“how well”) are not specific
to the function provided by the packaging. As a result, there is a limitation on the application of
comparison or comparative assertion between different packaging materials of packed water.
Since the multi-functionality of packaging is not fully captured, this PEFCR is not meant to support
specific comparison or comparative assertion between packaging materials.

Limitation related to the representative product of the sub-category “Other channels”
The PET considered in these representative products does not include recycled PET; nevertheless
0% of recycled PET content (see also Annex C of Guidance 6.3) does not fit to the real situation in
the member states (according to feedback from review panel). This assumption related to
representative product overestimates the impact.

4 Most relevant impact categories, life cycle stages and processes

4.1 Sub-category “other channels”

The most relevant impact categories for the sub-category “other channels” in scope of this PEFCR
are the following:
• Climate change,
• Resource use, fossils,
• Resource use, mineral and metals.
The most relevant life cycle stages for the sub-category “other channels” in scope of this PEFCR are
the following:
● Packaging materials,
● Distribution,
● Use,
● Packaging end-of-life.
The most relevant processes for the sub-category “other channels” in scope of this PEFCR are the
following.

13
UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, 2013: An Analysis of Life Cycle Assessment in Packaging for Food & Beverage
Applications
14
Outcomes of the EF TAB meeting, 31st May 2016
25

Table 8 List of the most relevant processes for the sub-category “other channels”
Impact category Processes
Climate change Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV
{EU-28+3} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Manufacturing, Distribution, Use)
PET granulates, bottle grade| via purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and ethylene glycol|
production mix, at plant| 192.17 g/mol per repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Packaging materials)
Passenger car, average| technology mix, gasoline and diesel driven, Euro 3-5, passenger car|
consumption mix, to consumer| engine size from 1,4l up to >2l {GLO} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stage Distribution)
Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, Total weight >32 t | diesel driven, Euro 4, cargo|
consumption mix, to consumer| more than 32t gross weight / 24,7t payload capacity {EU-28+3}
[Unit process, single operation]
(from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Distribution, Use, Packaging end-of-life)
Injection moulding| plastic injection moulding| production mix, at plant| for PP, HDPE and PE
{EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
Aluminium ingot (copper main solute)| primary production, aluminium casting and alloying|
single route, at plant| 2.7 g/cm3 {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Use)
Waste incineration of PET| waste-to-energy plant with dry flue gas treatment, including
transport and pre-treatment| production mix, at consumer| polyethylene terephthalate waste
(from life cycle stages Packaging end-of-life)
Diesel mix at refinery| from crude oil| production mix, at refinery| 10 ppm sulphur, 7.23 wt.%
bio components {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
Thermal energy from natural gas| technology mix regarding firing and flue gas cleaning|
production mix, at heat plant| MJ, 100% efficiency {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Manufacturing, Distribution)
Stretch blow moulding| stretch blow moulding| production mix, at plant| 3% loss, 5MJ
electricity consumption {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
Thermal energy from light fuel oil (LFO)| technology mix regarding firing and flue gas cleaning|
(from life cycle stages Manufacturing)

Resource use, Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV
fossils {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Manufacturint, Distribution, Use)
PET granulates, bottle grade| via purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and ethylene glycol|
production mix, at plant| 192.17 g/mol per repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
Passenger car, average| technology mix, gasoline and diesel driven, Euro 3-5, passenger car|
consumption mix, to consumer| engine size from 1,4l up to >2l {GLO} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Distribution)
26

(from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Use)
Plastic Film, PE| raw material production, plastic extrusion| production mix, at plant|
grammage: 0.0943 kg/m2 {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
Screw cap, HDPE| raw material production, plastic injection moulding| production mix, at
plant| 0.91- 0.96 g/cm3, 28 g/mol per repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]

Resource use, PET granulates, bottle grade| via purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and ethylene glycol|
mineral and production mix, at plant| 192.17 g/mol per repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
metals (from life cycle stages Packaging materials)
Copper cathode| production mix| at plant| per kg {EU-28+3} [LCI result]

4.2 Sub-category “at horeca”

The most relevant impact categories for the sub-category “at horeca” in scope of this PEFCR are the
following:
• Climate change,
• Photochemical ozone formation, human health,
• Acidification,
• Resource use, mineral and metals.

The most relevant life cycle stages for the sub-category “at horeca” in scope of this PEFCR are the
following:
● Distribution,
● Use,
● Packaging end-of-life.

Table 9 List of the most relevant processes for the sub-category “at horeca”
Ring pull cap, aluminium| metal production, cap manufacturing| production mix, at plant|
aluminium with plastic inner liner {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
27

Container glass, virgin| Virgin container glass (all sizes) to be used for glass bottles and food
jars| Production mix. Technology mix. EU-28 + EFTA| 1 kg of formed and finished container
glass {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Use, Packaging end-of-life)
Container glass, ER, Recycled Content 100% (provided by FEVE) - Aggregated | Recycled
container glass (all sizes) to be used for glass bottles and food jars | Production mix.
Technology mix. EU-28 + EFTA | 1 kg of formed and finished container glass {EU-27} [LCI result]
HDPE granulates| Polymerisation of ethylene| production mix, at plant| 0.91- 0.96 g/cm3, 28
g/mol per repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, Total weight 7,5-12 t | diesel driven, Euro 4, cargo|
consumption mix, to consumer| 7,5 t - 12t gross weight / 5t payload capacity {EU-28+3} [Unit
process, single operation]
(from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Distribution)

Photochemical C 001 | Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, Total weight >32 t | diesel driven, Euro 4, cargo|
ozone consumption mix, to consumer| more than 32t gross weight / 24,7t payload capacity {EU-28+3}
formation, [Unit process, single operation]
human health (from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Distribution, Use, Packaging end-of-life)
Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV

Acidification Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, Total weight >32 t | diesel driven, Euro 4, cargo|
28

C 002 | Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, Total weight 7,5-12 t | diesel driven, Euro 4, cargo|

Resource use, Diesel mix at refinery| from crude oil| production mix, at refinery| 10 ppm sulphur, 7.23 wt.%
fossils bio components {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
HDPE granulates| Polymerisation of ethylene| production mix, at plant| 0.91- 0.96 g/cm3, 28
(from life cycle stages Manufacturing, Use)

29

Resource use, (from life cycle stages Use)
mineral and Aluminium ingot (copper main solute)| primary production, aluminium casting and alloying|
metals single route, at plant| 2.7 g/cm3 {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
Steel electrogalvanized coil| steel sheet electrogalvanization| single route, at plant| 1.5 mm
sheet thickness, 0.02 mm zinc thickness {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
Steel cold rolled coil| blast furnace route| single route, at plant| carbon steel {EU-28+EFTA}
[LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Use, Packaging end-of-life)

Resource use, Steel cold rolled coil| blast furnace route| single route, at plant| carbon steel {EU-28+EFTA}
mineral and [LCI result]
metals (from life cycle stages Packaging end-of-life)
(WITHOUT THE Soda production| technology mix| production mix, at plant| 100% active substance {RER} [LCI
USE STAGE) result]
(from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Packaging end-of-life)

4.3 Sub-category “at the office”

The most relevant impact categories for the sub-category “at the office” in scope of this PEFCR are
the following:
• Climate change,
• Acidification,
• Particulate matter.

The most relevant life cycle stages for the sub-category “at the office” in scope of this PEFCR are the
following:
● Manufacturing,
● Distribution,
● Use.

Table 10 List of the most relevant processes for the sub-category “at the office”
30

PP granulates| polymerisation of propene| production mix, at plant| 0.91 g/cm3, 42.08 g/mol
per repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Packaging materials, Distribution, Packaging end-of-life)

Climate change Thermal energy from natural gas| technology mix regarding firing and flue gas cleaning|
(WITHOUT THE production mix, at heat plant| MJ, 100% efficiency {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
USE STAGE) (from life cycle stages Manufacturing, Distribution)

Particulate Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV
matter {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
31

Waste incineration of PP| waste-to-energy plant with dry flue gas treatment, including
transport and pre-treatment| production mix, at consumer| polypropylene waste {EU-
28+EFTA} [LCI result]
(from life cycle stages Packaging end-of-life)

Particulate Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV
matter {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
(WITHOUT THE (from life cycle stages Manufacturing, Distribution, Use)
USE STAGE) Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, Total weight >32 t | diesel driven, Euro 4, cargo|
Soda production| technology mix| production mix, at plant| 100% active substance {RER} [LCI
result]

Acidification Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV

Resource use, Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV| AC, technology mix| consumption mix, at consumer| 1kV - 60kV
fossils {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
32


Resource use, Thermal energy from natural gas| technology mix regarding firing and flue gas cleaning|
fossils production mix, at heat plant| MJ, 100% efficiency {EU-28+3} [LCI result]
(WITHOUT THE (from life cycle stages Manufacturing, Distribution)
USE STAGE) Diesel mix at refinery| from crude oil| production mix, at refinery| 10 ppm sulphur, 7.23 wt.%
LDPE granulates| Polymerisation of ethylene| production mix, at plant| 0.91- 0.96 g/cm3, 28

5 Life cycle inventory

All newly created processes shall be EF-compliant.
Sampling is not allowed.
5.1 List of mandatory company-specific data

This section describes in detail the requirements regarding the collection of company-specific
data.
Most of company-specific data are related to the description of the packed water product (i.e.,
mainly water and packaging specificities) and to the transport processes. In addition, in some
cases, some use and packaging end-of-life specificities are known by the companies.

33

5.1.1 Life cycle stage: packaging materials
This section describes in detail the requirements regarding the collection of company-specific data for the life cycle stage “packaging
materials”. The mandatory company-specific data to be collected and default datasets to be used (when relevant) are listed in the
tables below for primary packaging, secondary packaging, tertiary packaging and Packaging transport to water factory respectively.

Primary packaging production
Requirements for data collection purposes Requirements for modelling purposes Remarks
Activity data to Specific Unit of Default dataset to be used Dataset UUID TiR TeR GR P DQR
be collected requirements (e.g. measure source
frequency, (i.e. node)
measurement
standard, etc)
Primary body
Type of material Composition of - http://lcd 61042

packaging For virgin PET: PET granulates, bottle n.thinkste 919-
grade| via purified terephthalic acid p.com/No 2439-
(PTA) and ethylene glycol| production de/ 45d0-
mix, at plant| 192.17 g/mol per ba10-
repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI 66e22
result] 1167a
24 1 1 2 2 1
For recycled PET: Polyethylene n/a 60dd8 Not EF-

terephthalate (PET) granulate 2e4- compliant
secondary no metal fraction | from 46d0- (data gap
post-consumer plastic waste, via 4735-
provided
grinding, metal separation, washing, a8ad-
pelletization | single route, at 94e70 by the EC)
consumer | plastic waste without 8a2b9
metal fraction {EU-28} [Partly 2a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
terminated system]
For virgin Glass: Container glass, http://lcd 5ccf94

virgin ; Virgin container glass (all sizes) n.thinkste ab-
to be used for glass bottles and food p.com/No 173c- 2 2 2 2 2
34

measurement
standard, etc)
jars ; Production mix. Technology mix. de/ 4688-

EU-28 + EFTA bcc8-
d4341
66be4
5e

For recycled Glass: Container glass, http://sod ab4e9

ER, Recycled Content 100% (provided a.rdc.yp5. 45f-
by FEVE) - Aggregated ; Recycled be/showP 9955-
container glass (all sizes) to be used rocess.xht 4414-
for glass bottles and food jars ; ml?uuid=a b3fb-
Production mix. Technology mix. EU- b4e945f- d4250
28 + EFTA 9955- 7cc4e2
4414- d
b3fb-
d42507cc
4e2d&sto
ck=FEVE_ 2 2 2 2
EF_comp
For virgin poly-carbonate: http://lcd e7202

Polycarbonate (PC) granulate ; n.thinkste 044-
Technology mix, dipenyl carbonate p.com/No f727-
route and phosgene route ; de/ 4aa7-
production mix, at plant bfc4-
a8cfd1
ed581
2
1 1 2 2 1
35

measurement
standard, etc)
For secondary polycarbonate: n/a 47a96 Not EF-

Recycling of polypropylene (PP) 7ec- compliant
plastic | from post-consumer waste, a648- (data gap
via washing, granulation, pelletization 4ede- provided
| production mix, at plant | 90% afb6- by the EC)
recycling rate {US} [Partly terminated 23a22
system] 89baef
9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
For other packaging materials http://lcd

n.thinkste
p.com/No
de/
Recycled content Measurement % Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
(R1)
Mass of Measurement kg/ product Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
packaging
Volume Volume indicated ml/ product Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
on the packaging
Number of See section 6.1 Rotations/ Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
rotations product
15
Primary body plastic forming processes – Injection moulding (When run by the company)

15
Regarding plastic forming processes, to differentiate the energy and water consumption for plastic packaging forming processes and the energy and water
consumption for other manufacturing processes, it can be assumed that electricity and natural gas consumption are the same as for the screening study for
manufacturing processes (i.e., water withdrawal (not including packed water) = 0.63 l/l; electricity consumption = 0.01 kWh/l; natural gas consumption = 0.013
MJ/l), and the left over energy consumption of the water factory can be allocated to plastic packaging forming processes.
36

measurement
standard, etc)
Electricity Measurement kWh/ kg of See section 5.9 http://lcd n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depends
injected n.thinkste on the
plastic p.com/No manufactu
de/
ring plant
location
Natural gas Measurement MJ/ kg of Thermal energy from natural gas| http://lcd 2c25b9
injected technology mix regarding firing and n.thinkste 6c-
plastic flue gas cleaning| production mix, at p.com/No 81e8-
455a-
heat plant| MJ, 100% efficiency {EU- de/
b305-
28+3} [LCI result] 31d65
7b235
79
1 1 1 2 1
Water for cooling Measurement l/ kg of Tap water technology mix at user https://lc be64f9
injected per kg water dn.quanti 62-
plastic s- 1daf-
software.c 4dec-
om/PEF/ 89e6-
c4dcad
15c4df
2 2 2 2 2
Erreur ! Le signet n’est pas défini.,15

Primary body plastic forming processes – Stretch blow moulding (When run by the company)
Electricity Measurement kWh/ kg of See section 5.9 http://lcd n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depends

37

measurement
standard, etc)
injected n.thinkste on the

plastic p.com/No manufactu
de/ ring plant
location
Water for cooling Measurement l/ kg of Tap water technology mix at user https://lc be64f9
injected per kg water dn.quanti 62-
plastic s- 1daf-
software.c 4dec-
om/PEF/ 89e6-
c4dcad
15c4df
2 2 2 2 2
Primary body plastic forming processes (When not run by the company)
Injection n/a kg of Injection moulding plastic injection http://lcd aaa288

moulding injected moulding production mix, at plant n.thinkste 31-
plastic for PP, HDPE and PE p.com/No 39f1-
42e3-
de/
bd83-
a0688
9d54f3
5
2 3 3 2 2
pipes extrusion n/a kg of Pipes extrusion; pipe production by http://lcd 6b8ab

(for HOD, pipes extruded plastic extrusion ; production mix, at n.thinkste 474-
extrusion used plastic plant p.com/No e7c1-
49ca-
rather than de/
a61f-
injection 2 2 2 2 2
38

measurement
standard, etc)
moulding, 00e51
followed by 1ee9c1
stretch blow 4
moulding))

