FBDC Vs CIR

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 679 04/03/2019, 10:49 AM
G.R. No. 173425. September 4, 2012.*

FORT BONIFACIO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION,
petitioner, vs. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE and REVENUE DISTRICT OFFICER,
REVENUE DISTRICT NO. 44, TAGUIG and PATEROS,
BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE, respondents.
Taxation; Value-Added Tax (VAT); Transitional Input Tax

Credit; Prior payment of taxes is not required to avail of the transi-
_______________
* EN BANC.
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Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. vs. Commissioner of Internal

Revenue
tional input tax credit because it is not a tax refund per se but a tax
credit.·Prior payment of taxes is not required to avail of the
transitional input tax credit because it is not a tax refund per se but
a tax credit. Tax credit is not synonymous to tax refund. Tax refund
is defined as the money that a taxpayer overpaid and is thus
returned by the taxing authority. Tax credit, on the other hand, is
an amount subtracted directly from oneÊs total tax liability. It is any
amount given to a taxpayer as a subsidy, a refund, or an incentive
to encourage investment. Thus, unlike a tax refund, prior payment
of taxes is not a prerequisite to avail of a tax credit. In fact, in
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Central Luzon Drug Corp., 456
SCRA 414 (2005), we declared that prior payment of taxes is not
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required in order to avail of a tax credit.
Carpio, J., Dissenting Opinion:
Taxation; Tax Credits; Tax Refunds; View that a taxpayer

cannot claim a refund or credit of a tax that was never paid because
the law never imposed the tax in the first place, as in the present
case.·It is hornbook doctrine that a taxpayer cannot claim a refund
or credit of a tax that was never paid because the law never
imposed the tax in the first place, as in the present case. A tax
refund or credit assumes a tax was previously paid, which means
there was a law that imposed the tax. The source of the tax refund
or credit is the tax that was previously paid, and this previously
paid tax is simply being returned to the taxpayer due to double,
excessive, erroneous, advance or creditable tax payment.
Same; Same; Same; View that any tax refund or credit in favor
of a specific taxpayer for a tax that was never paid will have to be
sourced from government funds. This is clearly an expenditure of
public funds for a private purpose.·Without such previous tax
payment as source, the tax refund or credit will be an expenditure
of public funds for the exclusive benefit of a specific private
individual or entity. This violates the fundamental principle, as
ruled by this Court in several cases, that public funds can be used
only for a public purpose. Section 4(2) of the Government Auditing
Code of the Philippines mandates that „Government funds or
property shall be spent or used solely for public purposes.‰
Any tax refund or credit in favor of a specific taxpayer for a tax that
was never paid will have to be sourced from government funds. This
is clearly an
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568 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Revenue
expenditure of public funds for a private purpose. Congress cannot

validly enact a law transferring government funds, raised through
taxation, to the pocket of a private individual or entity. A well-
recognized inherent limitation on the constitutional power of the
State to levy taxes is that taxes can only be used for a public
purpose.
Same; Same; Same; View that such refund or credit without
prior tax payment is an expenditure of public funds without an
appropriation law. This violates Section 29(1), Article VI of the
Constitution, which mandates that „No money shall be paid out of
the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by
law.‰·Such refund or credit without prior tax payment is an
expenditure of public funds without an appropriation law. This
violates Section 29(1), Article VI of the Constitution, which
mandates that „No money shall be paid out of the Treasury
except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.‰
Without any previous tax payment as source, a tax refund or credit
will be paid out of the general funds of the government, a
payment that requires an appropriation law. The Tax Code,
particularly its provisions on the VAT, is a revenue measure, not an
appropriation law.
Same; Same; View that a tax credit is allowed for taxes
previously paid when the same goods and services are sold further in
the chain of transactions. The purpose of this tax crediting system is
to prevent double taxation in the subsequent sale of the same product
and services that were already previously taxed.·The VAT is a tax
on transactions. The VAT is levied on the value that is added to
goods and services at every link in the chain of transactions.
However, a tax credit is allowed for taxes previously paid when
the same goods and services are sold further in the chain of
transactions. The purpose of this tax crediting system is to prevent
double taxation in the subsequent sale of the same product and
services that were already previously taxed. Taxes previously paid
are thus allowed as input VAT credits, which may be deducted from
the output VAT liability.
Same; Same; Tax Refunds; Value-Added Tax (VAT); View that
under the Value-Added Tax (VAT) system, a tax refund or credit
requires that a previous tax was paid by a taxpayer, or in the case of
the transitional input tax, that the tax imposed by law is presumed
to
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VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 569
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have been paid.·Under the VAT system, a tax refund or credit

requires that a previous tax was paid by a taxpayer, or in the case
of the transitional input tax, that the tax imposed by law is
presumed to have been paid. Not a single centavo of VAT was paid,
or could have been paid, by anyone in the sale by the National
Government to petitioner of the Global City land for two basic
reasons. First, the National Government is not subject to any tax,
including VAT, when the law authorizes it to sell government
property like the Global City land. Second, in 1995 the old VAT law
did not yet impose VAT on the sale of land and thus no VAT on the
sale of land could have been paid by anyone.
Same; Same; Same; View that availing of a tax credit and filing
for a tax refund are alternative options allowed by the Tax Code. The
choice of one option precludes the other.·Availing of a tax credit and
filing for a tax refund are alternative options allowed by the Tax
Code. The choice of one option precludes the other. A taxpayer may
either (1) apply for a tax refund by filing for a written claim with
the BIR within the prescriptive period, or (2) avail of a tax credit
subject to verification and approval by the BIR. A claim for tax
credit requires that a person who becomes liable to VAT for the first
time must submit a list of his inventories existing on the date of
commencement of his status as a VAT-registered taxable person.
Both claims for a tax refund and credit are in the nature of a claim
for exemption and should be construed in strictissimi juris against
the person or entity claiming it. The burden of proof to establish the
factual basis or the sufficiency and competency of the supporting
documents of the claim for tax refund or tax credit rests on the
claimant.
Taxation; Value-Added Tax (VAT); Expanded Value-Added Tax
Law (R.A. No. 7716); View that under RA 7716 or the Expanded
Value-Added Tax Law, the VAT was expanded to include land or real
properties held primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in
the ordinary course of trade or business.·Under RA 7716 or the
Expanded Value-Added Tax Law, the VAT was expanded to include
land or real properties held primarily for sale to customers or held
for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business. Before this law
was enacted, only improvements on land were subject to VAT. Since
the Global City land was not yet subject to VAT at the time of the
sale in 1995, the Global City land cannot be considered as part of
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the beginning inventory under Section 105. Clearly, the 8%

transitional input tax credit should only be applied to
improvements on the land but not to the land itself.
ABAD, J., Concurring Opinion:
Taxation; Value-Added Tax (VAT); View that a value added tax

is a form of indirect sales tax paid on products and services at each
stage of production or distribution, based on the value added at that
stage and included in the cost to the ultimate consumer.·A value
added tax is a form of indirect sales tax paid on products and
services at each stage of production or distribution, based on the
value added at that stage and included in the cost to the ultimate
consumer.
Same; Same; View that since the Government sold its lands to
investors at market price like they were private lands, the price Fort
Bonifacio Development Corporation (FBDC) paid to it already
factored in the cost of sales tax that prices of ordinary private lands
included.·Since the Government sold its lands to investors at
market price like they were private lands, the price FBDC paid to it
already factored in the cost of sales tax that prices of ordinary
private lands included. This means that FBDC, which bought the
lands at private-land price, should be allowed like other real estate
dealers holding private lands to claim the 8% transitional input tax
credit that Section 105 grants with no precondition to first-time
VAT payers. Otherwise, FBDC would be put at a gross disadvantage
compared to other real estate dealers. It will have to sell at higher
prices than market price, to cover the 10% VAT that the BIR insists
it should pay. Whereas its competitors will pay only a 2% VAT, given
the 8% transitional input tax credit of Section 105. To deny such tax
credit to FBDC would amount to a denial of its rights to fairness
and to equal protection.
PETITION for review on certiorari of a decision of the

Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Estelito P. Mendoza and Lorenzo G. Timbol for
petitioner.
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VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 571

Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. vs. Commissioner of
Internal Revenue
Alberto R. Bomediano for respondents.
DEL CASTILLO, J.:
Courts cannot limit the application or coverage of a law

nor can it impose conditions not provided therein. To do so
constitutes judicial legislation.
This Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of
the Rules of Court assails the July 7, 2006 Decision1 of the
Court Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 61416, the
dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is hereby DISMISSED.

