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1T4 Basic Mathematics

This document provides an overview of some basic mathematics concepts including sinusoidal functions, complex numbers, Euler's formula, complex sinusoids, scalar products of sequences, even and odd functions, and convolution. It defines key terms such as amplitude, angular frequency, initial phase, sampling period, and introduces equations for a sinusoidal function and Euler's formula relating complex exponentials and trigonometric functions. It also describes properties such as orthogonality and even/odd functions and defines convolution.

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73 views15 pages

1T4 Basic Mathematics

This document provides an overview of some basic mathematics concepts including sinusoidal functions, complex numbers, Euler's formula, complex sinusoids, scalar products of sequences, even and odd functions, and convolution. It defines key terms such as amplitude, angular frequency, initial phase, sampling period, and introduces equations for a sinusoidal function and Euler's formula relating complex exponentials and trigonometric functions. It also describes properties such as orthogonality and even/odd functions and defines convolution.

Uploaded by

ZenPhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1T4: Some basic mathematics

Xavier Serra
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
Index
●
Sinusoidal functions
●
Complex numbers
●
Euler’s formula
●
Complex sinusoids
●
Scalar product of sequences
●
Even and odd functions
●
Convolution
Sinusoidal functions (sinewaves)

x [n]= A cos(ω nT +ϕ)= A cos(2 π f nT +ϕ)

A: amplitude
ω : angular frequency in radians/seconds
f =ω/2 π :frequency in Hertz (cycles/seconds)
ϕ: initial phase in radians
n : time index
T =1/ f s :sampling period in seconds(t=nT =n/ f s )
Sinewave plot

A = .8
f0 = 1000
phi = np.pi/2
fs = 44100
t = np.arange(­.002, .002, 1.0/fs)
x = A * np.cos(2*np.pi*f0*t+phi)
Complex numbers
(a + jb) a, b: real numbers
j = -1 : imaginary unit
Im


Complex plane:
Re (real axis)
Re
Im (imaginary axis)
Im
Rectangular form:
(a+ jb) b x

a Re

Polar form:
A= √ a +b
2 2
Im
b
ϕ=atan 2( )
a x
A
where: φ
b −1 b
if (a>0) atan 2( )=tan ( )
a a Re
b −1 b
else if (a<0) atan 2( )=tan ( )− pi
a a
Euler's formula
e j ϕ=cos ϕ + j sin ϕ
jϕ − jϕ Im
e +e
cos ϕ =
2 x
e j ϕ =cos(ϕ)+ j sin (ϕ)
jϕ − jϕ
e −e
sin ϕ =
2j ϕ
Re
Complex sinewave
j ( ω nT +ϕ) j ϕ ( j ω nT ) j ( ω nT )
x̄ [n]= A e =Ae e = Xe
= A cos( ω nT +ϕ)+ j Asin ( ω nT +ϕ)

Real sinewave:
j ( ω nT +ϕ) − j ( ω nT +ϕ)
e +e
x [ n]= A cos( ω nT +ϕ)= A( )
2
1 j ( ω nT ) 1 * − j ( ω nT ) 1 1 *
= Xe + X e = x̄ [n]+ x̄ [n]
2 2 2 2
=ℜ{ x̄ [n]}
Scalar (dot) product of sequences

N −1
*
⟨ x , y ⟩= ∑ x [ n] y [n]
n=0

Example:
x [n]=[0, j ,1] ; y [n]=[1, j , j]
⟨ x , y⟩=0×1+ j×(− j)+1×(− j)=0+1+(− j)=1− j
Orthogonality of sequences

x ⊥ y ⇔⟨ x , y ⟩=0

x=(2,2)
2

Example: 1

x [ n]=[2,2] ; y [n]=[2,−2]
1 2 3 4
* * -1
⟨ x , y ⟩=2×2 +2×(−2) =4−4=0
-2 y=(2,-2)
Even and odd functions
f [n] is even if f [-n] = f [n] [symmetric]
f [n] is odd if f [-n] = -f [n] [antisymmetric]
Convolution N −1
y [n]=( x 1 [n]∗x 2 [n ])n = ∑ x 1 [m] x 2 [n−m]
m=0
References and credits
● More information in:
– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoid
– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numbers
– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_formula
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product
– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution
● Reference for the mathematics of the DFT by Julius O.
Smith: https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/mdft/
● Slides released under CC Attribution-Noncommercial-
Share Alike license and code under Affero GPL license;
available from https://github.com/MTG/sms-tools
1T4: Some basic mathematics

Xavier Serra
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

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