Stretch blow n/a kg of Stretch blow moulding stretch blow http://lcd 6d55b
moulding stretched moulding production mix, at plant n.thinkste 9c3-
plastic 3% loss, 5MJ electricity consumption p.com/No ac73-
424a-
de/
8a68-
b76cf0
e162d
3
2 2 3 2 2
Cap
Weight and type Measurement g Screw cap, aluminium metal http://lcd d33b5 Type of cap
of cap production, cap manufacturing n.thinkste 20d- depends on
production mix, at plant aluminium p.com/No caa9- the type of
454a-
with plastic inner liner de/ packaging
bf9f-
fa06d9
bb99ca
2 2 2 2 2
Ring pull cap, aluminium metal http://lcd 78ec7b

production, cap manufacturing n.thinkste 2d-
production mix, at plant aluminium p.com/No d90a-
4bda-
with plastic inner liner de/
b9b6- 2 2 2 2 2
39

measurement
standard, etc)
1448cd
a302cf

Screw cap, HDPE raw material http://lcd fa433f

production, plastic injection moulding n.thinkste af-
production mix, at plant 0.91- 0.96 p.com/No 53fe-
g/cm3, 28 g/mol per repeating unit 4fd1-
de/
a6c7-
40ded
5eee3
07
2 2 2 2 2
Screw cap, PP raw material http://lcd 05a26a

production, plastic injection moulding n.thinkste 08-
production mix, at plant 0.91 g/cm3, p.com/No 1ab5-
42.08 g/mol per repeating unit 4523-
de/
b25f-
41b9b
e0ffc7
6
2 2 2 2 2
Other material http://lcd n/a

n.thinkste
p.com/No
de/ n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Label
40

measurement
standard, etc)
2
Surface (or Measurement (or m Label, OPP PP extrusion and http://lcd fd07cf Type of
weight) and type supplier stretching, label production n.thinkste 58- label
of cap indications) production mix, at plant thickness: p.com/No bb02- depends on
de/ 49c7-
100 µm, grammage: 0,0915 kg/m2 the type of
9935-
ae010 packaging
0c379b
3 2 2 2 2 2 Weight of
label can
2
m Label, PP Polymerisation of propene, http://lcd 46d6d be
label production by extrusion n.thinkste a37- converted
production mix, at plant 0.91 g/cm3, p.com/No bee1-
into m2 by
42.08 g/mol per repeating unit de/ 44f8-
bd28- using the
f615d8 density of
27c41c 2 2 2 2 2 each
default
2
m Label, plastic Polymerisation of http://lcd 3087a dataset
ethylene, label production by n.thinkste 31b-
extrusion production mix, at plant p.com/No a9f1-
thickness: 100 µm, grammage: 0.0943 de/ 4fad-
kg/m2 ad9b-
2d7b8
8111f6
0
2 2 2 2 2
2
m Label, paper Kraft pulping process, http://lcd 7db01
label production production mix, at n.thinkste ade-
plant thickness: 77 µm, grammage: p.com/No 8476-
90 g/m2 de/ 4c20-
9c0b- 2 2 2 2 2
41

measurement
standard, etc)
7faff30
d9f9f

Secondary packaging production
measurement
standard, etc)
Secondary packaging (plastic film)
2
Surface (or Measurement m Plastic Film, PE raw material http://lcd cc8ee5 Weight of
weight) of plastic production, plastic extrusion n.thinkste f1- plastic film
film production mix, at plant grammage: p.com/No 84b3- can be
0.0943 kg/m2 de/ 4e04-
converted
bae3- 2
into m by
6a531a
afb606 using the
density of
the default
1 1 2 2 1 dataset
Capacity Measurement/pall Number of Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
(number of etization primary calculate
primary pack/ the
secondary
42

measurement
standard, etc)
packaging per pack amount of

secondary packaging
packaging) per FU
Secondary packaging (crate)
Weight and type Measurement kg Virgin HDPE: HDPE granulates| http://lcd a3aefe
of material of Polymerisation of ethylene| n.thinkste 5b-
crate production mix, at plant| 0.91- 0.96 p.com/No 33c9-
g/cm3, 28 g/mol per repeating unit de/ 4f0c-
{EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result] 87ec-
d0291
445cc6
1 1 1 1 2 1
For secondary HDPE: Recycling of n/a 47a96 Not EF-

polypropylene (PP) plastic | from 7ec- compliant
post-consumer waste, via washing, a648- (data gap
granulation, pelletization | 4ede-
provided
production mix, at plant | 90% afb6-
recycling rate {US} [Partly terminated 23a22 by the EC)
system] 89baef
9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Recycled content Supplier % Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
(R1) specifications
Capacity Measurement/pall Number of Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
primary pack/ the
packaging per secondary amount of
43

measurement
standard, etc)
secondary pack packaging

packaging) per FU
Number of See section 6.1 Rotations/ Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
rotations product calculate
the
amount of
packaging
per FU
44

Tertiary packaging production
measurement
standard, etc)
Tertiary packaging (plastic shrink, wrap)
2
Surface (or Measurement m Plastic shrink, wrap raw material http://lcd 017de Weight of
weight) of plastic production, plastic extrusion n.thinkste 0d2- plastic
shrink production mix, at plant thickness: p.com/No c8f8- shrink can
120 µm, grammage: 0,11016 kg/m2 de/ 4208-
be
b1b5-
357a8 converted
2
15f2dd into m by
8 using the
density of
the
default
2 2 2 2 2 dataset
Recycled content Measurement % Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
(R1)
Capacity Measurement(pall Number of Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
primary pack/ the
tertiary pack
packaging per amount of
secondary packaging
packaging) per FU
Tertiary packaging (Slipsheet/tray)
Weight and type Measurement kg Solid board Kraft Pulping Process, http://lcd 7ce6b8
of material pulp pressing and drying production n.thinkste c1-
mix, at plant >220 g/m2 p.com/No 3542- 2 2 1 2 2
45

measurement
standard, etc)
de/ 4dcd-
a038-
978cda
ee063
e

(R1) specifications
Capacity Measurement/Pall Number of Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
primary pack/ the
tertiary pack
packaging per amount of
secondary packaging
packaging) per FU
Tertiary packaging (Rack)
Weight and type Measurement or kg PP granulates| polymerisation of http://lcd eb6c15

of material supplier propene| production mix, at plant| n.thinkste a5-
specifications 0.91 g/cm3, 42.08 g/mol per p.com/No abcd-
repeating unit {EU-28+EFTA} [LCI de/ 4d1a-
result] ab7f-
fb1cc3
64a13
0
1 1 1 2 1
(R1) specifications
46

measurement
standard, etc)
Capacity Measurement/Pall Number of Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
primary pack/ the
packaging per tertiary pack amount of
secondary packaging
packaging) per FU
Number of See section 6.1 Rotations/ Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
rotations product calculate
the
amount of
packaging
per FU
Tertiary packaging (pallet)
Type of material Supplier n/a Wood pallet: Pallet, wood (80x120) http://lcd 3203d Default
specifications sawing, piling, nailing single route, at n.thinkste 6d8- weight: 25
plant 25 kg/piece, nominal loading p.com/No 2760- kg/piece
capacity of 1000kg de/ 4b7b- (to be
b1c6- used to
f82681 calculate
e9e2f3 amount/w
eight of
pallet per
FU)
Default
rotation
2 2 2 2 2 rate: 25
n/a Plastic pallet: http://lcd 9ccf3c Default

Pallet, plastic (80x120) raw material n.thinkste 17- 2 2 2 2 2 weight: 25
47

measurement
standard, etc)
production, plastic injection moulding p.com/No b378- kg/piece

production mix, at plant weight per de/ 441a- (to be
piece: 25 kg, nominal loading capacity b5b8- used to
of 1000kg 238ce2 calculate
25be4 amount/w
b eight of
pallet per
FU)
Default
rotation
rate: 50
Capacity Measurement Number of Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a To
(number of primary calculate
primary pack/ the
packaging per tertiary pack amount of
tertiary packaging
packaging) per FU

Packaging transport to water factory
measurement
standard, etc)
Transport to Measurement tonne.km Articulated lorry transport, Euro 4, http://lcd 938d5 Depends
Total weight >32 t | diesel driven, n.thinkste ba6- 1 1 1 2 1
48

measurement
standard, etc)
water factory Euro 4, cargo| consumption mix, to p.com/No 17e4- on the

consumer| more than 32t gross de/ 4f0d- mode of
weight / 24,7t payload capacity {EU- bef0- transport
28+3} 48160
8681f5
Or most appropriate dataset 7
depending on the mode of transport
5.1.2 Life cycle stage: manufacturing
This section describes in detail the requirements regarding the collection of company-specific data for the life cycle stage
“manufacturing”. The data to be collected and default data (when relevant) are listed in the table below.

Water extraction, container filling and grouping
Activity data to Specific Unit of Default elementary flow to be used Elementar UUID TiR TeR GR P DQR
be collected requirements (e.g. measure y flow
frequency, source
measurement
(i.e. node)
standard, etc)
Packed water Yearly l/l packed Water, resource from water. The Depen n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Water
measurement water The elementary flow has to be elementar ds on elementar
adapted according to the location of y flows are the y flow is
water extraction. available region
regionaliz
in all the alisatio
49

nodes n of ed, and
the therefore
eleme depends
ntary
on the
flow
manufact
uring
plant
location
Net water Yearly l/l packed Water, resource from water. The Depen n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Water
consumption measurement water The elementary flow has to be elementar ds on elementar
(total water adapted according to the location of y flows are the y flow is
water extraction. available region
consumption - regionaliz
in all the alisatio
return water) not ed, and
nodes n of
including packed the therefore
water eleme depends
ntary on the
flow manufact
uring
plant
location
50

Gas production for carbonated process
Activity data to Specific Unit of Default dataset/elementary flow to Dataset/el UUID TiR TeR GR P DQR
be collected requirements (e.g. measure be used ementary
frequency, flow
measurement
source
standard, etc)
(i.e. node)
Gas for Yearly g/l Carbon dioxide, gaseous, for n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depends
carbonated measurement carbonated carbonated water| CO2 from light on the
water packed water fuel oil, ASCO process for beverage process
industry, 1000 kg CO2 per hour
production: 16 used for
capacity| market mix|
amount of gas producing
used per liter of (See Appendix 3 for list of inputs and CO2
carbonated outputs related to this dataset)
water (including
losses during
bottling and
filling process)
Gas losses during g/l Elementary flow: carbon dioxide The 08a91 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Elementar
bottling and carbonated (fossil), to air, unspecified elementar e70- y flow
filling process water y flows are 3ddc-
available 11dd-
in all the 923d-
nodes 0050c2
49004
8

16
Note: Depends on the type of process used to produce the gas used in carbonated water
It can also be:
• Amount of water of higher CO2 concentration added to adjust the amount of gas per liter (then the elementary flow to be used would be “water, resource from water”,
to be adapted according to the regionalization of water extraction
• CO2 is an output or co-product of another industrial process
• The water is naturally carbonated, with therefore no impact for gas production (and no dataset or elementary flow to be used)
51

Container washing operations

measurement
standard, etc)
Fraction of Calculated based % Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
container on section 6.1
washed after
used
Water used Yearly l/container Tap water| technology mix| at user| https://lc 212b8
measurement washed or l/l per kg water dn.quanti 494-
packed s- a769-
17
water software.c 4c2e-
om/PEF/ 8d82-
9a6ef6
1baad
7 2 2 2 2 2
Electricity Yearly kWh/contain Country-specific residual grid mix http://lcd n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depends
consumption measurement er washed or See section 5.9 for electricity n.thinkste on the
kWh/l packed modelling rules p.com/No manufact
17
water de/
uring
plant
location
Natural gas Yearly MJ/container Thermal energy from natural gas| http://lcd 81675
consumption measurement washed or technology mix regarding firing and n.thinkste 341-
MJ/l packed flue gas cleaning| production mix, at p.com/No f1af-
water heat plant| MJ, 100% efficiency {EU- de/ 44b0- 1 1 1 2 1

17
Of the activity data are expressed per liter of container washed, they should be converted per liter of packed water to match the functional unit.
52

28+3} 81d3-
d108ca
ef5c28

Soda (NaOH) Yearly g/container Soda production| technology mix| http://eco 546d4
measurement washed or g/l production mix, at plant| 100% active invent.lca- 097-
packed water substance data.com/ a453-
4706-
ac17-
38932
5a04b
6f 2 2 1 2 2
Hydrochloloric Yearly g/container Hydrochloric acid production http://eco d5953c

acid (HCl) measurement washed or g/l technology mix production mix, at invent.lca- ab-
plant 100% active substance data.com/ 21fd-
44ea-
ab3a-
17a44
ed3c26
0 2 1 1 2 2
5.1.3 Life cycle stage: distribution
This section describes in detail the requirements regarding the collection of company-specific data for the life cycle stage
“distribution”. The data to be collected and default data (when relevant) are listed in the tables below for transport from water
factory to distribution center, transport from distribution center to point of sale, and storage in warehouses and at retailer
respectively.

53

Transport from water factory to distribution center
measurement
standard, etc)
Weight of Calculation based kg Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
product and total on total weight of
packaging all the packaging

Transport from distribution center to point of sale
measurement
standard, etc)
Weight of Calculation based kg Not applicable n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
product and total on total weight of
packaging all the packaging

54

Warehouse (storage)
measurement
standard, etc)
3
Volume of the Measurement/pro m No EF-compliant dataset for storage n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
product and its duct specifications at warehouse.
packaging at Datasets used to model storage at the
warehouses are described in section
warehouse
6.3

Retail (storage)
measurement
standard, etc)
3
Volume of the Measurement/pro m No EF-compliant dataset for storage n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
product and its duct specifications at retailer.
packaging at Datasets used to model storage at the
retailers are described in section 6.3
warehouse
55

5.1.4 Life cycle stage: use
This section describes in detail the requirements regarding the collection of company-specific data for the life cycle stage “use”. The
data to be collected and default data (when relevant) are listed in the tables below for glass or plastic cup production and end-of-
life, chilling operations (at final user), and gas emissions of carbonated water respectively.

Glass or plastic cup production and end-of-life (if any, for HOD system only)
See section 5.11 for specific rules of modelling materials and waste
measurement
standard, etc)
Specific end-of- % Recycling: Recycling of polypropylene 47a96 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
life routes of (PP) plastic | from post-consumer 7ec-
plastic cup waste, via washing, granulation, a648-
pelletization | production mix, at 4ede-
plant | 90% recycling rate {US} [Partly afb6-
terminated system] 23a22
89baef
9
% Incineration: Waste incineration of http://lcd 0be82

PP| waste-to-energy plant with dry n.thinkste a64-
flue gas treatment, including p.com/No cbe6-
transport and pre-treatment| de/ 43c4-
production mix, at consumer| 98f9-
polypropylene waste {EU-28+EFTA} 69045c
[LCI result] 145aa0 2 1 1 2 1
% Landfilling: Landfill of plastic waste| http://lcd f2bea0

landfill including leachate treatment n.thinkste f5-
and with transport without collection p.com/No e4b7-
and pre-treatment| production mix de/ 4a2c-
(region specific sites), at landfill site 9f34- 2 2 2 2 2
56

measurement
standard, etc)
{EU-28+EFTA} [LCI result] 4eb32

495cbc
6
Chilling operations (at final user) (for HOD system only)

measurement
standard, etc)
Electricity Yearly kWh Country-specific consumption grid http://lcd n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depends
consumption for measurement mix n.thinkste on the
cooling See section 5.9 for electricity p.com/No use
modelling rules de/
location

57

Gas emissions of carbonated water
measurement
standard, etc)
Gas losses during g/l Elementary flow: carbon dioxide The 08a91 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Elementar
use stage carbonated (fossil), to air, unspecified elementar e70- y flow
(corresponds to water y flows are 3ddc-
available 11dd-
the amount of
in all the 923d-
gas included in nodes 0050c2
one liter of 49004
carbonated 8
water)
58

5.2 List of processes expected to be run by the company
The following processes are expected to be run by the company applying the PEFCR:
● Forming processes of primary packaging (except for glass bottles)
● Water extraction, container filling and grouping
● Gas production for carbonated process
● Container washing operations
● Transport from water factory to distribution center (in some cases)

As a first approach, primary data shall be used for processes expected to be run by the company,
and those information are already reported in section 5.1. For non-mandatory company-specific
data, default values are presented in table below. The concerned sub-stages are the following:

● Water extraction, container filling and grouping
● Transport from water factory to distribution center (in some cases)
59