ACCORDINGLY, the Decision dated October 12, 2000 of the Court
of Tax Appeals in CTA Case No. 5735, denying petitionerÊs claim for
refund in the amount of Three Hundred Fifty-Nine Million Six
Hundred Fifty-Two Thousand Nine Pesos and Forty-Seven
Centavos (P359,652,009.47), is hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.2
Factual Antecedents
Petitioner Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation
(FBDC) is a duly registered domestic corporation engaged
in the development and sale of real property.3 The Bases
Conversion Development Authority (BCDA), a wholly
owned government corporation created under Republic Act
(RA) No. 7227,4 owns 45% of petitionerÊs issued and
outstanding capital stock; while the Bonifacio Land
Corporation, a consortium of private domestic corporations,
owns the remaining 55%.5
_______________
1 Rollo, pp. 317-333; penned by Associate Justice Monina Arevalo-
Zenarosa and concurred in by Associate Justices Renato C. Dacudao and
Rosmari D. Carandang.
2 Id., at p. 332.
3 Id., at p. 318.
4 Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992.
5 Rollo, p. 318.
572

Internal Revenue
On February 8, 1995, by virtue of RA 7227 and

Executive Order No. 40,6 dated December 8, 1992,
petitioner purchased from the national government a
portion of the Fort Bonifacio reservation, now known as the
Fort Bonifacio Global City (Global City).7
On January 1, 1996, RA 77168 restructured the Value-
Added Tax (VAT) system by amending certain provisions of
the old National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC). RA 7716
extended the coverage of VAT to real properties held
primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the
ordinary course of trade or business.9
_______________
6 IMPLEMENTING THE PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7227 AUTHORIZING
THE BASES CONVERSION AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (BCDA) TO RAISE FUNDS
THROUGH THE SALE OF METRO MANILA MILITARY CAMPS TRANSFERRED TO BCDA
TO FORM PART OF ITS CAPITALIZATION AND TO BE USED FOR THE PURPOSES
STATED IN SAID ACT.
7 Rollo, p. 319.
8 AN ACT RESTRUCTURING THE VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) SYSTEM, WIDENING
ITS TAX BASE AND ENHANCING ITS ADMINISTRATION AND FOR THESE PURPOSES
AMENDING AND REPEALING THE RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE NATIONAL
INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
9 Section 2 of Republic Act No. 7716 provides:
Sec. 2. Section 100 of the National Internal Revenue Code, as
amended, is hereby further amended to read as follows:

„Section 100. Value-added-tax on sale of goods or properties.
·(a) Rate and base of tax.·There shall be levied, assessed and
collected on every sale, barter or exchange of goods or properties, a
value-added tax equivalent to 10% of the gross selling price or
gross value in money of the goods, or properties sold, bartered or
exchanged, such tax to be paid by the seller or transferor.
„(1) The term Âgoods or propertiesÊ shall mean all tangible and
intangible objects which are capable of pecuniary estimation and
shall include:
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On September 19, 1996, petitioner submitted to the

Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) Revenue District No. 44,
Taguig and Pateros, an inventory of all its real properties,
the book value of which aggregated P71,227,503,200.10
Based on this value, petitioner claimed that it is entitled to
a transitional input tax credit of P5,698,200,256,11
pursuant to Section 10512 of the old NIRC.
In October 1996, petitioner started selling Global City
lots to interested buyers.13
For the first quarter of 1997, petitioner generated a total
amount of P3,685,356,539.50 from its sales and lease of
lots, on which the output VAT payable was
P368,535,653.95.14 Petitioner paid the output VAT by
making cash payments to
_______________
(A) Real properties held primarily for sale to customers or
held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business.‰
xxxx
10 Rollo, p. 320.
11 CTA Rollo, p. 4.
12 Now Section 111(A) of the NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1997
which provides:
SEC. 111. Transitional/Presumptive Input Tax Credits.·
(A) Transitional Input Tax Credits.·A person who becomes liable to

value added tax or any person who elects to be a VAT-registered person
shall, subject to the filing of an inventory according to rules and
regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, be allowed input tax on his
beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies equivalent to two
percent (2%) of the value of such inventory or the actual value-added tax
paid on such goods, materials and supplies, whichever is higher, which
shall be creditable against the output tax. [As amended by Republic Act
No. 9337·An Act Amending Sections 27, 28, 34, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121, 148, 151, 236, 237 and 288 of the
National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, as amended, and for other
purposes.]
13 Rollo, p. 319.
14 Id., at p. 320.
574

Internal Revenue
the BIR totalling P359,652,009.47 and crediting its

unutilized input tax credit on purchases of goods and
services of P8,883,644.48.15
Realizing that its transitional input tax credit was not
applied in computing its output VAT for the first quarter of
1997, petitioner on November 17, 1998 filed with the BIR a
claim for refund of the amount of P359,652,009.47
erroneously paid as output VAT for the said period.16
Ruling of the Court of Tax Appeals
On February 24, 1999, due to the inaction of the
respondent Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR),
petitioner elevated the matter to the Court of Tax Appeals
(CTA) via a Petition for Review.17
In opposing the claim for refund, respondents interposed
the following special and affirmative defenses:
xxxx
8. Under Revenue Regulations No. 7-95, implementing Section
105 of the Tax Code as amended by E.O. 273, the basis of the
presumptive input tax, in the case of real estate dealers, is the
improvements, such as buildings, roads, drainage systems, and

other similar structures, constructed on or after January 1, 1988.
9. Petitioner, by submitting its inventory listing of real
properties only on September 19, 1996, failed to comply with the
aforesaid revenue regulations mandating that for purposes of
availing the presumptive input tax credits under its Transitory
Provisions, „an inventory as of December 31, 1995, of such goods or
properties and improvements showing the quantity, description,
and amount should be filed with the RDO no later than January 31,
1996. x x x‰18
_______________
15 Id., at pp. 320-321.
16 CTA Rollo, p. 5.
17 Id., at pp. 1-12.
18 Id., at p. 44.
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On October 12, 2000, the CTA denied petitionerÊs claim

for refund. According to the CTA, „the benefit of
transitional input tax credit comes with the condition that
business taxes should have been paid first.‰19 In this case,
since petitioner acquired the Global City property under a
VAT-free sale transaction, it cannot avail of the transitional
input tax credit.20 The CTA likewise pointed out that under
Revenue Regulations No. (RR) 7-95, implementing Section
105 of the old NIRC, the 8% transitional input tax credit
should be based on the value of the improvements on land
such as buildings, roads, drainage system and other similar
structures, constructed on or after January 1, 1998, and
not on the book value of the real property.21 Thus, the CTA
disposed of the case in this manner:
WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, the claim for refund

representing alleged overpaid value-added tax covering the first
quarter of 1997 is hereby DENIED for lack of merit.
SO ORDERED.22
Ruling of the Court of Appeals

Aggrieved, petitioner filed a Petition for Review23 under
Rule 43 of the Rules of Court before the CA.
On July 7, 2006, the CA affirmed the decision of the
CTA. The CA agreed that petitioner is not entitled to the
8% transitional input tax credit since it did not pay any
VAT when it purchased the Global City property.24 The CA
opined that transitional input tax credit is allowed only
when business taxes have been paid and passed-on as part
of the purchase
_______________
19 Rollo, p. 148.
20 Id., at p. 149.
21 Id., at pp. 149-150.
22 Id., at p. 150.
23 CA Rollo, pp. 7-66.
24 Rollo, p. 330.
576

Internal Revenue
price.25 In arriving at this conclusion, the CA relied heavily

on the historical background of transitional input tax
credit.26 As to the validity of RR 7-95, which limited the 8%
transitional input tax to the value of the improvements on
the land, the CA said that it is entitled to great weight as it
was issued pursuant to Section 24527 of the old NIRC.28
Issues
Hence, the instant petition with the principal issue of

whether petitioner is entitled to a refund of
P359,652,009.47 erroneously paid as output VAT for the
first quarter of 1997, the resolution of which depends on:
3.05.a. Whether Revenue Regulations No. 6-97 effectively repealed

or repudiated Revenue Regulations No. 7-95 insofar as the latter
limited the transitional/presumptive input tax credit which may
be claimed under Section 105 of the National Internal Revenue

