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This document discusses multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems which use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication. MIMO systems can provide both multiplex gain by transmitting multiple streams concurrently and diversity gain by exploiting different antenna paths to increase signal strength. Key points covered include MIMO channel modeling, decoding approaches like zero forcing, channel estimation techniques, and the tradeoff between maximizing diversity gain versus multiplex gain.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
108 views21 pages

Mimo PDF

This document discusses multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems which use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication. MIMO systems can provide both multiplex gain by transmitting multiple streams concurrently and diversity gain by exploiting different antenna paths to increase signal strength. Key points covered include MIMO channel modeling, decoding approaches like zero forcing, channel estimation techniques, and the tradeoff between maximizing diversity gain versus multiplex gain.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multi-Input Multi-Output

Systems (MIMO)

•  Channel Model for MIMO


•  MIMO Decoding
•  MIMO Gains
•  Multi-User MIMO Systems
MIMO
•  Each node has multiple antennas
„  Capable of transmitting (receiving) multiple
streams concurrently
„  Exploit antenna diversity to increase the
capacity

h11  
h12   h21  
" h11 h12 h13  %
h13   $ '
$ h21 h22 h23  '
h22   HN×M = $ '
h31   h23  
$ h31 h2 h33  '
h32  
h33   $#     '&
…  

…  
Channel Model (2x2)
h11  
x1   y1  
h12  
h21  
x2   h22   y2  

y1 = h11x1 +h21x 2 +n1


y 2 = h12 x1 +h22 x 2 +n2

y = Hx +n

•  Can be extended to N x M systems


Antenna Space
M-antenna node receives in M-dimensional space  

2  x  2  

! y $ ! h $ ! h $ ! n $
# 1
&=# 11
& x1 + # 21 & x2 + # 1 &
# y 2 & # h12 & # h22 & # n2 &
" % " % " % " %
   
y = h1x1 + h2 x 2 + n


 y = (y1, y 2 )
h2 = (h21,h22 ) antenna 2
antenna  2  
x2  

h1 = (h11,h12 )
x1  
antenna  1  
antenna 3 antenna 1
MIMO Decoding (algebra)
Orthogonal  vectors  

! y $ ! h $ ! h $ ! n $  *  h22  
# 1 & = # 11 & x1 + # 21 & x2 + # 1 &
# y 2 & # h12 & # h22 & # n2 &  *  -­‐  h21  
+  )   " % " % " % " %

y1h22 − y 2h21 = (h11h22 −h12h21 )x1

y1h22 − y 2h21
x1 = Given  x1,  solve  x2  
h11h22 −h12h21

To  guarantee  the  full  rank  of  H,  antenna  spacing  at  the  
transmiCer  and  receiver  must  exceed  half  of  the  wavelength  
 
MIMO Decoding (antenna space)
•  Zero forcing

 y = (y1, y 2 )
h2 = (h21,h22 )
antenna  2  
x2  

h1 = (h11,h12 )
x1  
antenna  1  
x’1  

‖x’1‖< ‖x1‖  

•  To  decode  x1,  decode  vector  y  on  the  direcGon  


orthogonal  to  x2  
•  To  improve  the  SNR,  re-­‐encode  the  first  detected  signal,  
subtract  it  from  y,  and  decode  the  second  signal  
Channel Estimation
•  Estimate N x M matrix H
h11  
x1   y1  
h12   y1 = h11x1 +h21x 2 +n1
h21   y 2 = h12 x1 +h22 x 2 +n2
x2   h22   y2  
Two  equaGons,  but  four  unknowns  

Antenna  1  at  Tx   Access  code  1   Stream  1  

Antenna  2  at  Tx   Access  code  2   Stream  2  

EsGmate  h11,  h12   EsGmate  h21,  h22  


MIMO Gains
•  Multiplex Gain
„  Exploit antenna diversity to deliver multiple
streams concurrently

•  Diversity Gain
„  Exploit antenna diversity to increase the SNR of
a single stream
Diversity Gain
•  1 x 2 example
h1  
x   y1  
h2   y1 = h1x +n1
y 2 = h2 x +n2
y2  

„  Decode the SNR of (y1 + y2)


„  Uncorrelated whit Gaussian noise with zero
mean
„  Packet can be delivered through at least one of
the many diver paths
Diversity Gain
•  1 x 2 example
h1  
x   y1  
h2   y1 = h1x +n1
y 2 = h2 x +n2
y2  