Life cycle sub-stage: Water extraction, container filling and grouping

Data collection requirements for water extraction, container filling and grouping:
Requirements for data collection Requirements for modelling purposes Remark
purposes s
Activity data Specific Unit of Default Default Default dataset to be Dataset UUID TiR GR TeR P DQ
to be requirement measure data data used source (i.e. R
collected s (e.g. source node)
frequency,
measureme
nt standard,
etc)
Electricity Yearly kWh/l 0.01 EFBW See section 5.9 http://lcdn.th n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depend
consumption consumptio packed 2013 inkstep.com/ s on the
n water Node/ use
locatio
n
Natural gas Yearly MJ/l 0.013 EFBW Thermal energy from http://lcdn.th 81675341-
consumption consumptio packed 2013 natural gas| inkstep.com/ f1af-44b0-
n water technology mix Node/ 81d3-
regarding firing and d108caef5c28
flue gas cleaning|
production mix, at
heat plant| MJ,
100% efficiency {EU-
28+3} 1 1 1 2 1
LPG/Propane Yearly kg/l 0.0002 EFBW

combustion consumptio packed 2013
n water
60

Life cycle sub-stage: Transport from water factory to distribution center (in some cases)

Data collection requirements for transport from water factory to distribution center (in some cases)
Requirements for data collection Requirements for modelling purposes Remark
purposes s
Activity data Specific Unit of Default Default Default dataset to be Dataset UUID TiR GR TeR P DQ
to be requirement measure data data used source (i.e. R
collected s (e.g. source node)
frequency,
measureme
nt standard,
etc)
Distance Measureme km 500 for UETR and Truck, with the most http://lcdn.th n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depend
nt PET Technical appropriate dataset inkstep.com/ s on the
packagin Secretaria depending on the Node/ mode
g t mode of transport
of
transpo
rt
km 500 for UETR and Truck, with the most http://lcdn.th n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depend
glass Technical appropriate dataset inkstep.com/ s on the
bottle Secretaria depending on the Node/ mode
packagin t mode of transport
of
g
transpo
rt
km 200 for UETR and Truck, with the most http://lcdn.th n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Depend
HOD Technical appropriate dataset inkstep.com/ s on the
packagin Secretaria depending on the Node/ mode
g t mode of transport
of
transpo
rt
Empty return Measureme (-) 0.2 for UETR Copy 1 | Articulated http://lcdn.th 938d5ba6-
ratio nt Truck 40t lorry transport, Euro inkstep.com/ 17e4-4f0d-
4, Total weight >32 t Node/ bef0- 1 1 1 2 1
61

| diesel driven, Euro 481608681f5
4, cargo| 7
consumption mix, to
consumer| more
than 32t gross
weight / 24,7t
payload capacity
{EU-28+3}

62

5.3 Data gaps
Mandatory company-specific data
For the specific case of water and energy consumption for forming processes (when relevant),
solutions to define the data are given if no primary data are available at a process level but only at
the level of entire water factory, in order to differentiate the energy and water consumption for
plastic packaging forming processes and the energy and water consumption for other
manufacturing processes.
Other data
In this PEFCR, the recommendations regarding default data to be used when no primary data are
provided. Therefore, no data gaps are foreseen. According to European Commission (2013), “data
gaps exist when there is no specific or generic data available that is sufficiently representative of
the given process in the product’s life cycle”.
5.4 Data quality requirements

The data quality of each dataset and the total EF study shall be calculated and reported. The
calculation of the DQR shall be based on the following formula with 4 criteria:
&' )* )&+ ),
!"# = ( ( ( [Equation 1]
-
where TeR is the Technological-Representativeness, GR is the Geographical-Representativeness, TiR
is the Time-Representativeness, and P is the Precision/uncertainty. The representativeness
(technological, geographical and time-related) characterises to what degree the processes and
products selected are depicting the system analysed, while the precision indicates the way the data
is derived and related level of uncertainty.
The next chapters provide tables with the criteria to be used for the semi-quantitative assessment
of each criterion. If a dataset is constructed with company-specific activity data, company -specific
emission data and secondary sub-processes, the DQR of each shall be assessed separately.
5.4.1 Company-specific datasets
The score of criterion P cannot be higher than 3 while the score for TiR, TeR, and GR cannot be higher
than 2 (the DQR score shall be ≤1.6). The DQR shall be calculated at the level-1 disaggregation,
before any aggregation of sub-processes or elementary flows is performed. The DQR of company-
specific datasets shall be calculated as following:
1) Select the most relevant sub-processes and direct elementary flows that account for at least 80%
of the total environmental impact of the company-specific dataset, listing them from the most
contributing to the least contributing one.
2) Calculate the DQR criteria TeR, TiR, GR and P for each most relevant process and each most
relevant direct elementary flow. The values of each criterion shall be assigned based on Table B.5.
2.a) Each most relevant elementary flow consists of the amount and elementary flow naming
(e.g. 40 g carbon dioxide). For each most relevant elementary flow, evaluate the 4 DQR
criteria named TeR-EF, TiR-EF, GR-EF, PEF in NOTE: in case the newly developed dataset has most
63

relevant processes filled in by non-EF compliant datasets (and thus without DQR), then these
datasets cannot be included in step 4 and 5 of the DQR calculation. (1) The weight of step 3
shall be recalculated for the EF-compliant datasets only. Calculate the environmental
contribution of each most-relevant EF compliant process and elementary flow to the total
environmental impact of all most-relevant EF compliant processes and elementary flows, in
%. Continue with step 4 and 5. (2) The weight of the non-EF compliant dataset (calculated
in step 3) shall be used to increase the DQR criteria and total DQR accordingly. For example:
• Process 1 carries 30% of the total dataset environmental impact and is ILCD entry level
compliant. The contribution of this process to the total of 80% is 37.5% (the latter is the
weight to be used).
• Process 1 carries 50% of the total dataset environmental impact and is EF compliant. The
contribution of this process to all most-relevant EF compliant processes is 100%. The latter
is the weight to be used in step 4.
After step 5, the parameters ./0 , 20 , .30 , 4 and the total DQR shall be multiplied with 1.375.
. It shall be evaluated for example, the timing of the flow measured, for which technology
the flow was measured and in which geographical area.
2.b) Each most relevant process is a combination of activity data and the secondary dataset
used. For each most relevant process, the DQR is calculated by the applicant of the PEFCR as
a combination of the 4 DQR criteria for activity data and the secondary dataset: (i) TiR and P
shall be evaluated at the level of the activity data (named TiR-AD, PAD) and (ii) TeR, TiR and GR
shall be evaluated at the level of the secondary dataset used (named TeR-SD , TiR-SD and GR-SD).
As TiR is evaluated twice, the mathematical average of TiR-AD and TiR-SD represents the TiR of
the most relevant process.
3) Calculate the environmental contribution of each most-relevant process and elementary flow to
the total environmental impact of all most-relevant processes and elementary flows, in % (weighted
using 13 EF impact categories, with the exclusion of the 3 toxicity-related ones). For example, the
newly developed dataset has only two most relevant processes, contributing in total to 80% of the
total environmental impact of the dataset:
• Process 1 carries 30% of the total dataset environmental impact. The contribution of this process to
the total of 80% is 37.5% (the latter is the weight to be used).
• Process 1 carries 50% of the total dataset environmental impact. The contribution of this process to
the total of 80% is 62.5% (the latter is the weight to be used).
4) Calculate the TeR, TiR, GR and P criteria of the newly developed dataset as the weighted average
of each criterion of the most relevant processes and direct elementary flows. The weight is the
relative contribution (in %) of each most relevant process and direct elementary flow calculated in
step 3.
5) The applicant of the PEFCR shall the total DQR of the newly developed dataset using the equation
B.2, where ./0 , 20 , .30 , 4 are the weighted average calculated as specified in point 4).
&' )* )&+ ),
!"# = ( ( ( [Equation 2]
-
NOTE: in case the newly developed dataset has most relevant processes filled in by non-EF
compliant datasets (and thus without DQR), then these datasets cannot be included in step 4 and
5 of the DQR calculation. (1) The weight of step 3 shall be recalculated for the EF-compliant
datasets only. Calculate the environmental contribution of each most-relevant EF compliant
64

process and elementary flow to the total environmental impact of all most-relevant EF compliant
processes and elementary flows, in %. Continue with step 4 and 5. (2) The weight of the non-EF
compliant dataset (calculated in step 3) shall be used to increase the DQR criteria and total DQR
accordingly. For example:
• Process 1 carries 30% of the total dataset environmental impact and is ILCD entry level
compliant. The contribution of this process to the total of 80% is 37.5% (the latter is the
weight to be used).
• Process 1 carries 50% of the total dataset environmental impact and is EF compliant. The
contribution of this process to all most-relevant EF compliant processes is 100%. The latter
is the weight to be used in step 4.
• After step 5, the parameters ./0 , 20 , .30 , 4 and the total DQR shall be multiplied with
1.375.
Table 11 How to assess the value of the DQR criteria for datasets with company-specific information
PEF and PAD TiR-EF and TiR-AD TiR-SD TeR-EF and TeR-SD GR-EF and GR-SD
1 Measured/calculated and The data refers to The EF report The elementary The data(set)
externally verified the most recent publication date flows and the reflects the exact
annual happens within secondary geography
administration the time validity dataset reflect where the
period with respect of the dataset exactly the process
to the EF report technology of the modelled in the
publication date newly developed newly created
dataset dataset takes
place
2 Measured/calculated and internally The data refers to The EF report The elementary The data(set)
verified, plausibility checked by maximum 2 annual publication date flows and the partly reflects
reviewer administration happens not secondary the geography
periods with respect later than 2 dataset is a proxy where the
to the EF report years beyond the of the technology process
publication date time validity of of the newly modelled in the
the dataset developed newly created
dataset dataset takes
place
3 Measured/calculated/literature The data refers to Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
and plausibility not checked by maximum three
reviewer OR Qualified estimate annual
based on calculations plausibility administration
checked by reviewer periods with respect
to the EF report
publication date
4-5 Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
5.5 Data needs matrix (DNM)

All processes required to model the product and outside the list of mandatory company-specific
(listed in section B.5.1) shall be evaluated using the Data Needs Matrix (see Table 12). The DNM shall
be used by the PEFCR applicant to evaluate which data is needed and shall be used within the
65

modelling of its PEF, depending on the level of influence the applicant (company) has on the specific
process. The following three cases are found in the DNM and are explained below:
1. Situation 1: the process is run by the company applying the PEFCR

2. Situation 2: the process is not run by the company applying the PEFCR but the company has
access to (company-)specific information.
3. Situation 3: the process is not run by the company applying the PEFCR and this company
does not have access to (company-)specific information.

66

18
Table 12 Data Needs Matrix (DNM) . *Disaggregated datasets shall be used.
Most relevant process Other process
Provide company-specific data (as requested in the PEFCR) and create a
by the company applying
Situation 1: process run
Option 1
company specific dataset partially disaggregated at least at level 1 (DQR ≤1.6).
the PEFCR
Calculate the DQR values (for each criteria + total)
Use default secondary dataset in PEFCR,

Option 2
in aggregated form (DQR ≤3.0).

Use the default DQR values
Provide company-specific data (as requested in the PEFCR) and create a
Situation 2: process not run by the company applying the
Option 1
PEFCR but with access to (company-)specific information
company specific dataset partially disaggregated at least at level 1 (DQR ≤1.6).
Calculate the DQR values (for each criteria + total)
Use company-specific activity data

for transport (distance), and
substitute the sub-processes used
Option 2
for electricity mix and transport

with supply-chain specific PEF
compliant datasets (DQR ≤3.0).*

Re-evaluate the DQR criteria within
the product specific context
Use company-specific activity data for
transport (distance), and substitute the
Option 3
sub-processes used for electricity mix and

transport with supply-chain specific PEF
compliant datasets (DQR ≤4.0).

Use default secondary dataset, in
access to (company)-specific
Situation 3: process not run
by the company applying
Option 1
aggregated form (DQR ≤3.0).

the PEFCR and without

Re-evaluate the DQR criteria within
information
the product specific context
Use default secondary dataset in PEFCR,

Option 2
in aggregated form (DQR ≤4.0)

18
The options described in the DNM are not listed in order of preference
67

5.5.1 Processes in situation 1
For each process in situation 1 there are two possible options:

● The process is in the list of most relevant processes as specified in the PEFCR or is not in the
list of most relevant process, but still the company wants to provide company specific data
(option 1);
● The process is not in the list of most relevant processes and the company prefers to use a
secondary dataset (option 2).
Situation 1/Option 1
For all processes run by the company and where the company applying the PEFCR uses company
specific data. The DQR of the newly developed dataset shall be evaluated as described in section
B.5.4.1.
For the non-most relevant processes only, if the applicant decides to model the process without
collecting company-specific data, then the applicant shall use the secondary dataset listed in the
PEFCR together with its default DQR values listed here.
If the default dataset to be used for the process is not listed in the PEFCR, the applicant of the PEFCR
shall take the DQR values from the metadata of the original dataset.
When a process is not run by the company applying the PEFCR, but there is access to company-
specific data, then there are two possible options:

● The company applying the PEFCR has access to extensive supplier-specific information and
wants to create a new EF-compliant dataset19 (Option 1);
● The company has some supplier-specific information and want to make some minimum
changes (Option 2).
● The process is not in the list of most relevant processes and the company prefers to use a
secondary dataset (option 3).

19
The review of the newly created dataset is optional
68

For all processes run by the company and where the company applying the PEFCR uses company
specific data. The DQR of the newly developed dataset shall be evaluated as described in section
5.4.1.
Company-specific activity data for transport are used and the sub-processes used for electricity mix
and transport with supply-chain specific PEF compliant datasets are substituted starting from the
default secondary dataset provided in the PEFCR.
Please note that, the PEFCR lists all dataset names together with the UUID of their aggregated
dataset. For this situation, the disaggregated version of the dataset is required.
The applicant of the PEFCR shall make the DQR values of the dataset used context-specific by re-
evaluating TeR and TiR, using the table(s) provided below. The criteria GR shall be lowered by 30%20
and the criteria P shall keep the original value.
For the non-most relevant processes, the applicant may use the corresponding secondary dataset
listed in the PEFCR together with its DQR values.
shall take the DQR values from the original dataset.
Table 13 How to assess the value of the DQR criteria when secondary datasets are used.
TiR TeR GR
1 The EF report publication date The technology used in the EF study The process modelled in the EF study takes place
happens within the time validity is exactly the same as the one in in the country the dataset is valid for
of the dataset scope of the dataset
2 The EF report publication date The technologies used in the EF The process modelled in the EF study takes place
happens not later than 2 years study is included in the mix of in the geographical region (e.g. Europe) the
beyond the time validity of the technologies in scope of the dataset dataset is valid for
dataset
happens not later than 4 years study are only partly included in the in one of the geographical regions the dataset is
beyond the time validity of the scope of the dataset valid for
dataset
happens not later than 6 years study are similar to those included in a country that is not included in the
beyond the time validity of the in the scope of the dataset geographical region(s) the dataset is valid for, but
dataset sufficient similarities are estimated based on
expert judgement.
happens later than 6 years after study are different from those in a different country than the one the dataset is
the time validity of the dataset included in the scope of the dataset valid for

20
In situation 2, option 2 it is proposed to lower the parameter GR by 30% in order to incentivize the use of company
specific information and reward the efforts of the company in increasing the geographic representativeness of a
secondary dataset through the substitution of the electricity mixes and of the distance and means of transportation.
69

When a process is not run by the company applying the PEFCR and the company does not have
access to company-specific data, there are two possible options:

● It is in the list of most relevant processes (situation 3, option 1)
● It is not in the list of most relevant processes (situation 3, option 2)
In this case, the applicant of the PEFCR shall make the DQR values of the dataset used context-
specific by re-evaluating TeR, TiR and Gr , using the table(s) provided. The criteria P shall keep the
original value.
For the non-most relevant processes, the applicant shall use the corresponding secondary dataset
listed in the PEFCR together with its DQR values.
shall take the DQR values from the original dataset.
5.6 Which datasets to use?

The secondary datasets to be used by the applicant are those listed in this PEFCR. Whenever a
dataset needed to calculate the PEF-profile is not among those listed in this PEFCR, then the
applicant shall choose between the following options (in hierarchical order):
● Use an EF-compliant dataset available on one of the following nodes:
○ http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EF-node/
○ http://lcdn.blonkconsultants.nl
○ http://ecoinvent.lca-data.com
○ http://lcdn-cepe.org
○ https://lcdn.quantis-software.com/PEF/
○ http://lcdn.thinkstep.com/Node
○ http://soda.rdc.yp5.be/
● Use an EF-compliant dataset available in a free or commercial source;
● Use another EF-compliant dataset considered to be a good proxy. In such case this
information shall be included in the "limitation" section of the PEF report.
● Use an ILCD-entry level-compliant dataset that has been modelled according to the
modelling requirements included in the Guidance version 6.3. In such case this information
shall be included in the "limitations" section of the PEF report.
● Use an ILCD-entry level-compliant dataset. In such case this information shall be
included in the "data gap" section of the PEF report.