Code to the „improvements‰ on real properties.
3.05.b. Whether Revenue Regulations No. 7-95 is a valid
implementation of Section 105 of the National Internal Revenue
Code.
3.05.c. Whether the issuance of Revenue Regulations No. 7-95 by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and declaration of validity of
said Regulations by the Court of Tax Appeals and Court of
Appeals, [were] in violation of the fundamental principle of
separation of powers.
_______________
25 Id., at p. 329.
26 Id., at pp. 325-328.
27 SEC. 245. Authority of Secretary of Finance to promulgate rules and
regulations.·The Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner, shall promulgate all needful rules and regulations for the
effective enforcement of the provisions of this Code. x x x (Now Section 244 of
the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997.)
28 Rollo, pp. 331-332.
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3.05.d. Whether there is basis and necessity to interpret and

construe the provisions of Section 105 of the National Internal
Revenue Code.
3.05.e. Whether there must have been previous payment of business
tax by petitioner on its land before it may claim the input tax
credit granted by Section 105 of the National Internal Revenue
Code.
3.05.f. Whether the Court of Appeals and Court of Tax Appeals
merely speculated on the purpose of the transitional/presumptive
input tax provided for in Section 105 of the National Internal
Revenue Code.
3.05.g. Whether the economic and social objectives in the
acquisition of the subject property by petitioner from the
Government should be taken into consideration.29
PetitionerÊs Arguments
Petitioner claims that it is entitled to recover the
amount of P359,652,009.47 erroneously paid as output VAT
for the first quarter of 1997 since its transitional input tax
credit of P5,698,200,256 is more than sufficient to cover its
output VAT liability for the said period.30
Petitioner assails the pronouncement of the CA that
prior payment of taxes is required to avail of the 8%
transitional input tax credit.31 Petitioner contends that
there is nothing in Section 105 of the old NIRC to support
such conclusion.32 Petitioner further argues that RR 7-95,
which limited the 8% transitional input tax credit to the
value of the improvements on the land, is invalid because it
goes against the express provision of Section 105 of the old
NIRC, in relation to Section 10033 of the same Code, as
amended by RA 7716.34
_______________
29 Id., at pp. 23-24.
30 Id., at p. 82.
31 Id., at p. 84.
32 Id., at p. 87.
33 Now Section 106 of the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997.
34 Rollo, pp. 47-61.
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Internal Revenue
RespondentsÊ Arguments
Respondents, on the other hand, maintain that
petitioner is not entitled to a transitional input tax credit
because no taxes were paid in the acquisition of the Global
City property.35 Respondents assert that prior payment of
taxes is inherent in the nature of a transitional input tax.36
Regarding RR 7-95, respondents insist that it is valid
because it was issued by the Secretary of Finance, who is
mandated by law to promulgate all needful rules and
regulations for the implementation of Section 105 of the old

NIRC.37
Our Ruling
The petition is meritorious.

The issues before us are no longer new or novel as these
have been resolved in the related case of Fort Bonifacio
Development Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue.38
Prior payment of taxes is not
required for a taxpayer to avail
of the 8% transitional input tax
credit
Section 105 of the old NIRC reads:
SEC. 105. Transitional input tax credits.·A person who

becomes liable to value-added tax or any person who elects
to be a VAT-registered person shall, subject to the filing of an
inventory as prescribed by regulations, be allowed input tax on
his beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies
equivalent to 8% of the value of such inventory or the actual
value-
_______________
35 Id., at p. 367.
36 Id., at p. 357.
37 Id., at p. 378.
38 G.R. Nos. 158885 & 170680, April 2, 2009, 583 SCRA 168.
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added tax paid on such goods, materials and supplies,

whichever is higher, which shall be creditable against the output
tax. (Emphasis supplied.)
Contrary to the view of the CTA and the CA, there is

nothing in the abovequoted provision to indicate that prior
payment of taxes is necessary for the availment of the 8%
transitional input tax credit. Obviously, all that is required

is for the taxpayer to file a beginning inventory with the
BIR.
To require prior payment of taxes, as proposed in the
Dissent is not only tantamount to judicial legislation but
would also render nugatory the provision in Section 105 of
the old NIRC that the transitional input tax credit shall be
„8% of the value of [the beginning] inventory or the actual
[VAT] paid on such goods, materials and supplies,
whichever is higher‰ because the actual VAT (now 12%)
paid on the goods, materials, and supplies would always be
higher than the 8% (now 2%) of the beginning inventory
which, following the view of Justice Carpio, would have to
exclude all goods, materials, and supplies where no taxes
were paid. Clearly, limiting the value of the beginning
inventory only to goods, materials, and supplies, where
prior taxes were paid, was not the intention of the law.
Otherwise, it would have specifically stated that the
beginning inventory excludes goods, materials, and
supplies where no taxes were paid. As retired Justice
Consuelo Ynares-Santiago has pointed out in her
Concurring Opinion in the earlier case of Fort Bonifacio:
If the intent of the law were to limit the input tax to cases where
actual VAT was paid, it could have simply said that the tax base
shall be the actual value-added tax paid. Instead, the law as framed
contemplates a situation where a transitional input tax credit is
claimed even if there was no actual payment of VAT in the
underlying transaction. In such cases, the tax base used shall be the
value of the beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies.39
_______________
39 Id., at p. 201.
580

Internal Revenue
Moreover, prior payment of taxes is not required to avail

of the transitional input tax credit because it is not a tax
refund per se but a tax credit. Tax credit is not synonymous

to tax refund. Tax refund is defined as the money that a
taxpayer overpaid and is thus returned by the taxing
authority.40 Tax credit, on the other hand, is an amount
subtracted directly from oneÊs total tax liability.41 It is any
amount given to a taxpayer as a subsidy, a refund, or an
incentive to encourage investment. Thus, unlike a tax
refund, prior payment of taxes is not a prerequisite to avail
of a tax credit. In fact, in Commissioner of Internal Revenue
v. Central Luzon Drug Corp.,42 we declared that prior
payment of taxes is not required in order to avail of a tax
credit.43 Pertinent portions of the Decision read:
While a tax liability is essential to the availment or use of any

tax credit, prior tax payments are not. On the contrary, for the
existence or grant solely of such credit, neither a tax liability nor a
prior tax payment is needed. The Tax Code is in fact replete with
provisions granting or allowing tax credits, even though no taxes
have been previously paid.
For example, in computing the estate tax due, Section 86(E)
allows a tax credit·subject to certain limitations·for estate taxes
paid to a foreign country. Also found in Section 101(C) is a similar
provision for donorÊs taxes·again when paid to a foreign country·
in computing for the donorÊs tax due. The tax credits in both
instances allude to the prior payment of taxes, even if not made to
our government.
Under Section 110, a VAT (Value-Added Tax)·registered person
engaging in transactions·whether or not subject to the VAT·is
also allowed a tax credit that includes a ratable portion of any input
tax not directly attributable to either activity. This input tax may
either be the VAT on the purchase or importation of goods or
services that is merely due from·not necessarily paid by·such
VAT-
_______________
40 Garner, BlackÊs Law Dictionary, 7th Edition, p. 1475.
41 Id., at p. 1473.
42 496 Phil. 307; 456 SCRA 414 (2005).
43 Id., at p. 322; p. 431.
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registered person in the course of trade or business; or the

