Zeeman Effect

Joydeep Naskar, Roll No:1611057

The experiment works on the effect of the weak magnetic fields on the atomic spectra of cadmium.
We study the splitting of the fringes and estimate the Bohr’s megneton using the separation between
the split lines.We also try to observe the transverse and anomalous Zeeman splitting.

I. OBJECTIVE

The aim of our experiment is to observe and analyze

the splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field - a phe-
nomenon referred as to ’Zeeman Effect’. We observe the
spectrum produced by Cadmium lamp while subjected
to a magnetic field of variable strength. We also find the
value of Bohr’s magneton from the analysis.

II. EQUIPMENT

Position Material
1 Fabry-Perot interferometer
2 Cadmium lamp for Zeeman effect
3 Magnetic System, variable FIG. 2. Working of Fabry-Perot Interferometer
4 Power supply for spectral lamps
5 Optical bench expert
6 Base for optical bench expert, adjustable
7 Slide mount for optical bench expert III. PRINCIPLE AND EXPERIMENTAL
8 Lens holder TECHNIQUES
9 Lens, mounted, f +50 mm
10 Lens, mounted, f +300 mm The Zeeman effect is the splitting up of the spectral
11 Iris diaphragm lines of atoms within a magnetic field. The simplest
12 Polarising filter, on stem is the splitting up of one spectral line into three com-
13 Polarization specimen, mica ponents called the normal Zeeman effect. The normal
14 Diaphragm holder Zeeman effect is studied using a cadmium spectral lamp
15 MOTIC Moticam 1CMOS Technology as a specimen. The cadmium lamp is submitted to
16 Holder for Moticam on optical bench different magnetic flux densities and the splitting up of
17 Optical base plate the red cadmium line (643.8 nm) is investigated using
a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The evaluation of the
results leads to a fairly precise value for Bohrs magneton.

Energy of splitting in magnetic field by first order

correction is given by

∆E (1) = µB Bext mj gj
j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) − l(l + 1)
gj = Lande g factor = [1 + ]
2j(j + 1)

(insert picture here)

δ =µ(BC + CK) = µ(BC)(1 + cos(2θ))

FIG. 1. Arrangement of Equipments =2µBCcos2 θ
=2µtcosθ
 2

Constructive at δ = nλ = 2µtcosθ, n I Using the expression for rp :

For θ fulfilling the equation,

rn
tanθn =
f 2f 2 2f 2
=> rn = f ∗ tanθn rp2 = 2
((p − 1) + ) => rp+1 = (p + )
n0 n0
=> rn ≈ f ∗ θn 2f 2
2
rp+1 − rp2 =
n0
From δ = nλ = 2µtcosθ, 2 2f 2
for small θ,
rp+1,a n0 (p + a )
2 2
= 2f 2
rp+1,a − rp,a
n0
n = (2tµcosθn )/λ 2
rp+1,a
=> 2 2
−p = a
= n0 cosθn rp+1,a − rp,a
θn 2
rp+1,b
= n0 (1 − 2sin2 ( ))
2 => 2
rp+1,b 2 −p = b
− rp,b
r
n
=> 2(1 − ) ≈ θn
n0

If n0 is the condition for the bright fringe at the centre Thus we get,
and n1 is for first order, then n1 = n0 cosθ < n0 .
So let n1 = n0 − 
where n1 =closest integer to n0
For ring of order p, np = (n0 − ) − (np − 1) 2
2 rp+1,b
Combining, we get 1 rp+1,a
∆K = [ 2 2
− 2 2 ]
2µt rp+1,a − rp,a rp+1,b − rp,b
s
(n0 − np )2
rp = f.
n0
2 2
s 2
Let ∆=rp+1,a 2
− rp,a = n2f0,a ≈ n2f0,b =rp+1,b
2 2
− rp,b
2f 2 2 2
= (p −  − 1) and also letrp+1,a − rp+1,b = δa,b
n0
2 f2
rp+1 − rp2 = 2 (p +  − (p + 1 + ))
n0
f2
=2 1 δa,b
n0 ∆K = (
2µt ∆
There would be fractional orders in the centre due to λa ∆K hc δa,b
∆E = µB B = hc( )= ( )
and λb from n0 = 2µt
λ
2 2 ∗ 2µt ∆
also hc δa,b
=> µB = ( )
4µt ∆B
n1 = n0 − 
=>  = n0 − n1
2µt
=> a = − n1,a = 2µtKa − n1,a Here we plot
δa,b
with B, so we can write,
λa ∆
2µt
=> b = − n1,b = 2µtKb − n1,b
λb

Taking the difference : hc

µB = (slope)
4µt
a − b = 2µt(Ka − Kb )
a − b
=> ∆K =
2µt