70

5.7 How to calculate the average DQR of the study
In order to calculate the average DQR of the EF study, the applicant shall calculate separately the TeR, TiR,
GR and P for the EF study as the weighted average of all most relevant processes, based on their relative
environmental contribution to the total single score (excluding the 3 toxicity-related ones). The calculation
rules explained in chapter B.5.4 shall be used.
5.8 Allocation rules
5.8.1 Multi-processes and multi-products at water factory
Processing allocation - situation A: detailed data are available on specific processes at water
factory
Energy and water consumption shall be allocated as much as possible to specific processing stages
and product flows (step 1 in ISO 14044). There shall be therefore a distinction between
• Energy and water consumption for forming processes of plastic packaging
• Energy and water consumption for water extraction, container filling and grouping
• Energy, water and goods consumption for container washing operations of refillable
packaging

Processing allocation - situation B: data is only available at the water factory level
In any case, energy and water consumption related to water extraction, container filling and
grouping is calculated according to the total amount of packed water produced per year.

• Energy and water consumption for water extraction, filling and grouping:
o In any case, energy and water consumption related to water extraction, container
filling and grouping is calculated according to the total amount of packed water
produced per year, and is the same for any type of product
o If data are not available, the following data for energy and water consumption for
manufacturing processes shall be used (Source: Screening study)
§ Water withdrawal (not including packed water) = 0.63 l/l packed water;
§ Electricity consumption = 0.01 kWh/l packed water
§ Natural gas consumption = 0.013 MJ/l packed water
§ LPG/propane: 0.0002 kg/l packed water
o The left-over energy and water consumption of the water factory shall be allocated
to plastic bottle forming processes and container washing operations
• To allocate the left-over energy and water consumption of the water factory between
forming processes of plastic packaging and container washing operations of refillable
packaging, it is necessary to have detailed primary data on at least one of those 2
processes (both processes require mandatory company-specific data).
o The energy and water consumption of the other process can be calculated as the
left-over of energy and water consumption

71

5.8.2 Allocation for multi-functionality in end-of-life situations
Packaging end-of-life is modelled according to recommendations provided by the European

Commission to deal with multi-functionality in end-of-life situations (see section 7.18 of Guidance
Version 6.3).
The modelling details are provided in section 5.11.
5.9 Electricity modelling

The guidelines in this section shall only be used for the processes where company-specific
information is collected (situation 1 / Option 1 & 2 / Option 1 of the DNM).
The following electricity mix shall be used in hierarchical order:
(i) Supplier-specific electricity product shall be used if:
(a) available, and
(b) the set of minimum criteria to ensure the contractual instruments are reliable is
met.
(ii) The supplier-specific total electricity mix shall be used if:
(a) available, and
(b) the set of minimum criteria that to ensure the contractual instruments are
reliable is met.
(iii) As a last option the 'country-specific residual grid mix, consumption mix' shall be used (available
at http://lcdn.thinkstep.com/Node/). Country-specific means the country in which the life cycle
stage occurs. This may be an EU country or non-EU country. The residual grid mix characterizes
the unclaimed, untracked or publicly shared electricity. This prevents double counting with the
use of supplier-specific electricity mixes in (i) and (ii).

Note: if for a country, there is a 100% tracking system in place, case (i) shall be applied.
Note: for the use stage, the consumption grid mix shall be used.
The environmental integrity of the use of supplier-specific electricity mix depends on ensuring that
contractual instruments (for tracking) reliably and uniquely convey claims to consumers. Without
this, the PEF lacks the accuracy and consistency necessary to drive product/corporate electricity
procurement decisions and accurate consumer (buyer of electricity) claims. Therefore, a set of
minimum criteria that relate to the integrity of the contractual instruments as reliable conveyers of
environmental footprint information has been identified. They represent the minimum features
necessary to use supplier-specific mix within PEF studies.
Set of minimal criteria to ensure contractual instruments from suppliers:
A supplier-specific electricity product/mix may only be used when the applicant ensures that any
contractual instrument meets the criteria specified below. If contractual instruments do not meet
the criteria, then 'country-specific residual grid mix, consumption mix' shall be used in the
modelling.
A contractual instrument used for electricity modelling shall:
72

1. Convey attributes:
● Convey the energy type mix associated with the unit of electricity produced.
● The energy type mix shall be calculated based on delivered electricity, incorporating
certificates sourced and retired on behalf of its customers. Electricity from facilities for which
the attributes have been sold off (via contracts or certificates) shall be characterized as
having the environmental attributes of the country residual consumption mix where the
facility is located.
2. Be a unique claim:
● Be the only instruments that carry the environmental attribute claim associated with that
quantity of electricity generated.
● Be tracked and redeemed, retired, or cancelled by or on behalf of the company (e.g. by an
audit of contracts, third party certification, or may be handled automatically through other
disclosure registries, systems, or mechanisms).
3. Be as close as possible to the period to which the contractual instrument is applied.
[The TS may provide more information following the guidance]
Modelling 'country-specific residual grid mix, consumption mix':

Datasets for residual grid mix, per energy type, per country and per voltage have been purchased
by the European Commission and are available in the dedicated node
(http://lcdn.thinkstep.com/Node/). In case the necessary dataset is not available, an alternative
dataset shall be chosen according to the procedure described in section B.5.8. If no dataset is
available, the following approach may be used:
Determine the country consumption mix (e.g. X% of MWh produced with hydro energy, Y% of
MWh produced with coal power plant) and combined them with LCI datasets per energy type and
country/region (e.g. LCI dataset for the production of 1MWh hydro energy in Switzerland):
● Activity data related to non-EU country consumption mix per detailed energy type shall be
determined based on:

o Domestic production mix per production technologies
o Import quantity and from which neighbouring countries
o Transmission losses
o Distribution losses
o Type of fuel supply (share of resources used, by import and / or domestic
supply)
These data may be found in the publications of the International Energy Agency
(IEA).
● Available LCI datasets per fuel technologies in the node. The LCI datasets available are generally
specific to a country or a region in terms of:
o Fuel supply (share of resources used, by import and / or domestic supply),

o Energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy contents)
73

o Technology standards of power plants regarding efficiency, firing technology,
flue-gas desulphurisation, NOx removal and de-dusting.
Allocation rules:
Table B. 9. Allocation rules for electricity.
Process Physical Modelling instructions

relationship
Water extraction, Volume -
container filling
and grouping
Container Volume -
washing
operations
Primary packaging Mass of packaging Regarding PET packaging, to differentiate the energy and water
production consumption for PET bottle forming processes and the energy and
water consumption for other manufacturing processes, it shall be
assumed that electricity and natural gas consumption are the same as
for the screening study for manufacturing processes (i.e., water
withdrawal (not including packed water) = 0.63 l/l; electricity
consumption = 0.01 kWh/l; natural gas consumption = 0.013 MJ/l),
and the left over energy consumption of the water factory can be
allocated to PET bottle forming processes.

If the consumed electricity comes from more than one electricity mix, each mix source shall be used
in terms of its proportion in the total kWh consumed. For example, if a fraction of this total kWh
consumed is coming from a specific supplier a supplier-specific electricity mix shall be used for this
part. See below for on-site electricity use.
A specific electricity type may be allocated to one specific product in the following conditions:
a. The production (and related electricity consumption) of a product occurs in a separate site (building),
the energy type physical related to this separated site may be used.
b. The production (and related electricity consumption) of a product occurs in a shared space with
specific energy metering or purchase records or electricity bills, the product specific information
(measure, record, bill) may be used.
c. All the products produced in the specific plant are supplied with a public available PEF study. The
company who wants to make the claim shall make all PEF studies available. The allocation rule
applied shall be described in the PEF study, consistently applied in all PEF studies connected to the
site and verified. An example is the 100% allocation of a greener electricity mix to a specific product.

On-site electricity generation:
If on-site electricity production is equal to the site own consumption, two situations apply:
○ No contractual instruments have been sold to a third party: the own electricity mix (combined
with LCI datasets) shall be modelled.
74

○ Contractual instruments have been sold to a third party: the 'country-specific residual grid mix,
consumption mix' (combined with LCI datasets) shall be used.

If electricity is produced in excess of the amount consumed on-site within the defined system
boundary and is sold to, for example, the electricity grid, this system can be seen as a
multifunctional situation. The system will provide two functions (e.g. product + electricity) and the
following rules shall be followed:
o If possible, apply subdivision.
o Subdivision applies both to separate electricity productions or to a common electricity
production where you can allocate based on electricity amounts the upstream and direct
emissions to your own consumption and to the share you sell out of your company (e.g. if a
company has a wind mill on its production site and export 30% of the produced electricity,
emissions related to 70% of produced electricity should be accounted in the PEF study.
o If not possible, direct substitution shall be used. The country-specific residual consumption
electricity mix shall be used as substitution21.
o Subdivision is considered as not possible when upstream impacts or direct emissions are closely
related to the product itself.
5.10 Climate change modelling

The impact category ‘climate change’ shall be modelled considering three sub-categories:
1. Climate change – fossil: This sub-category includes emissions from peat and
calcination/carbonation of limestone. The emission flows ending with '(fossil)' (e.g., 'carbon
dioxide (fossil)'' and 'methane (fossil)') shall be used if available.
2. Climate change – biogenic: This sub-category covers carbon emissions to air (CO2, CO and
CH4) originating from the oxidation and/or reduction of biomass by means of its
transformation or degradation (e.g. combustion, digestion, composting, landfilling) and CO2
uptake from the atmosphere through photosynthesis during biomass growth – i.e.
corresponding to the carbon content of products, biofuels or aboveground plant residues
such as litter and dead wood. Carbon exchanges from native forests22 shall be modelled
under sub-category 3 (incl. connected soil emissions, derived products, residues). The
emission flows ending with '(biogenic)' shall be used.
A simplified modelling approach shall be used when modelling the foreground emissions:
Only the emission 'methane (biogenic)' is modelled, while no further biogenic emissions and
uptakes from atmosphere are included. When methane emissions can be both fossil or
biogenic, the release of biogenic methane shall be modelled first and then the remaining
fossil methane.
The product life cycle or part of the life cycle does not have a carbon storage beyond 100
years and therefore credits from biogenic carbon storage shall not be modelled.
3. Climate change – land use and land transformation: This sub-category accounts for carbon
uptakes and emissions (CO2, CO and CH4) originating from carbon stock changes caused by

21
For some countries, this option is a best case rather than a worst case.
22
Native forests – represents native or long-term, non-degraded forests. Definition adapted from table 8 in Annex V C(2010)3751
to Directive 2009/28/EC.
75

land use change and land use. This sub-category includes biogenic carbon exchanges from
deforestation, road construction or other soil activities (incl. soil carbon emissions). For
native forests, all related CO2 emissions are included and modelled under this sub-category
(including connected soil emissions, products derived from native forest23 and residues),
while their CO2 uptake is excluded. The emission flows ending with '(land use change)' shall
be used.
For land use change, all carbon emissions and removals shall be modelled following the
modelling guidelines of PAS 2050:2011 (BSI 2011) and the supplementary document
PAS2050-1:2012 (BSI 2012) for horticultural products. PAS 2050:2011 (BSI 2011): Large
emissions of GHGs can result as a consequence of land use change. Removals as a direct
result of land use change (and not as a result of long-term management practices) do not
usually occur, although it is recognized that this could happen in specific circumstances.
Examples of direct land use change are the conversion of land used for growing crops to
industrial use or conversion from forestland to cropland. All forms of land use change that
result in emissions or removals are to be included. Indirect land use change refers to such
conversions of land use as a consequence of changes in land use elsewhere. While GHG
emissions also arise from indirect land use change, the methods and data requirements for
calculating these emissions are not fully developed. Therefore, the assessment of emissions
arising from indirect land use change is not included.
The GHG emissions and removals arising from direct land use change shall be assessed for
any input to the life cycle of a product originating from that land and shall be included in the
assessment of GHG emissions. The emissions arising from the product shall be assessed on
the basis of the default land use change values provided in PAS 2050:2011 Annex C, unless
better data is available. For countries and land use changes not included in this annex, the
emissions arising from the product shall be assessed using the included GHG emissions and
removals occurring as a result of direct land use change in accordance with the relevant
sections of the IPCC (2006). The assessment of the impact of land use change shall include
all direct land use change occurring not more than 20 years, or a single harvest period, prior
to undertaking the assessment (whichever is the longer). The total GHG emissions and
removals arising from direct land use change over the period shall be included in the
quantification of GHG emissions of products arising from this land on the basis of equal
allocation to each year of the period24.
1) Where it can be demonstrated that the land use change occurred more than 20 years prior
to the assessment being carried out, no emissions from land use change should be included
in the assessment.
2) Where the timing of land use change cannot be demonstrated to be more than 20 years,
or a single harvest period, prior to making the assessment (whichever is the longer), it shall
be assumed that the land use change occurred on 1 January of either:
○ the earliest year in which it can be demonstrated that the land use change had
occurred; or

23
Following the instantaneous oxidation approach in IPCC 2013 (Chapter 2).
24
In case of variability of production over the years , a mass allocation should be applied.
76

○ on 1 January of the year in which the assessment of GHG emissions and removals is
being carried out.
The following hierarchy shall apply when determining the GHG emissions and removals
arising from land use change occurring not more than 20 years or a single harvest period,
prior to making the assessment (whichever is the longer):
1. where the country of production is known and the previous land use is known, the
GHG emissions and removals arising from land use change shall be those resulting
from the change in land use from the previous land use to the current land use in that
country (additional guidelines on the calculations can be found in PAS 2050-1:2012);
2. where the country of production is known, but the former land use is not known, the
GHG emissions arising from land use change shall be the estimate of average
emissions from the land use change for that crop in that country (additional
guidelines on the calculations can be found in PAS 2050-1:2012);
3. where neither the country of production nor the former land use is known, the GHG
emissions arising from land use change shall be the weighted average of the average
land use change emissions of that commodity in the countries in which it is grown.
Knowledge of the prior land use can be demonstrated using a number of sources of
information, such as satellite imagery and land survey data. Where records are not available,
local knowledge of prior land use can be used. Countries in which a crop is grown can be
determined from import statistics, and a cut-off threshold of not less than 90% of the weight
of imports may be applied. Data sources, location and timing of land use change associated
with inputs to products shall be reported.
Soil carbon storage shall not be modelled, calculated and reported as additional
environmental information.
The sum of the three sub-categories shall be reported.
The sub-category ‘Climate change-biogenic’ shall be reported separately: No.
The sub-category ‘Climate change-land use and land transformation’ shall be reported separately:
No.
5.11 Modelling of wastes and recycled content

The waste of products used during the manufacturing, distribution, retail, the use stage or after use
shall be included in the overall modelling of the life cycle of the organisation. Overall, this should be
modelled and reported at the life cycle stage where the waste occurs. This section gives guidelines
on how to model the End-of-Life of products as well as the recycled content.
The Circular Footprint Formula is used to model the End-of-Life of products as well as the recycled
content and is a combination of "material + energy + disposal", i.e.:

CDEF CDLOP
Material 5 − 7 5 89 + 7 5 × <8=>?@?A>B + 5 − < 89 × + (5 − <)7 J × 8=>?@?AEFK8LM − 89∗ ×
CG CQ

Energy (5 − R)7 S ×(887 − MT9×U 87,V>WP ×8D8,V>WP − MT9×U 87,>A>? ×8D8,>A>? )

Disposal (5 − 7 J − 7 S )×8X

With the following parameters:
77

A: allocation factor of burdens and credits between supplier and user of recycled materials.
B: allocation factor of energy recovery processes: it applies both to burdens and credits. It shqll be
set to zero for all PEF studies.
Qsin: quality of the ingoing secondary material, i.e. the quality of the recycled material at the point
of substitution.
Qsout: quality of the outgoing secondary material, i.e. the quality of the recyclable material at the
point of substitution.
Qp: quality of the primary material, i.e. quality of the virgin material.
R1: it is the proportion of material in the input to the production that has been recycled from a
previous system.
R2: it is the proportion of the material in the product that will be recycled (or reused) in a
subsequent system. R2 shall therefore take into account the inefficiencies in the collection and
recycling (or reuse) processes. R2 shall be measured at the output of the recycling plant.
R3: it is the proportion of the material in the product that is used for energy recovery at EoL.
Erecycled (Erec): specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) arising from the
recycling process of the recycled (reused) material, including collection, sorting and transportation
process.
ErecyclingEoL (ErecEoL): specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) arising from the
recycling process at EoL, including collection, sorting and transportation process.
Ev: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) arising from the acquisition and
pre-processing of virgin material.
E*v: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) arising from the acquisition
and pre-processing of virgin material assumed to be substituted by recyclable materials.
EER: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) arising from the energy
recovery process (e.g. incineration with energy recovery, landfill with energy recovery, …).
ESE,heat and ESE,elec: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) that would have
arisen from the specific substituted energy source, heat and electricity respectively.
ED: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) arising from disposal of waste
material at the EoL of the analysed product, without energy recovery.
XER,heat and XER,elec: the efficiency of the energy recovery process for both heat and electricity.
LHV: Lower Heating Value of the material in the product that is used for energy recovery.