transitional input tax determined in accordance with Section
111(A). The latter type may in fact be an amount equivalent to only
eight percent of the value of a VAT-registered personÊs beginning
inventory of goods, materials and supplies, when such amount·as
computed·is higher than the actual VAT paid on the said items.
Clearly from this provision, the tax credit refers to an input tax that
is either due only or given a value by mere comparison with the
VAT actually paid·then later prorated. No tax is actually paid
prior to the availment of such credit.
In Section 111(B), a one and a half percent input tax credit that
is merely presumptive is allowed. For the purchase of primary
agricultural products used as inputs·either in the processing of
sardines, mackerel and milk, or in the manufacture of refined sugar
and cooking oil·and for the contract price of public work[s]
contracts entered into with the government, again, no prior tax
payments are needed for the use of the tax credit.
More important, a VAT-registered person whose sales are zero-
rated or effectively zero-rated may, under Section 112(A), apply for
the issuance of a tax credit certificate for the amount of creditable
input taxes merely due·again not necessarily paid to·the
government and attributable to such sales, to the extent that the
input taxes have not been applied against output taxes. Where a
taxpayer is engaged in zero-rated or effectively zero-rated sales and
also in taxable or exempt sales, the amount of creditable input taxes
due that are not directly and entirely attributable to any one of
these transactions shall be proportionately allocated on the basis of
the volume of sales. Indeed, in availing of such tax credit for VAT
purposes, this provision·as well as the one earlier mentioned·
shows that the prior payment of taxes is not a requisite.
It may be argued that Section 28(B)(5)(b) of the Tax Code is
another illustration of a tax credit allowed, even though no prior tax
payments are not required. Specifically, in this provision, the
imposition of a final withholding tax rate on cash and/or property
dividends received by a nonresident foreign corporation from a
domestic corporation is subjected to the condition that a foreign tax
credit will be given by the domiciliary country in an amount
equivalent to taxes that are merely deemed paid. Although true,
this provision actually refers to the tax credit as a condition only for
the imposition of a lower tax rate, not as a deduction from the

corresponding tax liabil-
582

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ity. Besides, it is not our government but the domiciliary country

that credits against the income tax payable to the latter by the
foreign corporation, the tax to be foregone or spared.
In contrast, Section 34(C)(3), in relation to Section 34(C)(7)(b),
categorically allows as credits, against the income tax imposable
under Title II, the amount of income taxes merely incurred·not
necessarily paid·by a domestic corporation during a taxable year
in any foreign country. Moreover, Section 34(C)(5) provides that for
such taxes incurred but not paid, a tax credit may be allowed,
subject to the condition precedent that the taxpayer shall simply
give a bond with sureties satisfactory to and approved by petitioner,
in such sum as may be required; and further conditioned upon
payment by the taxpayer of any tax found due, upon petitionerÊs
redetermination of it.
In addition to the above-cited provisions in the Tax Code, there
are also tax treaties and special laws that grant or allow tax credits,
even though no prior tax payments have been made.
Under the treaties in which the tax credit method is used as a
relief to avoid double taxation, income that is taxed in the state of
source is also taxable in the state of residence, but the tax paid in
the former is merely allowed as a credit against the tax levied in the
latter. Apparently, payment is made to the state of source, not the
state of residence. No tax, therefore, has been previously paid to the
latter.
Under special laws that particularly affect businesses, there can
also be tax credit incentives. To illustrate, the incentives provided
for in Article 48 of Presidential Decree No. (PD) 1789, as amended
by Batas Pambansa Blg. (BP) 391, include tax credits equivalent to
either five percent of the net value earned, or five or ten percent of
the net local content of export. In order to avail of such credits
under the said law and still achieve its objectives, no prior tax
payments are necessary.
From all the foregoing instances, it is evident that prior tax
payments are not indispensable to the availment of a tax credit.

Thus, the CA correctly held that the availment under RA 7432 did
not require prior tax payments by private establishments
concerned. However, we do not agree with its finding that the carry-
over of tax credits under the said special law to succeeding taxable
periods, and
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even their application against internal revenue taxes, did not

necessitate the existence of a tax liability.
The examples above show that a tax liability is certainly
important in the availment or use, not the existence or grant, of a
tax credit. Regarding this matter, a private establishment reporting
a net loss in its financial statements is no different from another
that presents a net income. Both are entitled to the tax credit
provided for under RA 7432, since the law itself accords that
unconditional benefit. However, for the losing establishment to
immediately apply such credit, where no tax is due, will be an
improvident usance.44
In this case, when petitioner realized that its

transitional input tax credit was not applied in computing
its output VAT for the 1st quarter of 1997, it filed a claim
for refund to recover the output VAT it erroneously or
excessively paid for the 1st quarter of 1997. In filing a
claim for tax refund, petitioner is simply applying its
transitional input tax credit against the output VAT it has
paid. Hence, it is merely availing of the tax credit incentive
given by law to first time VAT taxpayers. As we have said
in the earlier case of Fort Bonifacio, the provision on
transitional input tax credit was enacted to benefit first
time VAT taxpayers by mitigating the impact of VAT on the
taxpayer.45 Thus, contrary to the view of Justice Carpio,
the granting of a transitional input tax credit in favor of
petitioner, which would be paid out of the general fund of
the government, would be an appropriation authorized by
law, specifically Section 105 of the old NIRC.
The history of the transitional input tax credit likewise
does not support the ruling of the CTA and CA. In our
Decision dated April 2, 2009, in the related case of Fort
Bonifacio, we explained that:
If indeed the transitional input tax credit is integrally related to

previously paid sales taxes, the purported causal link between
_______________
44 Id., at pp. 322-325; pp. 430-433.
45 Supra note 38 at pp. 192-193.
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Revenue
those two would have been nonetheless extinguished long ago. Yet
Congress has reenacted the transitional input tax credit several
times; that fact simply belies the absence of any relationship
between such tax credit and the long-abolished sales taxes.
Obviously then, the purpose behind the transitional input tax credit
is not confined to the transition from sales tax to VAT.
There is hardly any constricted definition of „transitional‰ that
will limit its possible meaning to the shift from the sales tax regime
to the VAT regime. Indeed, it could also allude to the transition one
undergoes from not being a VAT-registered person to becoming a
VAT-registered person. Such transition does not take place merely
by operation of law, E.O. No. 273 or Rep. Act No. 7716 in particular.
It could also occur when one decides to start a business. Section 105
states that the transitional input tax credits become available
either to (1) a person who becomes liable to VAT; or (2) any person
who elects to be VAT-registered. The clear language of the law
entitles new trades or businesses to avail of the tax credit once they
become VAT-registered. The transitional input tax credit, whether
under the Old NIRC or the New NIRC, may be claimed by a newly-
VAT registered person such as when a business as it commences
operations. If we view the matter from the perspective of a starting
entrepreneur, greater clarity emerges on the continued utility of the
transitional input tax credit.
Following the theory of the CTA, the new enterprise should be
able to claim the transitional input tax credit because it has
presumably paid taxes, VAT in particular, in the purchase of the

goods, materials and supplies in its beginning inventory.
Consequently, as the CTA held below, if the new enterprise has not
paid VAT in its purchases of such goods, materials and supplies,
then it should not be able to claim the tax credit. However, it is not
always true that the acquisition of such goods, materials and
supplies entail the payment of taxes on the part of the new
business. In fact, this could occur as a matter of course by virtue of
the operation of various provisions of the NIRC, and not only on
account of a specially legislated exemption.
Let us cite a few examples drawn from the New NIRC. If the
goods or properties are not acquired from a person in the course of
trade or business, the transaction would not be subject to VAT
under Section 105. The sale would be subject to capital gains taxes
under
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Section 24 (D), but since capital gains is a tax on passive income it

is the seller, not the buyer, who generally would shoulder the tax.
If the goods or properties are acquired through donation, the
acquisition would not be subject to VAT but to donorÊs tax under
Section 98 instead. It is the donor who would be liable to pay the
donorÊs tax, and the donation would be exempt if the donorÊs total
net gifts during the calendar year does not exceed P100,000.00.
If the goods or properties are acquired through testate or
intestate succession, the transfer would not be subject to VAT but
liable instead for estate tax under Title III of the New NIRC. If the
net estate does not exceed P200,000.00, no estate tax would be
assessed.
The interpretation proffered by the CTA would exclude goods and
properties which are acquired through sale not in the ordinary
course of trade or business, donation or through succession, from
the beginning inventory on which the transitional input tax credit
is based. This prospect all but highlights the ultimate absurdity of
the respondentsÊ position. Again, nothing in the Old NIRC (or even
the New NIRC) speaks of such a possibility or qualifies the previous
payment of VAT or any other taxes on the goods, materials and
supplies as a prerequisite for inclusion in the beginning inventory.

