Carrington

-measures
Sociometry
Neither quanti or quali it is social structure >The fundamental contribution of sociometry to the
>The basic insight of social network analysis is that development of social network analysis was the
social structure is an emergent property of the invention of the sociogram.
networks of relationships in which individuals >n sociometric research, the researchers ask each
(and other social actors, such as organizations) are group member to report their interpersonal choices –
embedded. for example, with whom she would prefer to
>to say, the basic interest of social network analysis is sit to eat – and then construct and analyze diagrams
to understand social structure, by studying social of the choices, or “sociograms”
networks >Later writers made the obvious (in retrospect)
>but the fundamental quest is to connections with mathematical
understand the structure of the network, models. Dodd (1940a, 1940b) showed how the tables
>As it has developed, social network analysis has created by Jennings could be interpreted as matrices
become increasingly mathematical: That is, it employs (later called “sociomatrices”) and analyzed using
formalisms and analytic techniques matrix algebra
taken from mathematics and developed further for >sociograms can be interpreted as drawings of
social network analysis by mathematicians. mathematical graphs, which can be analyzed using
>the branch of mathematics principally used by social graph theory, thus greatly expanding the analytic
network analysis – graph theory – represents structures power of the sociometric approach to studying social
>In social network analysis, a real-life social network, structure.
consisting of people (or organizations, or other social >Moreno (1953:440–50) used the term “network” in
actors) and their connections, the same sense as it is used today, discussed
is represented by the mathematical object called a rudimentary techniques for analysing networks, and
graph, in which a set of points, or “nodes,” represents foresaw the possibility of the wide application of
the social actors, and lines, or “edges,” between pairs sociometric methods and insights in many branches
of nodes represent the presence of a given relationship of the social sciences other than social psychology,
between pairs of actors. such as political economy, and to human groups of all
>Quantitative and qualitative aspects of real-life sizes, up to “the psychological totality of human
social networks can be represented by generalizing society itself”
mathematical graphs: For example, the nodes and/or
lines of the graph may be assigned numbers Expansion since 1960
representing size, weight, strength, and so on, of the >There are two major themes in the development of
actors or their relationships, and the nodes and/or social network analysisfrom the 1960s to the present.
lines may be assigned labels representing qualitative One theme is the huge expansion in its scope: in the
attributes of the actors and their relationships, even volume of published work, and in the scope of its
difficult to-measure attributes such as meanings application in different disciplines in the social
sciences and to substantive areas within these
Early Research in Social Networks disciplines.
>identify two or three major streams of thought, and >The other theme in the past 50 years of development
groups of researchers, that laid the foundations of of social network analysis is the increasing use of
social network analysis: (i) sociometry, (ii) the mathematical models and methods of analysis, aided
organizational research done at Harvard in by the increasing availability of computer programs
the 1930s and 1940s, and (iii) the structural research and packages designed specifically for social network
of British social anthropologists of the Manchester analysis
school in the 1950s. --out, one of the great utilities of mathematical
>the genius of early social network analysis lay in the structural models is that they are unencumbered by
marriage of a powerful new tool developed in details of the specific situation, and therefore allow
sociometry – the sociogram – with a new theoretical one to see structural similarities across radically
development in social anthropology: the different contexts.
conceptualization of social structure as a web of
actual human relations. Social Relations, Graphs, and Networks
>Social network analysis can be seen, >Fundamental to social network analysis is the
then, as having developed from the application of the representation of a social
sociogram to the problem of social structure. relation by a graph.
>Relations, or ties, among actors may be others in the network increases due to time and
conceptualized as symmetric energy constraints
or asymmetric. >Mark Granovetter’s (1973, 1974) famous theory of
-symmetric: sibling of, married to “the strength of weak ties” proposes that ties among