The following parameters shall be applied:
78

• A default values: refer to Annex C of Guidance Version 6.3.
• Default quality ratios: refer to Annex C of Guidance Version 6.3.
• Default R1 values for all default material datasets (in case no company-specific values are
available): refer to Annex C of Guidance Version 6.3. They shall be set to 0% when no application-
specific data is available.
• Default R2 values to be used in case no company-specific values are available: refer to Annex C of
Guidance Version 6.3 except for HOD for which 100% default value shall be used.
6 Life cycle stages

6.1 Packaging materials
This section gives the details on packaging raw materials and production for respectively primary,
secondary, tertiary packaging and packaging transport to water factory for the three subcategories.

Reusable packaging: modelling approach
The raw material consumption, the energy and goods consumption for forming processes, and the
supply transport to water factory of reusable packaging shall be calculated by dividing the actual
weight of the packaging by the number of reuse/rotations.

The transportation of used empty packaging back to water factory shall be calculating by multiplying
the weight of the empty packaging transported by the following factor:

Y
1 -
Z[\]'^ _` ^'[a'

Number of reuse: calculation rules
For the refillable packaging (primary or secondary), the reuse rate shall be calculated using supply-
chain-specific data only. The two different modelling approaches are presented below.
Reuse rate is the number of times a packaging material is used (e.g., filled) at the factory. This is
often also called trip rates, reuse time or number of rotations. This may be expressed as the absolute
number of reuse or as % of reuse rate. For example: a reuse rate of 80% equals 5 reuses. Equation
1 describes the conversion:
Y
Number of reuse = [Equation 1]
Ybb%d% ^'[a' ^ef'

The number of reuse applied here refers to the total number of uses during the life of a packaging.
It includes both the first use and all the following reuses.
A packaging return system can be organized by the company owning the packaging material
(company owned pools) or can be organized at a higher level by a third party e.g., the government
or a pooler (third party operated pools). This may have an influence on the lifetime of the material
as well as the data source to be used. Therefore, it is important to separate these two return
systems.
For company owned packaging pools the reuse rate shall be calculated using supply-chain-specific
data. Depending on the data available within the company, two different calculation approaches
79

may be used (see Option a and b presented below). Returnable glass bottles are used as example
but the calculations also apply for other company owned reusable packaging.

Option a: The use of supply-chain-specific data, based on accumulated experience over the lifetime
of the previous glass bottle pool. This is the most accurate way to calculate the reuse rate of bottles
for the previous bottle pool and can be a proper estimate for the current bottle pool. The following
supply-chain-specific data is collected (see wiki page 'Access to documents of common interest'
https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/ EUENVFP/):
● Number of bottles filled during the lifetime of the bottle pool (#Fi)
● Number of bottles at initial stock plus purchased over the lifetime of the bottle pool (#B)

# hi
Reuse rate of the bottle pool = [Equation 2]
#j
#j× kl lmeaa/]_ffm'
The net glass use (kg glass/l beverage) = [Equation 3]
#hi
This calculation option shall be used:
i. With data of the previous bottle pool when the previous and current bottle pool are
comparable. Meaning, the same product category, similar bottle characteristics (e.g., size),
comparable return systems (e.g., way of collection, same consumer group and outlet
channels), etc.
ii. With data of the current bottle pool when future estimations/extrapolations are available
on (i) the bottle purchases, (ii) the volumes sold, and (iii) the lifetime of the bottle pool.
The data shall be supply-chain-specific and shall be verified by an external verification, including the
reasoning of this method choice.

Option b: When no real data is tracked the calculation shall be done partly based on assumptions.
This option is less accurate due to the assumptions made and therefore conservative/safe estimates
shall be used. The following data is needed:
● Average number of rotations of a single bottle, during one calendar year (if not broken). One
loop consists of filling, delivery, use, back to brewer for washing (#Rot)
● Estimated lifetime of the bottle pool (LT, in years)
● Average percentage of loss per rotation. This refers to the sum of losses at consumer and
the bottles scrapped at filling sites (%Los)

o&
Reuse rate of the bottle pool = p [Equation 4]
o&×%o_a )
#(qr
This calculation option shall be used when option a) is not applicable (e.g., the previous pool is not
usable as reference). The data used shall be verified by an external verification, including the
reasoning of this method choice.

Modelling the recycled content (if applicable)
The following formula is used to model the recycled content:
80

"z{Z
1 − #Y tu + #Y × vt^'wxwm'y + 1 − v tu ×
"|
The R1 values applied shall be supply-chain or default as provided in the table above, in relation
with the DNM. Material-specific values based on supply market statistics are not accepted as a
proxy. The applied R1 values shall be subject to PEF study verification.
When using supply-chain specific R1 values other than 0, traceability throughout the supply chain is
necessary. The following general guidelines shall be followed when using supply-chain specific R1
values:
● The supplier information (through e.g., statement of conformity or delivery note) shall be
maintained during all stages of production and delivery at the converter;
● Once the material is delivered to the converter for production of the end products, the
converter shall handle information through their regular administrative procedures;
● The converter for production of the end products claiming recycled content shall
demonstrate through his management system the [%] of recycled input material into the
respective end product(s).
● The latter demonstration shall be transferred upon request to the user of the end product. In
case a PEF profile is calculated and reported, this shall be stated as additional technical
information of the PEF profile.
● Company-owned traceability systems can be applied as long as they cover the general
guidelines outlined above.

Default parameters for A and Qsin/Qp were selected from Annex C and are listed in the two following
tables.
Table 14: Selection of default values for A according to Annex C of PEF Guidance Version 6.3
Category Material Application Value for A
parameter
Metals Steel packaging 0.2
Aluminum packaging - cans 0.2
packaging - liquid beverage carton 0.2
Paper Paper packaging - corrugated - pads/box/inserts 0.2
packaging - carton board/inserts 0.2
packaging - solid board box 0.2
packaging - solid board box - bleached 0.2
Plastics PET packaging - bottle 0.5
PE MATERIAL 0.5
PP MATERIAL 0.5
81

Polycarbonate packaging - water 0.5
PC
Generic plastics packaging - generic 0.5
Glass Glass packaging - container glass unspecified colour 0.2
packaging - container glass colourless (flint) 0.2
packaging - container glass green colour 0.2
packaging - container glass amber colour 0.2

Table 15: Default values for Qsin/Qp according to Annex C of PEF Guidance Version 6.3
Material Default value Comments
(Qsin/Qp)
Glass 1
Steel 1
Aluminium 1
Other metals 1
Paper and cardboard 0.85 This value shall be used when the recycling process
doesn't consider fibre losses
Paper and cardboard 1 This value shall be used when the recycling process
considers fibre losses
PET - SSP recycling 1
PET mechanical recycling 0,9
PP 0.9
HDPE 0.9
LDPE film 0.75

The data to be collected and default data (when relevant) are listed in the tables below for
primary packaging, secondary packaging and tertiary packaging respectively. The EF-compliant
secondary datasets to be used and corresponding UUID and DQR are listed in the comprehensive
tables presented in section 5.1.1.
Table 16 Primary packaging production (raw material acquisition and processing) expressed per primary packaging (and not per
functional unit) - Capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by the company
Process and key Unit Default data Default Most
parameters “Other “At horeca” “At the dataset, relevant
channels” office” UUID and process
DQR [Y/N]

Amount per primary packaging
Main Material n/a - - - See section Y
body 5.1.1
82

DQR [Y/N]

R1 % - - - - Y
Volume L - - - - Y
Weight g - - - - Y
FORMING n/a - - - See section Y
PROCESS 5.1.1
(in
some
cases)25
ROTATIO u - - - - Y
NS
Cap Material n/a Screw cap, HDPE See section N
Ring pull cap, aluminium 5.1.1
LDPE, HDPE, PE
R1 % / / - - N
Weight g - - - - N
Forming n/a / / - See section N
process 5.1.1
(to add it
not using
a “cap”
default
dataset)
Label Material n/a Label, PP See section N
Label, paper 5.1.1
Label, plastic
R1 % / / - - N
Weight g - - - - N

Table 17 Secondary packaging production (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by the company)
DQR [Y/N]
Amount per secondary packaging (plastic film, crate or cardboard)
Secon Material n/a - - - See section Y
dary 5.1.1
R1 % - - - - Y

25
Not relevant for glass bottles
83

DQR [Y/N]
packa Weight g - - - - Y
ging ROTATIO u - Y
NS
Capacity u - - - - Y
(number
of
primary
packaging
per
secondar
y
packaging
)

Table 18 Tertiary packaging production (raw material acquisition and processing) expressed per tertiary packaging (and not per
functional unit) - Capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by the company
DQR.1.1 [Y/N]
Amount per tertiary packaging
Film Material n/a Plastic shrink, wrap See section Y
5.1.1
R1 % - - - - Y
Weight g - - - - Y
Slipsh Material n/a - - - See section N
eet/tr 5.1.1
ay R1 % - - - - N
Weight g - - - - N
Rack Material n/a - - - See section Y
5.1.1
R1 % - - - - Y
Weight g - - - - Y
ROTATIO u -
NS
Pallet Material n/a Wood or plastic pallet (use default datasets for See section Y
pallets) 5.1.1
R1 % - - - - Y
Dimensio - 80x120 or 100x120 -
n
84

DQR.1.1 [Y/N]
Weight g - - - See section Y
5.1.1
Rotations Wooden pallet: 25 trips (PEF Guidance Version -
6.3)
Plastic pallets: 50 trips (PEF Guidance Version 6.3)
Capacity (number u -
of primary
packaging per
tertiary packaging)

The details about the delivery of packaging materials to water factory are given in the following
tables. The reuse rate affects the quantity of transport that is needed per FU. The transport impact
shall be calculated by dividing the one-way trip impact by the number of reuse of this packaging.
The EF-compliant secondary datasets to be used and corresponding UUID and DQR are listed in
comprehensive tables presented in section 5.1.1.

It has to be noticed that the transport of raw materials to packaging producers (from resin
producer to packaging producer for outsourced preforms, from resin producer to packaging
producer for HOD bottles) shall be modelled according to PEF Guidance v6.3. The modelling rules
are summarized below, and are presented in Table 21.

• For suppliers located within Europe:
o 230 km by truck (>32 t, EURO 4; UUID 938d5ba6-17e4-4f0d-bef0-481608681f57),
PEFCR specific utilisation ratio; and
o 280 km by train (average freight train; UUID 02e87631-6d70-48ce-affd-
1975dc36f5be); and
o 360 km by ship (barge; UUID 4cfacea0-cce4-4b4d-bd2b-223c8d4c90ae).
• For suppliers located outside Europe:
o 1000 km by truck (>32 t, EURO 4; UUID 938d5ba6-17e4-4f0d-bef0-481608681f57),
for the sum of distances from harbour/airport to factory outside and inside Europe.
PEFCR specific utilisation ratio; and
o 18000 km by ship (transoceanic container; UUID 6ca61112-1d5b-473c-abfa-
4accc66a8a63) or 10’000 km by plane (cargo; UUID 1cc5d465-a12a-43da-aa86-
a9c6383c78ac).
o If producers country (origin) is known: the adequate distance for ship and airplane
should be determined using http://www.searates.com/services/routes-explorer or
https://co2.myclimate.org/en/flight_calculators/newhttps://co2.myclimate.org/en
/flight_calculators/new
85

• In case it is unknown if the supplier is located within or outside Europe, the transport shall
be modelled as supplier being located outside Europe.

Table 19: Transport (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by the company)
Process and key Default data Default Most

parameter* dataset, relevant
Mode of Distance Actual Empty UUID and [Y/N]
transport (km) payload return DQR
(tonnes) rate (-)
Primary packaging supply to water factory
From packaging - - - - See section N

producer to water 5.1.1
factory (outsourced
preforms, glass
bottles, HOD PC
bottles, etc…) or from
raw materials
producer (resin
supplier) to water
factory
Transport of material Truck 40t 230 21 0.3 Articulated

to packaging producer lorry
For PET transport,
bottles: Euro 4, Total
transport of weight >32 t |
PET resin diesel driven,
from resin Euro 4, cargo|
producer to consumption
preforms mix, to
26
producer consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-
bef0-
481608681f57

26
Based on Eurostat data (Eurostat 2013), 25% of PET resin is imported (i.e., produced outside Europe) and 75% is
produced in Europe.
86

(tonnes) rate (-)
See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
Train 230 - - Freight train, N

average
(without fuel)
technology
mix, electricity
and diesel
driven, cargo
consumption
mix, to
consumer
average train,
gross tonne
weight 1000t /
726t payload
capacity
UUID:
02e87631-
6d70-48ce-
affd-
1975dc36f5be

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
Ship 360 - - Barge

technology
mix, diesel
driven, cargo
consumption
mix, to
consumer
1500 t payload
capacity
UUID:
4cfacea0-
cce4-4b4d-
bd2b-
223c8d4c90ae

87

(tonnes) rate (-)
See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR

Transport of material Truck 40t 230 21 1 Articulated N

to packaging producer lorry
For HOD PC transport,
bottles: Euro 4, Total
transport of weight >32 t |
PC resin from diesel driven,
resin producer Euro 4, cargo|
to bottles consumption
producer mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-
bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
Train 230 - - Freight train,

average
(without fuel)
technology
mix, electricity
and diesel
driven, cargo
consumption
mix, to
consumer
average train,
gross tonne
weight 1000t /
726t payload
88

(tonnes) rate (-)
capacity
UUID:
02e87631-
6d70-48ce-
affd-
1975dc36f5be

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
Ship 360 - - Barge

technology
mix, diesel
driven, cargo
consumption
mix, to
consumer
1500 t payload
capacity
UUID:
4cfacea0-
cce4-4b4d-
bd2b-
223c8d4c90ae

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR

Cap, from cap Truck 40t - 7 0.2 Articulated N

producer to water lorry
factory transport,
Euro 4, Total
weight >32 t |
diesel driven,
Euro 4, cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
89

(tonnes) rate (-)
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-
bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
Label, from label Truck 40t - 16 0.2 Articulated N

producer to water lorry
factory transport,
Euro 4, Total
weight >32 t |
diesel driven,
Euro 4, cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-
bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
Secondary and tertiary packaging supply to water factory
Plastic film, from Truck 40t - 21 0.2 Articulated lorry N

plastic film producer transport, Euro
to water factory 4, Total weight
>32 t | diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo|
90

(tonnes) rate (-)
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix 3
for node and
DQR
Crate, from crate Truck 40t - 6 0.2 Articulated lorry N

producer to water transport, Euro
factory 4, Total weight
>32 t | diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix 3
for node and
DQR
Cardboard, from Truck 40t - 15 0.2 Articulated lorry N

cardboard producer to transport, Euro
water factory 4, Total weight
>32 t | diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
91

(tonnes) rate (-)
more than 32t

gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix 3
for node and
DQR
Pallet, from pallet Truck 40t - 10.9 0.2 Articulated lorry N

>32 t | diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix 3
for node and
DQR
Rack, from rack Truck 40t - 21 0.2 Articulated lorry N

>32 t | diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
92

(tonnes) rate (-)
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix 3
for node and
DQR
Collect of used empty bottles back to water factory (for reusable packaging only)
Used empty packaging Same mode Same Calculated - See Appendix N

back to water factory – of transport distance as based on 3
From point of sale to as from DC from DC to the number
distribution center to point of point of sale of used
sale (see (see section empty
section 6.3) 6.3) packaging in
the truck
(can be
estimated as
same
number of
full
packaging
from DC to
point of sale
Used empty bottles Same mode Same Calculated - See Appendix N

back to water factory – of transport distance as based on 3
From distribution as from DC from DC to the number
center to water factory to point of point of sale of used
sale (see (see section empty
section 6.3) 6.3) packaging in
the truck
(can be
estimated as
same
number of
full
packaging
from water
factory)
93

*The applicant of this PEFCR shall always check the actual payload applied in the default dataset
and adapt it accordingly.
The applicant shall report the DQR values (for each criterion + total) for all the datasets used.
6.2 Manufacturing
This section gives the details on manufacturing. The information is common for the three
subcategories.
The data to be collected and default data (when relevant) are listed in the table below. The EF-
compliant secondary datasets to be used and corresponding UUID and DQR are listed in
comprehensive tables presented in section 5.1.2 and in Appendix 3.
It is important to note that when modelling the water extraction and the gas production for
carbonated water (when relevant), the elementary flow used for water has to be adapted according
to the location of water extraction.