It is apparent that the transitional input tax credit operates to
benefit newly VAT-registered persons, whether or not they
previously paid taxes in the acquisition of their beginning inventory
of goods, materials and supplies. During that period of transition
from non-VAT to VAT status, the transitional input tax credit serves
to alleviate the impact of the VAT on the taxpayer. At the very
beginning, the VAT-registered taxpayer is obliged to remit a
significant portion of the income it derived from its sales as output
VAT. The transitional input tax credit mitigates this initial
diminution of the taxpayerÊs income by affording the opportunity to
offset the losses incurred through the remittance of the output VAT
at a stage when the person is yet unable to credit input VAT
payments.
There is another point that weighs against the CTAÊs
interpretation. Under Section 105 of the Old NIRC, the rate of the
transitional input tax credit is „8% of the value of such inventory or
the actual value-added tax paid on such goods, materials and
supplies, whichever is higher.‰ If indeed the transitional input tax
credit is premised on the previous payment of VAT, then it does not
make sense to afford the taxpayer the benefit of such credit based
on „8%
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Revenue
of the value of such inventory‰ should the same prove higher than
the actual VAT paid. This intent that the CTA alluded to could have
been implemented with ease had the legislature shared such intent
by providing the actual VAT paid as the sole basis for the rate of the
transitional input tax credit.46
In view of the foregoing, we find petitioner entitled to

the 8% transitional input tax credit provided in Section 105
of the old NIRC. The fact that it acquired the Global City
property under a tax-free transaction makes no difference
as prior payment of taxes is not a pre-requisite.
Section 4.105-1 of RR 7-95 is
inconsistent with Section
105 of the old NIRC
As regards Section 4.105-147 of RR 7-95 which limited

the 8% transitional input tax credit to the value of the
improve-
_______________
46 Id., at pp. 190-193.
47 Sec. 4.105-1. Transitional input tax on beginning inventories.·
Taxpayers who became VAT-registered persons upon effectivity of RA No.
7716 who have exceeded the minimum turnover of P500,000.00 or who
voluntarily register even if their turnover does not exceed P500,000.00
shall be entitled to a presumptive input tax on the inventory on hand as
of December 31, 1995 on the following: (a) goods purchased for resale in
their present condition; (b) materials purchased for further processing,
but which have not yet undergone processing; (c) goods which have been
manufactured by the taxpayer; (d) goods in process and supplies, all of
which are for sale or for use in the course of the taxpayerÊs trade or
business as a VAT-registered person.
However, in the case of real estate dealers, the basis of the
presumptive input tax shall be the improvements, such as
buildings, roads, drainage systems, and other similar structures,
constructed on or after the effectivity of EO 273 (January 1,
1988).
The transitional input tax shall be 8% of the value of the inventory or
actual VAT paid, whichever is higher, which amount may
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ments on the land, the same contravenes the provision of

Section 105 of the old NIRC, in relation to Section 100 of
the same Code, as amended by RA 7716, which defines
„goods or properties,‰ to wit:
SEC. 100. Value-added tax on sale of goods or properties.·(a)

Rate and base of tax.·There shall be levied, assessed and collected
on every sale, barter or exchange of goods or properties, a value-
added tax equivalent to 10% of the gross selling price or gross value
in money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or exchanged,
such tax to be paid by the seller or transferor.
(1) The term „goods or properties‰ shall mean all tangible and

intangible objects which are capable of pecuniary estimation and
shall include:
(A) Real properties held primarily for sale to customers
or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business;
xxx
In fact, in our Resolution dated October 2, 2009, in the

related case of Fort Bonifacio, we ruled that Section 4.105-1
of RR 7-95, insofar as it limits the transitional input tax
credit to the value of the improvement of the real
properties, is a nullity.48 Pertinent portions of the
Resolution read:
As mandated by Article 7 of the Civil Code, an administrative

rule or regulation cannot contravene the law on which it is based.
RR 7-95 is inconsistent with Section 105 insofar as the definition of
the term „goods‰ is concerned. This is a legislative act beyond the
authority of the CIR and the Secretary of Finance. The rules and
regulations that administrative agencies promulgate, which are the
product of a delegated legislative power to create new and
additional legal provisions that have the effect of law, should be
within the scope of the statutory authority granted by the
legislature to the
_______________
be allowed as tax credit against the output tax of the VAT-registered person.
x x x (Emphasis supplied.)
48 Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, G.R. Nos. 158885 & 170680, October 2, 2009, 602 SCRA 159.
588

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objects and purposes of the law, and should not be in contradiction

to, but in conformity with, the standards prescribed by law.
To be valid, an administrative rule or regulation must conform,
not contradict, the provisions of the enabling law. An implementing
rule or regulation cannot modify, expand, or subtract from the law it
is intended to implement. Any rule that is not consistent with the
statute itself is null and void.

While administrative agencies, such as the Bureau of Internal
Revenue, may issue regulations to implement statutes, they are
without authority to limit the scope of the statute to less than what
it provides, or extend or expand the statute beyond its terms, or in
any way modify explicit provisions of the law. Indeed, a quasi-
judicial body or an administrative agency for that matter cannot
amend an act of Congress. Hence, in case of a discrepancy between
the basic law and an interpretative or administrative ruling, the
basic law prevails.
To recapitulate, RR 7-95, insofar as it restricts the definition of
„goods‰ as basis of transitional input tax credit under Section 105 is
a nullity.49
As we see it then, the 8% transitional input tax credit

should not be limited to the value of the improvements on
the real properties but should include the value of the real
properties as well.
In this case, since petitioner is entitled to a transitional
input tax credit of P5,698,200,256, which is more than
sufficient to cover its output VAT liability for the first
quarter of 1997, a refund of the amount of P359,652,009.47
erroneously paid as output VAT for the said quarter is in
order.
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby GRANTED. The
assailed Decision dated July 7, 2006 of the Court of
Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 61436 is REVERSED and SET
ASIDE. Respondent Commissioner of Internal Revenue is
ordered to refund to petitioner Fort Bonifacio Development
Corporation the amount of P359,652,009.47 paid as output
VAT for the
_______________
49 Id., at pp. 166-167.
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first quarter of 1997 in light of the transitional input tax
credit available to petitioner for the said quarter, or in the

alternative, to issue a tax credit certificate corresponding to
such amount.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., Leonardo-De Castro, Peralta, Bersamin,

Villarama, Jr., Perez and Mendoza, JJ., concur.
Sereno (C.J.), I join the dissent of J. Carpio.
Carpio, J., See Dissenting Opinion.
Brion, J., I join Dissent of J. Carpio.
Abad, J., With Concurring Opinion.
Reyes, J., I join the dissent of S.J. Carpio.
Perlas-Bernabe, J., I join the dissent of J. Carpio.
DISSENTING OPINION
CARPIO, J.:
I dissent. I reiterate my view that petitioner is not

entitled to a refund or credit of any input VAT, as explained
in my dissenting opinions in Fort Bonifacio Development
Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue,1
involving an input VAT refund of P347,741,695.74 and
raising the same legal issue as that raised in the present
case.
The majority grants petitioner an 8% transitional input
VAT refund or credit of P359,652,009.47 in relation to
petitionerÊs output VAT for the first quarter of 1997.
Petitioner argues that there is nothing in Section 105 of the
old National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) to support the
Court of Ap-
_______________
1 G.R. Nos. 158885 & 170680, 2 April 2009, 583 SCRA 168; G.R. Nos.
158885 & 170680, 2 October 2009, 602 SCRA 159.
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Internal Revenue
pealsÊ conclusion that prior payment of VAT is required to

avail of a refund or credit of the 8% transitional input VAT.
PetitionerÊs argument has no merit.
It is hornbook doctrine that a taxpayer cannot claim a
refund or credit of a tax that was never paid because the
law never imposed the tax in the first place, as in the
present case. A tax refund or credit assumes a tax was
previously paid, which means there was a law that imposed
the tax. The source of the tax refund or credit is the tax
that was previously paid, and this previously paid tax is
simply being returned to the taxpayer due to double,
excessive, erroneous, advance or creditable tax payment.
Without such previous tax payment as source, the tax
refund or credit will be an expenditure of public funds for
the exclusive benefit of a specific private individual or
entity. This violates the fundamental principle, as ruled by
this Court in several cases,2 that public funds can be used
only for a public purpose. Section 4(2) of the Government
Auditing Code of the Philippines mandates that
„Government funds or property shall be spent or used
solely for public purposes.‰ Any tax refund or credit in
favor of a specific taxpayer for a tax that was never paid
will have to be sourced from government funds. This is
clearly an expenditure of public funds for a private
purpose. Congress cannot validly enact a law transferring
government funds, raised through taxation, to the pocket of
a private individual or entity. A well-recognized inherent
limitation on the constitutional power of the State to
_______________
2 Francisco v. Toll Regulatory Board, G.R. No. 166910, 19 October
2010, 633 SCRA 470; Yap v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 158562, 23
April 2010, 619 SCRA 154; Strategic Alliance Development Corporation v.
Radstock Securities Limited, G.R. No. 178158, 4 December 2009, 607
SCRA 412; Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works, 110 Phil. 331 (1960).
591
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levy taxes is that taxes can only be used for a public