-asymmetric: parent of alters who are connected to ego by strong ties – such
Egocentric vs Sociocentric as close family members and close friends – tend to
>An egocentric network, or ego network, is centered be more dense than weak ties, such as
on one social actor, or ego, and includes all actors, or acquaintanceship, colleagueship,
alters, who (or which) are directly connected to ego >urthermore, following the principle of homophily
by one or more type(s) of tie. Ego networks may (McPherson et al. 2001) strongly tied alters are more
also include the alters of ego’s alters – termed likely to be similar to one another and to ego in
second-order alters – the alters of second-order alters, various ways, whereas weakly tied alters tend to be
and so on. more heterogeneous. The important implication of
Ex: used extensively in the study of personal this distinction is that it is the alters to whom one is
networks social support social capital and weakly tied who are more likely to be sources of new
community It is used in social and community information, ideas, attitudes, and so on, since the
psychology, gerontology, addiction research, and information held by one’s strongly tied alters tends to
criminology, where it has been found that the overlap substantially with one’s own.
structure and composition of an individual’s personal
network affect his or her probability of committing a Connectivity and Cohesiveness of Subgroups
crime >A conceptualization of cohesion that is more
>in sociocentric, or whole-network research, no sensitive to the structure, and not just the number of
individual is focal. Rather, a population of actors is ties in the network, is based on the idea of
defined by some inclusion criteria, and the actors and connectivity.
the ties among them constitute the network. >A line is a direct connection between two
Ex: network studies of industrial market nodes, but nodes are also indirectly connected by
structures, which include all corporations or other paths consisting of lines passing through intermediary
business units involved in a particular market, or in a nodes
set of related markets, or in the -Indirect connections (paths) between nodes can also
entire economy of a nation network studies contribute to social cohesion
of the social organization of science that include all >In graph theory, a graph is called connected if all
scientists working in a given topic area or sub- the nodes are directly or indirectly connected to one
discipline, network studies of small group dynamics another.In a disconnected graph, each (internally
that include all members of the small group connected) part is called a component
network analyses of interorganizational relations >the main application of the concept of network
among all organizations involved in a given connectivity to social cohesion has been in the
organizational field identification of cohesive subgroups within
connected networks or their components. Cohesive
Social Cohesion: Density, Connectivity, subgroups are subsets of nodes that are in some sense
Embeddedness, Structural Holes, and Bridging more interconnected, directly or indirectly, than
>social cohesion will suffice, as the “glue” or bond nodes outside the subgroup
that holds the group together. >The “ideal” cohesive subgroup is one in which
>The simplest – and least “structural” – all the nodes are directly tied (i.e., adjacent) to one
conceptualization of cohesion in a social network is another, which is thedefinition of a clique in graph
the overall density of ties in the network, defined as theory
the ratio of the number of actual lines to the >Moody and White (2003) argue that cohesiveness in
maximum number of possible lines. In general, the a subgroup depends not on path lengths between
more lines there are – that is, the more pairs nodes but on the vulnerability of the subgroup to
of actors that are directly tied – the greater the becoming disconnected. This can be measured by the
cohesion in the network. The density of ties in real- minimum number of nodes that must be removed to
life networks tends to decrease as the network disconnect the subgroup.
becomes larger, as the number of theoretically
possible ties increases with the square of the number Embededness
of actors, but there are practical limits on how many >The more cohesive one’s alters are, the more similar
actual ties an actor can maintain. they are likely to be in attitudes, beliefs, and so on,
>a decrease in density as the number of and the more they are able to coordinate their efforts
to exert influence on one’s own behavior, attitudes, directly tied, or adjacent: in graph-theoretical
access to information, and so on. The concept of terminology, the degree of the point.
embeddedness draws attention to the constraints on Ex: influence, leadership, efficiency, personal
an actor that are due to its position in a social satisfaction and information flow in small task-
network. oriented groups