Table 20: Manufacturing (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by the company)
Process and key parameters* Unit Default Default Most
data dataset, relevant
UUID and process
DQR [Y/N]
WATER Packed water l/l packed water - See section Y
EXTRACTION, 5.1.2
CONTAINER Net water consumption l/l packed water - See section Y
FILLING AND (total water consumption - 5.1.2
GROUPING return water) not including
packed water
27
Electricity consumption kWh/l packed 0.01 See section Y
water 5.2
27
Natural gas consumption MJ/l packed 0.013 See section Y
water 5.2
27
LPG/propane combustion kg/l packed water 0.0002 See section Y
5.2
GAS Amount of gas used per g/l carbonated - See section N
PRODUCTION liter of carbonated water water 5.2
(for carbonated (including losses during
water only) bottling and filling process)
Gas losses during bottling g/l carbonated - See section N
and filling process water 5.1.2
CONTAINER Fraction of container % - - Y
WASHING washed after used
OPERATIONS (for Water used l/container - See section N
reusable washed or l/l 5.1.2
packaging only) packed water

27
If no company-specific data are available, the following default data shall be used (Source: EFBW 2013)
94

Process and key parameters* Unit Default Default Most
data dataset, relevant
UUID and process
DQR [Y/N]
Electricity consumption kWh/container - See section Y
washed or kWh/l 5.1.2
packed water
Natural gas consumption MJ/container - See section Y
(MJ) washed or MJ/l 5.1.2
packed water
NaOH (g) g/container - See section Y
washed or g/l 5.1.2
packed water
HCl (g) g/container See section N
washed or g/l 5.1.2
packed water

The waste of products used during the manufacturing shall be included in the modelling (e.g. loss
rates during filling and grouping, refillable packaging broken during washing, etc…).
6.3 Distribution stage

This section gives the details on distribution for the three subcategories. It includes the different
transport steps for distribution, as well as storage in warehouses and retailer (only for “Other
channels” subcategory).
The transport from factory to final client (including consumer transport) shall be modelled within
this life cycle stage. The final client is defined as the final point of use. It is the final consumer who
purchased the packed water for “other channels”, the client of the restaurant for the subcategory
“at horeca”, and the employee of the company for the subcategory “at the office”.
The details about the distribution transports are given in the following tables for the three
subcategories respectively. In case supply-chain-specific information is available for one or several
transport parameters, they may be applied following the Data Needs Matrix. The EF-compliant
secondary datasets to be used and corresponding UUID and DQR are listed in comprehensive tables
presented in section 5.1.2 and in Appendix 3.

95

Table 21: Distribution transportation for the subcategory “Other channels” (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run
by the company)

transpor (km) payload return rate DQR
t (tonnes) (-)
FROM WATER Truck 40t 500 - - Articulated lorry Y

FACTORY TO transport, Euro
CUSTOMER 4, Total weight
>32 t | diesel
DEPOT/DISTRIBUTI
driven, Euro 4,
ON CENTER
cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix 3
for node and
DQR
28 29 29
From distribution Truck 40t 100 18 0.5 Articulated N
center to point of lorry
sale transport,
Euro 4, Total
weight >32 t |
diesel driven,
Euro 4, cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-

28
EFBW expert judgment
29
UETR
96

transpor (km) payload return rate DQR
t (tonnes) (-)
bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
From point of sale This distribution stage is modelled according to the Passenger car, N
to final user approach described in PEF Guidance Version 6.3, average
presented below the table. technology
mix, gasoline
and diesel
driven, Euro 3-
5, passenger
car
consumption
mix, to
consumer
engine size
from 1,4l up
to >2l
UUID:
1ead35dd-
fc71-4b0c-
9410-
7e39da95c7dc

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
*The applicant of this PEFCR shall always check the actual payload applied in the default dataset
and adapt it accordingly.
Modelling approach from point of sale to final client (source: PEF Guidance Version 6.3, section
7.14.1.3 and section 7.14.3)
● 62%: 5 km, by passenger car (average; UUID 1ead35dd-fc71-4b0c-9410-7e39da95c7dc). The
allocation factor shall be calculated as the volume of the product transported divided by 0.2
m3.
● 5%: 5 km round trip, by van (lorry <7.5t, EURO 3 with utilisation ratio of 20%6; UUID
aea613ae-573b-443a-aba2-6a69900ca2ff)
● 33%: no impact modelled

97

Table 22: Distribution transportation for the subcategory “At horeca” (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by
the company)
Process and Default data Default Most

key dataset, relevant
parameter*
transpor (km) payload return DQR
t (tonnes) rate (-)
FROM WATER Truck 40t 500 - - Articulated Y

FACTORY TO lorry
CUSTOMER transport,
DEPOT/DISTRIBUTI Euro 4, Total
ON CENTER weight >32 t |
diesel driven,
Euro 4, cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-
bef0-
481608681f57

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
30 30
From distribution Truck 3.5t 100 4.3 0.5 Articulated N
center to point of – 20t (delivery lorry
sale (maxi load round, i.e., transport,
5.4 50 km on Euro 4, Total
tonnes) average) weight 7,5-12
t (without
fuel) diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo
consumption
mix, to
consumer 7,5
t - 12t gross
weight / 5t

30
UETR
98

parameter*
transpor (km) payload return DQR
t (tonnes) rate (-)
payload
capacity
UUID:
8d5157a3-
8922-4c0c-
9dd9-
df8a71c5b7d5

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR

Table 23: Distribution transportation for the subcategory “At the office” (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by
the company)

parameter* transpor (km) payload return DQR
t (tonnes) rate (-)
FROM WATER Truck 40t 200 - - Articulated Y
FACTORY TO lorry
CUSTOMER transport,
DEPOT/DISTRIBUTI Euro 4, Total
ON CENTER weight >32 t |
diesel driven,
Euro 4, cargo|
consumption
mix, to
consumer|
more than 32t
gross weight /
24,7t payload
capacity {EU-
28+3}
UUID:
938d5ba6-
17e4-4f0d-
bef0-
481608681f57

99

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR
31 30
From distribution Truck 3.5t 100 4.3 0.2 Articulated N
center to point of – 20t (delivery lorry
sale (maxi load round, i.e., transport,
5.4 50 km on Euro 4, Total
tonnes) average) weight 7,5-12
t (without
fuel) diesel
driven, Euro 4,
cargo
consumption
mix, to
consumer 7,5
t - 12t gross
weight / 5t
payload
capacity
UUID:
8d5157a3-
8922-4c0c-
9dd9-
df8a71c5b7d5

See Appendix
3 for node and
DQR

The information for the storage at distribution center and at retailer (only relevant for the
category “Other Channels”) during the distribution are mainly default data based on PEF Guidance
Version 6.3, section 7.15.1 and section 7.15.2. The following elements are included in this dataset:
electricity usage, energy consumption, water use and wastewater treatment. (See Section 5.9 for
further details on electricity modelling). Details are provided in Table 24 below. Additional
elements are included in this dataset, and are presented in Appendix 3 together with the default
EF-compliant datasets to be used as background and their corresponding UUID and DQR.

Table 24 Energy and refrigerant consumption at DCs and at retail

31
UETR
100

Parameter Per surface area Volume of Per volume
2
(per m .year) products product stored
stored per (per m3.year)
surface area of
building
General electricity consumption at DC 30 kWh An average DC of 15 kWh
2
General energy at DC (natural gas burned in 360 MJ 30’000 m can 180 MJ
3
boiler) store 60’000 m of
products
32
General electricity consumption at retail 300 kWh An average 300 kWh
(general energy consumption for the entire retailer of
2
building surface) 2'000m can store
3
2’000 m of
products

Average storage times at the distribution centre and at the retailer shall be based on primary data
when available. When no primary data are available, the average default storage times presented
in Table 25 shall be used.

In addition, a volume factor has to be applied, which takes into account the fact that more space
than the actual volume of the product itself is needed, Average volume factors for ambient
product storage are presented in Table 25 (source: PEF Guidance Version 6.3). The ambient
storage volume is calculated according to Equation below:

v}~/ÄÅ ÇÅÉÑÖÜ/ áÉàâ}/ = äÉàâ}/ Éã Åℎ/ çÑÉéâèÅ ê vá/ÑÖÜ/ áÉàâ}/ ãÖèÅÉÑ

Table 25: Distribution: storage at distribution center/customer depot and at retailer (capitals indicate those processes expected
to be run by the company)
Process and key parameters Unit Default Most
data relevant
process
[Y/N]
Distribution Storage duration # weeks 4 N
center/customer Average volume factor [-] 4 N
depot 3
Volume of the product m - N
Retailer* Storage duration # weeks 4 Y
32
Average volume factor [-] 4 N
3
Volume of the product m - Y

32
Note: the Packed Water TS considers the default values for retail storage ( i. a general energy
consumption of 300 kWh/m2•year for the entire building surface and ii. a storage volume ratio at
the retailer calculated as 4 times the product volume according to Guidance Version 6.3) are
overestimated according to packed water context.

101

In addition, an average loss rate shall be taken into account for the losses during the distribution
stage (overall consolidated value for transportation, storage and retail place), and is a default
value based on PEF Guidance Version 6.3, Annex H, for the category “other beverages”.

The average loss rate to be considered for distribution stage is 1%.

Those losses translate to an increase in packed water production to compensate for the actual
amount of packed water that must be produced to achieve the functional unit, and to the
treatment of the corresponding waste. The average loss rate for distribution stage shall therefore
be modelled as follows:
• The additional packed water water production needed to compensate for the loss rate at
distribution stage:
o The impacts related to the loss rates shall be modelled as 1% of the Packaging
materials and Manufacturing stage inputs and outputs
o Those impacts can be calculated using the following equation:

ë íìîïñìóòïìôö õôîî ñúïù = 0.01× ë †ú°¢ú£ìö£ §úïùñìúõî
+ 0.01 × ë •úöò¶ú°ïòñìö£

Where:
EDistribution loss rate: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) related to the loss
rates at distribution stage

EPackaging materials: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) for the life cycle
stage “Packaging materials”
EManufacturing: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) for the life cycle stage
“Packaging material stage”
• The waste treatment related to those losses are modelled according to end-of-life data
presented in section 6.5.

The waste of products during the distribution and retail shall be included in the modelling.
6.4 Use stage

This section gives the details on the use stage for the three subcategories and the corresponding
representative products.
The life cycle stage “Use” includes the chilling operations at final user, the gas emissions of
carbonated water, but also glass (if any) production and dishwashing.
The data to be collected and default data (when relevant) are listed in the tables below for
primary packaging, secondary packaging and tertiary packaging.

102

The following default sub-processes were modelled according to specications of the PEF Guidance
v6.3:
• Beverage glass production and end-of-life, for use at consumer home or at horeca| flint
glass production and end-of-life treatment| market mix|
• Dishwashing at consumer home (1 washing cycle)| domestic dishwasher use| market mix|
• Refrigerated storage at consumer home (1 litre-day)| domestic fridge use| market mix|
The data for modelling those three sub-processes and the default EF-compliant datasets to be
used as background and their corresponding UUID and DQR for the processes are presented in
Appendix 3. It has to be noticed that, according to section 5.9, the electricity mix to be used for
the datasets “Dishwashing at consumer home” and for “Refrigerated storage at consumer home”
shall be the country-specific consumption grid mix (rules for modelling the consumption grid mix
are presented in section 5.9).
Table 26 Use stage (capitals indicate those processes expected to be run by the company)
channels” office” UUID process
and [Y/N]
DQR
Glass or Use of glass Glass/l If a glass is used, 2.7 (PEF Guidance Version 6.3) Default N
plastic packed This default value is not relevant for some easily sub-
cup water transportable and useable formats (mainly for a “on process:
producti the go” application) which are characterized by an Beverage
on and easy opening and with a rather small format adapted glass
end-of- to one single drinker. productio
life Type of n/a - - - n and N
glass or cup end-of-
Weight of g 260g for glass or ceramic cup (PEF Guidance Version life, for N
glass 6.3) use at
Type of L For washable glass: default value for the material consumer N
end-of-life considered (Annex C of PEF Guidance Version 6.3) home or
treatment - at
horeca|
flint glass
productio
n and
end-of-life
treatment
| market
mix| (See
Appendix
3)
Glass Type of n/a Dishwashing, with an allocation for the glass of 2.5% Default Y
washing glass of one cycle (PEF Guidance Version 6.3) sub-
washing for process:
washable Dishwashi
glass ng at
103

channels” office” UUID process
and [Y/N]
DQR
consumer
home (1
washing
cycle)|
domestic
dishwash
er use|
market
mix|
Gas Gas g/l - See N
emissio emissions carbon (Corresponds to the amount of gas per liter of section
ns of of ated carbonated water) 5.1.4
carbona carbonated water
ted water
water
Chilling Storage day(s) 1.0 1.0 1.0 Default N
operati duration sub-
ons at Product % 30% 100% 100% process: N
final chilled Refrigerat
user Volume in If stored in fridge: consider 3x the actual product ed N
fridge volume (Source: PEF Guidance Version 6.3) storage at
consumer
home (1
litre-day)|
domestic
fridge
use|
market
mix|
Electricity kWh/l. n/a - - See Y
consumptio day of section
n for HOD chilled 5.1.4
produc
t

In addition, an average loss rate shall be taken into account for the losses at final user (at
consumer, at restaurant, at the office…), and is a default value based on PEF Guidance Version 6.3,
Annex H, for the category “other beverages”.

The average loss rate to be considered at final user is 5%.

Those losses translate to an increase in packed water production to compensate for the actual
amount of packed water that must be produced to achieve the functional unit, and to the
104

treatment of the corresponding waste. The average loss rate for the use stage shall therefore be
modelled as follows:
• The additional packed water water production needed to compensate for the loss rate at
use stage:
o The impacts related to the loss rates shall be modelled as 1% of the Packaging
materials and Manufacturing stage inputs and outputs
o Those impacts can be calculated using the following equation:

ë ßîù õôîî ñúïù = 0.05× ë †ú°¢ú£ìö£ §úïùñìúõî + 0.05 × ë •úöò¶ú°ïòñìö£

Where:
EUse loss rate: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) related to the loss rates
at the use stage (at final user)

EPackaging materials: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) for the life cycle
stage “Packaging materials”
EManufacturing: specific emissions and resources consumed (per functional unit) for the life cycle stage
“Packaging material stage”
• The waste treatment related to those losses are modelled according to end-of-life data
presented in section 6.5.