purpose.3
Even if only a tax credit is granted, it will still be an
expenditure of public funds for the benefit of a private
purpose in the absence of a prior tax payment as source of
the tax credit. The tax due from a taxpayer is a public fund.
If the taxpayer is allowed to keep a part of the tax as a tax
credit even in the absence of a prior tax payment as source,
it is in fact giving a public fund to a private person for a
private benefit. This is a clear violation of the
constitutional doctrine that taxes can only be used for a
public purpose.
Moreover, such refund or credit without prior tax
payment is an expenditure of public funds without an
appropriation law. This violates Section 29(1), Article VI of
the Constitution, which mandates that „No money shall
be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an
appropriation made by law.‰ Without any previous tax
payment as source, a tax refund or credit will be paid out of
the general funds of the government, a payment that
requires an appropriation law. The Tax Code, particularly
its provisions on the VAT, is a revenue measure, not an
appropriation law.
The VAT is a tax on transactions. The VAT is levied on
the value that is added to goods and services at every link
in the chain of transactions. However, a tax credit is
allowed for taxes previously paid when the same goods
and services are sold further in the chain of transactions.
The purpose of this tax crediting system is to prevent
double taxation in the subsequent sale of the same
product and services that were already previously taxed.
Taxes previously paid are thus allowed as input VAT
credits, which may be deducted from the output VAT
liability.
_______________
3 Planters Product, Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, G.R. No. 166006, 14
March 2008, 548 SCRA 485; Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works, 110
Phil. 331 (1960).
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Internal Revenue
The VAT is paid by the seller of goods and services, but

the amount of the VAT is passed on to the buyer as part of
the purchase price. Thus, the tax burden actually falls on
the buyer who is allowed by law a tax credit or refund in
the subsequent sale of the same goods and services. The 8%
transitional input VAT was introduced to ease the
transition from the old VAT to the expanded VAT system
that included more goods and services, requiring new
documentation not required under the old VAT system. To
simplify the transition, the law allows an 8% presumptive
input VAT on goods and services newly covered by the
expanded VAT system. In short, the law grants the
taxpayer an 8% input VAT without need of
substantiating the same, on the legal presumption
that the VAT imposed by law prior to the expanded
VAT system had been paid, regardless of whether it
was actually paid.
Under the VAT system, a tax refund or credit requires
that a previous tax was paid by a taxpayer, or in the case of
the transitional input tax, that the tax imposed by law is
presumed to have been paid. Not a single centavo of VAT
was paid, or could have been paid, by anyone in the sale by
the National Government to petitioner of the Global City
land for two basic reasons. First, the National Government
is not subject to any tax, including VAT, when the law
authorizes it to sell government property like the Global
City land. Second, in 1995 the old VAT law did not yet
impose VAT on the sale of land and thus no VAT on the sale
of land could have been paid by anyone.
Petitioner bought the Global City land from the National
Government in 1995, and this sale was of course exempt
from any kind of tax, including VAT. The National
Government did not pass on to petitioner any previous
sales tax or VAT as part of the purchase price of the Global
City land. Thus, petitioner is not entitled to claim any
transitional input VAT refund or credit when petitioner
subsequently sells the Global City land. In short, since
petitioner will not be subject
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to double taxation on its subsequent sale of the

Global City land, petitioner is not entitled to a tax
refund or credit under the VAT system.
Section 105 of the old NIRC provides that a taxpayer is
„allowed input tax on his beginning inventory x x x
equivalent to 8% x x x, or the actual value-added tax
paid x x x, whichever is higher.‰ The 8% transitional input
VAT in Section 105 assumes that a previous tax was
imposed by law, whether or not it was actually paid. This
is clear from the phrase „or the actual value-added
tax paid, whichever is higher,‰ which necessarily
means that the VAT was already imposed on the
previous sale. The law creates a presumption of payment
of the transitional input VAT without need of
substantiating the same, provided the VAT is imposed on
the previous sale. Thus, in order to be entitled to a tax
refund or credit, petitioner must point to the
existence of a law imposing the tax for which a
refund or credit is sought. Since land was not yet subject
to VAT or any other input business tax at the time of the
sale of the Global City land in 1995, the 8% transitional
input VAT could never be presumed to have been paid.
Hence, petitionerÊs argument must fail since the
transitional input VAT requires a transaction where a tax
has been imposed by law.
Moreover, the ponente insists that no prior payment of
tax is required to avail of the transitional input tax since it
is not a tax refund per se but a tax credit. The ponente
claims that in filing a claim for tax refund the petitioner is
simply applying its transitional input tax credit against the
output VAT it has paid.
I disagree.
Availing of a tax credit and filing for a tax refund are
alternative options allowed by the Tax Code. The choice of
one option precludes the other. A taxpayer may either (1)
apply for a tax refund by filing for a written claim with the
BIR within the prescriptive period, or (2) avail of a tax
credit sub-
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Internal Revenue
ject to verification and approval by the BIR. A claim for tax

credit requires that a person who becomes liable to VAT for
the first time must submit a list of his inventories existing
on the date of commencement of his status as a VAT-
registered taxable person. Both claims for a tax refund and
credit are in the nature of a claim for exemption and should
be construed in strictissimi juris against the person or
entity claiming it. The burden of proof to establish the
factual basis or the sufficiency and competency of the
supporting documents of the claim for tax refund or tax
credit rests on the claimant.
In the present case, petitioner actually filed with the
BIR a claim for tax refund in the amount of
P347,741,695.74. In filing a claim for tax refund, petitioner
has the burden to show that prior tax payments were
made, or at the very least, that there is an existing law
imposing the input tax. Similarly, in a claim for input
tax credit, a VAT taxpayer must submit his beginning
inventory showing previously paid business taxes on
his purchase of goods, materials and supplies. In both
claims, prior tax payments should have been made. Thus,
in claiming for a tax refund or credit, prior tax
payment must be clearly established and duly
proven by a VAT taxpayer in order to be entitled to
the claim. In a claim for transitional input tax
credit, as in the present case, the VAT taxpayer must point
to a law imposing the input VAT, without need of
proving such input VAT was actually paid.
Petitioner further argues that RR 7-95 is invalid since
the Revenue Regulation (1) limits the 8% transitional input
VAT to the value of the improvements on the land, and (2)
violates the express provision of Section 105 of the old
NIRC, in relation to Section 100, as amended by RA 7716.

PetitionerÊs contention must again fail.
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Section 4.105-1 of RR 7-954 and its Transitory