Structural Holes, Bridging, Betweenness, and >Closeness centrality measures how “close” an actor
Brokerage is to all other actors in the network. Closeness is the
>Identifying cohesive subgroups of nodes in a inverse of distance, which is the number of lines in
network also directs attention to the areas of the shortest path between a pair of points:
relatively sparse ties between those subgroups. These
areas are called “structural holes” (Burt 1992) and are >Betweenness centrality measures the extent to
important as opportunity structures in social which an actor is “between” other actors in the
entrepreneurship.An actor that is positioned so as to network, that is, the number of shortest paths between
bridge a structural hole is non-redundant; has high pairs of other actors on which the focal actor is
betweenness and superior access to network-based located.
resources, or social capital and may serve as a broker --betweenness centrality also confers upon its
or mediator between or among cohesive subgroups possessor access via multiple paths and from multiple
sources to resources such as information.
Social Statuses and Roles: Block Modeling, or
Positional and Role Analysis >Finally, eigenvector centrality measures the extent
>Social statuses are defined by the social to which an actor is tied to other actors that are
roles, or repertoires of normative behaviors, that their central, using the same definition
occupants are expected to play in relation to
occupants of other relevant social statuses.
>Thus, social structure can be conceptualized as
a system of interlocking social statuses and their
associated behavioral
roles
>Social statuses or positions and social roles are
modeled in social network analysis by positional and
role analysis, also known as blockmodeling. A
blockmodel of a social network is a model of the
system of positions and roles. It consists of an image
graph, in which each position is represented by a
single point and the characteristic relations among the
positions are represented by lines, and a mapping of
the actors in the original social network into the
positions in the model, that is, an assignment of each
actor to a position in the model. All the actors in a
given status or position – for example, all fathers, all
police officers, all leaders, all friends – are, in terms
of the social structure, equivalent.