For the use stage the consumption grid mix shall be used. The electricity mix shall reflect the ratios
of sales between EU countries/regions. To determine the ratio a physical unit shall be used (e.g.
number of pieces or kg of product). Where such data are not available, the average EU consumption
mix (EU-28 +EFTA), or region representative consumption mix, shall be used.
The waste of products during the use stage shall be included in the modelling.
6.5 Packaging end of life

The End-of-Life stage is a life cycle stage that in general includes the waste of the product in scope,
such as the food waste, primary packaging, or the product left at its end of use.
The processes to be taken into account for the end of life are the treatment of all the components
of primary, secondary and tertiary packaging, and corresponds to the exact same list of materials
as for the life cycle stage “Packaging materials”. The data to be considered for the end of life
treatment of those different materials are default data provided in the Annex C of the PEF Guidance
Version 6.3, except if better primary data are available. The transport from collection place to EOL
treatment is included in the landfill, incineration and recycling EF-compliant default datasets, which
are listed in Appendix 3 together with their corresponding UUID and DQR.

105

The value to be used are presented in Table 27 below, and detailed explanations are presented
below the table.

Table 27 Parameter to be used for end of life modelling and default value to be used
Category Value for R2 Value for R3 Value for A Value for B Values for
parameter parameter XER,heat;
XER,elec;
ESE,heat; ESE,
elec; and LHV
Primary or Primary Default Default Default Default
default value? Default data if no
primary data are
available
Default data 100% for HOD Annex C of the PEF Section B6.1 0 Included in the EF-
systems Guidance v6.3 “Packaging compliant default
Values reported in materials” (or in datasets (see
spreadsheet “A - spreadsheet “A - Appendix 3
R1 - R2” of the R1 - R2” of the together with
Annex C of the PEF Annex C of the PEF their
Guidance v6.3 Guidance v6.3) corresponding
UUID and DQR).

- The values to be used for R2 are dependent on the type of material and are country specific.
Company-specific R2 values (measured at the output of the recycling plant) shall be used when
available. If no company-specific values are available, application-specific R2 values shall be
used as listed the spreadsheet “A - R1 - R2” of the Annex C of the PEF Guidance v6.3.
o If an R2 value is not available for a specific country, then the European average shall
be used.
o If an R2 value is not available for a specific application, the R2 values of the material
shall be used (e.g. materials average).
o In case no R2 values are available, R2 shall be set equal to 0 or new statistics may be
generated in order to assign an R2 value in the specific situation.
o For the specific case of HOD systems, R2 shall be set equal to 100% (source:
PlasticsEurope Polycarbonate Committee);
- The values to be used for R3 are country specific only: default values shall be used for R3 for all the
packaging materials treated in the same country, and are provided in the Annex C of the PEF Guidance
v6.3.
- The values to be used for A are dependent on the type of material only. Default values shall be used for
A, and are listed in section B6.1 “Packaging materials” and in the spreadsheet “A - R1 - R2” of the Annex
C of the PEF Guidance v6.3;
- The value to be used for B shall be a default value and is equal to 0;
- The values to be used for XER,heat; XER,elec, ESE,heat; ESE, elec; and LHV shall be default values, and
are already included in the EF-compliant default datasets (see Appendix 3 together with their
corresponding UUID and DQR).

106

The end of life shall be modelled using the formula and guidance provided in chapter 5.11 'End of
life modelling' of this PEFCR together with the parameters listed above.
Before selecting the appropriate R2 value, an evaluation for recyclability of the material shall be
done and the PEF study shall include a statement on the recyclability of the materials/products. The
statement on the recyclability shall be provided together with an evaluation for recyclability that
includes evidence for the following three criteria (as described by ISO 14021:1999, section 7.7.4
'Evaluation methodology'):
1. The collection, sorting and delivery systems to transfer the materials from the source to the recycling
facility are conveniently available to a reasonable proportion of the purchasers, potential purchasers
and users of the product;
2. The recycling facilities are available to accommodate the collected materials;
3. Evidence is available that the product for which recyclability is claimed is being collected and recycled.
Point 1 and 3 can be proven by recycling statistics (country specific) derived from industry
associations or national bodies. Approximation to evidence at point 3 can be provided by applying
for example the design for recyclability evaluation outlined in EN 13430 Material recycling (Annexes
A and B) or other sector-specific recyclability guidelines if available33.
Following the evaluation for recyclability, the appropriate R2 values (supply-chain specific or default)
shall be used. If one criteria is not fulfilled or the sector-specific recyclability guidelines indicate a
limited recyclability an R2 value of 0% shall be applied.
The reuse rate determines the quantity of packaging material (per product sold) to be treated at end
of life. The amount of packaging treated at end of life shall be calculated by dividing the actual
weight of the packaging by the number of times this packaging was reused.
7 PEF results
7.1 Benchmark values
7.1.1 Characterised benchmark values
Table 28 Characterised benchmark values for RP1 "Other channels" PET one-way 1500 ml - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
Impact category Unit Life cycle excl. Use stage
use stage
Climate change34 kg CO2 eq 2.33E-02 4.96E-03
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq -1.99E-12 1.86E-11
Particulate matter disease incidence 5.81E-10 2.05E-10
Ionising radiation, human health kBq U235 eq 3.48E-03 1.59E-03

33
E.g. the EPBP design guidelines (http://www.epbp.org/design-guidelines), or Recyclability by design
(http://www.recoup.org/)
34
The sub-indicators 'Climate change - biogenic' and 'Climate change - land use and land transformation' shall not be
reported separately because their contribution to the total climate change impact, based on the benchmark results, is
less than 5% each.
107

use stage
Photochemical ozone formation, kg NMVOC eq 5.95E-05 9.23E-06
human health
Acidification mol H+ eq 7.51E-05 2.20E-05
Eutrophication, terrestrial mol N eq 2.78E-04 3.44E-05
Eutrophication, freshwater kg P eq 2.26E-07 1.67E-06
Eutrophication, marine kg N eq 2.64E-05 4.87E-06
Land use Dimensionless (pt) 1.26E-01 4.13E-02
Water use m3 world eq 1.32E-02 3.83E-03
Resource use, fossils MJ 3.86E-01 7.52E-02
Resource use, minerals and metals kg Sb eq 7.11E-07 9.38E-08

Table 29 Characterised benchmark values for RP2 "At horeca" Glass bottle refillable 1000 ml - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
use stage
Climate change34 above kg CO2 eq 2.02E-02 5.45E-03
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 3.11E-11 4.63E-11
Photochemical ozone formation, human kg NMVOC eq 7.46E-05 1.00E-05
health
Resource use, minerals and metals kg Sb eq -3.60E-09 9.56E-08

Table 30 Characterised benchmark values for RP3 "At the office" HOD PC refillable 5 gallons - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
use stage
Climate change34 above kg CO2 eq 7.95E-03 9.62E-03
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 2.52E-11 2.39E-12
Photochemical ozone formation, human kg NMVOC eq 2.56E-05 1.53E-05
health
108

use stage
Resource use, minerals and metals kg Sb eq 3.42E-09 2.21E-09

7.1.2 Normalised benchmark values
Table 31 Normalised benchmark values for RP1 "Other channels" PET one-way 1500 ml - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
Impact category Life cycle Use stage
excl. use stage
Climate change34 above 3.01E-06 6.40E-07
Ozone depletion -8.54E-11 7.97E-10
Particulate matter 9.12E-07 3.22E-07
Ionising radiation, human health 8.24E-07 3.78E-07
Photochemical ozone formation, human health 1.46E-06 2.27E-07
Acidification 1.35E-06 3.96E-07
Eutrophication, terrestrial 1.57E-06 1.94E-07
Eutrophication, freshwater 8.84E-08 6.55E-07
Eutrophication, marine 9.34E-07 1.72E-07
Land use 9.46E-08 3.09E-08
Water use 1.15E-06 3.34E-07
Resource use, fossils 5.91E-06 1.15E-06
Resource use, minerals and metals 1.23E-05 1.62E-06

Table 32 Normalised benchmark values for RP2 "At horeca" Glass bottle refillable 1000 ml - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
excl. use stage
Ozone depletion 1.33E-09 1.98E-09
Photochemical ozone formation, human 1.84E-06 2.46E-07
health
Land use 9.89E-08 3.35E-08
Water use 7.69E-07 3.39E-07
Resource use, minerals and metals -6.22E-08 1.65E-06

109

Table 33 Normalised benchmark values for RP3 "At the office" HOD PC refillable 5 gallons - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
excl. use stage
Ozone depletion 1.08E-09 1.02E-10
Photochemical ozone formation, human 6.30E-07 3.78E-07
health
Land use 2.74E-08 3.71E-08
Water use 7.52E-07 1.46E-07
Resource use, minerals and metals 5.91E-08 3.81E-08
7.1.3 7.1.3 Weighted benchmark values

Table 34 Weighted benchmark values for RP1 "Other channels" PET one-way 1500 ml - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
Impact category Unit Life cycle Use stage
excl. use stage
Climate change34 above Pt 6.67E-07 1.42E-07
Ozone depletion Pt -5.77E-12 5.38E-11
Particulate matter Pt 8.70E-08 3.07E-08
Ionising radiation, human health Pt 4.43E-08 2.03E-08
Photochemical ozone formation, human health Pt 7.47E-08 1.16E-08
Acidification Pt 8.98E-08 2.63E-08
Eutrophication, terrestrial Pt 6.14E-08 7.60E-09
Eutrophication, freshwater Pt 2.61E-09 1.93E-08
Eutrophication, marine Pt 2.91E-08 5.38E-09
Land use Pt 7.96E-09 2.61E-09
Water use Pt 1.04E-07 3.01E-08
Resource use, fossils Pt 5.27E-07 1.03E-07
Resource use, minerals and metals Pt 9.93E-07 1.31E-07
Total Pt 2.69E-06 5.30E-07

110

Table 35 Weighted benchmark values for RP2 "At horeca" Glass bottle refillable 1000 ml - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
excl. use stage
Ozone depletion Pt 9.00E-11 1.34E-10
Photochemical ozone formation, human Pt 9.37E-08 1.26E-08
health
Land use Pt 8.33E-09 2.82E-09
Resource use, minerals and metals Pt -5.02E-09 1.34E-07
Total Pt 1.45E-06 5.67E-07

Table 36 Weighted benchmark values for RP3 "At the office" HOD PC refillable 5 gallons - Impacts per FU (100 ml)
excl. use stage
Ozone depletion Pt 7.30E-11 6.91E-12
Photochemical ozone formation, human health Pt 3.21E-08 1.93E-08
Land use Pt 2.31E-09 3.12E-09
Resource use, minerals and metals Pt 4.77E-09 3.08E-09
Total Pt 6.00E-07 6.89E-07

7.2 PEF profile

The applicant shall calculate the PEF profile of its product in compliance with all requirements
included in this PEFCR. The following information shall be included in the PEF report:
- full life cycle inventory;
- characterised results in absolute values, for all impact categories (including toxicity; as a table);
111

- normalised and weighted result in absolute values, for all impact categories (including toxicity; as a
table);
- the aggregated single score in absolute values
Together with the PEF report, the applicant shall develop an aggregated EF-compliant dataset of
its product in scope. This dataset shall be made available on the EF node (
http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EF-node). The disaggregated version may stay confidential.
7.3 Additional technical information

N/A

7.4 Additional environmental information

Biodiversity is considered as relevant for this PEFCR: Yes.
Producers who apply this PEFCR should indicate if the company follows a specific program in terms
of protecting and monitoring the catchment areas. Key information regarding the program shall be
described, e.g., protection efforts put in place include limiting human activity with a relevant impact
to the environment, banning the use of pesticides and replacing them with natural farmer practices,
limiting the usage of underground water as irrigation water and improved farming techniques and
organic agriculture, which represents benefit for ecosystem quality (biodiversity) compared to
conventional practices.
For instance, if the requirements and guidelines outlined in “Guide to good hygienic practices for
packaged water in Europe” (EFBW 2012) are followed, they should be reported. The most relevant
sections of this reference document are reported here below.

In addition, if a specific standard is followed (for example, the standard developed by the European
Centre for Mineral Water Research (CERAM)), the key information related to this standard should
be reported.

8 Verification
The verification of an EF study/report carried out in compliance with this PEFCR shall be done
according to all the general requirements included in Section 8 of the PEFCR Guidance Version 6.3
and the requirements listed below.

The verifier(s) shall verify that the EF study is conducted in compliance with this PEFCR.
These requirements will remain valid until an EF verification scheme is adopted at European level or
alternative verification approaches applicable to EF studies/report are included in existing or new
policies.

The verifier(s) shall validate the accuracy and reliability of the quantitative information used in the
calculation of the study. As this can be highly resource intensive, the following requirements shall be
followed:
• the verifier shall check if the correct version of all impact assessment methods was used. For each of
the most relevant impact categories, at least 50% of the characterisation factors (for each of the most
112

relevant EF impact categories) shall be verified, while all normalisation and weighting factors of all
ICs shall be verified. In particular, the verifier shall check that the characterisation factors correspond
to those included in the EF impact assessment method the study declares compliance with35;
• all the newly created datasets shall be checked on their EF compliancy (for the meaning of EF
compliant datasets refer to Annex H of the Guidance). All their underlying data (elementary flows,
activity data and sub processes) shall be validated;
• the aggregated EF-compliant dataset of the product in scope (meaning, the EF study) is available on
the EF node (http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EF-node).
• for at least 70% of the most relevant processes in situation 2 option 2 of the DNM, 70% of the
underlying data shall be validated. The 70% data shall include all energy and transport sub processes
for those in situation 2 option 2;
• for at least 60% of the most relevant processes in situation 3 of the DNM, 60% of the underlying data
shall be validated;
• for at least 50% of the other processes in situation 1, 2 and 3 of the DNM, 50% of the underlying data
shall be validated.

In particular, it shall be verified for the selected processes if the DQR of the process satisfies the
minimum DQR as specified in the DNM.
The selection of the processes to be verified for each situation shall be done ordering them from the
most contributing to the less contributing one and selecting those contributing up to the identified
percentage starting from the most contributing ones. In case of non-integer numbers, the rounding
shall be made always considering the next upper integer.
These data checks shall include, but should not be limited to, the activity data used, the selection of
secondary sub-processes, the selection of the direct elementary flows and the CFF parameters. For
example, if there are 5 processes and each one of them includes 5 activity data, 5 secondary datasets
and 10 CFF parameters, then the verifier(s) has to check at least 4 out of 5 processes (70%) and, for
each process, (s)he shall check at least 4 activity data (70% of the total amount of activity data), 4
secondary datasets (70% of the total amount of secondary datasets), and 7 CFF parameters (70% of
the total amount of CFF parameters), i.e. the 70% of each of data that could be possible subject of
check.
The verification of the EF report shall be carried out by randomly checking enough information to
provide reasonable assurance that the EF report fulfils all the conditions listed in section 8 of the
PEFCR Guidance.

9 References

BIER (2011) Beverage industry Environmental Roundtable (BIER). A Practical Perspective
on Water Accounting in the Beverage Sector. December 2011.

35
Available at: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/developer.xhtml
113

BIER (2013) Beverage industry Environmental Roundtable (BIER). Beverage Industry
Sector Guidance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting. December 2013.

Canadean (2013) Canadean (2013). Key statistics gathered by market research and available
of the official website of EFBW. http://www.efbw.eu/index.php?id=128.
September 2014.

CHEP (2014) CHEP (2014). Official website, http://www.chep.com/pallets/wooden-
pallet-1200-x-1000-mm/. September 2014.

EFBW (2012) European Federation of Bottled Waters (EFBW). Guide to good hygienic
practices for packaged water in Europe. May 2012.

EFBW (2013) European Federation of Bottled Waters (EFBW). Draft Product Category
Rules for type III environmental declaration; Waters not sweetened nor
flavoured. December 2013.

EFBW (2014) European Federation of Bottled Water (EFBW) (2014). Official website,
http://www.efbw.eu/index.php?id=40. August 2014.

European European Commission (2013). 2013/179/EU: Commission Recommendation
Commission of 9 April 2013 on the use of common methods to measure and
(2013) communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products and
organisations. Official Journal of the European Union, L 124, Volume 56,
May 4th, 2013.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:124:SOM:EN:HTML

European European Commission (2014). Environmental Footprint Pilot Guidance
Commission document. Guidance for the implementation of the EU Product
(2014) Environmental Footprint (PEF) during the Environmental Footprint (EF) Pilot
Phase, v. 4.0, May 2014. The last version available has been considered in
this update, i.e., “Guidance for the implementation of the EU PEF during
the EF Pilot Phase” (version 5.2).