Provisions5 provide that the basis of the 8% transitional
input VAT is the value of the improvements on the land
and not the value of the taxpayerÊs land or real properties.
This Revenue Regulation finds statutory basis in Section
105 of the old NIRC, which provides that input VAT is
allowed on the taxpayerÊs „beginning inventory of
goods, materials and supplies.‰ Thus, the presumptive
input VAT refers to the input VAT paid on „goods,
materials or supplies‰ sold by suppliers to the taxpayer,
which the taxpayer used to introduce improvements
on the land.
Under RA 7716 or the Expanded Value-Added Tax Law,
the VAT was expanded to include land or real properties
held primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the
ordinary course of trade or business. Before this law was
enacted, only improvements on land were subject to VAT.
Since the Global City land was not yet subject to VAT at
the time of the sale in 1995, the Global City land cannot
be considered as part of the beginning inventory under
Section 105. Clearly, the 8% transitional input tax
credit should only be applied to improvements on
the land but not to the land itself.
There is no dispute that if the National Government
sells today a parcel of land, the sale is completely tax-
exempt. The
_______________
4 SEC. 4.105-1. Transitional input tax on beginning inventories.·
xxx
However, in the case of real estate dealers, the basis of the presumptive
input tax shall be the improvements, such as buildings, roads, drainage
systems, and other similar structures, constructed on or after the

effectivity of E.O. 273 (1 January 1988). x x x
5 TRANSITORY PROVISIONS. x x x
(b) Presumptive Input Tax Credits·x x x
(iii) For real estate dealers, the presumptive input tax of 8% of
the book value of improvements constructed on or after January 1,
1988 (the effectivity of E.O. 273) shall be allowed. x x x
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Internal Revenue
sale is not subject to VAT, and the buyer cannot claim any
input VAT from the sale. Stated otherwise, a taxpayer like
petitioner cannot claim any input VAT on its purchase
today of land from the National Government, even when
VAT on land for real estate dealers is already in
effect. With greater reason, petitioner cannot claim any
input VAT for its 1995 purchase of government land when
VAT on land was still non-existent and petitioner, as a
real estate dealer, was still not subject to VAT on its sale of
land. In short, if petitioner cannot claim a tax refund or
credit if the same transaction happened today when there
is already a VAT on sales of land by real estate developers,
then with more reason petitioner cannot claim a tax refund
or credit when the transaction happened in 1995 when
there was still no VAT on sales of land by real estate
developers.
In sum, granting 8% transitional input VAT in the
amount of P359,652,009.47 to petitioner is fraught with
grave legal infirmities, namely: (1) violation of Section 4(2)
of the Government Auditing Code of the Philippines, which
mandates that public funds shall be used only for a public
purpose; (2) violation of Section 29(1), Article VI of the
Constitution, which mandates that no money in the
National Treasury, which includes tax collections, shall be
spent unless there is an appropriation law authorizing such
expenditure; and (3) violation of the fundamental concept
of the VAT system, as found in Section 1 05 of the old
NIRC, that before there can be a VAT refund or credit there
must be a previously paid input VAT that can be deducted

from the output VAT because the purpose of the VAT
crediting system is to prevent double taxation.
Accordingly, I vote to DENY the petition and AFFIRM
the 7 July 2006 Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R.
SP No. 61436.
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CONCURRING OPINION
ABAD, J.:
I fully concur in Justice Mariano C. Del CastilloÊs
ponencia and disagree with Justice Antonio T. CarpioÊs
points of dissent.
In 1992 Congress enacted Republic Act (R.A.) 7227
creating the Bases Conversion Development Authority
(BCDA) for the purpose of raising funds through the sale to
private investors of military lands in Metro Manila. To do
this, the BCDA established the Fort Bonifacio Development
Corp. (FBDC), a registered corporation, to enable the latter
to develop the 214-hectare military camp in Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig, for mix residential and commercial purposes. On
February 8, 1995 the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines ceded the land by deed of absolute sale to
FBDC for P71.2 billion. Subsequently, cashing in on the
sale, BCDA sold at a public bidding 55% of its shares in
FBDC to private investors, retaining ownership of the
remaining 45%.
In October 1996, after the National Internal Revenue
Code (NIRC) subjected the sale and lease of real properties
to VAT, FBDC began selling and leasing lots in Fort
Bonifacio. FBDC filed its first VAT return covering those
sales and leases and subsequently made cash payments for
output VAT due. After which, FBDC filed a claim for refund
representing transitional input tax credit based on 8% of
the value of its beginning inventory of lands or actual
value-added tax paid on its goods, whichever is higher, that
Section 105 of the NIRC grants to first-time VAT payers
like FBDC.
Because of the inaction of the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue (CIR) on its claim for refund, FBDC filed a
petition for review before the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA),
which court denied the petition. On appeal, the Court of
Appeals (CA)
598

Internal Revenue
affirmed the denial. Both the CTA and the CA premised

their actions on the fact that FBDC paid no tax on the
GovernmentÊs sale of the lands to it as to entitle it to the
transitional input tax credit. Likewise, citing Revenue
Regulations 7-95, which implemented Section 105 of the
NIRC, the CTA and the CA ruled that such tax credit given
to real estate dealers is essentially based on the value of
improvements they made on their land holdings after
January 1, 1988, rather than on the book value of the same
as FBDC proposed.
FBDC subsequently appealed the CA decision to this
Court by petition for review in G.R. 158885, „Fort Bonifacio
Development Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue.‰ Meantime, similar actions involving subsequent
FBDC sales subject to VAT, including the present action,
took the same route·CTA, CA, and lastly this Court·
because of the CIRÊs refusal to honor FBDCÊs claim to
transitional input tax credit.
On April 2, 2009 the Court En Banc rendered judgment
in G.R. 158885,1 declaring FBDC entitled to the
transitional input tax credit that Section 105 of the NIRC
granted. In the same decision, the Court also disposed of
G.R. 170680, „Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation v.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue,‰ which was consolidated
with G.R. 158885. The Court directed the CIR in that case
to refund to FBDC the VAT which it paid for the third
quarter of 1997. Justice Tinga penned the decision with the
concurrence of Justices Martinez, Corona, Nazario, Velasco,
Jr., De Castro, Peralta, and Santiago. Justices Carpio,
Quisumbing, Morales, and Brion dissented. Chief Justice

Puno and Justice Nachura took no part.
The CIR filed a motion for reconsideration but the Court
denied the same with finality on October 2, 2009.2 Justice
De
_______________
1 Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, 583 SCRA 168 (2009).
2 Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, G.R. Nos. 158885 and 170680, 602 SCRA 159 (2009).
599
VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 599

Internal Revenue
Castro penned the resolution of denial with the

concurrence of Justices Santiago, Corona, Nazario, Velasco,
Jr., Nachura, Peralta, Bersamin, Del Castillo, and Abad.
Justices Carpio and Morales dissented. Chief Justice Puno
took no part. Justices Quisumbing and Brion were on leave.
Since the CourtÊs April 2, 2009 decision and October 2,
2009 resolution in G.R. 158885 and G.R. 170680 had long
become final and executory, they should foreclose the
identical issue in the present cases (G.R. 173425 and G.R.
181092) of whether or not FBDC is entitled to the
transitional input tax credit granted in Section 105 of the
NIRC. Indeed, the rulings in those previous cases may be
regarded as the law of the case and can no longer be
changed.
Justice Del CastilloÊs ponencia in the present case
reiterates the CourtÊs rulings on exactly the same issue
between the same parties. But Justice CarpioÊs dissent
would have the Court flip from its landmark ruling, take
FBDCÊs tax credit back, and hold that the Court grossly
erred in allowing FBDC, still 45% government-owned, to
get an earlier refund of the VAT payments it made from the
sale of Fort Bonifacio lands.
A value added tax is a form of indirect sales tax paid on
products and services at each stage of production or

distribution, based on the value added at that stage and
included in the cost to the ultimate consumer.3
To illustrate how VAT works, take a lumber store that
sells a piece of lumber to a carpentry shop for P100.00. The
lumber store must pay a 12% VAT or P12.00 on such sale
but it may charge the carpentry shop P112.00 for the piece
of lumber, passing on to the latter the burden of paying the
P12.00 VAT.
When the carpentry shop makes a wooden stool out of
that lumber and sells the stool to a furniture retailer for
P150.00 (which would now consists of the P100.00 cost of
the lumber, the P50.00 cost of shaping the lumber into a
stool, and profit),
_______________
3 WebsterÊs New World College Dictionary, Third edition, p. 1474.
600