Importance: Centrality
>The importance of an actor by virtue of its location
in a network is generally conceptualized in social
network analysis as the actor’s centrality.
>Social network analysis is often used to measure the
relative importance or centrality of each actor in a
network, to identify the most important or central
actors, and to identify the correlates of importance,
or centrality.
Types of Centrality
>Degree centrality is simply a normalized measure of
the number of other actors to which the focal actor is
 >one can study patterns of relational structures
directly without reference to attributes of the
Wasserman indiviudals involved
>Social network analysis >basic unit that these relational variables are
-focuses on relationships among social entities,and on measured on is the pair of actors not one or the other
the patterns and implications of these relationships individual actors
-from an sna analysis, the social environment can be
expressed as patterns or regularities in relationships The Perspective
among interacting units >social network: refers to the set of actors and the ties
>Structure: presence of regular patterns in among them;each individual has ties to other
relationships individuals, each of whom in turn is tied to others
>Structural variables: quantities that measure
structure Historical and Theoretical Foundations
>began with the notion of a network of relations
Social Networks Perspective linking social entities orofwebs among social units
>SNA: a distinct research perspective because it is emanating thorugh society
based on an assumption of the importance of >grounded in important social phenomena and
relationships among interacting units. theoretical concepts
:it encompasses theories, models and applications
that are expressed in terms of relational concepts or Empirical motiviations
processes defined by linkages among units. >driven by his interest in human social
>Principles: andpsychological behaviour,moreno invented the
-actors and their actions are interdependent instead of sociogram or a visual representation of the
independen,autonomous units interpersonal structure of groups where people are
-relational ties are channels for transfer of material represented as points in a 2d space and relationships
and nonmaterial resources amongpairs of people are represented by lines paved
-network models focusing on indiivduals view the the way for the development of sociometry
network structural environment as providing (measurement of interpersonal relations in
opportunities for or constraints on individual action smallgroups)
-network models conceptualize structure as lasting >recognition that sociograms could be used to study
patterns of relations among actors social structure led to a rapid introduction of analytic
>unit of analysis is the entity consisting of a techniques…
collection of individuals and the linkages among >methodlogists discovered matrices could be used to
others represent social netword data. These recognitions and
disoceriesbrought the power of mathematics to study
Background osiclasystem.
>fundamental difference between a social network >trad approach of describing social organiation in
explanation and a non-network explanation of a terms of institutions was notsufficient for
process is the inclusion of concepts and information understanding the behaviour of individuals in
on relationships among unites complex societies.studying complex societies (acc to
>whether the model seeks to understand individual anthropligsts) required newconcepts tounderstand the
action in the context of structured relationships,or social interactions during their fieldwork.
studies structures directly, sna operationalizes
structures in terms of linkages among unites. Theoretical motivations
>rather than focusing on attributes of autonomus >theoretical notions have also provided impetus for
individual unites, the associations among these development of network methods such as social
attrictues, the sna perspective views characterics of group, populatiry, restige, balance,social cohesion
the social unites as arising out of structural or etc.
relatinonal processes or focuses on properties of the >these conceptions led to several lines of
relational systems themselves methodological development.
>the task is to understand properties of the social and >social network researchers take specific aspects of
structural environment,and how these structural the theoretical idea of social group to develop
properties influence observed characteristics and preseice social networkdefinitions
associations amongcharacterities >…usefulness of using network concepts to specify
>relational ties among actors are primary, attributes exact properties of theoretical concepts
of actors are secondary
>thoerietical notions expressed in social network >finite set of actors who for conceptual, theoretical,
terms or empirical reseasons are treated as a finite set of
individuals on which network measurements are
Mathemitcal otivations made
>social network analysis use quantitiatve >one must be able to argue by theoretical, empirical,
analyticalappraoches to quantify social network or conceptual critiera that actors inthegorup belong
concepts. together in a more orless bounded set.
>3 major matemticalfoundations >once one decides to gather data on a group, a more
:graphtheory: proides both an appropriate concrte meaning of the term is necessary
representation of asocial network and a set of
concepts that can be used to study formal properties Relation
of social netwroks >collection of ties of a specific kind among members
:statistical and problaiity theory: used to o a group
testtheroetical propositions about networks Ex: set of friendhips amongpairs ofchildren
: allow theproceses toshow someerror orlackofit >refers to the collection of ties of a given kind
toproposed structuralthoeries: one can compare data measured on pairs of actors from a specified actor set
to the predictionsgeneratedby the theoires
todetermine whether or not the theories should be Social Network
rejected >consists of a finite set or sets of actors and the
:algebraicmodels: sued for multirelational networks; relation or relations defined on them
use algebraic operations tostudy combinations of
relations(is a frined of, is a friend ofa friend)
:sna interested in interrelatedness ofsocialunits; they
influence each other. Depednecings among the units
are measured with structural variables