European Food European Food Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Round
SCP Round Table Table (2013). ENVIFOOD Protocol - Environmental Assessment of Food and
(2013) Drink Protocol, Version 1.0, November 20th, 2013.

European Union European Union. Directive 2009/54/EC of the European Parliament and of
(2009) the Council of 18 June 2009 . Official Journal of the European Union,
26.6.2009.

114

Eurostat (2011) Eurostat (2011). Official website,
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do;jsessionid=9e
a7d07d30dc7045aaa40bd645b492f3b1c17823f3c4.e34MbxeSaxaSc40LbNi
MbxeNbxaQe0?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=ten00063&language=fr.
August 2014.

Eurostat (2012) Eurostat (2012). Official website,
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&pl
ugin=1&pcode=tsdpc240&language=en. August 2014.

Humbert et al. Humbert S, Loerincik Y, Rossi V, Margni M, Jolliet O (2009). Life cycle
(2009) assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives
(drip filter and capsules espresso). Journal of Cleaner Production 17, 1351-
1358. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.04.011

IRI (2013) IRI (2013). Infoscan and Beverage Wholesalers, Italy.

Kaenzig and Kaenzig and Jolliet (2006). Consommation respectueuse de
Jolliet (2006) l’environnement: décisions et acteurs clés, modèles de consommation.
Connaissance de l’environnement no 0616. Office fédéral de
l’environnement (OFEV). Berne. 113 p. 2006.

Nielsen (2014) Nielsen (2014). Markets: Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece
(excl. tobacconists), Hungary (excl. horeca), Italy, Poland and Spain. Period:
12 rolling months ending April 2014. Scope: still and sparkling water. April
2014.

PCI PET PCI PET Packaging, Resin & Recycling Ltd (2014). A PCI Report for PETCORE
Packaging, Resin and Plastic Recyclers Europe (PRE). Post consumer PET recycling in Europe
& Recycling Ltd 203 and prospects to 2018. July 2014.
(2014)
The International The International EPD® System, Environdec. LCA-lab srl (2014). Product
EPD® System, Category Rules. Bottled waters, not sweetened or flavoured. February
Environdec 2014.
(2014)

Zenith Zenith International (2014). European Botteld Water Market Report 2014.
International March 25th, 2014.
(2014)

115

10 Appendices
ANNEX 1 – List of EF normalisation and weighting factors

Global normalisation factors are applied within the EF. The normalisation factors as the global
impact per person are used in the EF calculations.
Impact
Inventory
Impact Normalisa- Normalisa- assess- Inventory
Unit coverage Comment
category tion factor tion factor ment robustness
completeness
per person robustness
Climate change kg CO2 eq 5.35E+13 7.76E+03 I II I
Ozone kg CFC-
1.61E+08 2.34E-02 I III II
depletion 11 eq
Human
CTUh 2.66E+05 3.85E-05 II/III III III
toxicity, cancer
Human
toxicity, non- CTUh 3.27E+06 4.75E-04 II/III III III
cancer
NF
calculation
takes into
account the
emission
Particulate disease height both
4.39E+06 6.37E-04 I I/II I /II
matter incidence in the
emission
inventory
and in the
impact
assessment.
Ionising 235
kBq U
radiation, 2.91E+13 4.22E+03 II II III
eq
human health
Photochemical
kg
ozone
NMVOC 2.80E+11 4.06E+01 II III I/II
formation,
eq
human health
3.83E+11 5.55E+01
Acidification mol H+ eq II II I/II

Eutrophication,
mol N eq 1.22E+12 1.77E+02 II II I/II
terrestrial
Eutrophication,
kg P eq 1.76E+10 2.55E+00 II II III
freshwater
Eutrophication,
kg N eq 1.95E+11 2.83E+01 II II II/III
marine
116

Impact
Inventory
Impact Normalisa- Normalisa- assess- Inventory
Unit coverage Comment
category tion factor tion factor ment robustness
completeness
per person robustness
The NF is
built by
Land use pt 9.20E+15 1.33E+06 III II I I means of
regionalised
CFs.
Ecotoxicity,
CTUe 8.15E+13 1.18E+04 II/III III III
freshwater
The NF is
3 built by
m world
Water use 7.91E+13 1.15E+04 III I II means of
eq
regionalised
CFs.
Resource use,
MJ 4.50E+14 6.53E+04 III
fossils
Resource use, I II
minerals and kg Sb eq 3.99E+08 5.79E-02 III
metals

Weighting factors for Environmental Footprint
Aggregated Robustness Calculation Final
weighting factors weighting
set factors
WITHOUT TOX CATEGORIES (50:50) (scale 1-0.1)
A B C=A*B C scaled to
100
Climate change 15.75 0.87 13.65 22.19
Ozone depletion 6.92 0.6 4.15 6.75
Particulate matter 6.77 0.87 5.87 9.54
Ionizing radiation, human
7.07 0.47 3.3 5.37
health
Photochemical ozone
5.88 0.53 3.14 5.1
formation, human health
Acidification 6.13 0.67 4.08 6.64
Eutrophication, terrestrial 3.61 0.67 2.4 3.91
Eutrophication, freshwater 3.88 0.47 1.81 2.95
Eutrophication, marine 3.59 0.53 1.92 3.12
Land use 11.1 0.47 5.18 8.42
Water use 11.89 0.47 5.55 9.03
117

Aggregated Robustness Calculation Final
weighting factors weighting
set factors
WITHOUT TOX CATEGORIES (50:50) (scale 1-0.1)
A B C=A*B C scaled to
100
Resource use, minerals and
8.28 0.6 4.97 8.08
metals
Resource use, fossils 9.14 0.6 5.48 8.92

ANNEX 2 - Check-list for the PEF study

Each PEF study shall include this annex, completed with all the requested information.

ITEM Included in the study Section Page
(Y/N)
Summary
General information
about the product
General information
about the company
Diagram with system

boundary and
indication of the
situation according to
DNM
List and description of

processes included in
the system
boundaries
List of co-products,
by-products and
waste
List of activity data

used
List of secondary
118

ITEM Included in the study Section Page
(Y/N)
datasets used
Data gaps
Assumptions
Scope of the study
(sub)category to
which the product
belongs
DQR calculation of
each dataset used for
the most relevant
processes and the
new ones created.
DQR (of each criteria

and total) of the study
If relevant
description of specific
program in terms of
protecting and
monitoring the
catchment areas (see
7.4)

119

ANNEX 3 – LCI data

Annex 3 is provided as the following document:
• PEFCR-PackedWater_Version1-2018-04-23 - Life cycle inventory.xlsx, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/PEFCR_OEFSR.htm
This Excel file includes the following:

• a comprehensive list of secondary datasets in the foreground and background systems to be
used if applicable for the product in question;
• the generic data that shall be used for each process for each life cycle stage if no primary
data are available;
• the DQR ratings for each dataset used as well as the DQRs calculated for the four
benchmarks; and
• information on the nodes to access all EF-compliant datasets.
120

ANNEX 4 - Critical review report of the PEFCR

Annex 4 is provided as the following document which includes all findings of the review process
and the actions taken by the TS to answer the reviewer comments:
• PEFCR-PackedWater_ Final review report _2018-03-12_V0.pdf”
121

ANNEX 5 - Other Annexes

Additional information related to representative products used in PEFCR development
Complete European market data are not available36, nevertheless the following information (e.g.,
reflecting national situation) related to the different types of packaging material can be
considered to justify the choices proposed in this document:
• “other channels”: this sub-category includes “on the go” and “at home”. The Technical
Secretariat decided to merge them into a unique “other channels” sub-category. At this
stage (according to available data) and since huge differences exist from one market to
another one in Europe (with much bigger format in the geographies in the Southern part of
Europe), the Technical Secretariat did not build a virtual average product and selected as
representative product the “PET one-way 1.5L” for this sub-category since it is by far the
dominant format in all countries. The analysis about the amount of packaging material
used per liter shows very little changes from one format to another one (e.g., from “PET
one-way 0.5L” to “PET one-way 1.5L”); but to assess the potential influence of this
parameter, the Technical Secretariat will elaborate some sensitive analyses to measure
impact of formats among for the same packaging material. The detailed information is
presented below:
o “on the go”: Based on Italian data according to IRI (2013) (Italy represents one of
the most important market of packed water producers and consumers in Europe),
the market shares in terms of volumes (i.e., liters of water) are: 100% PET; other
packaging materials (e.g., glass, beverage carton and aluminium) represents less
than 1%. According to this information, the PET is the representative packaging
material. The most dominant format for PET in this sub-category is the 0.5L. Note
that many formats could be found in this sub-category; e.g., “PET one-way 0.25L”,
“PET one-way 0.33L”, “PET one-way 0.50L”, “PET one-way 0.75L”, “PET one-way
1.00L”; the analysis of packaging material used per liter show very little change
from one format to another one.
o “at home”: Based on Italian data according to IRI (2013) (Italy represents one of the
most important market of packed water producers and consumers in Europe), the
market shares in terms of volumes (i.e., liters of water) are: 99.70% PET; other
packaging materials (e.g., glass, beverage carton and aluminium) represents less
than 1%. According to this information, the PET is the representative packaging
material. The most dominant format for PET in this sub-category is the 1.5L. Note
that many formats could be found in this sub-category; e.g., “PET one-way 0.25L”,
“PET one-way 0.33L”, “PET one-way 0.50L”, “PET one-way 0.75L”, “PET one-way
1.00L”, “PET one-way 1.50L”, “PET one-way 2.00L”, “PET one-way 3.00L”, “PET one-
way 5.00L”, “PET one-way 6.00L”, “PET one-way 7.00L”, “PET one-way 8.00L”; the
analysis of packaging material used per liter show very little change from one
format to another one.

36
In parallel, efforts are still taking place to find European data to further support the choices of the Technical
Secretariat.
122

• “at horeca”: Based on Italian data according to IRI (2013) (Italy represents one of the most
important market of packed water producers and consumers in Europe), the market shares
in terms of volumes (i.e., liters of water) are: 55.44% glass, 44.54% PET; other packaging
materials (e.g., beverage carton and aluminium) represents less than 1%. It’s not
straightforward to identify the representative packaging material and high discrepancies
are observed depending on the reference. Up to now, the glass is considered the
representative packaging material according to expert judgment. The most dominant
format for glass in this sub-category is the refillable 1.0L. At this stage and since huge
differences exist from one reference to another one, and significant changes from one
market to another one in Europe, the Technical Secretariat did not build a virtual average
product and selected as representative product the “Glass refillable 1.0L” for this sub-
category since it is by far the dominant format in all countries. Note that many formats
could be found in this sub-category: “Glass one-way 0.33L”, “Glass one-way 0.50L”, “Glass
one-way 0.75L”, “Glass one-way 1.00L”, “Glass refillable 0.33L”, “Glass refillable 0.50L”,
“Glass refillable 0.75L”, “Glass refillable 1.00L”, “PET one-way 0.50L”, “PET one-way 0.75L”,
“PET one-way 1.00L”, “PET one-way 1.50L”, “can one-way 0.33L”.
• “at the office”: Based on information provided by the European Watercooler Association
(EWA), the market is mostly represented by one format: the 5 gallons. Then the packaging
material used in that segment is mainly represented by the polycarbonate (PC). Other PET
blended materials are tested in many countries but without any stability in the choice of
the blended material, so the Technical Secretariat decided to exclude PET material waiting
for more information in the near future of the main choice of the industry. This is why the
following representative product has been selected for this sub-category: “HOD PC
refillable 5 gallons”.
According to Zenith International (2014), the packaging materials considered with these
representative products cover about 99% of the bottled water sold in 2012: 83% of the bottled
water sold in EU28 was in PET, 12% was in glass and 5% was sold in other packaging materials such
as PC.
According to Nielsen (2014) and considering both still and sparkling water, the class “1.0L < x ≤
1.5L” (including “PET one-way 1.5L”) represents 44.3% of the market in terms of value share, the
class “0.75L < x ≤ 1.0L” (including “Glass refillable 1.0L”) represents 20.4%, the class “ x ≤ 0.5L”
(including “PET one-way 0.5L”) represents 14.7% and the class “ x > 10L” (including “HOD PC 5
gallons”) represents less than 1%. The rest (i.e., about 21%) is covered by other formats, e.g., 0.6L,
0.75L, 2L, 5L, ... .
In addition, the representative products selected for the main applications addressed two key
systems: the one-way systems (“PET one-way 1.5L”) and the refillable systems (“Glass refillable
1.0L” and “HOD PC 5 gallons”).
At this stage, the data regarding the primary packaging refers mainly to still water. According to
Canadean (2013), in 2013 the still water represents about 60% of the European market. Still
water is considered for the “HOD PC refillable 5 gallons”; and a mix composed by 40% of
carbonated water is considered for the “PET one-way 1.5L” and “Glass refillable 1.0L”.

Source: IRI, Infoscan and Beverage Wholesalers (2013).
123

Table 37 Italian market shares per type of packaging materials for the sub-categories “other channels” (including “on the go”
and “at home”) and “at horeca” in terms of volumes sold in 2013 according to IRI (2013)

Table 38 Italian market shares per packed water product for the sub-categories “other channels” (including “on the go” and “at
home”) and “at horeca” in terms of volumes sold in 2013 according to IRI (2013)
124

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Product

Prepared by the Technical Secretariat:

Name of the organization Type of organization Name of the members (not

European Federation of Bottled Industry Patricia Fosselard, Ermis

European Container Glass Industry Fabrice Rivet, Romeo Pavanello

PETCORE Europe Industry Patrick Peuch, replaced by Christian

Union Européenne des Industry Lode Verkinderen

Danone Waters* Industry Philippe Diercxsens

Ferrarelle* Industry Giuseppe Dadà

Nestlé Waters* Industry Bernard Pruvost

San Benedetto Industry Davide Manzato, Tullio Versace

Spadel Industry An de Schryver (left on June 2015),

Quantis Consultant Violaine Magaud, Sebastien

2.2 Consultations and stakeholders

2.3 Review panel and review requirements of the PEFCR

Name of the member Affiliation Role

Frederic Croison Deloitte (France) Chair

Benedikt Kauertz IFEU (Germany)

Stéphane Arditi European Environmental Bureau

2.4 Review statement

2.5 Geographic validity

3.2 Representative product(s)

3.3 Functional unit and reference flow

3.4 System boundary

Life cycle stage Short description of the processes included

Secondary packaging : production

Tertiary packaging : production

Packaging transport to factory Used packaging transport to factory

Glass and plastic cup production and 04. Use

05. Packaging end-of-life

3.5 EF impact assessment

4 Most relevant impact categories, life cycle stages and processes

4.1 Sub-category “other channels”

4.2 Sub-category “at horeca”

4.3 Sub-category “at the office”

5 Life cycle inventory

5.1 List of mandatory company-specific data

Type of material Composition of - http://lcd 61042

For recycled PET: Polyethylene n/a 60dd8 Not EF-

For virgin Glass: Container glass, http://lcd 5ccf94

jars ; Production mix. Technology mix. de/ 4688-

For recycled Glass: Container glass, http://sod ab4e9

For virgin poly-carbonate: http://lcd e7202

For secondary polycarbonate: n/a 47a96 Not EF-

For other packaging materials http://lcd

Erreur ! Le signet n’est pas défini.,15

injected n.thinkste on the

Injection n/a kg of Injection moulding plastic injection http://lcd aaa288

pipes extrusion n/a kg of Pipes extrusion; pipe production by http://lcd 6b8ab

Ring pull cap, aluminium metal http://lcd 78ec7b

Screw cap, HDPE raw material http://lcd fa433f

Screw cap, PP raw material http://lcd 05a26a

Other material http://lcd n/a

packaging per pack amount of

Secondary packaging (crate)

For secondary HDPE: Recycling of n/a 47a96 Not EF-

secondary pack packaging

Tertiary packaging (Slipsheet/tray)

Tertiary packaging (Rack)