Internal Revenue
the carpentry shop must pay a 12% VAT of P6.00 on the

P50.00 value it added to the piece of lumber that it made
into a stool. But it may charge the furniture retailer the
VAT of P12.00 passed on to it by the lumber store as well as
the VAT of P6.00 that the carpentry shop itself has to pay.
Its buyer, the furniture retailer, will pay P150.00, the price
of the wooden stool, and P18.00 (P12.00 + P6.00), the
passed-on VAT due on the same.
When the furniture retailer sells the wooden stool to a
customer for P200.00, it would have added to its P150.00
acquisition cost of the stool its mark-up of P50.00 to cover
its overhead and profit. The furniture retailer must,
however, pay an additional 12% VAT of P6.00 on the P50.00
add-on value of the stool. But it could charge its customer
all the accumulated VAT payments: the P12.00 paid by the
lumber store, the P6.00 paid by the carpentry shop, and the
other P6.00 due from the furniture retailer, for a total of
P24.00. The customer will pay P200.00 for the stool and
P24.00 in passed-on 12% VAT.
Now, would the furniture retailer pay to the BIR the
P24.00 VAT that it passed on to its customer and collected
from him at the storeÊs counter? Not all of the P24.00. The
furniture retailer could claim a credit for the P12.00 and
the P6.00 in input VAT payments that the lumber store and
the carpentry shop passed on to it and that it paid for when
it bought the wooden stool. The furniture retailer would
just have to pay to the BIR the output VAT of P6.00
covering its P50.00 mark-up. This payment rounds out the
12% VAT due on the final sale of the stool for P200.00.
When the VAT law first took effect, it would have been
unfair for a furniture retailer to pay all of the 10% VAT (the
old rate) on the wooden stools in its inventory at that time
and not be able to claim deduction for any tax on sale that
the lumber store and the carpentry shop presumably
passed on to it when it bought those wooden stools. To
remedy this unfairness, Section 105 of the NIRC granted
those who must pay
601
VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 601

Internal Revenue
VAT for the first time a transitional input tax credit of 8%

of the value of the inventory of goods they have or actual
value-added tax paid on such goods when the VAT law took
effect. The furniture retailer would thus have to pay only a
2% VAT on the wooden stools in that inventory, given the
transitional input VAT tax credit of 8% allowed it under the
old 10% VAT rate.
In the case before the Court, FBDC had an inventory of
Fort Bonifacio lots when the VAT law was made to cover
the sale of real properties for the first time. FBDC
registered as new VAT payer and submitted to the BIR an
inventory of its lots. FBDC sought to apply the 8%
transitional input tax credit that Section 105 grants first-
time VAT payers like it but the CIR would not allow it. The
dissenting opinion of Justice Carpio echoes the CIRÊs
reason for such disallowance. When the Government sold

the Fort Bonifacio lands to FBDC, the Government paid no
sales tax whatsoever on that sale. Consequently, it could
not have passed on to FBDC what could be the basis for the
8% transitional input tax credit that Section 105 provides.
The reasoning appears sound at first glance. But Section
105 grants all first-time VAT payers such transitional input
tax credit of 8% without any precondition. It does not say
that a taxpayer has to prove that the seller, from whom he
bought the goods or the lands, paid sales taxes on them.
Consequently, the CIR has no authority to insist that sales
tax should have been paid beforehand on FBDCÊs inventory
of lands before it could claim the 8% transitional input tax
credit. The CourtÊs decision in G.R. 158885 and G.R.
170680 more than amply explains this point and such
explanation need not be repeated here.
But there is a point that has apparently been missed.
When the Government sold the military lands to FBDC for
development into mixed residential and commercial uses,
the presumption is that in fixing their price the
Government took into account the price that private lands
similarly situated
602

Internal Revenue
would have fetched in the market place at that time. The

clear intent was to privatize ownership of those former
military lands. It would make no sense for the Government
to sell the same to intended private investors at a price
lesser than the price of comparable private lands. The
presumption is that the sale did not give undue benefit to
the buyers in violation of the anti-graft and corrupt
practices act.
Moreover, there is one clear evidence that the former
military lands were sold to private investors at market
price. After the Government sold the lands to FBDC, then
wholly owned by BCDA, the latter sold 55% of its shares in
FBDC to private investors in a public bidding where many
competed. Since FBDC had no assets other than the lands

it bought from the Government, the bidding was essentially
for those lands. There can be no better way of determining
the market price of such lands than a well-publicized
bidding for them, joined in by interested bona fide bidders.
Thus, since the Government sold its lands to investors at
market price like they were private lands, the price FBDC
paid to it already factored in the cost of sales tax that
prices of ordinary private lands included. This means that
FBDC, which bought the lands at private-land price,
should be allowed like other real estate dealers holding
private lands to claim the 8% transitional input tax credit
that Section 105 grants with no precondition to first-time
VAT payers. Otherwise, FBDC would be put at a gross
disadvantage compared to other real estate dealers. It will
have to sell at higher prices than market price, to cover the
10% VAT that the BIR insists it should pay. Whereas its
competitors will pay only a 2% VAT, given the 8%
transitional input tax credit of Section 105. To deny such
tax credit to FBDC would amount to a denial of its rights to
fairness and to equal protection.
The Court was correct in allowing FBDC the right to be
refunded the VAT that it already paid, applying instead to
the VAT tax due on its sales the transitional input VAT that
Section 105 provides.
603
VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 603

Internal Revenue
Justice Carpio also argues that if FBDC will be given a

tax refund, it would be sourced from public funds, which
violates Section 4(2) of the Government Auditing Code that
government funds or property cannot be used in order to
benefit private individuals or entities. They shall only be
spent or used solely for public purposes.
But the records show that FBDC actually paid to the
BIR the amounts for which it seeks a BIR tax refund. The
CIR does not deny this fact. FBDC was forced to pay cash
on the VAT due on its sales because the BIR refused to
apply the 8% transitional input VAT tax credits that the

law allowed it. Since such tax credits were sufficient to
cover the VAT due, FBDC is entitled to a refund of the VAT
it already paid. And, contrary to the dissenting opinion, if
FBDC will be given a tax refund, it would be sourced, not
from public funds, but from the VAT payments which
FBDC itself paid to the BIR.
Like the previous cases before the Court, the BIR has
the option to refund what FBDC paid it with equivalent tax
credits. Such tax credits have never been regarded as
needing appropriation out of government funds. Indeed,
FBDC concedes in its prayers that it may get its refund in
the form of a Tax Credit Certificate.
For the above reasons, I concur with Justice Del
CastilloÊs ponencia.
Petition granted, judgment reversed and set aside.
Notes.·There is no prescriptive period for the carrying

over of the amount as tax credit in subsequent taxable
years. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. PL
Management International Philippines, Inc., 647 SCRA 72
[2011])
A tax credit or refund, like tax exemption, is strictly
construed against the taxpayer. (Microsoft Philippines, Inc.
vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 647 SCRA 398
[2011])
··o0o··
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 679 04/03/2019, 10:49 AM

G.R. No. 173425. September 4, 2012.*

Taxation; Value-Added Tax (VAT); Transitional Input Tax

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 567

Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. vs. Commissioner of Internal

required in order to avail of a tax credit.

Carpio, J., Dissenting Opinion:

Taxation; Tax Credits; Tax Refunds; View that a taxpayer

568 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. vs. Commissioner of Internal

expenditure of public funds for a private purpose. Congress cannot

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 569

Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. vs. Commissioner of Internal

have been paid.·Under the VAT system, a tax refund or credit

570 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Fort Bonifacio Development Corp. vs. Commissioner of Internal

the beginning inventory under Section 105. Clearly, the 8%

ABAD, J., Concurring Opinion:

Taxation; Value-Added Tax (VAT); View that a value added tax

PETITION for review on certiorari of a decision of the

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 571

Alberto R. Bomediano for respondents.

DEL CASTILLO, J.:

Courts cannot limit the application or coverage of a law

WHEREFORE, the instant petition is hereby DISMISSED.

572 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

On February 8, 1995, by virtue of RA 7227 and

amended, is hereby further amended to read as follows:

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 573

On September 19, 1996, petitioner submitted to the

(A) Transitional Input Tax Credits.·A person who becomes liable to

574 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

the BIR totalling P359,652,009.47 and crediting its

improvements, such as buildings, roads, drainage systems, and

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 575

On October 12, 2000, the CTA denied petitionerÊs claim

WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, the claim for refund

Ruling of the Court of Appeals

576 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

price.25 In arriving at this conclusion, the CA relied heavily

Hence, the instant petition with the principal issue of

3.05.a. Whether Revenue Regulations No. 6-97 effectively repealed

be claimed under Section 105 of the National Internal Revenue

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 577

3.05.d. Whether there is basis and necessity to interpret and

578 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

regulations for the implementation of Section 105 of the old

The petition is meritorious.

SEC. 105. Transitional input tax credits.·A person who

VOL. 679, SEPTEMBER 4, 2012 579

added tax paid on such goods, materials and supplies,

Contrary to the view of the CTA and the CA, there is

transitional input tax credit. Obviously, all that is required

580 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Moreover, prior payment of taxes is not required to avail

refund per se but a tax credit. Tax credit is not synonymous