Fundamental concepts in network analysis

Actors: discrete idnvidual, corporate, or collective
social units; focus on collections actors that are all
the same type (onemode networks); can be diverse
such as monetary donations made from corporations
to non-profit agencies
Ex: people in a group, depts. Within a corporation

Relational tie
:establishes a linkage between a pair of actors
Ex: affiliation, physical connection, biological
reltioanhip

Dyad
>linkage or relationship between two actors
>tie is inherently a property of the pair and therefore I
not though of as pertaining simply to an individual
actor

Triead
>subset of 3 actors andpossible ties amongthem

Subgroup
>any subset ofactors andall ties among them

Group
:system ofties among members of a bounded group
>collection of all actors on which ties are to be
measured
Meso-level Migrationsystems
>density, strength and content of social relations and >pagbabaigay pansin,macro pa rin,but conceptualized
for theindividual level, degree offreedom of potential interms ofnetwork. Kasi youhavethe link from
movers ((gaano kalaki yung ability nya to actually sending to recieveing, ano yunglink
move) kasi maari ang isang taong may aspiration to (historical,colonial,recruitment,trade)orlinkage this
migrate, (gusting umalis pero walang lguar or may take form
network, walang resources na pwede maacess >take into account processes within migrations;
through her networks or may constraints sa kanyang hindi lang one time event; pagaaral that would
kinabibilangan na relationship na nagpprevent sa talk about multi step migration(may intermediate
kanya na umalis) hal:housewife gusto maginabang country;from phil, hk,Canada, us)
bansa pero ayaw ng husband (degree of freedom of >pumunta ka minsan, bumalik andpumunta ulit
potential movers) common among seasonal and agriculatarla workers
> focus is on collectiviites,groups instead fromsouth and American countries,and Europe, na
ofidinviduals and their motivations; indivudlas magsstay harvest season, babalik sa country of origin
embedded in relations;pwedeng indivudal interview tapos babalik ulit sila. (ex: overseas contractworkers)
mo pero level ofnalaysis is macro so naaggregate >return migration-hindi nangugugaluah na the return
morespondents; you canitnerivew indiuvdla but lelve is permanent;retires na Filipino spend several moents
of nalaysis is idivudlas network (mesolevel) inphil,then othercountry, meron rin expat na
magspend ng time sasouth then north. Has many
>migration system forms,menaing to say that ties are not cut but also
:guamgamit ng konsepto ng network in a macro migrationsystem approach takes into accunt
sense.conenction between two countires (sending inquelaity between nations states and within nation
andrecieve countries might be connected because of states; tilly (networks and inequality);kind of
previous history ofcolonialism o previous recruit inequality beteen and among migrants; hindi lang
ment ofparticularcountry ex:Germany; beofore they mutual aid ang nadderive fromconnections pwedeng
recruited sa may mediterannean basin and subsequent harm at exploitation; every inclusion also means
recruitment na di na state led ay galing pa rin dun cos exclusion
of pre-existing network; so migrant population >theres the tendency to hire the sameperson from
galing pa rin sa ganoong bansa)-contribution of ethnic group; kungpinoy ka ang hhire mo pinoy rin;
network approach. other people not belonging to youreetinc cgroup are
>kung pagbabatayan lang ay movement from poor xcluded from that job; happens when group
toricher countries;bakit may concentraitonng tao sa isconcentrated in a particular job sector; ex: janitorial
particular areas; di lahat nagppapaticaipate sa ganong sector concentrated among mexiancs mahirap
klase ng migrationflow; bakit maramng nagmmigrate makapaosk ibang ethnic groups (in group out group)
sa America ay galing mexico;
>phil interesting case because we have an >migrants in receiving countries:labor is needed
instiutionaled.may govt agencies na nagmmanage ng butalso expected to go back to country of origin;
migration, our state is marketing our workers to kailangan ng magnagagwa pero di bingibagiya ng
different coutnries;recent trends—may memoranda sa pantay na karapatan ng local population
mga countries para magpadala ngworkers sa certain >habang nagrrestrict destination countries;
coutnries like japan (nurses), Germany(nurses), di
lang simpleng movment ng tao fromsending to >migrationsystems would apply network theory;
receiving may involvement rin na intermidiaerais apart from looking at system, looks at patterned
(govt, recruitment agencies, taking care of relaotins, ties, social connections apart from link
dpeloyemntofowrkes), workers themselves would between two coutnries; on top of naayizng link
also have theirown hierarchy of diestination. Kahit between two coutnries; analysis of netwroks from
may opening sa isanglugar, may trad flow one coutry to another,not easy to transfer network
nasinusudna unless na mablock yun.ex: trajectory ng and social captailfromone country to another;
nurses ay America, nagiging stepping stone coutires >pagbuo ng connection requires time,energy,
ibang bansa withtheidea that they will moeve to the material resources,
us eventually. Ex: isolatedwork vs those in organizations,offices,
>may historical and political andoencomic structure, domestic work is isolating, opportunity to build
may motiviations ng inviduals, meron kang network relations and sustain relations is difficult, walng time
thatwouldfaiclitate influence perpetutate movement. to build network to gain addfition info and assiatince
>consider diff levelsof anlaysis,and various types of from other connections kasi nasa loob ng bahay.
data.u can transform data from quanti to quali
>kaibhaina ng network ng babae at lalake. Dahil
gendered ang occupation sa formal and
informalseector, mga babae dahil sila domestic sila
ang limited ang network, pero paglalake construction
ang trabaho may pagkakataon mag meet ngibang
tao.segmented ng just by class, ethnic group,but also
gender
>ano ang support netwroks ng ibat ibang categories
ng tao.
>196-197: characterist of meso level approach
:focus is on collectiviites,groups instead ofidinviduals
and their motivations; indivudlas embedded in
relations;pwedeng indivudal interview mo pero level
ofnalaysis is macro so naaggregate morespondents;
you canitnerivew indiuvdla but lelve of nalaysis is
idivudlas network (mesolevel)
>199 onwards: definitionof terms; social ties :
continuing series of interpsonal transaction
towhichpatriticpants attach shared intrests, meories
andforecests ex: anton and bea;parehong migrant
nagkita sa bus nagpalitan ng no.tapos bea tanong ng
trabaho sa kanya. Nagpapalitan ng info. Interaction
content ay may expecations may obligations
reciprocity becaue they are exchanging favors and
may frequency. Not just connection but also content
of connection.what flows in that
connection.(material, emotional support,
information,normative expectation kasi magkamag-
anak, alagaan relative; networknalaysis: social
structureanalysis kasi nagiging patterned yung
relations); hindi random; you have moved
intopartiuclarroles, naadopt mo narolena yan. Di ka
hihingi ng favour sa kaiiala mo pa lang pero pag may
history na iba narin expectations.labels nay un, kaya
patterned kasi may particular labels at nagaadpot ka
dun sa role and sya rin.
nagigign structure pag nagiging patterned na ang
relationships, then itbecomes instiutionalized
>connection sa isang tao hindi nanatiling vague,
overtime u clarify ano yung expectations sa
relationship na yun.