P(2X)
SNR= ,(where(P(refers(to(the(power
P(n1 +n2 ) •  Increase  SNR  by  3dB  
E[(2X)2 ] •  Especially  beneficial  for  
= 2 2
E[n1 +n2 ] the  low  SNR  link  
4E[X 2 ]
= 2
, (where(σ (is(the(variance(of(AWGN

= 2 * SNRsingle(antenna
Diversity Gain
MulGply  each  y  with  the  conjugate  of  the  channel  
! * 2
!# y = h x +n h
# 1 1 y = h1 x + h1*n1
1 1 1
" "
#$ y 2 = h2 x +n2
2
# h2* y2 = h2 x + h2*n2
$

2 2
2
E[(( h1 + h2 )X) ]
2 2
E[(( h1 + h2 )X)2 ]
SNRdiversity = SNRsin gle =
E[(h1*n1 +h*2n2 )2 ] E[(h1*n1 +h*2n2 )2 ]
4
2 2
( h1 + h2 )2 E(X 2 ) h1 E(X 2 )
= = 2
2
( h1 + h2 )σ
2 2
( h1 )σ 2
2
2
( h1 + h2 )E(X 2 )
2
h1 E(X 2 )
= =
σ2 σ2
2 2
( h1 + h2 )
gain = 2
h1
Trade off
•  Between diversity gain and multiplex gain

•  Say we have a N x N system


„  Degree of freedom: N
„  The transmitter can transmit k streams
concurrently, where k <= N
„  The optimal value of k is determined by the
tradeoff between the diversity gain and
multiplex gain
Degree of Freedom
•  For N x M MIMO channel

„  Degree of Freedom (DoF): min {N,M}


„  Maximum diversity: NM
Space-Time Code Examples: 2 £ 1 Channel

Repetition Scheme: Alamouti Scheme:

time time
x1 0 x 1 -x *
2
X= X=
0 x1 x2 x*
1
space space

diversity: 2 diversity: 2
data rate: 1/2 sym/s/Hz data rate: 1 sym/s/Hz
Space-Time Code Examples: 2 £ 2 Channel

Repetition Scheme: Alamouti Scheme:

time time
x1 0 x 1 -x *2
X= X=
0 x1 x2 x*1
space space

diversity: 4 diversity: 4
data rate: 1/2 sym/s/Hz data rate: 1 sym/s/Hz
But the 2 £ 2 channel has 2 degrees of freedom!
Interference Nulling

Alice
h1α x + h2 β x = 0
!!h1
!!⇒ Nulling : !h1 α = −h2 β
αx (h1aα + h2aβ )x ≠ 0
Bob !!h2
βx (h1bα + h2b β )x ≠ 0


•  Signals
€ cancel each other at Alice’s receiver
•  Signals don’t cancel each other at Bob’s receiver
„  Because channels are different
Homework
•  Say there exist a 3x2 link, which has a
channel
" h h %
$ 11 12 '
H3×2 = $ h21 h22 '
$ '
$# h31 h32 '&

How can a three-antenna transmitter


transmit a signal x, but null its signal at
two antennas of a two-antenna receiver?
Interference Alignment
2-antenna receiver
I2 I1
wanted signal

N-antenna node can only decode N signals

If I1 and I2 are aligned,


à appear as one interferer
à 2-antenna receiver can decode the wanted signal
Interference Alignment
2-antenna receiver I1 + I2
wanted signal

N-antenna node can only decode N signals

If I1 and I2 are aligned,


à appear as one interferer
à 2-antenna receiver can decode the wanted signal
Rotate Signal
1.  Transmitter can rotate the received signal

2-antenna receiver
y y’ = Ry  

To rotate received signal y to y’ = Ry,


transmitter multiplies its transmitted signal by
the same rotation matrix R
Rotate Signal
αx y1 = (h11α + h21β )x
βx y 2 = (h12α + h22 β )x

 
y = (h11 + h21,h12 + h22 ) y' = (u, v)

(h11α + h21β ) = u
(h12α + h22 β ) = v
How  to  align  the  signal  along  the  interference?  
à  Find  the  direcGon  of  the  interference    
and  rotate  the  signal  to  that  direcGon  

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