>migrant=human traffic?
:raises question kung voluntary or involuntary?
Labormigrants=voluntary;pero gaano kavoluntary
yung pagalis ng isang tao kung nagkaanchor ito sa
kasi kailangan kong buhayin pamilya ko.; refugees
(involuntary) spearted kasi restricted ang rights na
binibigay ditto;
Ex: domesticworkers in uk. Pag napatunay na sila ay
trafficked may provision napwede iextend ang stay
nila kung mapuntay na natraffic,hindi sila migrant,
kasi migrant presupposes voluntary action.
>

>illegal migrants-di dapat illegal

Social network analysis: An Introduction nya alam if a likes b,basta alam lang nya kung
>egocentric: may focal person and his/her kakilala nya.. Ego (undirected)
connections Weighted network:quality of connections
Background Adjancy matrix
Social network: set of nodes connected by a set of >may metrixand edgelist
relationships, such as friendship, affiliation or info
exchange Enxtmtg:network as a metaphor;walangnetwork
data,network as a metaphor asa concept
Typology of ties studied in social network analysis
(article) Network as a metaphor
Utilising netowkr data: proxy variables
Complete or Sociocentric network vs Egocentric
network ISSP
Sociocentric network: every node can be connected >collection ofcountries on various topics
toother nodes; pwede iconnect nodes sa isat isa. -family, networks, government
Kailangna ng complete list ng population; defined
ang boundaries,maylist beforehand; requirement: Generating Persnal Network Data
complete listing, may list of names beforehand Name Generator
: a tool that uses question or a serioes of questions to
Egocentric/Personal produce lists containing the names of the persons
>often used In miagration research forming an idividual’s network
Ex: Core discussion network
Structural holes -if you look back on the last six months with whom
:bridge did you discuss important t hings? Respondents are
asked to namne 5 people at most and whther they
Relational sociology have known these people very well and how well do
Georg Simmel the people they nominated know each other. The ties
-emphasis on interaction that connect tha respondents (ego) to the their
Social structures: confidants (alters) and their confidants to each other
Patterned interaction becomes instiutionzlied are measured from 0 (no connection) to 2 (knows the
andtherefore becomes structural person very well)

Gephi
Early Works: Origins of SNA R
>Jacob Morena
:sociometry andsociogram Qualitatively interviewing
: pagmamamapa ng small group processes Network mapping
Ex:citation networks, hiv transmission, transmission
of tuberclsis

SNA Language: basic terms

Node/vertex:bilog (person, entitiy, language)
Lines connecting noes: edge/tie
Focal actor: ego
Connections:alter/i

One-mode network
:type of node iisa lang
Two-mode network
:ibaibang type of node

Network Data; Whatit looks like?

Directed network: ask every person how theyre
connected
Undirected network nagmumula lahat kay ego kung
connected ba mga tao na kakilala nya or alters nya; di
Pre-migration Networks ( Mcdonald and Mcdonald) -among southern Italians who migrated to Australia.
>Chain Migration In such instances, the established migrant in Australia
-movement in which prospective migrants learn of may restrict info and aid only selected individuals
opportunities, are provided with transpo, and have with whom they have obligations such as close
intial accommodation and employment arranged by relatives and friends and ignoring most of their fellow
means of primary social mrelationships with previous townsfolk
migrahnts
-facilitated by someone they know, na family Family and Kinship netowrks
member or kin >family dynamics, tensions and parental conerns play
-rooted in familage and patronage system complex role in migration decions making.
-sending of nurses-skilled -irish networks going to Britain.
-auspices of migration: >parent objectedot migration, other family members
-Why did immigrants from certain towns in southern were supportive. In a few caes people felt forced into
Italy settle together in certain localities in the us? migration by their parents. In ost cases, it was not
>immigrants were not distributed among the little parents but relatives such as sibiings or aunts who
italies by chance. Prospective immigrants needed played a central role in migration decision making.
passage oney, as well as assistance in finding intital Thus, it is important to go beyond a simple one
employment and accomoodation. These were dimensional view of the family unit in migration, and
generally provided by earlier immigrants from their explore the dyanimcs of diverse in relationships both
hometowens. Immigration from southern Italy at home and away
consequently occurred in interdependent waves. They -not just nuclear family but also extended family; not
were two distinctive movemnts: the ebb and flow of only support and encouragement but osmeitmes may
lone working males, and elayed family migration. conflict, tension and exploitation
-male led migration

Itali
>Padroni System
-some established immigrants encouraged and
assisted prospective male immigrants of working age
in order to profit from them. These padroni (Bosses
exploited the new immigrants directly, or wer paid a
commission by American employers fo rprovidn
glabor); railroad system; middlemn to connect
American employers

>Serial
-before deciding to settle permanently in the US and
bring out their wives and families, lone males often
assisted other breadwinners to come to the country
and get established
Ex:
>Delayed Fmaily Migration
-Lone male immigrants eventually brought out their
wives and children
-skille dmigrant workers nakakadala ng pamily
abecause of visa

Chain Occupations
>Chain migration not only led to the growth of Little
Italies but also produced chain occupations particular
niches in the American employment structure to
which successive immigrants directed their fellows
on the basis of their own expriece.

Broken Chain Migration

 “maaliwang buhay”; selective lang pagkwento

Hubs: they have the immigrant lvie with them,

opening their home and commtting the Networks also reproduce images of what it
resources to be sure that the new immigrant is means to go abroad or work abroad di lang
prpely settled. Hubs take on ther ole of a nagffaciliate ng migration.
sponsor, arole that requires much ieffort and >aspiration ability model: can u make aspiration
commitment and that Is ocstly in time and a reality; depends on inivudal and eniomnent
oney, and even in one’s spoud’s goodwill. Thus, (opporutites) (meso-network)-appadurai (the
hubs are a particular sort of immigrant ability to aspire)

How do macro structural factors shape migrant

networks and migrants networking practices?

>Algeria migration and Romanian migration as

illustrative cases

>brexit

> political and economic

Migrant network: the soicla network of a would

be migrant in other words the individual social
relations that she or he develops and uses for
the purpose of migration (ego-centric network)

Migration network: aggregate of the varios

personal migrant networks available to a
specific goru pof people such as members of a
particular community. The conce pt of
migration networks helps us to udnersand the
social dynamics operating in th emigration
process on this aggregated level. (based sa isang
community)

Culture of migration: aspiration to migrate is

transmitted across generations and between
people through social networks

>essence of the culture of migration argument

ist hat nonmigrants observe migrants ot whom
they are socially connected nad seek to emulate
their migratory behaviour.